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Plainfield, N.J. *The Project Gutenberg Etext of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary* <-- Begin file 9 of 11: S (Version 0.4) of An electronic field-marked version of: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary This version is copyrighted (C) 1996 by MICRA, Inc. of Plainfield, NJ. This electronic version may be used freely for personal use or for research, and may be freely distributed provided that the entire set of files are copied, and the headers and copyright notices are not deleted. The inclusion of more than one per cent of the text of this dictionary in a product for sale requires the express written permission of MICRA Inc. Sale of entire copies, including all headers and copyright notices, will not be considered a violation of this provision, if the sale price is not more than twice the cost of distribution. This version is only a first typing, and has numerous typographic errors, including errors in the field-marks. Assistance in bringing this dictionary to a more accurate and useful state will greatly appreciated. This electronic dictionary is made available as a potential starting point for development of a modern comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary, by the efforts of all individuals willing to help build a large and freely available knowledge base. Anyone willing to assist in any way in constructing such a knowledge base should contact: Patrick Cassidy cassidy@micra.com 735 Belvidere Ave. Office: (908)668-5252 Plainfield, NJ 07062 (908) 561-3416 --> <-- p. 1264 --> S. S (?), the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonanat, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a more hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, d\'82bris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, \'c5\'c5 255-261. Both the form and the name of the letter S are derived from the Latin, which got the letter through the Greek from the Ph\'91nician. the ultimate origin is Egyptian. S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and r; as, in ice, OE. is; E. hence, OE. hennes; E. rase, raze; erase, razor; that, G. das; E. reason, F. raison, L. ratio; E. was, were; chair, chaise (see C, Z, T, and R.). -s. 1. [OE. es, AS. as.] The suffix used to form the plural of most words; as in roads, elfs, sides, accounts. 2. [OE. -s, for older -th, AS. -\'eb.] The suffix used to form the third person singular indicative of English verbs; as in the falls, tells, sends. 3. An adverbial suffix; as in towards, needs, always, -- originally the genitive, possesive, ending. See -'s. -'s [OE. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the possessive singular of nouns; as, boy's; man's. 's. A contraction for is or (colloquially) for has. \'bdMy heart's subdued.\'b8 Shak. Sa"adh (?), n.See Sadh. Saan (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Bushmen. Sab`a*dil"la (?), n. [Sp. cebadilla.] (Bot.) A Mexican liliaceous plant (Sch\'91nocaulon officinale); also, its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative. Sa*b\'91"an (?), a. & n. Same as Sabianism. Sa*b\'91"an*ism (?), n. Same as Sabianism. { Sa"b\'91*ism (?), Sa"ba*ism (?) }, n. See Sabianism. Sa"bal (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of palm trees including the palmetto of the Southern United States. Sab"a*oth (s, n. pl. [Heb. tseb\'be', pl. of ts\'beb\'be', an army or host, fr. ts\'beb\'be', to go forth to war.] 1. Armies; hosts. [Used twice in the English Bible, in the phrase \'bdThe Lord of Sabaoth.\'b8] 2. Incorrectly, the Sabbath. Sab"bat (?), n. [See Sabbath.] In medi\'91val demonology, the nocturnal assembly in which demons and sorcerers were thought to celebrate their orgies. Sab`ba*ta"ri*an (?), n. [L. Sabbatarius: cf. F. sabbataire. See Sabbath.] 1. One who regards and keeps the seventh day of the week as holy, aggreeably to the letter of the fourth commandment in the Decalogue. Seventh-day Baptists, hold it now. 2. A strict observer of the Sabbath. Sab`ba*ta"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Sabbath, or the tenets of Sabbatarians. Sab`ba*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The tenets of Sabbatarians. Bp. Ward. (1673). Sab"bath (?), n. [OE. sabat, sabbat, F. sabbat, L. sabbatum, Gr. shabb\'beth, fr. sh\'bebath to rest from labor. Cf. Sabbat.] 1. A season or day of rest; one day in seven appointed for rest or worship, the observance of which was enjoined upon the Jews in the Decalogue, and has been continued by the Christian church with a transference of the day observed from the last to the first day of the week, which is called also Lord's Day. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Ex. xx. 8. 2. The seventh year, observed among the Israelites as one of rest and festival. Lev. xxv. 4. 3. Fig.: A time of rest or repose; intermission of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like. Peaceful sleep out the sabbath of the tomb. Pope. Sabbath breaker, one who violates the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath breaking, the violation of the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath-day's journey, a distance of about a mile, which, under Rabbinical law, the Jews were allowed to travel on the Sabbath. Syn. -- Sabbath, Sunday. Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution; Sunday is the name of the first day of the week. The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, and the Sabbath of most Christians on Sunday. In New England, the first day of the week has been called \'bdthe Sabbath,\'b8 to mark it as holy time; Sunday is the word more commonly used, at present, in all parts of the United States, as it is in England. \'bdSo if we will be the children of our heavenly Father, we must be careful to keep the Christian Sabbathday, which is the Sunday.\'b8 Homilies. Sab"bath*less, a. Without Sabbath, or intermission of labor; hence, without respite or rest. Bacon. { Sab*bat"ic (?), Sab*bat"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. sabbatique.] Of or pertaining to the Sabbath; resembling the Sabbath; enjoying or bringing an intermission of labor. Sabbatical year (Jewish Antiq.), every seventh year, in which the Israelites were commanded to suffer their fields and vineyards to rest, or lie without tillage. Sab"ba*tism (?), n. [L. sabbatismus, Gr. sabbatisme. See Sabbath.] Intermission of labor, as upon the Sabbath; rest. Dr. H. More. Sab"ba*ton (?), n. [Cf. Sp. zapaton, a large shoe, F. sabot a wooden shoe.] A round-toed, armed covering for the feet, worn during a part of the sixteenth century in both military and civil dress. Sa*be"an (?), a. & n. Same as Sabian. Sa"be*ism (?), n. Same as Sabianism. \'d8Sa*bel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sabulum gravel.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of tubiculous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around head. Sa*bel"li*an (?), a. Pertaining to the doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n. Sa*bel"li*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Sabellius, a presbyter of Ptolemais in the third century, who maintained that there is but one person in the Godhead, and that the Son and Holy Spirit are only different powers, operations, or offices of the one God the Father. Sa*bel"li*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n. Sa*bel"loid (?), a. [Sabella + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Like, or related to, the genus Sabella. -- Sa*bel"loid, n. { Sa"ber, Sa"bre } (?), n. [F. sabre, G. s\'84bel; of uncertain origin; cf. Hung. sz\'a0blya, Pol. szabla, Russ. sabla, and L. Gr. A sword with a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and usually more or less curved like a scimiter; a cavalry sword. Saber fish, Sabre fish (Zo\'94l.), the cutlass fish. { Sa"ber, Sa"bre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered (?) or Sabred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sabering or Sabring (.] [Cf. F. sabrer.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber; to cut down, as with a saber. You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submission. Burke. { Sa"ber*bill`, Sa"bre*bill` }, n. (Zo\'94l.) The curlew. Sa"bi*an (?), a. [L. Sabaeus.] [Written also Sabean, and Sab\'91anism.] 1. Of or pertaining to Saba in Arabia, celebrated for producing aromatic plants. 2. Relating to the religion of Saba, or to the worship of the heavenly bodies. Sa"bi*an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a worshiper of the heavenly bodies. [Written also Sab\'91an, and Sabean.] Sa"bi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of the Sabians; the Sabian religion; that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars; heliolatry. [Written also Sab\'91anism.] \'d8Sab"i*cu (?), n. The very hard wood of a leguminous West Indian tree (Lysilona Sabicu), valued for shipbuilding. Sa"bine (?), a. [L. Sabinus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Sabines, a people of Italy. -- n. One of the Sabine people. Sab"ine (?), n. [F., fr. L. Sabina herba, fr. Sabini the Sabines. Cf. Savin.] (Bot.) See Savin. Sa"ble (?), n. [OF. sable, F. zibeline sable (in sense 4), LL. sabellum; cf. D. sabel, Dan. sabel, zobel, Sw. sabel, sobel, G. zobel; all fr. Russ. s\'a2bole.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, -- noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur. Mustela Americana), but it differs very little from the Asiatic sable, and is now considered only a geographical variety. 2. The fur of the sable. 3. A mouring garment; a funeral robe; -- generally in the plural. \'bdSables wove by destiny.\'b8 Young. 4. (Her.) The tincture black; -- represented by vertical and horizontal lines each other. Sa"ble (?), a. Of the color of the sable's fur; dark; black; -- used chiefly in poetry. Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne, In rayless majesty, now stretches forth Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world. Young. Sable antelope (Zo\'94l.), a large South African antelope (Hippotragus niger). Both sexes have long, sharp horns. The adult male is black; the female is dark chestnut above, white beneath. -- Sable iron, a superior quality of Russia iron; -- so called because originally stamped with the figure of a sable. -- Sable mouse (Zo\'94l.), the lemming. Sa"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabling (?).] To render sable or dark; to drape darkly or in black. Sabled all in black the shady sky. G. Fletcher. \'d8Sa`bot" (?), n. [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn by the peasantry in France, Belgium, Sweden, and some other European countries. 2. (Mil.) A thick, circular disk of wood, to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in fixed ammunition for cannon; also, a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling. \'d8Sa`bo"ti\'8are (?), n. [F.] A kind of freezer for ices. Sa"bre (?), n. & v. See Saber. \'d8Sa"bre*tasche` (?), n. [F. sabretache, G. s\'84bel, tasche; s\'84bel salber + tasche a pocket.] (Mil.) A leather case or pocket worn by cavalry at the left side, suspended from the sword belt. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci. ). Sa*bri"na work` (?). A variety of appliqu\'82 work for quilts, table covers, etc. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework). Sab"u*lose (?), a. [L. sabulosus, from sabulum, sabulo, sand.] (Bot.) Growing in sandy places. Sab`u*los"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being sabulous; sandiness; grittiness. Sab"u*lous (?), a. [L. sabulosus.] Sandy; gritty. Sac (?), n. (Ethnol.) See Sace. Sac, n. [See Sake, Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) The privilege formerly enjoyed the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines. Cowell. Sac (?), n. [F., fr. L. saccus a sack. See Sack a bag.] 1. See 2d Sack. 2. (Biol.) A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing fluid, and either closed, or opening into another cavity to the exterior; a sack. Sac"a*lait (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A kind of fresh-water bass; the crappie. [Southern U.S.] Sa"car (?), n. See Saker. Sac*cade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull. Sac"cate (?), a. [NL. saccatus, fr. L. saccus a sack, bag.] 1. (Biol.) Having the form of a sack or pouch; furnished with a sack or pouch, as a petal. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Saccata, a suborder of ctenophores having two pouches into which the long tentacles can be retracted. Sac"cha*rate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharic acid. (b) In a wider sense, a compound of saccharose, or any similar carbohydrate, with such bases as the oxides of calcium, barium, or lead; a sucrate. Sac*char"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, saccharine substances; specifically, designating an acid obtained, as a white amorphous gummy mass, by the oxidation of mannite, glucose, sucrose, etc. Sac`cha*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. saccharon sugar + -ferous.] Producing sugar; as, sacchariferous canes. Sac*char"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharifing (?).] [L. saccharon sugar + -fy: cf. F. saccharifier.] Toconvert into, or to impregnate with, sugar. Sac`cha*ril"la (?), n. A kind of muslin. Sac`cha*rim"e*ter (?), n. [L. saccharon sugar + -meter: cf. F. saccharim\'8atre.] An instrument for ascertain the quantity of saccharine matter in any solution, as the juice of a plant, or brewers' and distillers' worts. [Written also saccharometer.] common saccharimeter of the brewer is an hydrometer adapted by its scale to point out the proportion of saccharine matter in a solution of any specific gravity. The polarizing saccharimeter of the chemist is a complex optical apparatus, in which polarized light is transmitted through the saccharine solution, and the proportion of sugar indicated by the relative deviation of the plane of polarization. Sac`cha*ri*met"ric*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to saccharimetry; obtained saccharimetry. <-- p. 1265 --> Sac`cha*rim"e*try (?), n. The act, process or method of determining the amount and kind of sugar present in sirup, molasses, and the like, especially by the employment of polarizing apparatus. Sac"cha*rin (?), n. [F., from L. saccharon sugar.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained from the saccharinates and regarded as the lactone of saccharinic acid; -- so called because formerly supposed to be isomeric with cane sugar (saccharose). Sac"cha*ri*nate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharinic acid. (b) A salt of saccharine. Sac"cha*rine (? , a. [F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharob sugar, Gr. . Cf. Sugar.] Of or pertaining to sugar; having the qualities of sugar; producing sugar; sweet; as, a saccharine taste; saccharine matter. Sac"cha*rine (? , n. (Chem.) A trade name for benzoic sulphinide. [Written also saccharin.] <-- A synthetic sweetening agent used (in the form of the sodium salt) as a non-caloric sweetening agent, to avoid gaining weight or for medical purposes. Benzoic sulfimide, C7H5NO3S. --> Sac"cha*rin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharin; specifically, designating a complex acid not known in the free state but well known in its salts, which are obtained by boiling dextrose and levulose (invert sugar) with milk of lime. Sac"cha*rize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharizing (?).] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar. { Sac"cha*roid (?), Sac`cha*roid"al (?) }, a. [L. saccharon sugar + -oid: cf. F. saccharo\'8bde.] resembling sugar, as in taste, appearance, consistency, or composition; as, saccharoidal limestone. Sac`cha*rom"e*ter (?), n. A saccharimeter. \'d8Sac`cha*ro*my"ces (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) A genus of budding fungi, the various species of which have the power, to a greater or less extent, or splitting up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. They are the active agents in producing fermentation of wine, beer, etc. Saccharomyces cerevisi\'91 is the yeast of sedimentary beer. Also called Torula.<-- Brewers' yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. --> \'d8Sac`cha*ro*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. (Biol.) A family of fungi consisting of the one genus Saccharomyces. Sac"cha*ro*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of saccharonic acid. Sac"cha*rone (?), n. [Saccharin + lactone,] (Chem.) (a) A white crystalline substance, C6H8O6, obtained by the oxidation of saccharin, and regarded as the lactone of saccharonic acid. (b) An oily liquid, C6H10O2, obtained by the reduction of saccharin. Sac`cha*ron"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharone; specifically, designating an unstable acid which is obtained from saccharone (a) by hydration, and forms a well-known series of salts. Sac"cha*rose` (?), n. (Chem.) Cane sugar; sucrose; also, in general, any one of the group of which saccharose, or sucrose proper, is the type. See Sucrose. Sac"cha*rous (?), a. Saccharine. \'d8Sac"cha*rum (?), n. [NL. See Saccharine.] (Bot.) A genus of tall tropical grasses including the sugar cane. Sac`cho*lac"tate (?), n. [See Saccharolactatic.] (Chem.) A salt of saccholactactic acid; -- formerly called also saccholate. [Obs.] See Mucate. Sac`cho*lac"tic (?), a. [L. saccharon sugar + lac, lactis, milk.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called mucic acid; saccholic. [Obs.] Sac*chol"ic (?), a. Saccholatic. [Obs.] Sac*chul"mate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sacchulmic acid. Sac*chul"mic (?), a. [Saccharine + ulmic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a dark amorphous substance by the long-continued boiling of sucrose with very dilute sulphuric acid. It resembles humic acid. [Written also sacculmic.] Sac*chul"min (?), n. (Chem.) An amorphous huminlike substance resembling sacchulmic acid, and produced together with it. Sac*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. saccus a sack + -ferous.] (Biol.) Bearing a sac. Sac"ci*form (?), a. [L. saccus a sack + -form.] (Biol.) Having the general form of a sac. \'d8Sac`co*glos"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. saccus a sack + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Pellibranchiata. Sac"cu*lar (?), a. Like a sac; sacciform. Sac"cu*la`ted (?), a. Furnished with little sacs. Sac"cule (?), n. [L. sacculus, dim. of saccus sack.] A little sac; specifically, the sacculus of the ear. Sac`cu*lo-coch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) pertaining to the sacculus and cochlea of the ear. Sac`cu*lo-u*tric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and utriculus of the ear. \'d8Sac"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Sacculi (#). [L., little sack.] (Anat.) A little sac; esp., a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear. \'d8Sac"cus (?), n.; pl. Sacci (#). [L., a sack.] (Biol.) A sac. Sa*cel"lum (?), n.; pl. Sacella (#). [L., dim. of sacrum a sacred place.] (a) (Rom. Antiq.) An unroofed space consecrated to a divinity. (b) (Eccl.) A small monumental chapel in a church. Shipley. Sac`er*do"tal (?), a. [L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, -otis, a priest, fr.sacer holy, sacred: cf. F. sacerdotal.] Of or pertaining to priests, or to the order of priests; relating to the priesthood; priesty; as, sacerdotal dignity; sacerdotal functions. The ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long the ascendency which naturally and properly belongs to intellectual superiority. Macaulay. Sac`er*do"tal*ism (?), m. The system, style, spirit, or character, of a priesthood, or sacerdotal order; devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order. Sac`er*do"tal*ly, adv. In a sacerdotal manner. Sach"el (?), n. A small bag. See Satchel. Sa"chem (?), n. A chief of a tribe of the American Indians; a sagamore. Sa"chem*dom (?), n. The government or jurisdiction of a sachem. Dr. T. Dwight. Sa"chem*ship, n. Office or condition of a sachem. \'d8Sa`chet" (?), n. [F., dim. of sac. See Sac.] A scent bag, or perfume cushion, to be laid among handkerchiefe, garments, etc., to perfume them. Sa*ci"e*ty (?), n. Satiety. [Obs.] Bacon. Sack (?), n. [OE. seck, F. sec dry (cf. Sp. seco, It secco), from L. siccus dry, harsh; perhaps akin to Gr. sikata sand, Ir. sesc dry, W. hysp. Cf. Desiccate.] A anme formerly given to various dry Spanish wines. \'bdSherris sack.\'b8 Shak. Sack posset, a posset made of sack, and some other ingredients. Sack, n. [OE. sak, sek, AS. sacc, s\'91cc, L. saccus, Gr. sak; cf. F. sac from the Latin. Cf. Sac, Satchel, Sack to plunder.] 1. A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a receptacle made of some kind of pliable material, as cloth, leather, and the like; a large pouch. 2. A measure of varying capacity, according to local usage and the substance. The American sack of salt is 215 pounds; the sack of wheat, two bushels. McElrath. 3. [Perhaps a different word.] Originally, a loosely hanging garnment for women, worn like a cloak about the shoulders, and serving as a decorative appendage to the gown; now, an outer garment with sleeves, worn by women; as, a dressing saek. [Written also sacque.] 4. A sack coat; a kind of coat worn by men, and extending from top to bottom without a cross seam. 5. (Biol.) See 2d Sac, 2. <--6. [Colloq.] Bed. --> Sack bearer (Zo\'94l.). See Basket worm, under Basket. -- Sack tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree (Antiaris saccidora) which is cut into lengths, and made into sacks by turning the bark inside out, and leaving a slice of the wood for a bottom. -- To give the sack to get the sack, to discharge, or be discharged, from employment; to jilt, or be jilted. [Slang]<-- hit the sack, go to bed. --> Sack, v. t. 1. To put in a sack; to bag; as, to sack corn. Bolsters sacked in cloth, blue and crimson. L. Wallace. 2. To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders. [Colloq.] Sack, n. [F. sac plunder, pillage, originally, a pack, packet, booty packed up, fr. L. saccus. See Sack a bag.] the pillage or plunder, as of a town or city; the storm and plunder of a town; devastation; ravage. The town was stormed, and delivered up to sack, -- by which phrase is to be understood the perpetration of all those outrages which the ruthless code of war allowed, in that age, on the persons and property of the defenseless inhabitants, without regard to sex or age. Prescott. Sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sacking.] [See Sack pillage.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or city; to devastate; to ravage. The Romans lay under the apprehension of seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy. Addison. Sack"age (?; 48), n. The act of taking by storm and pillaging; sack. [R.] H. Roscoe. Sack"but (?), n. [F. saquebute, OF. saqueboute a sackbut. earlier, a sort of hook attached to the end of a lance used by foot soldiers to unhorse cavalrymen; prop. meaning, pull and push; fr. saquier, sachier, to pull, draw (perhaps originally, to put into a bag or take out from a bag; see Sack a bag) + bouter to push (see Butt to thrust). The name was given to the musical instrument from its being lengthened and shortened.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like a bass trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required; -- said to be the same as the trombone. [Written also sagbut.] Moore (Encyc. of Music). sackbut of the Scriptures is supposed to have been a stringed instrument. Sack"cloth` (?; 115), n. Linen or cotton cloth such a sacks are made of; coarse cloth; anciently, a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, mortification, or penitence. Gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. 2 Sam. iii. 31. Thus with sackcloth I invest my woe. Sandys. sack"clothed` (?), a. Clothed in sackcloth. Sack"er (?), n. One who sacks; one who takes part in the storm and pillage of a town. Sack"ful (?), n.; pl. Sackfuls (. As much as a sack will hold. Sack"ful, a. Bent on plunder. [Obs.] Chapman. Sack"ing, n. [AS. s\'91ccing, from s\'91cc sack, bag.] Stout, coarse cloth of which sacks, bags, etc., are made. Sack"less, a. [AS. sacle\'a0s; sacu contention + le\'a0s loose, free from.] Quiet; peaceable; harmless; innocent. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sack"-winged` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a peculiar pouch developed near the front edge of the wing; -- said of certain bats of the genus Saccopteryx. Sacque (?), n. [Formed after the analogy of the French. See 2d Sack.] Same as 2d Sack, 3. Sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum; in the region of the sacrum. Sac"ra*ment (?), n. [L. sacramentum an oath, a sacred thing, a mystery, a sacrament, fr. sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer sacred: cf. F. sacrament. See Sacred.] 1. The oath of allegiance taken by Roman soldiers; hence, a sacred ceremony used to impress an obligation; a solemn oath-taking; an oath. [Obs.] I'll take the sacrament on't. Shak. 2. The pledge or token of an oath or solemn cobenant; a sacred thing; a mystery. [Obs.] God sometimes sent a light of fire, and pillar of a cloud . . . and the sacrament of a rainbow, to guide his people through their portion of sorrows. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Theol.) One of the solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian church, to be observed by his followers; hence, specifically, the eucharist; the Lord's Supper. Syn. -- Sacrament, Eucharist. -- Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The R. Cath. and Greek churches have five other sacraments, viz., confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the word has been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord's Supper, where the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in commemorating the death of his Redeemer. Eucharist denotes the giving of thanks; and this term also has been applied to the same ordinance, as expressing the grateful remembrance of Christ's sufferings and death. \'bdSome receive the sacrament as a means to procure great graces and blessings; others as an eucharist and an office of thanksgiving for what they have received.\'b8 Jer. Taylor. Sac"ra*ment (?), v. t. To bind by an oath. [Obs.] Laud. Sac`ra*men"tal (?), a. [L. sacramentalis: cf. F. sacramental, sacramentel.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; of the nature of a sacrament; sacredly or solemny binding; as, sacramental rites or elements. 2. Bound by a sacrament. The sacramental host of God's elect. Cowper. Sac`ra*men"tal, n. That which relates to a sacrament. Bp. Morton. Sac`ra*men"tal*ism (?), n. The doctrine and use of sacraments; attashment of excessive importance to sacraments. Sac`ra*men"tal*ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the real objective presence of Christ;s body and blood in the holy eucharist. Shipley. Sac`ra*men"tal*ly, adv. In a sacrament manner. Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an (?), n. [LL. sacramentarius: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. (Eccl.) A name given in the sixteenth century to those German reformers who rejected both the Roman and the Lutheran doctrine of the holy eucharist. 2. One who holds extreme opinions regarding the efficacy of sacraments. Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament, or to the sacramentals; sacramental. 2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians. Sac`ra*ment"ta*ry (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament or the sacraments; sacramental. 2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians. Sac`ra*men"ta*ry, n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. sacramentarium: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. An ancient book of the Roman Catholic Church, written by Pope Gelasius, and revised, corrected, and abridged by St. Gregory, in which were contained the rites for Mass, the sacraments, the dedication of churches, and other ceremonies. There are several ancient books of the same kind in France and Germany. 2. Same as Sacramentarian, n., 1. Papists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentaries. Jer. Taylor. Sac"ra*ment*ize (?), v. i. To administer the sacraments. [R.] Both to preach and sacramentize. Fuller. \'d8Sa*cra"ri*um (?), n.; pl. -ria (#). [L., fr. sacer sacred.] 1. A sort of family chapel in the houses of the Romans, devoted to a special divinity. 2. The adytum of a temple. Gwilt. 3. In a Christian church, the sanctuary. Sa"crate (?), v. t. [L. sacratus, p.p. of sacrare. See Sacred.] To consecrate. [Obs.] Sa*cra"tion (?), n. Consecration. [Obs.] Sa"cre (?), n. See Sakker. Sa"cre, v. t. [F. sacrer. See Sacred.] To consecrate; to make sacred. [Obs.] Holland. Sa"cred (?), a. [Originally p.p. of OE. sacren to consecrate, F. sacrer, fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer sacred, holy, cursed. Cf. Consecrate, Execrate, Saint, Sextion.] 1. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated; not profane or common; as, a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service. 2. Relating to religion, or to the services of religion; not secular; religious; as, sacred history. Smit with the love of sacred song. Milton. 3. Designated or exalted by a divine sanction; possessing the highest title to obedience, honor, reverence, or veneration; entitled to extreme reverence; venerable. Such neighbor nearness to our sacred [royal] blood Should nothing privilege him. Shak. Poet and saint to thee alone were given, The two most sacred names of earth and heaven. Cowley. 4. Hence, not to be profaned or violated; inviolable. Secrets of marriage still are sacred held. Dryden. 5. Consecrated; dedicated; devoted; -- with to. A temple, sacred to the queen oflove. Dryden. 6. Solemnly devoted, in a bad sense, as to evil, vengeance, curse, or the like; accursed; baleful. [Archaic] But, to destruction sacred and devote. Milton. <-- p. 1266 --> Society of the Sacred Heart (R.C. Ch.), a religious order of women, founded in France in 1800, and approved in 1826. It was introduced into America in 1817. The members of the order devote themselves to the higher branches of female education. -- Sacred baboon. (Zo\'94l.) See Hamadryas. -- Sacred bean (Bot.), a seed of the Oriental lotus (Nelumbo speciosa or Nelimbium speciosum), a plant resembling a water lily; also, the plant itself. See Lotus. -- Sacred beetle (Zo\'94l.) See Scarab. -- Sacred canon. See Canon, n., 3. -- Sacred fish (Zo\'94l.), any one of fresh-water African fishes of the family Mormyrid\'91. Several large species inhabit the Nile and were considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians; especially Mormyris oxyrhynchus. -- Sacred ibis. See Ibis. -- Sacred monkey. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any Asiatic monkey of the genus Semnopitchecus, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos; especially, the entellus. See Entellus. (b) The sacred baboon. See Hamadryas. (c) The blunder monkey. -- Sacred place (Civil Law), the place where a deceased person is buried. Syn. -- Holy; divine; hallowed; consecrated; dedicated; devoted; religious; venerable; reverend. -- Sa"cred*ly (#), adv. -- Sa"cred*ness, n. { Sacrif"ic (?), Sa*crif"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. sacrificus, sacrificalis. See Sacrifice.] Employed in sacrifice. [R.] Johnson. Sa*crif"ic*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being offered in sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Sa*crif"ic*ant (?), n. [L. sacrificans, p.pr. See Sacrifice.] One who offers a sacrifice. [R.] Sac"ri*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] A sacrificer; one who offers a sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Sa*crif"ic*to*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. sacrificatoire.] Offering sacrifice. [R.] Sherwood. Sac"ri*fice (?; 277), n. [OE. sacrifise, sacrifice, F. sacrifice, fr. L. sacrificium; sacer sacer + facere to make. See Sacred, and Fact.] 1. The offering of anything to God, or to a god; consecratory rite. Great pomp, and sacrifice, and praises loud, To Dagon. Milton. 2. Anything consecrated and offered to God, or to a divinity; an immolated victin, or an offering of any kind, laid upon an altar, or otherwise presented in the way of religious thanksgiving, atonement, or conciliation. Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood Of human sacrifice. Milton. My life, if thou preserv's my life, Thy sacrifice shall be. Addison. 3. Destruction or surrender of anything for the sake of something else; devotion of some desirable object in behalf of a higher object, or to a claim deemed more pressing; hence, also, the thing so devoted or given up; as, the sacrifice of interest to pleasure, or of pleasure to interest. 4. A sale at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant] Burnt sacrifice. See Burnt offering, under Burnt. -- Sacrifice hit (Baseball), in batting, a hit of such a kind that the batter loses his chance of tallying, but enables one or more who are on bases to get home or gain a base. Sac"ri*fice (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacrificed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sacrificing (.] [From Sacrifice, n.: cf. F. sacrifier, L. sacrificare; sacer sacred, holy + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To make an offering of; to consecrate or present to a divinity by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token acknowledgment or thanksgiving; to immolate on the altar of God, in order to atone for sin, to procure favor, or to express thankfulness; as, to sacrifice an ox or a sheep. Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid. Milton. 2. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object or duty; to devote, with loss or suffering. Condemned to sacrifice his childish years To babbling ignorance, and to empty fears. Prior. The Baronet had sacrificed a large sum . . . for the sake of . . . making this boy his heir. G. Eliot. 3. To destroy; to kill. Johnson. 4. To sell at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant] Sac"ri*fice, v. i. To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things consumed on the altar; to offer sacrifice. O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen To that meek man, who well had sacrificed. Milton. Sac"ri*fi`cer (?), n. One who sacrifices. Sac`ri*fi"cial (?), a. Of or pertaining to sacrifice or sacrifices; consisting in sacrifice; performing sacrifice. \'bdSacrificial rites.\'b8 Jer. Taylor. Sac"ri*lege (?), n. [F. sacril\'8age, L. sacrilegium, from sacrilegus that steals, properly, gathers or picks up, sacred things; sacer sacred + legere to gather, pick up. See Sacred, and Legend.] The sin or crime of violating or profaning sacred things; the alienating to laymen, or to common purposes, what has been appropriated or consecrated to religious persons or uses. And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb With sacrilege to dig. Spenser. Families raised upon the ruins of churches, and enriched with the spoils of sacrilege. South. Sac`ri*le"gious (?), a. [From sacrilege: cf. L. sacrilegus.] Violating sacred things; polluted with sacrilege; involving sacrilege; profane; impious. Above the reach of sacrilegious hands. pope. -- Sac`ri*le"gious*ly, adv. -- Sac`ri*le"gious*ness, n. Sac"ri*le`gist (?), n. One guilty of sacrilege. Sac"ring (?), a. & n. from Sacre. Sacring bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. Sa"crist (?), n. [LL. sacrista. See Sacristan.] A sacristan; also, a person retained in a cathedral to copy out music for the choir, and take care of the books. Sac"ris*tan (?), n. [F. sacristian, LL. sacrista, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred, and cf. Sexton.] An officer of the church who has the care of the utensils or movables, and of the church in general; a sexton. Sac"ris*ty (?), n.; pl. Sacristies (#). [F. sacristie, LL. sacristia, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred.] A apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are kept; a vestry. Sa"cro- (. (Anat.) A combining form denoting connection with, or relation to, the sacrum, as in sacro-coccyageal, sacro-iliac, sacrosciatic. Sac"ro*sanct (?), a. [L. sucrosanctus.] Sacred; inviolable. [R.] Dr. H. More. Sa`cro*sci*at"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the sacrum and the hip; as, the sacrosciatic formina formed by the sacrosciatic ligaments which connect the sacrum and hip bone. Sa`cro*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it; as, the sacrovertebral angle. \'d8sa"crum (?), n.; pl. sacra (. [NL., fr. L. sacer sacred, os sacrum the lowest bone of the spine.] (Anat.) That part of the vertebral column which is directly connected with, or forms a part of, the pelvis. Sacs (?), n. pl.; sing. Sac (. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians, which, together with the Foxes, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin. [Written also Sauks.] Sad (?), a. [Compar. Sadder (?); supperl. Saddest.] [OE. sad sated, tired, satisfied, firm, steadfast, AS. s\'91d satisfied, sated; akin to D. zat, OS. sad, G. tt, OHG. sat, sa, saddr, Goth. saps, Lith. sotus, L. sat, satis, enough, satur sated, Gr. Assets, Sate, Satiate, Satisfy Satire.] 1. Sated; satisfied; weary; tired. [Obs.] Yet of that art they can not waxen sad, For unto them it is a bitter sweet. Chaucer. 2. Heavy; weighty; ponderous; close; hard. [Obs., except in a few phrases; as, sad bread.] His hand, more sad than lump of lead. Spenser. Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad. Mortimer. 3. Dull; grave; dark; somber; -- said of colors. \'bdSad-colored clothes.\'b8 Walton. Woad, or wade, is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of all sad colors. Mortimer. 4. Serious; grave; sober; steadfast; not light or frivolous. [Obs.] \'bdRipe and sad courage.\'b8 Bacon. Which treaty was wisely handled by sad and discrete counsel of both parties. Ld. Berners. 5. Affected with grief or unhappiness; cast down with affliction; downcast; gloomy; mournful. First were we sad, fearing you would not come; Now sadder, that you come so unprovided. Shak. The angelic guards ascended, mute and sad. Milton. 6. Afflictive; calamitous; causing sorrow; as, a sad accident; a sad misfortune. 7. Hence, bad; naughty; troublesome; wicked. [Colloq.] \'bdSad tipsy fellows, both of them.\'b8 I. Taylor. Sad is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sad-colored, sad-eyed, sad-hearted, sad-looking, and the like. Sad bread, heavy bread. [Scot. & Local, U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. -- Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; cheerless; downcast; sedate; serious; grave; grievous; afflictive; calamitous. Sad, v. t. To make sorrowful; to sadden. [Obs.] How it sadded the minister's spirits! H. Peters. \'d8Sad"da (?), n. [Per. sad-dar the hundred gates or ways; sad a hundred + dar door, way.] A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend-Avesta, or sacred books. Sad"den (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saddening.] To make sad. Specifically: (a) To render heavy or cohesive. [Obs.] Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great prejudice it doth to clay lands. Mortimer. (b) To make dull- or sad-colored, as cloth. (c) To make grave or serious; to make melancholy or sorrowful. Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene. Pope. Sad"den, v. i. To become, or be made, sad. Tennyson. Sad"der (?), n. Same as Sadda. Sad"dle (?), n. [OE. sadel, AS. sadol; akin to D. zadel, G. sattel, OHG. satal, satul, Icel. s\'94, Dan. & Sw. sadel; cf. Russ. siedlo; all perh. ultimately from the root of E. sit.] 1. A seat for a rider, -- usually made of leather, padded to span comfortably a horse's back, furnished with stirrups for the rider's feet to rest in, and fastened in place with a girth; also, a seat for the rider on a bicycle or tricycle. 2. A padded part of a harness which is worn on a horse's back, being fastened in place with a girth. It serves various purposes, as to keep the breeching in place, carry guides for the reins, etc. 3. A piece of meat containing a part of the backbone of an animal with the ribs on each side; as, a saddle of mutton, of venison, etc. 4. (Naut.) A block of wood, usually fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar. 5. (Mach.) A part, as a flange, which is hollowed out to fit upon a convex surface and serve as a means of attachment or support. 6. (Zo\'94l.) The clitellus of an earthworm. 7. (Arch.) The threshold of a door, when a separate piece from the floor or landing; -- so called because it spans and covers the joint between two floors. Saddle bar (Arch.), one the small iron bars to which the lead panels of a glazed window are secured. Oxf. Gloss. -- Saddle gall (Far.), a sore or gall upon a horse's back, made by the saddle. -- Saddle girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place. -- saddle horse, a horse suitable or trained for riding with a saddle. -- Saddle joint, in sheet-metal roofing, a joint formed by bending up the edge of a sheet and folding it downward over the turned-up edge of the next sheet. -- Saddle roof (Arch.), a roof having two gables and one ridge; -- said of such a roof when used in places where a different form is more common; as, a tower surmounted by a saddle roof. Called also saddleback roof. -- Saddle shell (Zo\'94l.), any thin plicated bivalve shaell of the genera Placuna and Anomia; -- so called from its shape. Called also saddle oyster. Sad"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saddling (?).] [AS. sadelian.] 1. To put a saddle upon; to equip (a beast) for riding. \'bdsaddle my horse.\'b8 Shak. Abraham rose up early saddled his ass. Gen. xxii. 3. 2. Hence: To fix as a charge or burden upon; to load; to encumber; as, to saddle a town with the expense of bridges and highways. Sad"dle*back` (?), a. Same as Saddle-backed. Saddleback roof. (Arch.) See Saddle roof, under Saddle. Sad"dle*back`, n. 1. Anything saddle-backed; esp., a hill or ridge having a concave outline at the top. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The harp seal. (b) The great blackbacked gull (Larus marinus). (c) The larva of a bombycid moth (Empretia stimulea) which has a large, bright green, saddle-shaped patch of color on the back. Sad"dle-backed` (?), a. 1. Having the outline of the upper part concave like the seat of a saddle. 2. Having a low back and high neck, as a horse. Sad"dle*bags (?), n. pl. Bags, usually of leather, united by straps or a band, formerly much used by horseback riders to carry small articles, one bag hanging on each side. Sad"dle*bow` (?), n. [AS. sadelboga.] The bow or arch in the front part of a saddle, or the pieces which form the front. Sad"dle*cloth` (?; 115), n. A cloth under a saddle, and extending out behind; a housing. Sad"dled (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a broad patch of color across the back, like a saddle; saddle-backed. Sad"dler (?), n. .One who makes saddles. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A harp seal. Sad"dler*y (?), n. 1. The materials for making saddles and harnesses; the articles usually offered for sale in a saddler's shop. 2. The trade or employment of a saddler. Sad"dle-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a saddle. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) Bent down at the sides so as to give the upper part a rounded form. Henslow. (b) (Geol.) Bent on each side of a mountain or ridge, without being broken at top; -- said of strata. Sad"dle*tree` (?), n. The frame of a saddle. For saddletree scarce reached had he, His journey to begin. Cowper. Sad`du*ca"ic (?; 135), a. Pertaining to, or like, the Sadducees; as, Sadducaic reasonings. Sad"du*cee (?), n. [L. Sadducaei, p., Gr. Tsadd; -- so called from Ts\'bed, the founder of the sect.] One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. -- Sad`du*ce"an (#), a. { Sad"du*cee`ism (?), Sad"du*cism (?) }, n. The tenets of the Sadducees. Sad"du*cize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sadducized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sadducizing (?).] To adopt the principles of the Sadducees. Atterbury. Sadh (?), n. [Skr. s\'bedhu perfect, pure.] A member of a monotheistic sect of Hindoos. Sadhs resemble the Quakers in many respects. Balfour (cyc. of India). Sad"i`ron (?), n. [Probably sad heavy + iron.] An iron for smoothing clothes; a flatiron. Sad"ly, adv. 1. Wearily; heavily; firmly. [Obs.] In go the spears full sadly in arest. Chaucer. 2. Seriously; soberly; gravely. [Obs.] To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame Or our neglect, we lost her as we came. Milton. 3. Grievously; deeply; sorrowfully; miserably. \'bdHe sadly suffers in their grief.\'b8 Dryden. Sad"ness, n. 1. Heaviness; firmness. [Obs.] 2. Seriousness; gravity; discretion. [Obs.] Her sadness and her benignity. Chaucer. 3. Quality of being sad, or unhappy; gloominess; sorrowfulness; dejection. Dim sadness did not spare That time celestial visages. Milton. Syn. -- Sorrow; heaviness; dejection. See Grief. \'d8Sadr (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ziziphus (Z. lotus); -- so called by the Arabs of Barbary, who use its berries for food. See Lotus (b). \'d8Saeng"er*fest (?), n. [G. s\'84ngerfest.] A festival of singers; a German singing festival. <-- p. 1267 --> Safe (?), a. [Compar. Safer (?); superl. Safest.] [OE. sauf, F. sauf, fr. L. salvus, akin to salus health, welfare, safety. Cf. Salute, Salvation, Sage a plant, Save, Salvo an exception.] 1. Free from harm, injury, or risk; untouched or unthreatened by danger or injury; unharmed; unhurt; secure; whole; as, safe from disease; safe from storms; safe from foes. \'bdAnd ye dwelled safe.\'b8 1 Sam. xii. 11. They escaped all safe all safe to land. Acts xxvii. 44. Established in a safe, unenvied throne. Milton. 2. Conferring safety; securing from harm; not exposing to danger; confining securely; to be relied upon; not dangerous; as, a safe harbor; a safe bridge, etc. \'bdThe man of safe discretion.\'b8 Shak. The King of heaven hath doomed This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat. Milton. 3. Incapable of doing harm; no longer dangerous; in secure care or custody; as, the prisoner is safe. But Banquo's safe? Ay, my good lord, safe in a ditch he bides. Shak. Safe hit (Baseball), a hit which enables the batter to get to first base even if no error is made by the other side.<-- safe house, a residence where a person in hiding from the authorities or other persons may stay without being discovered. --> Syn. -- Secure; unendangered; sure. Safe (?), n. A place for keeping things in safety. Specifically: (a) A strong and fireproof receptacle (as a movable chest of steel, etc., or a closet or vault of brickwork) for money, valuable papers, or the like. (b) A ventilated or refrigerated chest or closet for securing provisions from noxious animals or insects. Safe, v. t. To render safe; to make right. [Obs.] Shak. Safe"-con"duct (?), n. [Safe + conduct: cf. F. sauf-conduit.] That which gives a safe, passage; either (a) a convoy or guard to protect a person in an enemy's country or a foreign country, or (b) a writing, pass, or warrant of security, given to a person to enable him to travel with safety. Shak. Safe`-con*duct" (?), v. t. To conduct safely; to give safe-conduct to. [POetic] He him by all the bonds of love besought To safe-conduct his love. Spenser. Safe"quard` (?), n. [Safe = quard: cf. F. sauvegarde.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or protects; defense; protection. Shak. Thy sword, the safequard of thy brother's throne. Granwille. 2. A convoy or quard to protect a traveler or property. 3. A pass; a passport; a safe-conduct. Shak. Safe"quard`, v. t. To quard; to protect. Shak. Safe"-keep"ing (?), n. [Safe + keep.] The act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from escape; care; custody. Safe"ly, adv. In a safe manner; danger, injury, loss, or evil consequences. Safe"ness, n. The quality or state of being safe; freedom from hazard, danger, harm, or loss; safety; security; as the safeness of an experiment, of a journey, or of a possession. Safe"-pledge" (?), n. (Law) A surety for the appearance of a person at a given time. Bracton. Safe"ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sauvet\'82.] 1. The condition or state of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard; exemption from hurt, injury, or loss. Up led by thee, Into the heaven I have presumed, An earthly guest . . . With like safety guided down, Return me to my native element. Milton. 2. Freedom from whatever exposes one to danger or from libility to cause danger or harm; safeness; hence, the quality of making safe or secure, or of giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm or loss, etc. Would there were any safety in thy sex, That I might put a thousand sorrows off. Beau. & Fl. 3. Preservation from escape; close custody. Imprison him, . . . Deliver him to safety; and return. Shak. 4. (Football) Same as Safety touchdown, below. Safety arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. -- Safety belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or which is capable of being inflated, so as to enable a person to float in water; a life preserver. -- Safety buoy, a buoy to enable a person to float in water; a safety belt. -- Safety cage (Mach.), a cage for an elevator or mine lift, having appliances to prevent it from dropping if the lifting rope should break. -- Safety lamp. (Mining) See under Lamp. -- Safety match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose. -- Safety pin, a pin made in the form of a clasp, with a guard covering its point so that it will not prick the wearer. -- safety plug. See Fusible plug, under Fusible. -- Safety switch. See Switch. -- Safety touchdown (Football), the act or result of a player's touching to the ground behind his own goal line a ball which received its last impulse from a man on his own side; -- distinguished from touchback. See Touchdown.<-- also called safety. --> -- Safety tube (Chem.), a tube to prevent explosion, or to control delivery of gases by an automatic valvular connection with the outer air; especially, a bent funnel tube with bulbs for adding those reagents which produce unpleasant fumes or violent effervescence. -- Safety valve, a valve which is held shut by a spring or weight and opens automatically to permit the escape of steam, or confined gas, water, etc., from a boiler, or other vessel, when the pressure becomes too great for safety; also, sometimes, a similar valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, to prevent collapse. Saf"flow (?), n. (Bot.) The safflower. [Obs.] Saf"flow`er (?), n. [F. safeur, safior, for safran, influenced by fleur flower. See Saffron, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge; bastard, or false, saffron. 2. The died flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius. 3. A dyestuff from these flowers. See Safranin (b). Oil of safflower, a purgative oil expressed from the seeds of the safflower. Saf"fron (?; 277), n. [OE. saffran, F. safran; cf. It. zafferano, Sp. azafran, Pg. a; all fr. Ar. & Per. za' far\'ben.] 1. (Bot.) A bulbous iridaceous plant (Crocus sativus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas. See Crocus. 2. The aromatic, pungent, dried stigmas, usually with part of the stile, of the Crocus sativus. Saffron is used in cookery, and in coloring confectionery, liquors, varnishes, etc., and was formerly much used in medicine. 3. An orange or deep yellow color, like that of the stigmas of the Crocus sativus. Bastard saffron, Dyer's saffron. (Bot.) See Safflower. -- Meadow saffron (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Colchichum autumnate) of Europe, resembling saffron. -- Saffron wood (Bot.), the yellowish wood of a South African tree (El\'91odendron croceum); also, the tree itself. -- Saffron yellow, a shade of yellow like that obtained from the stigmas of the true saffron (Crocus sativus). Saf"fron (?; 277), a. Having the color of the stigmas of saffron flowers; deep orange-yellow; as, a saffron face; a saffron streamer. Saf"fron, v. t. To give color and flavor to, as by means of saffron; to spice. [Obs.] And in Latyn I speak a wordes few, To saffron with my predication. Chaucer. Saf"fron*y (?), a. Having a color somewhat like saffron; yellowish. Lord (1630). Saf"ra*nin (?), n. (Chem.) (a) An orange-red dyestuff extracted from the saffron. [R.] (b) A red dyestuff extracted from the safflower, and formerly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton pink and scarlet; -- called also Spanish red, China lake, and carthamin. (c) An orange-red dyestuff prepared from certain nitro compounds of creosol, and used as a substitute for the safflower dye. Saf"ra*nine (? , n. [So called because used as a substitute for safranin.] (Chem.) An orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificailly by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool; also, any one of the series of which safranine proper is the type. Sag (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sagging (?).] [Akin to Sw. sacka to settle, sink down, LG.sacken, D. zakken. Cf. Sink, v. i.] 1. To sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane; as, a line or cable supported by its ends sags, though tightly drawn; the floor of a room sags; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical position; as, a building may sag one way or another; a door sags on its hinges. 2. Fig.: To lose firmness or elasticity; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced. [R.] the mind I sway by, and the heart I bear, Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear. Shak. 3. To loiter in walking; to idle along; to drag or droop heavily. To sag to leeward (Naut.), to make much leeway by reason of the wind, sea, or current; to drift to leeward; -- said of a vessel. Totten. Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way; to load. Sag, n. State of sinking or bending; sagging. Sa"ga (?), n.; pl. Sagas (#). [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.] A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time. And then the blue-eyed Norseman told A saga of the days of old. Longfellow. Sa*ga"cious (?), a. [L. sagax, sagacis, akin to sagire to perceive quickly or keenly, and probably to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Presage.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions; keen-scented; skilled in following a trail. Sagacious of his quarry from so far. Milton. 2. Hence, of quick intellectual perceptions; of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; knowing; far-sighted; shrewd; sage; wise; as, a sagacious man; a sagacious remark. Instinct . . . makes them, many times, sagacious above our apprehension. Dr. H. More. Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce them into general propositions. Locke. Syn. -- See Shrewd. -- Sa*ga"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa-ga"cious*ness, n. Sa*gac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sagacitas. See Sagacious.] The quality of being sagacious; quickness or acuteness of sense perceptions; keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness. Some [brutes] show that nice sagacity of smell. Cowper. Natural sagacity improved by generous education. V. Knox. Syn. -- Penetration; shrewdness; judiciousness. -- Sagacity, Penetration. Penetration enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against the designs of others, and to turn everything to the best possible advantage. Sag"a*more (?), n. 1. [Cf. Sachem.] The head of a tribe among the American Indians; a chief; -- generally used as synonymous with sachem, but some writters distinguished between them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, and a sagamore one of the second rank. \'bdBe it sagamore, sachem, or powwow.\'b8 Longfellow. 2. A juice used in medicine. [Obs.] Johnson. Sag"a*pen (?), n. Sagapenum. \'d8Sag`a*pe"num (?), n. [L. sagapenon, sacopenium, Gr. sagapin, gomme sagapin, sagap\'82num, Ar. sikb\'c6naj, Per. sakb\'c6nah, sikb\'c6nah.] (Med.) A fetid gum resin obtained from a species of Ferula. It has been used in hysteria, etc., but is now seldom met with. U. S. Disp. Sag"*thy (?), n. [F. sagatis: cf. Sp. sagat\'a1, saet\'a1.] A mixed woven fabric of silk and cotton; or silk and wool; sayette; also, a light woolen fabric. Sage (?), n. [OE. sauge, F. sauge, L. salvia, from salvus saved, in allusion to its reputed healing virtues. See Safe.] (Bot.) (a) A suffriticose labiate plant (Salvia officinalis) with grayish green foliage, much used in flavoring meats, etc. The name is often extended to the whole genus, of which many species are cultivated for ornament, as the scarlet sage, and Mexican red and blue sage. (b) The sagebrush. Meadow sage (Bot.), a blue-flowered species of salvia (S. pratensis) growing in meadows in Europe. -- Sage cheese, cheese flavored with sage, and colored green by the juice of leaves of spanish and other plants which are added to the milk. -- Sage cock (Zo\'94l.), the male of the sage grouse; in a more general sense, the specific name of the sage grouse. -- Sage green, of a dull grayish green color, like the leaves of garden sage. -- Sage grouse (Zo\'94l.), a very large American grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), native of the dry sagebrush plains of Western North America. Called also cock of the plains. The male is called sage cock, and the female sage hen. -- Sage hare, Sage rabbit (Zo\'94l.), a species of hare (Lepus Nuttalli, ) which inhabits the regions of Western North America and lives among sagebrush. By recent writers it is considered to be merely a variety of the common cottontail, or wood rabbit. -- Sage hen (Zo\'94l.), the female of the sage grouse. Sage sparrow (Zo\'94l.), a small sparrow (Amphispiza Belli, var Nevadensis) which inhabits the dry plains of the Rocky Mountain region, living among sagebrush. -- Sage thrasher (Zo\'94l.), a singing bird (Oroscoptes montanus) which inhabits the sagebrush plains of Western North America. -- Sage willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix tristis) forming a low bush with nearly sessile grayish green leaves. Sage (?), a. [Compar. Sager (?); superl. Sagest.] [F., fr. L. sapius (only in nesapius unwise, foolish), fr. sapere to be wise; perhaps akin to E. sap. Cf. Savor, Sapient, Insipid.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judging; prudent; grave; sagacious. All you sage counselors, hence! Shak. 2. Proceeding from wisdom; well judged; shrewd; well adapted to the purpose. Commanders, who, cloaking their fear under show of sage advice, counseled the general to retreat. Milton. 3. Grave; serious; solemn. [R.] \'bd[Great bards.] in sage and solemn tunes have sung.\'b8 Milton. <-- the "great bards" was moved inside the quote for consistency. --> Syn. -- Wise; sagacious; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious. Sage, n. A wise man; a man of gravity and wisdom; especially, a man venerable for years, and of sound judgment and prudence; a grave philosopher. At his birth a star, Unseen before in heaven, proclaims him come, And guides the Eastern sages. Milton. Sage"brush` (?), n. A low irregular shrub (Artemisia tridentata), of the order Composit\'91, covering vast tracts of the dry alkaline regions of the American plains; -- called also sagebush, and wild sage. Sage"ly, adv. In a sage manner; wisely. Sa*gene" (?), n. [Russ. sajene.] A Russian measure of length equal to about seven English feet. Sage"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sage; wisdom; sagacity; prudence; gravity. Ascham. Sag"e*nite (?), n. [F. sag\'82nite, fr. L. sagena a large net. See Saine.] (Min.) Acicular rutile occurring in reticulated forms imbedded in quartz. Sag`e*nit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Resembling sagenite; -- applied to quartz when containing acicular crystals of other minerals, most commonly rutile, also tourmaline, actinolite, and the like. Sag"ger (?), n. [See Segger.] 1. A pot or case of fire clay, in which fine stoneware is inclosed while baking in the kiln; a segga. 2. The clay of which such pots or cases are made. Sag"ging (?), n. A bending or sinking between the ends of a thing, in consequence of its own, or an imposed, weight; an arching downward in the middle, as of a ship after straining. Cf. Hogging. Sag"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. saginatus, p.p. of saginare to fat, fr. sagina stuffing.] To make fat; to pamper. [R.] \'bdMany a saginated boar.\'b8 Cowper. Sag`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. saginatio.] The act of fettening or pampering. [R.] Topsell. \'d8Sa*git"ta (?), n. [L., an arrow.] 1. (Astron.) A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow. 2. (Arch.) The keystone of an arch. [R.] gwitt. 3. (Geom.) The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; -- so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string. [Obs.] 4. (Anat.) The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes. 5. (Zo\'94l.) A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Ch\'91tognatha. <-- p. 1268 --> Sag"it*tal (?), a. [L. sagitta an arrow: cf. F. saguttal.] 1. Of or pertaining to an arrow; resembling an arrow; furnished with an arowlike appendage. 2. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the sagittal suture; in the region of the sagittal suture; rabdoidal; as, the sagittal furrow, or groove, on the inner surface of the roof of the skull. (b) In the mesial plane; as, a sagittal section of an animal. Sagittal suture (Anat.), the suture between the two parietal bones in the top of the skull; -- called also rabdoidal suture, and interparietal suture. \'d8Sag`it*ta"ri*us (?), n. [L., literally, an archer, fr. sagittarius belonging to an arrow, fr. sagitta an arrow.] (Astron.) (a) The ninth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about November 22, marked thus [ (b) A zodiacal constellation, represented on maps and globes as a centaur shooting an arrow. Sag"it*ta"ry (?), n. [See Sagittarius.] 1. (Myth.) A centaur; a fabulous being, half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. Shak. 2. The Arsenal in Venice; -- so called from having a figure of an archer over the door. Shak. Sag"it*ta*ry, a. [L. sagittarius.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. Sir T. Browne. Sag"it*tate (?), a. [NL. sagittatus, fr. L. sagitta an arrow.] Shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with the two basal angles prolonged downward. Sag"it*ta`ted (?), a. Sagittal; sagittate. Sag"it*to*cyst (?), n. [See Sagitta, and Cyst.] (Zo\'94l.) A defensive cell containing a minute rodlike structure which may be expelled. Such cells are found in certain Turbellaria. Sa"go (?), n. [Malay. s.] A dry granulated starch imported from the East Indies, much used for making puddings and as an article of diet for the sick; also, as starch, for stiffening textile fabrics. It is prepared from the stems of several East Indian and Malayan palm trees, but chiefly from the Metroxylon Sagu; also from several cycadaceous plants (Cycas revoluta, Zamia integrifolia, atc.). Portland sago, a kind of sago prepared from the corms of the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum). -- Sago palm. (Bot.) (a) A palm tree which yields sago. (b) A species of Cycas (Cycas revoluta). -- Sago spleen (Med.), a morbid condition of the spleen, produced by amyloid degeneration of the organ, in which a cross section shows scattered gray translucent bodies looking like grains of sago. Sa*goin" (?), n. [F. sagouin(formed from the native South American name).] (Zo\'94l.) A marmoset; -- called also sagouin. \'d8Sa"gum (?), n.; pl. Saga (#). [L. sagum, sagus; cf. Gr. Say a kind of serge.] (Rom. Antiq.) The military cloak of the Roman soldiers. \'d8sa"gus (?), n. [NL. See Sago.] (Bot.) A genus of palms from which sago is obtained. Sa"gy (?), a. Full of sage; seasoned with sage. \'d8Sa"hib (?), \'d8sa"heb (, n. [Ar. master, lord, fem. A respectful title or appelation given to Europeans of rank. [India] \'d8Sa"hi*bah (?), n. [See Sahib.] A lady; mistress. [India] Sa*hib"ic (?), a. Same as Thebaic. Sah"lite (?), n. (Min.) See Salite. \'d8Sa*hui" (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A marmoset. \'d8Sa"i (?), n. [Cf. Pg. sahi.] (Zo\'94l.) See Capuchin, 3 (a). \'d8Sai"bling (?), n. [Dial. G.] (Zo\'94l.) A European mountain trout (Salvelinus alpinus); -- called also Bavarian charr. Sa"ic (?), n. [F. sa\'8bque, turk. sha\'8bka.] (Naut.) A kind of ketch very common in the Levant, which has neither topgallant sail nor mizzen topsail. Said (?), imp. & p. p. of Say. Said, a. before-mentioned; already spoken of or specified; aforesaid; -- used chiefly in legal style. \'d8Sai"ga (?), n. [Russ. saika.] (Zo\'94l.) An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears. Sai"kyr (?), n. (Mil.) Same as Saker. [Obs.] Sail (?), n. [OE. seil, AS. segel, segl; akin to D. zeil, OHG. segal, G. & Sw. segel, Icel. segl, Dan. seil. 1. An extent of canvas or other fabric by means of which the wind is made serviceable as a power for propelling vessels through the water. Behoves him now both sail and oar. Milton. 2. Anything resembling a sail, or regarded as a sail. 3. A wing; a van. [Poetic] Like an eagle soaring To weather his broad sails. Spenser. 4. the extended surface of the arm of a windmill. 5. A sailing vessel; a vessel of any kind; a craft. sail were in sight. 6. A passage by a sailing vessel; a journey or excursion upon the water. fore-and-aft sails, and square sails. Square sails are always bent to yards, with their foot lying across the line of the vessel. Fore-and-aft sails are set upon stays or gaffs with their foot in line with the keel. A fore-and-aft sail is triangular, or quadrilateral with the after leech longer than the fore leech. Square sails are quardrilateral, but not necessarily square. See Phrases under Fore, a., and Square, a.; also, Bark, Brig, Schooner, Ship, Stay. Sail burton (Naut.), a purchase for hoisting sails aloft for bending. -- Sail fluke (Zo\'94l.), the whiff. -- Sail hook, a small hook used in making sails, to hold the seams square. -- Sail loft, a loft or room where sails are cut out and made. -- Sail room (Naut.), a room in a vessel where sails are stowed when not in use. -- Sail yard (Naut.), the yard or spar on which a sail is extended. -- Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail of peculiar form. It is chiefly used to set on a boat's mast. -- To crowd sail. (Naut.) See under Crowd. -- To loose sails (Naut.), to unfurl or spread sails. -- To make sail (Naut.), to extend an additional quantity of sail. -- To set a sail (Naut.), to extend or spread a sail to the wind. -- To set sail (Naut.), to unfurl or spread the sails; hence, to begin a voyage. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce the extent of sail, or take in a part. -- To strike sail (Naut.), to lower the sails suddenly, as in saluting, or in sudden gusts of wind; hence, to acknowledge inferiority; to abate pretension. -- Under sail, having the sails spread. Sail (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sailing.] [AS. segelian, seglian. See Sail, n.] 1. To be impelled or driven forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship on water; to be impelled on a body of water by the action of steam or other power. 2. To move through or on the water; to swim, as a fish or a water fowl. 3. To be conveyed in a vessel on water; to pass by water; as, they sailed from London to Canton. 4. To set sail; to begin a voyage. 5. To move smoothly through the air; to glide through the air without apparent exertion, as a bird. As is a winged messenger of heaven, . . . When he bestrides the lazy pacing clouds, And sails upon the bosom of the air. Shak. Sail, v. t. 1. To pass or move upon, as in a ship, by means of sails; hence, to move or journey upon(the water) by means of steam or other force. A thousand ships were manned to sail the sea. Dryden. 2. To fly through; to glide or move smoothly through. Sublime she sails The a\'89rial space, and mounts the winged gales. Pope. 3. To direct or manage the motion of, as a vessel; as, to sail one's own ship. Totten. Sail"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being sailed over; navigable; as, a sailable river. Sail"boat`, n. A boat propelled by a sail or sails. Sail"cloth` (?), n. Duck or canvas used in making sails. Sail"er (?), n. 1. A sailor. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. A ship or other vessel; -- with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing; as, a heavy sailer; a fast sailer. Sail"fish (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The banner fish, or spikefish (Histiophorus.) (b) The basking, or liver, shark. (c) The quillback. <-- Illust. of Sailfish (Histiophorus Americanus) --> Sail"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sails; the motion of a vessel on water, impelled by wind or steam; the act of starting on a voyage. 2. (Naut.) The art of managing a vessel; seamanship; navigation; as, globular sailing; oblique sailing. Circular, Globular, Oblique, Parallel, etc. Sailing master (U. S. Navy), formerly, a warrant officer, ranking next below a lieutenant, whose duties were to navigate the vessel; and under the direction of the executive officer, to attend to the stowage of the hold, to the cables, rigging, etc. The grade was merged in that of master in 1862. Sail"less (?), a. Destitute of sails. Pollok. Sail"mak`er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make or repair sails. -- Sail"mak`ing, n. Sail"or (?), n. One who follows the business of navigating ships or other vessels; one who understands the practical management of ships; one of the crew of a vessel; a mariner; a common seaman. Syn. -- Mariner; seaman; seafarer. Sailor's choice. (Zo\'94l.) (a) An excellent marine food fish (Diplodus, ) of the Southern United States; -- called also porgy, squirrel fish, yellowtail, and salt-water bream. (b) A species of grunt (Orthopristis, ), an excellent food fish, common on the southern coasts of the United States; -- called also hogfish, and pigfish. Sail"y (?), a. Like a sail. [R.] Drayton. Saim (?), n. [OF. sain, LL. saginum, fr. L. sagina a fattening.] Lard; grease. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] \'d8Sai*mir" (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The squirrel monkey. Sain (?), obs. p. p. of Say, for sayen. Said. Shak. Sain, v. t. [Cf. Saint, Sane.] To sanctify; to bless so as to protect from evil influence. [R.] Sir W. Scott. Sain"foin (?; 277), n. [F., fr. sain wholesome (L. sanus; see Sane.) + foin hay (L. f\'91num); or perh. fr. saint sacred (L. sanctus; see Saint) + foin hay.] (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa) cultivated for fodder. [Written also saintfoin.] (b) A kind of tick trefoil (Desmodium Canadense). [Canada] Saint (?), n. [F., fr. L. santcus sacred, properly p.p. of sancire to render sacred by a religious act, to appoint as sacred; akin to sacer sacred. Cf. Sacred, Sanctity, Sanctum, Sanctus.] 1. A person sanctified; a holy or godly person; one eminent for piety and virtue; any true Christian, as being redeemed and consecrated to God. Them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints. 1 Cor. i. 2. 2. One of the blessed in heaven. Then shall thy saints, unmixed, and from the impure Far separate, circling thy holy mount, Unfeigned hallelujahs to thee sing. Milton. 3. (Eccl.) One canonized by the church. [Abbrev. St.] Saint Andrew's cross (a) A cross shaped like the letter X. See Illust. 4, under Cross. (b) (Bot.) A low North American shrub (Ascyrum Crux-Andr\'91, the petals of which have the form of a Saint Andrew's cross. Gray. -- Saint Anthony's cross, a T-shaped cross. See Illust. 6, under Cross. -- Saint Anthony's fire, the erysipelas; -- popularly so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession of Saint Anthony. -- Saint Anthony's nut (Bot.), the groundnut (Bunium flexuosum); -- so called because swine feed on it, and St. Anthony was once a swineherd. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Anthony's turnip (Bot.), the bulbous crowfoot, a favorite food of swine. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Barnaby's thistle (Bot.), a kind of knapeweed (Centaurea solstitialis) flowering on St. Barnabas's Day, June 11th. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Bernard (Zo\'94l.), a breed of large, handsome dogs celebrated for strength and sagacity, formerly bred chiefly at the Hospice of St. Bernard in Switzerland, but now common in Europe and America. There are two races, the smooth-haired and the rough-haired. See Illust. under Dog. -- Saint Catharine's flower (Bot.), the plant love-a-mist. See under Love. -- Saint Cuthbert's beads (Paleon.), the fossil joints of crinoid stems. -- Saint Dabeoc's heath (Bot.), a heatherlike plant (Dab\'91cia polifolia), named from an Irish saint. -- Saint Distaff's Day. See under Distaff. -- Saint Elmo's fire, a luminious, flamelike appearance, sometimes seen in dark, tempestuous nights, at some prominent point on a ship, particularly at the masthead and the yardams. It has also been observed on land, and is due to the discharge of electricity from elevated or pointed objects. A single flame is called a Helena, or a Corposant; a double, or twin, flame is called a Castor and Pollux, or a double Corposant. It takes its name from St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. -- Saint George's cross (Her.), a Greek cross gules upon a field argent, the field being represented by a narrow fimbriation in the ensign, or union jack, of Great Britain. -- Saint George's ensign, a red cross on a white field with a union jack in the upper corner next the mast. It is the distinguishing badge of ships of the royal navy of England; -- called also the white ensign. Brande & C. -- Saint George's flag, a smaller flag resembling the ensign, but without the union jack; used as the sign of the presence and command of an admiral. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- Saint Gobain glass (Chem.), a fine variety of soda-lime plate glass, so called from St.Gobain in France, where it was manufactured. -- Saint Ignatius's bean (Bot.), the seed of a tree of the Philippines (Strychnos Ignatia), of properties similar to the nux vomica. -- Saint Jame's shell (Zo\'94l.), a pecten (Vola Jacob\'91us) worn by piligrims to the Holy Land. See Illust. under Scallop. -- Saint Jame's wort (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacob\'91a). -- Saint John's bread. (Bot.) See Carob. -- Saint John's-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hypericum, most species of which have yellow flowers; -- called also John's-wort. -- Saint Leger, the name of a race for three-year-old horses run annually in September at Doncaster, England; -- instituted in 1776 by Col. St. Leger. -- Saint Martin's herb (Bot.), a small tropical American violaceous plant (Sauvagesia erecta). It is very mucilaginous and is used in medicine. <-- p. 1269 --> -- Saint Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather frequently prevailing during late autumn in England and the Mediterranean countries; -- so called from St. Martin's Festival, occuring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian summer in America. Shak. Whitier. -- Saint Patrick's cross. See Illust 4, under Cross. -- Saint Patrick's Day, the 17th of March, anniversary of the death (about 466) of St. Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland. -- Saint Peter's fish. (Zo\'94l.) See John Dory, under John. -- Saint Peter's-wort (Bot.), a name of several plants, as Hypericum Ascyron, H. quadrangulum, Ascyrum stans, etc. -- Saint Peter's wreath (Bot.), a shrubby kind of Spir\'91a (S. hypericifolia), having long slender branches covered with clusters of small white blossoms in spring. -- Saint's bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. -- Saint Vitus's dance (Med.), chorea; -- so called from the supposed cures wrought on intercession to this saint. Saint (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sainting.] To make a saint of; to enroll among the saints by an offical act, as of the pope; to canonize; to give the title or reputation of a saint to (some one). A large hospital, erected by a shoemaker who has been beatified, though never sainted. Addison. To saint it, to act as a saint, or with a show of piety. Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it. Shak. Saint, v. i. To act or live as a saint. [R.] Shak. Saint"dom (?), n. The state or character of a saint. [R.] Tennyson. Saint"ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. \'bdA most sainted king.\'b8 Shak. Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats. Milton. 2. Entered into heaven; -- a euphemism for dead. Saint"ess, n. A female saint. [R.] Bp. Fisher. Saint"hood (?), n. 1. The state of being a saint; the condition of a saint. Walpole. 2. The order, or united body, of saints; saints, considered collectively. It was supposed he felt no call to anu expedition that might sainthood. Sir W. Scott. Saint"ish, a. Somewhat saintlike; -- used ironically. Saint"ism (?), n. The character or quality of saints; also, hypocritical pretense of holiness. Wood. Saint"like` (?), a. Resembling a saint; suiting a saint; becoming a saint; saintly. Glossed over only with a saintlike show. Dryden. Saint"li*ness (?), n. Quality of being saintly. Saint"ly, a. [Compar. Saintlier (?); superl. Saintliest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person. So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity. Milton. Saint*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Saint + -logy + -ist.] (Theol.) One who writes the lives of saints. [R.] Saint"ship, n. The character or qualities of a saint. Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an (?), n. A follower of the Count de St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of property held in common, and the just division of the fruits of common labor among the members of society, are the true remedy for the social evils which exist. Brande & C. Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an*ism (?), n. The principles, doctrines, or practice of the Saint-Simonians; -- called also Saint-Simonism. Saith (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Say. [Archaic] Saithe (?), n. [Gael. saoidheam.] (Zo\'94l.) The pollock, or coalfish; -- called also sillock. [Scot.] Sai"va (? , n. [Skr. devoted to Siva.] One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration. Sai"vism (?), n. The worship of Siva. Sa*jene" (?), n. Same as Sagene. Sa"jou (?; F. , n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sapajou. Sake (?), n. [OE. sake cause, also, lawsuit, fault, AS. sacu strife, a cause or suit at law; akin to D. zaak cause, thing, affair, G. sache thing, cause in law, OHG. sahha, Icel. s\'94k, Sw. sak, Dan. sag, Goth. sakj strife, AS. sacan to contend, strive, Goth. sakan, Icel. saka to contend, strive, blame, OHG. sahhan, MHG. sachen, to contend, strive, defend one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, and also to E. seek. Cf. Seek.] Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; motive; reason; interest; concern; account; regard or respect; -- used chiefly in such phrases as, for the sake, for his sake, for man's sake, for mercy's sake, and the like; as, to commit crime for the sake of gain; to go abroad for the sake of one's health. Moved with wrath and shame and ladies; sake. Spenser. I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake. Gen. viii. 21. Will he draw out, For anger's sake, finite to infinite? Milton. Knowledge is for the sake of man, and not man for the sake of knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton. -s of the possessive case preceding sake is sometimes omitted for euphony; as, for goodness sake. \'bdFor conscience sake.\'b8 1 Cor. x. 28. The plural sakes is often used with a possessive plural. \'bdFor both our sakes.\'b8 Shak. Sa"ker (?), n. [F. sacre (cf. It. sagro, Sp. & Pg. sacre), either fr. L. sacer sacred, holy, as a translation of Gr. hawk.] [Written also sacar, sacre.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A falcon (Falco sacer) native of Southern Europe and Asia, closely resembling the lanner. chargh, and the male charghela, or sakeret. (b) The peregrine falcon. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Mil.) A small piece of artillery. Wilhelm. On the bastions were planted culverins and sakers. Macaulay. The culverins and sakers showing their deadly muzzles over the rampart. Hawthorne. Sa"ker*et (?), n. [F. sacret. See Saker.] (Zo\'94l.) The male of the saker (a). Sa"ki (?), n. [Cf. F. & Pg. saki; probably from the native name.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Pithecia. They have large ears, and a long hairy tail which is not prehensile. Pithecia satanas), the white-headed (P.leucocephala), and the red-backed, or hand-drinking, saki (P.chiropotes), are among the best-known. Sa"ki (?), n. The alcoholic drink of Japan. It is made from rice.<-- usu. spelt sake --> Sak"ti (?), n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) The divine energy, personified as the wife of a deity (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, etc.); the female principle. \'d8Sal (s, n. [Hind. s\'bel, Skr. .] (Bot.) An East Indian timber tree (Shorea robusta), much used for building purposes. It is of a light brown color, close-grained, and durable. [Written also saul.] Sal (s, n. [L. See Salt.] (Chem. & Pharm.) Salt. Sal absinthii [NL.] (Old Chem.), an impure potassium carbonate obtained from the ashes of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium). -- Sal acetosell\'91 [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt of sorrel. -- Sal alembroth. (Old Chem.) See Alembroth. -- Sal ammoniac (Chem.), ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, a white crystalline volatile substance having a sharp salty taste, obtained from gas works, from nitrogenous matter, etc. It is largely employed as a source of ammonia, as a reagent, and as an expectorant in bronchitis. So called because originally made from the soot from camel's dung at the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. Called also muriate of ammonia. -- Sal catharticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), Epsom salts. -- Sal culinarius [L.] (Old Chem.), common salt, or sodium chloride. -- Sal Cyrenaicus. [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Sal ammoniac above. -- Sal de duobus, Sal duplicatum [NL.] (Old Chem.), potassium sulphate; -- so called because erroneously supposed to be composed of two salts, one acid and one alkaline. -- Sal diureticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), potassium acetate. -- Sal enixum [NL.] (Old Chem.), acid potassium sulphate. -- Sal gemm\'91 [NL.] (Old Min.), common salt occuring native. -- Sal Jovis [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt tin, or stannic chloride; -- the alchemical name of tin being Jove. -- Sal Martis [NL.] (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or ferrous sulphate; -- the alchemical name of iron being. Mars. -- Sal microcosmicum [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Microcosmic salt, under Microcosmic. -- Sal plumbi [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead. -- Sal prunella. (Old Chem.) See Prunella salt, under 1st Prunella. -- Sal Saturni [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead, or lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. -- Sal sedativus [NL.] (Old Chem.), sedative salt, or boric acid. -- Sal Seignette [F. seignette, sel de seignette] (Chem.), Rochelle salt. -- Sal soda (Chem.), sodium carbonate. See under Sodium. -- Sal vitrioli [NL.] (Old Chem.), white vitriol; zinc sulphate. -- Sal volatile. [NL.] (a) (Chem.) See Sal ammoniac, above. (b) Spirits of ammonia. \'d8Sa*laam" (?), n. Same as Salam. Finally, Josiah might have made his salaam to the exciseman just as he was folding up that letter. Prof. Wilson. Sa*laam", v. i. To make or perform a salam. I have salaamed and kowtowed to him. H. James. Sal`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salable; salableness. Duke of Argyll. Sal"a*ble (?), a. [From Sale.] Capable of being sold; fit to be sold; finding a ready market. -- Sal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"a*bly, adv. Sa*la"cious (?), n. [L. salax, -acis, fond of leaping, lustful, fr. salire to leap. See Salient.] Having a propensity to venery; lustful; lecherous. Dryden. -- Sa*la"cious*ly, dv. -- Sa*la"cious*ness, n. Sa*lac"i*ty (?), n. [L. salacitas: cf. F. salacit\'82] Strong propensity to venery; lust; lecherousness. Sal"ad (?), n. [F. salade, OIt. salata, It. insalata, fr. salare to salt, fr. L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Slaw.] 1. A preparation of vegetables, as lettuce, celery, water cress, onions, etc., usually dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, and spice, and eaten for giving a relish to other food; as, lettuce salad; tomato salad, etc. Leaves eaten raw termed salad. I. Watts. 2. A dish composed of chopped meat or fish, esp. chicken or lobster, mixed with lettuce or other vegetables, and seasoned with oil, vinegar, mustard, and other condiments; as, chicken salad; lobster salad.<-- mention mayonnaise --> Salad burnet (Bot.), the common burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), sometimes eaten as a salad in Italy. Sal"ade (?), n. A helmet. See Sallet. Sal"ad*ing (?), n. Vegetable for salad. Sal`\'91*ra"tus (?), n. See Saleratus. Sal"a*gane (?), n. [From the Chinese name.] (Zo\'94l.) The esculent swallow. See under Esculent. Sal"al-ber`ry (?), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of the Gaultheria Shallon, an ericaceous shrub found from California northwards. The berries are about the size of a common grape and of a dark purple color. \'d8Sa*lam (s, n. [Ar. sal\'bem peace, safety.] A salutation or compliment of ceremony in the east by word or act; an obeisance, performed by bowing very low and placing the right palm on the forehead. [Written also salaam.] Sal"a*man`der (?), n. [F. salamandre, L. salamandra, Gr. samander, samandel.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of Urodela, belonging to Salamandra, Amblystoma, Plethodon, and various allied genera, especially those that are more or less terrestrial in their habits. I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire any time this two and thirty years. Shak. Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth fire, we have found by experience that on hot coals, it dieth immediately. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The pouched gopher (Geomys tuza) of the Southern United States. 3. A culinary utensil of metal with a plate or disk which is heated, and held over pastry, etc., to brown it. 4. A large poker. [prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 5. (Metal.) Solidofied material in a furnace hearth. Giant salamander. (Zo\'94l.) See under Giant. -- Salamander's hair wool (Min.), a species of asbestus or mineral flax. [Obs.] Bacon. \'d8Sal`a*man*dri"na (?), n.; pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders. Sal`a*man"drine (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a salamander; enduring fire. Addison. Sal`a*man"droid (?), a [Salamander + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Like or pertaining to the salamanders. \'d8sal`a*man*dri"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela. Sal"am*stone` (? , n. (Min.) A kind of blue sapphire brought from Ceylon. Dana. Sa*lan"ga*na (?), n. The salagane. Sal"a*ried (?), a. Receiving a salary; paid by a salary; having a salary attached; as, a salaried officer; a salaried office. Sal"a*ry (?), a. [L. salarius.] Saline [Obs.] Sal"a*ry (?), n.; pl. Salaries (#). [F. salarie, L. salarium, originally, salt money, the money given to the Roman soldiers for salt, which was a part of thir pay, fr. salarius belonging to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt.] The recompense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to a person at regular intervals for services; fixed wages, as by the year, quarter, or month; stipend; hire. This is hire and salary, not revenge. Shak. wages. Syn. -- Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance. Sal"a*ry v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salaried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salarying (?).] To pay, or agree to pay, a salary to; to attach salary to; as, to salary a clerk; to salary a position. Sale (?), n. See 1st Sallow. [Obs.] Spenser. Sale, n. [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E.sell. See Sell, v. t.] 1. The act of selling; the transfer of property, or a contract to transfer the ownership of property, from one person to another for a valuable consideration, or for a price in money. 2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market. They shall have ready sale for them. Spenser. 3. Public disposal to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market; auction. Sir W. Temple. Bill of sale. See under Bill. -- Of sale, On sale, For sale, to be bought or sold; offered to purchasers; in the market. -- To set to sale, to offer for sale; to put up for purchase; to make merchandise of. [Obs.] Milton. Sale"a*ble (?), a., Sale"a*bly, adv., etc. See Salable, Salably, etc. Sal"eb (?), n. (Med.) See Salep. Sal`e*bros"i*ty (?), n. Roughness or ruggedness. [Obs.] Feltham. Sal"e*brous (?), a. [L. salebosus, fr. salebra a rugged road, fr. salire to leap.] Rough; rugged. [Obs.] Sal"ep (?), n. [Ar. sahleb, perhaps a corruption of an Arabic word for fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying literally, fox's testicles: cf. F. salep.] [Written also saleb, salop, and saloop.] The dried tubers of various species of Orchis, and Eulophia. It is used to make a nutritious beverage by treating the powdered preparation with hot water. U. S. Disp. Sal`e*ra"tus (?), n. [NL. sal a\'89ratus; -- so called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). See Sal, and and A\'89rated.] (Old Chem.) A\'89rated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is lagerly used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingridient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks. Sales"man (?), n.; pl. Salesmen (#). [Sale + man.] One who sells anything; one whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise. Sales"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Saleswomen (. A woman whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise. Sale"work` (?), n. Work or things made for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. Shak. Sa"lian (?), a. Denoting a tribe of Franks who established themselves early in the fourth century on the river Sala [now Yssel]; Salic. -- n. A Salian Frank. Sa"li*ant (?), a. (Her.) Same as Salient. Sal"i*aunce (?), a. [See Sally.] Salience; onslaught. [Obs.] \'bdSo fierce saliaunce.\'b8 Spenser. <-- p. 1270 --> Sal"ic (?), a. [F. salique, fr. the Salian Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in latin leges Salic\'91.] Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so called. [Also salique.] Salic law. (a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth century. By one provision of this code women were excluded from the inheritance of landed property. (b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a special application of the above-mentioned provision, in accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne. This law has obtained in France, and at times in other countries of Europe, as Spain. Sal`i*ca"ceous (?), a. [L. salix, -icis, the willow.] Belonging or relating to the willow. Sal"*cin (?), n. [L. salix, -icis, a willow: cf. F. salicine. See Sallow the tree.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the leaves of several species of willow (Salix) and poplar, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.<-- salicyl alcohol glucoside, salicyl alcohol , saligenin , C13H18O7. It is used in biochemistry as a standard substrate for evaluating the potency of Sal"i*cyl (?), n. [Salicin + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of salicylic acid and of certain related compounds. Sal"i*cyl`al (?), n. [Salicylic + aldehide.] (Chem.) A thin, fragrant, colorless oil, HO.C6H4.CHO, found in the flowers of meadow sweet (Spir\'91a), and also obtained by oxidation of saligenin, etc. It reddens on exposure. Called also salycylol, salicylic aldehyde, and formerly salicylous, . Sal"i*cyl`ate (-, n. (Chem.) A salt of salicylic acid. Sal`i*cyl"ic (?), n. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid formerly obtained by fusing salicin with potassium hydroxide, and now made in large quantities from phenol (carbolic acid) by the action of carbon dioxide on heated sodium phenolate. It is a white crystalline substance. It is used as an antiseptic, and in its salts in the treatment of rheumatism. Called also hydroxybenzoic acid. Sal"i*cyl`ide (?), n. [Salicylic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by dehydration of salicylic acid. Sal"i*cyl`ite (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of salicylal; -- named after the analogy of a salt. Sal"i*cyl`ol (?), n. [Salicylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Same as Salicylal. Sa*lic"y*lous (? , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance called salicylous acid, and now salicylal. [Obs.] Sa"li*ence (?), n. [See Salient.] 1. That quality or condition of being salient; a leaping; a springing forward; an assaulting. 2. The quality or state of projecting, or being projected; projection; protrusion. Sir W. Hamilton. Sa"li*en*cy (?), n. Quality of being salient; hence, vigor. \'bdA fatal lack of poetic saliency.\'b8 J. Morley. Sa"li*ent (?), a. [L. saliens, -entis, p.pr. of salire to leap; cf. F. saillant. See Sally, n. & v. i..] 1. Moving by leaps or springs; leaping; bounding; jumping. \'bdFrogs and salient animals.\'b8 Sir T. Browne. 2. Shooting out up; springing; projecting. He had in himself a salient, living spring of generous and manly action. Burke. 3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the attention; prominent; conspicuous; noticeable. He [Grenville] had neither salient traits, nor general comprehensiveness of mind. Bancroft. 4. (Math. & Fort.) Projectiong outwardly; as, a salient angle; -- opposed to re\'89ntering. See Illust. of Bastion.<-- convex? --> 5. (Her.) Represented in a leaping position; as, a lion salient. Salient angle. See Salient, a., 4. -- Salient polygon (Geom.), a polygon all of whose angles are salient. -- Salient polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron all of whose solid angles are salient. Sa"li*ent, a. (Fort.) A salient angle or part; a projection. Sa"li*ent*ly, adv. In a salient manner. Sa*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sal salt + -ferous.] Producing, or impregnated with, salt. Saliferous rocks (Geol.), the New Red Sandstone system of some geologists; -- so called because, in Europe, this formation contains beds of salt. The saliferous beds of New York State belong largely to the Salina period of the Upper Silurian. See the Chart of Geology. Sal"i*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. salifiable. See Salify.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing an acid to form a salt; -- said of bases; thus, ammonia is salifiable. Sal`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. salification.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of salifying; the state of being salified. Sal"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salifying (?).] [F. salifier; from L. sal salt + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Chem.) (a) To combine or impregnate with a salt. (b) To form a salt with; to convert into a salt; as, to salify a base or an acid. Sa*lig"e*nin (?), n. [Salicin + -gen.] (Chem.) A phenol alcohol obtained, by the decomposition of salicin, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also hydroxy-benzyl alcohol. <-- ortho-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, saligenol, salicyl alcohol. HOCH2.C6H4.OH --> Sal"i*got (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) The water chestnut (Trapa natans). Sal*im"e*ter (?), n. [L. sal salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of salt present in any given solution. [Written also salometer.] Sal*im"e*try (?), n. The art or process of measuring the amount of salt in a substance. Sa*li"na (?), n. [Cf. L. salinae, pl., salt works, from sal salt. See Saline, a.] 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea. 2. Salt works. Sa*li"na pe"ri*od (?). [So called from Salina, a town in New York.] (Geol.) The period in which the American Upper Silurian system, containing the brine-producing rocks of central New York, was formed. See the Chart of Geology. Sal`i*na"tion (?), n. The act of washing with salt water. [R. & Obs..] Greenhill. Sa"line (? , a. [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt: cf. L. salinae salt works, salinum saltcellar. See Salt.] 1. Consisting of salt, or containing salt; as, saline particles; saline substances; a saline cathartic. 2. Of the quality of salt; salty; as, a saline taste. Sa"line (? , n. [Cf. F. saline. See Saline, a.] A salt spring; a place where salt water is collected in the earth. Sal"ine (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A crude potash obtained from beet-root residues and other similar sources. [Written also salin.] 2. (Med. Chem.) A metallic salt; esp., a salt of potassium, sodium, lithium, or magnesium, used in medicine. <-- 3. (Med., Biochemistry) A saline solution, esp. normal saline, or isotonic saline, used for infusion, to maintain blood pressure. --> Sa*line"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being salt; saltness. Sal`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Saline + -ferous.] Same as Saliferous. Sa*lin"i*form (?), a. Having the form or the qualities of a salt, especially of common salt. Sa*lin"i*ty (?), n. Salineness. Carpenter. Sal`i*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Saline + -meter.] A salimeter. Sa*lin"ous (?), a. Saline. [Obs.] Sal"ique (? , a. [F.] Salic. Shak. She fulmined out her scorn of laws salique. Tennyson. Sal`i*re"tin (?), n. [Saligenin + Gr. (Chem.) A yellow amorphous resinoid substance obtained by the action of dilute acids on saligenin. \'d8Sal`is*bu"ri*a (?), n. [Named after R. A. Salisbury, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia). Sal"ite (?), v. t. [L. salitus, p.p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt.] To season with salt; to salt. [Obs.] Sa"lite (?), n. [So called from Sala, a town in Sweden.] (Min.) A massive lamellar variety of pyroxene, of a dingy green color. [Written also sahlite.] Sa*li"va (?), n. [L.; cf. Gr. (Physiol.) The secretion from the salivary glands. mixed saliva, i.e., saliva composed of the secretions of all three of the salivary glands, is an important degestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin. Sa*li"val (?; 277), a. Salivary. Sal"i*vant (?), a. [L. salivans, p.pr. of salivare. See Salivate.] Producing salivation. Sal"i*vant, n. That which produces salivation. Sal"i*va*ry (?), a. [L. salivarius slimy, clammy: cf. F. salivaire.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to saliva; producing or carrying saliva; as, the salivary ferment; the salivary glands; the salivary ducts, etc. Sal"i*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salivated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salivating.] [L. salivatus, p.p. of salivare to salivate. See Saliva.] To produce an abnormal flow of saliva in; to produce salivation or ptyalism in, as by the use of mercury. <-- v.i. To produce saliva, esp. in excess. 2. To drool. 3. (Fig.) To anticipate keenly with pleasure, as though salivating at the expectation of a delicious meal. Used often with over.; as, salivate over the prospects of high profits from an enterprise. Probably influenced by the experiments of Pavlov, who trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, by previously ringing the bell immediately prior to feeding them. --> Sal`i*va"tion (?), n. [L. salivatio: cf. F. salivation.] (Physiol.) The act or process of salivating; an excessive secretion of saliva, often accompained with soreness of the mouth and gums; ptyalism. Sa*li"vous (?), a. [L. salivosus: cf. F. saliveux.] Pertaining to saliva; of the nature of saliva. \'d8Sa"lix (?), n.; pl. Salices (#). [L., the willow.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of trees or shrubs including the willow, osier, and the like, growing usually in wet grounds. (b) A tree or shrub of any kind of willow. Sal"len*ders (?), n. pl. [F. solandres, solandre.] (Far.) An eruption on the hind leg of a horse. [Written also sellanders, and sellenders.] On the inside of the hock, or a little below it, as well as at the bend of the knee, there is occasionally a scurfy eruption called \'bdmallenders\'b8 in the fore leg, and \'bdsallenders\'b8 in the hind leg. Youatt. Sal"let (?), n. [F. salade, Sp. celada, or It. celata, fr. L. (cassis) caelata, fr. caelare, caelatum, to engrave in relief. So called from the figures engraved upon it.] A light kind of helmet, with or without a visor, introduced during the 15th century. [Written also salade.] Then he must have a sallet wherewith his head may be saved. Latimer. { Sal"et, Sal"let*ing }, n. Salad. [Obs.] Shak. Sal"li*ance (?), n. Salience. [Obs.] Sal"low (?), n. [OE. salwe, AS. sealth; akin to OHG. salaha, G. salwiede, Icel. selja L. salix, Ir. sail, saileach, Gael. seileach, W. helyg, Gr. 1. The willow; willow twigs. [Poetic] Tennyson. And bend the pliant sallow to a shield. Fawkes. The sallow knows the basketmaker's thumb. Emerson. 2. (Bot.) A name given to certain species of willow, especially those which do not have flexible shoots, as Salix caprea, S. cinerea, etc. Sallow thorn (Bot.), a European thorny shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides) much like an El\'91agnus. The yellow berries are sometimes used for making jelly, and the plant affords a yellow dye. Sal"low, a. [Compar. Sallower (?); superl. Sallowest.] [AS. salu; akin to D. zaluw, OHG. salo, Icel. s\'94lr yellow.] Having a yellowish color; of a pale, sickly color, tinged with yellow; as, a sallow skin. Shak. Sal"low, v. t. To tinge with sallowness. [Poetic] July breathes hot, sallows the crispy fields. Lowell. Sal"low*ish, a. Somewhat sallow. Dickens. Sal"low*ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being sallow. Addison. Sal"ly (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sallied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sallying.] [F. saillir, fr. L. salire to leap, spring, akin to gr. Sallient, Assail, Assault, Exult, Insult, Saltation, Saltire.] To leap or rush out; to burst forth; to issue suddenly; as a body of troops from a fortified place to attack besiegers; to make a sally. They break the truce, and sally out by night. Dryden. The foe retires, -- she heads the sallying host. Byron. Sal"ly, n.; pl. Sallies (#). [F. saillie, fr. sailir. See Sally, v.] 1. A leaping forth; a darting; a spring. 2. A rushing or bursting forth; a quick issue; a sudden eruption; specifically, an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers; a sortie. Sallies were made by the Spaniards, but they were beaten in with loss. Bacon. 3. An excursion from the usual track; range; digression; deviation. Every one shall know a country better that makes often sallies into it, and traverses it up and down, than he that . . . goes still round in the same track. Locke. 4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like; a flashing forth of a quick and active mind. The unaffected mirth with which she enjoyed his sallies. Sir W. Scott. 5. Transgression of the limits of soberness or steadiness; act of levity; wild gayety; frolic; escapade. The excursion was esteemed but a sally of youth. Sir H. Wotton. Sally port. (a) (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage underground, from the inner to the outer works, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. (b) (Naval) A large port on each quarter of a fireship, for the escape of the men into boats when the train is fired; a large port in an old-fashioned three-decker or a large modern ironclad. Sal"ly Lunn" (?). [From a woman, Sally Lunn, who is said to have first made the cakes, and sold them in the streets of Bath, Eng.] A tea cake slighty sweetened, and raised with yeast, baked in the form of biscuits or in a thin loaf, and eaten hot with butter. Sal"ly*man (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The velella; -- called also saleeman. Salm (?), n. Psalm. [Obs.] Piers plowman. Sal`ma*gun"di (?), n. [F. salmigondis of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. salgama condita, pl.; salgama pickles + condita preserved (see Condite); or from the Countess Salmagondi, lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who is said to have invented it; or cf. It. salame salt meat, and F. salmis a ragout.] 1. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring, with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson. 2. Hence, a mixture of various ingredients; an olio or medley; a potpourri; a miscellany. W. Irving. Sal"mi (?), n. (Cookery) Same as Salmis. Sal"mi*ac (?), n. [Cf. F. salmiac, G. salmiak.] (Old Chem.) Sal ammoniac. See under Sal. \'d8Sal`mis" (?), n. [F.] (Cookery) A ragout or partky roasted game stewed with sauce, wine, bread, and condiments suited to provoke appetite. Salm"on (?), n.; pl. Salmons (#) or (collectively) Salmon. [OE. saumoun, salmon, F. saumon, fr. L. salmo, salmonis perhaps from salire to leap. Cf. Sally, v.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of fishes of the genus Salmo and allied genera. The common salmon (Salmo salar) of Northern Europe and Eastern North America, and the California salmon, or quinnat, are the most important species. They are extensively preserved for food. See Quinnat. parr, peal, smolt, and grilse. Among the true salmons are: Black salmon, or Lake salmon, the namaycush. -- Dog salmon, a salmon of Western North America (Oncorhynchus keta). -- Humpbacked salmon, a Pacific-coast salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). -- King salmon, the quinnat. -- Landlocked salmon, a variety of the common salmon (var. Sebago), long confined in certain lakes in consequence of obstructions that prevented it from returning to the sea. This last is called also dwarf salmon. Among fishes of other families which are locally and erroneously called salmon are: the pike perch, called jack salmon; the spotted, or southern, squeteague; the cabrilla, called kelp salmon; young pollock, called sea salmon; and the California yellowtail. 2. A reddish yellow or orange color, like the flesh of the salmon. Salmon berry (Bot.), a large red raspberry growing from Alaska to California, the fruit of the Rubus Nutkanus. -- Salmon killer (Zo\'94l.), a stickleback (Gasterosteus cataphractus) of Western North America and Northern Asia. -- Salmon ladder, salmon stair. See Fish ladder, under Fish. -- Salmon peel, a young salmon. -- Salmon pipe, a certain device for catching salmon. Crabb. -- Salmon trout. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The European sea trout (Salmo trutta). It resembles the salmon, but is smaller, and has smaller and more numerous scales. (b) The American namaycush. (c) A name that is also applied locally to the adult black spotted trout (Salmo purpuratus), and to the steel head and other large trout of the Pacific coast. Salm"on, a. Of a reddish yellow or orange color, like that of the flesh of the salmon. <-- p. 1271 --> Salm"on*et (?), n. [Cf. Samlet.] (Zo\'94l.) A salmon of small size; a samlet. Sal"mon*oid (?), a. [Salmon + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Like, or pertaining to, the Salmonid\'91, a family of fishes including the trout and salmon. -- n. Any fish of the family Salmonid\'91. Sal"o*gen (?), n. [L. sal salt + -gen.] (Chem.) A halogen. [Obs.] Sal"ol (?), n. [Salicylic + -ol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance consisting of phenol salicylate. sa*lom"e*ter (?), n. See Salimeter. Sa*lom"*try (?), n. Salimetry. \'d8Sa`lom" (?), n. [F. See Saloon.] An apartment for the reception of company; hence, in the plural, faschionable parties; circles of fashionable society. Sa*loon" (?), n. [F. salon (cf. It. salone), fr. F. salle a large room, a hall, of German or Dutch origin; cf. OHG. sal house, hall, G. saal; akin to AS. s\'91l, sele, D. zaal, Icel. salr, Goth. saljan to dwell, and probably to L. solum ground. Cf. Sole of the foot, Soil ground, earth.] 1. A spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company or for works of art; a hall of reception, esp. a hall for public entertainments or amusements; a large room or parlor; as, the saloon of a steamboat. The gilden saloons in which the first magnates of the realm . . . gave banquets and balls. Macaulay. 2. Popularly, a public room for specific uses; esp., a barroom or grogshop; as, a drinking saloon; an eating saloon; a dancing saloon. We hear of no hells, or low music halls, or low dancing saloons [at Athens.] J. P. Mahaffy. Sa*loop" (?), n. An aromatic drink prepared from sassafras bark and other ingredients, at one time much used in London. J. Smith (Dict. econ. Plants). Saloop bush (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Rhagodia hastata) of the Goosefoot family, used for fodder. Salp (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of Salpa, or of the family Salpid\'91. \'d8Sal"pa (?), n.; pl. L. Salp\'91 (#), E. Salpas (#). [NL.: cf. L. salpa a kind of stockfish.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix. { Sal"pi*an (?), Sal"pid (?) }, n. (Zo\'94l.) A salpa. Sal"pi*con (?), n. [F. salpicon, Sp. salpicon.] Chopped meat, bread, etc., used to stuff legs of veal or other joints; stuffing; farce. Bacon. \'d8Sal`pin*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Salpinx, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the salpinx. \'d8Sal"pinx (?), n. [NL., from Gr. (Old Anat.) The Eustachian tube, or the Fallopian tube. Sal"sa*fy (?), n. (Bot.) See Salsify. Sal`sa*men*ta"ri*ous (?), a. [L. salsamentarius, fr. salsamentum brine, pickled fish, fr. salsus salted, p.p. of salire to salt.] Salt; salted; saline. [R.] Salse (?), n. [F.] A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts, whence the name. Sal"si*fy (?; 277), n. [F. salsifis.] (Bot.) See Oyster plant (a), under Oyster. Sal"so-ac`id (?), a. [L. salsus salted, salt + acidus acid.] Having a taste compounded of saltness and acidity; both salt and acid. [R.] Sal`so"da (?), n. See Sal soda, under Sal. \'d8Sal"so*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. salsus salt, because they contain alkaline salts.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort. sal*su"gi*nous (?), a. [L. salsugo, -ginis, saltness from salsus salted, salt: cf. F. salsugineux.] (Bot.) Growing in brackish places or in salt marches. Salt (?), n. [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. Sal, Salad, Salary, Saline, Sauce, Sausage.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles. 2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning. Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen . . . we have some salt of our youth in us. Shak. 3. Hence, also, piquancy; wit; sense; as, Attic salt. 4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar. I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts. Pepys. 5. A sailor; -- usually qualified by old. [Colloq.] Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts. Hawthorne. 6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol. basic, neutral, or acid salts See Phrases below. 7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also, an allowance or deduction; as, his statements must be taken with a grain of salt. Ye are the salt of the earth. Matt. v. 13. 8. pl. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber's salt. 9. pl. Marches flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.] Above the salt, Below the salt, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See Saltfoot. His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt. B. Jonson. -- Acid salt (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as, acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. -- Alkaline salt (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. -- Amphid salt (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] -- Basic salt (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. -- Binary salt (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. -- Double salt (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under Double. -- Epsom salts. See in the Vocabulary. -- Essential salt (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystalizing plant juices. -- Ethereal salt. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. -- Glauber's salt salts. See in Vocabulary. -- Haloid salt (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. -- Microcosmic salt. (Chem.). See under Microcosmic. -- Neutral salt. (Chem.) (a A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. -- Oxy salt (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. -- Per salt (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound. [Obs.] -- Permanent salt, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. -- Proto salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. -- Rochelle salt. See under Rochelle. -- Salt of amber (Old Chem.), succinic acid. -- Salt of colcothar (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. -- Salt of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. Spirit of hartshorn, under Hartshorn. -- Salt of lemons. (Chem.) See Salt of sorrel, below. -- Salt of Saturn (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; -- the alchemical of lead being Saturn. -- Salt of Seignette. Same as Rochelle salt. -- Salt of soda (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. -- Salt of sorrel (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; -- so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called salt of lemon. -- Salt of tartar (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; -- so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate. [Obs.] -- Salt of Venus (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; -- the alchemical name of copper being Venus. -- Salt of wisdom. See Alembroth. -- Sedative salt (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. -- Sesqui salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. -- Spirit of salt. (Chem.) See under Spirit. -- Sulpho salt (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen. Salt (?), a. [Compar. Salter (?); superl. Saltest.] [AS. sealt, salt. See Salt, n.] 1. Of or relating to salt; abounding in, or containing, salt; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt; salted; as, salt beef; salt water. \'bdSalt tears.\'b8 Chaucer. 2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water; as, a salt marsh; salt grass. 3. Fig.: Bitter; sharp; pungent. I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me. Shak. 4. Fig.: Salacious; lecherous; lustful. Shak. Salt acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. -- Salt block, an apparatus for evaporating brine; a salt factory. Knight. -- Salt bottom, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efforescences. [Western U.S.] bartlett. -- Salt cake (Chem.), the white caked mass, consisting of sodium sulphate, which is obtained as the product of the first stage in the manufacture of soda, according to Leblanc's process. -- Salt fish. (a) Salted fish, especially cod, haddock, and similar fishes that have been salted and dried for food. (b) A marine fish. -- Salt garden, an arrangement for the natural evaporation of sea water for the production of salt, employing large shallow basins excavated near the seashore. -- Salt gauge, an instrument used to test the strength of brine; a salimeter. -- Salt horse, salted beef. [Slang] -- Salt junk, hard salt beef for use at sea. [Slang] -- Salt lick. See Lick, n. -- Salt marsh, grass land subject to the overflow of salt water. -- Salt-marsh caterpillar (Zo\'94l.), an American bombycid moth (Spilosoma acre\'91 which is very destructive to the salt-marsh grasses and to other crops. Called also wooly bear. See Illust. under Moth, Pupa, and Woolly bear, under Woolly. -- Salt-marsh fleabane (Bot.), a strong-scented composite herb (Pluchea camphorata) with rayless purplish heads, growing in salt marshes. -- Salt-marsh hen (Zo\'94l.), the clapper rail. See under Rail. -- Salt-marsh terrapin (Zo\'94l.), the diamond-back. -- Salt mine, a mine where rock salt is obtained. -- Salt pan. (a) A large pan used for making salt by evaporation; also, a shallow basin in the ground where salt water is evaporated by the heat of the sun. (b) pl. Salt works. -- Salt pit, a pit where salt is obtained or made. -- Salt rising, a kind of yeast in which common salt is a principal ingredient. [U.S.] -- Salt raker, one who collects salt in natural salt ponds, or inclosures from the sea. -- Salt sedative (Chem.), boracic acid. [Obs.] -- Salt spring, a spring of salt water. -- Salt tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Halimodendron argenteum) growing in the salt plains of the Caspian region and in Siberia. -- Salt water, water impregnated with salt, as that of the ocean and of certain seas and lakes; sometimes, also tears. Mine eyes are full of tears, I can not see; And yet salt water blinds them not so much But they can see a sort of traitors here. Shak. -- Salt-water sailor, an ocean mariner. -- Salt-water tailor. (Zo\'94l.) See Bluefish. Salt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salted; p. pr. & vb. n. Salting.] 1. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; to preserve with salt or in brine; to supply with salt; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork; to salt cattle. 2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber. To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] -- To salt away, To salt down, to prepare with, or pack in, salt for preserving, as meat, eggs, etc.; hence, colloquially, to save, lay up, or invest sagely, as money. Salt (?), v. i. To deposit salt as a saline solution; as, the brine begins to salt. Salt (?), n. [L. saltus, fr. salire to leap.] The act of leaping or jumping; a leap. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Sal"tant (?), a. [L. saltans, p.pr. of saltare to dance, v. intens. fr. salire to leap: cf. F. sautant. See Sally, v.] 1. Leaping; jumping; dancing. 2. (Her.) In a leaping position; springing forward; -- applied especially to the squirrel, weasel, and rat, also to the cat, greyhound, monkey, etc. \'d8Sal`ta*rel"la (?), n. See Saltarello. \'d8Sal`ta*rel"lo (?), n. [It., fr. L. saltare to jump.] A popular Italian dance in quick 3-4 or 6-8 time, running mostly in triplets, but with a hop step at the beginning of each measure. See Tarantella. Sal"tate (?), v. i. [See Saltant.] To leap or dance. [R.] Sal*ta"tion (?), n. [L. saltatio: cf. F. saltation.] 1. A leaping or jumping. Continued his saltation without pause. Sir W. Scott. 2. Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the great artery. 3. (Biol.) An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races. We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms. Huxley. \'d8Sal`ta*to"ri*a (?), n.; pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. Sal`ta*to"ri*al (?), a. 1. Relating to leaping; saltatory; as, saltatorial exercises. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Same as Saltatorious. (b) Of or pertaining to the Saltatoria. Sal`ta*to"ri*ous (?), a. Capable of leaping; formed for leaping; saltatory; as, a saltatorious insect or leg. Sal"ta*to"ry (?), a. [L. saltatorius. See Saltant, and cf. Saltire.] Leaping or dancing; having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. Saltatory evolution (Biol.), a theory of evolution which holds that the transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden and marked variations. See Saltation.<-- recently revived as "punctuated equilibrium" --> -- Saltatory spasm (Med.), an affection in which pressure of the foot on a floor causes the patient to spring into the air, so as to make repeated involuntary motions of hopping and jumping. J. Ross. Salt"bush` (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian plant (Atriplex nummularia) of the Goosefoot family. Salt"cat` (?), n. A mixture of salt, coarse meal lime, etc., attractive to pigeons. Salt"cel*lar (?), n. [OE. saltsaler; salt + F. sali\'8are saltcellar, from L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Salary.] Formerly a large vessel, now a small vessel of glass or other material, used for holding salt on the table. Salt"er (?), n. One who makes, sells, or applies salt; one who salts meat or fish. Salt"ern (?), n. A building or place where salt is made by boiling or by evaporation; salt works. Salt"foot` (?), n. A large saltcellar formerly placed near the center of the table. The superior guests were seated above the saltfoot. Salt"-green (?), a. Sea-green in color. Shak. Salt"le (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The European dab. Sal"tier (?), n. See Saltire. \'d8Sal`ti*gra"d\'91 (?), n. pl. [NL. See Saltigrade.] (Zo\'94l.) A tribe of spiders including those which lie in wait and leap upon their prey; the leaping spiders. Sal"ti*grade (?), a. [L. saltus a leap + gradi to walk, go: cf. F. saltigrade.] (Zo\'94l.) Having feet or legs formed for leaping. Sal"ti*grade, n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Saltigrad\'91 a tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey. Sal`tim*ban"co (?), n. [It., literally, one who leaps or mounts upon a bench; saltare to leap + in in, upon + banco a bench.] A mountebank; a quack. [Obs.] [Written also santibanco.] Saltimbancos, quacksalvers, and charlatans. Sir T. browne. Salt"ing (?), n. 1. The act of sprinkling, impregnating, or furnishing, with salt. 2. A salt marsh. Sal"tire (?), n. [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatorium a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius saltatory. See Saltatory, Sally, v.] (Her.) A St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X, -- one of the honorable ordinaries. Sal"tire*wise` (?), adv. (Her.) In the manner of a saltire; -- said especially of the blazoning of a shield divided by two lines drawn in the direction of a bend and a bend sinister, and crossing at the center. Salt"ish (?), a. Somewhat salt. -- Salt"ish*ly, adv. -- Salt"ish*ness, n. Salt"less, a. Destitute of salt; insipid. Salt"ly, adv. With taste of salt; in a salt manner. Salt"mouth` (?), n. A wide-mouthed bottle with glass stopper for holding chemicals, especially crystallized salts. <-- p. 1272 --> Salt"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being salt, or state of being salt, or impregnated with salt; salt taste; as, the saltness of sea water. { Salt`pe"ter, Salt`pe"tre }, (, n. [F. salp\'88tre, NL. sal petrae, literally, rock salt, or stone salt; Salt, and Petrify.] (Chem.) Potassium nitrate; niter, a white crystalline substance, KNO3, having a cooling saline taste, obtained by leaching from certain soils in which it is produced by the process of nitrification (see Nitrification, 2). It is a strong oxidizer, is the chief constituent of gunpowder, and is also used as an antiseptic in curing meat, and in medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and refrigerant. Chili salpeter (Chem.), sodium nitrate (distinguished from potassium nitrate, or true salpeter), a white crystalline substance, NaNO3, having a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. It is obtained by leaching the soil of the rainless districts of Chili and Peru. It is deliquescent and cannot be used in gunpowder, but is employed in the production of nitric acid. Called also cubic niter. -- Saltpeter acid (Chem.), nitric acid; -- sometimes so called because made from saltpeter. Salt`pe"trous (?), a. [Cf. F. salp\'88treux.] Pertaining to saltpeter, or partaking of its qualities; impregnated with saltpeter. [Obs.] Salt" rheum (?). (Med.) A popular name, esp. in the United States, for various cutaneous eruptions, particularly for those of eczema. See Eczema. Salt`wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants which grow on the seashore, as the Batis maritima, and the glasswort. See Glasswort. Black saltwort, the sea milkwort. Salt"y (?), a. Somewhat salt; saltish. Sa*lu"bri*ous (?), a. [L. salubris, or saluber, fr. salus health; akin to salvus safe, sound, well. See Safe.] Favorable to health; healthful; promoting health; as, salubrious air, water, or climate. Syn. -- Healthful; wholesome; healthy; salutary. -- Sa-lu"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Sa*lu"bri*ous*ness, n. Sa*lu"bri*ty (?), n. [L. salubritas: cf. F. salubrit\'82 See Salubrious.] The quality of being salubrious; favorableness to the preservation of health; salubriousness; wholesomeness; healthfulness; as, the salubrity of the air, of a country, or a climate. \'bdA sweet, dry small of salubrity.\'b8 G. W. Cable. Sa*lue" (?), v. t. [F. saluer. See Salute.] To salute. [Obs.] There was no \'bdgood day\'b8 and no saluyng. Chaucer. Sal"u*ta*ry (?), a. [L. salutaris, from salus, -utis, health safety: cf. F. salutaire. See Salubrious.] 1. Wholesome; healthful; promoting health; as, salutary exercise. 2. Promotive of, or contributing to, some beneficial purpose; beneficial; advantageous; as, a salutary design. Syn. -- Wholesome; healthful; salubrious; beneficial; useful; advantageous; profitable. -- Sal"u*ta*ri*ly (#), adv. -- Sal"u*ta*ri*ness, n. Sal`u*ta"tion (?), n. [L. salutatio: cf. F. salutation. See Salute.] The act of saluting, or paying respect or reverence, by the customary words or actions; the act of greeting, or expressing good will or courtesy; also, that which is uttered or done in saluting or greeting. In all public meetings or private addresses, use those forms of salutation, reverence, and decency usual amongst the most sober persons. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Greeting; salute; address. -- Salutation, Greeting, Salute, Greeting is the general word for all manner of expressions of recognition, agreeable or otherwise, made when persons meet or communicate with each other. A greeting may be hearty and loving, chilling and offensive, or merely formal, as in the opening sentence of legal documents. Salutation more definitely implies a wishing well, and is used of expressions at parting as well as at meeting. It is used especially of uttered expressions of good will. Salute, while formerly and sometimes still in the sense of either greeting or salutation, is now used specifically to denote a conventional demonstration not expressed in words. The guests received a greeting which relieved their embrassment, offered their salutations in well-chosen terms, and when they retired, as when they entered, made a deferential salute. Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets. Luke xi. 43. When Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb. Luke i. 41. I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our three friends. Addison. Sa*lu`ta*to"ri*an (?), n. The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, -- an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.] Sa*lu"ta*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of salutation. Sa*lu"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. salutatorius. See Salute.] Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; -- applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges. Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (American Colleges) The salutatory oration. Sa*lute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To adress, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail. I salute you with this kingly title. Shak. 2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc. You have the prettiest tip of a finger . . . I must take the freedom to salute it. Addison. 3. (Mil. & Naval) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc. 4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify. [Obs.] \'bdIf this salute my blood a jot.\'b8 Shak. Sa*lute" (?), n. [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1. The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting. 2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson. 3. (Mil. & Naval) A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc. Sa*lut"er (?), n. One who salutes. Sal`u*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as, salutiferous air. [R.] Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous. Cudworth. Syn. -- Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious. Sal`u*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Salutarily. [R.] Sal`va*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.] In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization. A. V. G. Allen. Sal"va*ble (?), a. [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr. H. More. -- Sal"va*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"va*bly, adv. Sal"vage (?; 48), n. [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, goods, or life, from perils of the sea. Salvage of life from a british ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods. Encyc. Brit. 2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril. (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved. Kent. Abbot. Sal"vage, a. & n. Savage. [Obs.] Spenser. Sal*va"tion (?), n. [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1. The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity. 2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness. To earn salvation for the sons of men. Milton. Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation. 2. Cor. vii. 10. 3. Saving power; that which saves. Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day. Ex. xiv. 13. Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being \'bdGeneral.\'b8 They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style. Sal*va"tion*ist, n. An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army. Sal"va*to*ry (?), n. [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale. \'d8Sal"ve (?), interj. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Hail! Sal"ve (? , v. t. To say \'bdSalve\'b8 to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.] By this that stranger knight in presence came, And goodly salved them. Spenser. Salve (?; 277), n. [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salva, Goth. salb to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) sapris clarified butter. 1. An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer. 2. A soothing remedy or antidote. Counsel or consolation we may bring. Salve to thy sores. Milton. Salve bug (Zo\'94l.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (\'92ga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, -- used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length. Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.] 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial traetment; to apply salve to; as, to salve a wound. Shak. 2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over. But Ebranck salved both their infamies With noble deeds. Spenser. What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence? Milton. <-- salve one's conscience. salve one's wounded pride --> Salve (?), v. t. & i. [See Salvage] To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent] Salv"er (?), n. One who salves, or uses salve as a remedy; hence, a quacksalver, or quack. [Obs.] Sal"ver (?), n. [Cf. Salvage.] A salvor. Skeat. Sal"ver (?), n. [Sp. salva pregustation, the tasting of viands before they are served, salver, fr. salvar to save, to taste, to prove the food or drink of nobles, from L. salvare to save. See Save.] A tray or waiter on which anything is presented. <-- now used mostly in compounds; e.g. tea salver --> Sal"ver-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Tubular, with a speading border. See Hypocraterimorphous. \'d8Sal"vi*a (?), n. [L., sage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage. Sal*vif"ic (?), a. [L. salficus saving; salvus saved, safe + facere to make.] Tending to save or secure safety. [Obs.] Sal"vo (?), n.; pl. Salvos (#). [L. salvo jure, literally, the right being reserved. See Safe.] An exception; a reservation; an excuse. They admit many salvos, cautions, and reservations. Eilon Basilike. Sal"vo, n. [F. salve a discharge of heavy cannon, a volley, L. salve hail, imperat. of salvere to be well, akin to salvus well. See Safe.] 1. (Mil.) A concentrated fire from pieces of artillery, as in endeavoring to make a break in a fortification; a volley. 2. A salute paid by a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous, firing of a number of cannon. Sal"vor (?), n. [See Salvation, Save] (Law) One who assists in saving a ship or goods at sea, without being under special obligation to do so. Wheaton. Sam (?), adv. [AS. same. See Same, a.] Together. [Obs.] \'bdAll in that city sam.\'b8 Spenser. Sa*ma"ra (? , n. [L. samara, samera, the seed of the elm.] (Bot.) A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit. Sam"are (?), n. See Simar. Sa*mar"i*tan (?), a. [L. Samaritanus.] Of or pertaining to Samaria, in Palestine. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Samaria; also, the language of Samaria. Sa*ma"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. E. samarskite.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of doubtful identity. samarskite, cerite, etc.), in which it is associated with other elements of the earthy group. It has been confounded with the donbtful elements decipium, philippium, etc., and is possibly a complex mixture of elements not as yet clearly identified. Symbol Sm. Provisional atomic weight 150.2.<-- a true element. Symb. Sa or Sm; At. No. 62; At. wt. 150.43. Valence 2 or 3. --> Sam"a*roid (?; 277), a. [Samara + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a samara, or winged seed vessel. Sa*mar"ra (?), n. See Simar. Sa*mar"skite (?), a. [After Samarski, a Russian.] (Min.) A rare mineral having a velvet-black color and submetallic luster. It is a niobate of uranium, iron, and the yttrium and cerium metals. Sam"bo, n. [Sp. zambo, sambo.] A colloquial or humorous appelation for a negro; sometimes, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto; a zambo.<-- deprecatory and impolite --> Sam"boo (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sumbur. \'d8Sam*bu"cus (?), n. [L., an elder tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and trees; the elder. Sam"buke (?), n. [L. sambuca, Gr. (Mus.) An ancient stringed instrument used by the Greeks, the particular construction of which is unknown. Sam"bur (?), n. [Hind. s\'bembar, s\'bebar.] (Zo\'94l.) An East Indian deer (Rusa Aristotelis) having a mane on its neck. Its antlers have but three prongs. Called also gerow. The name is applied to other species of the genus Rusa, as the Bornean sambur (R. equina). Same (?), a. [AS. same. adv.; akin to OS. sama, samo, adv., OHG. sam, a., sama, adv., Icel. samr, a., Sw. samme, samma, Dan. samme, Goth. sama, Russ. samui, Gr. sama, Gr. simul at the same time, similis like, and E. some, a., -some. Anomalous, Assemble, Homeopathy, Homily, Seem, v. i., Semi-, Similar, Some.] 1. Not different or other; not another or others; identical; unchanged. Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end. Ps. cii. 27. 2. Of like kind, species, sort, dimensions, or the like; not differing in character or in the quality or qualities compared; corresponding; not discordant; similar; like. The ethereal vigor is in all the same. Dryden. 3. Just mentioned, or just about to be mentioned. What ye know, the same do I know. Job. xiii. 2. Do but think how well the same he spends, Who spends his blood his country to relieve. Daniel. Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that and is often used substantively as in the citations above. In a comparative use it is followed by as or with. Bees like the same odors as we do. Lubbock. [He] held the same political opinions with his illustrious friend. Macaulay. Same"li*ness (?), n. Sameness, 2. [R.] Bayne. Same"ness, n. 1. The state of being the same, identity; abscence of difference; near resemblance; correspondence; similarity; as, a sameness of person, of manner, of sound, of appearance, and the like. \'bdA sameness of the terms.\'b8 Bp. Horsley. 2. Hence, want of variety; tedious monotony. Syn. -- Identity; identicalness; oneness. Sa*mette" (?), n. See Samite. [Obs.] Sa"mi*an (?), a. [L. Samius.] Of or pertaining to the island of Samos. Fill high the cup with Samian wine. Byreon. Samian earth, a species of clay from Samoa, formerly used in medicine as an astringent. Sa"mi*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Samos. Sa"mi*el (?; 277), n. [Turk. sam-yeli; Ar. samm poison + Turk. yel wind. Cf. Simoom.] A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows, in Turkey, from the desert. It is identical with the simoom of Arabia and the kamsin of Syria. Sa"mi*ot (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. samiote.] Samian. <-- p. 1273 --> Sa"mite (?), a. [OF. samit, LL. samitum, examitum, from LGr. Six, and cf. Dimity.] A species of silk stuff, or taffeta, generally interwoven with gold. Tennyson. In silken samite she was light arrayed. Spenser. Sam"let (?), n. [Cf. Salmonet.] The parr. Sam"mi*er (?), n. A machine for pressing the water from skins in tanning. Knight. Sa*mo"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Samoan Islands (formerly called Navigators' Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean, or their inhabitants. -- n. An inhabitant of the Samoan Islands. \'d8Sa"mo*var (?), n. [Russ. samovar'.] A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn. <-- Samoyed. 1. A breed of medium-sized sled dogs, originating in Siberia, of white or cream color. 2. A Uralic language spoken by the Samoyed people. --> Sam`oy*edes" (?), n. pl.; sing. Samoyede (. (Ethnol.) An ignorant and degraded Turanian tribe which occupies a portion of Northern Russia and a part of Siberia.<-- also Samoyeds. --> Samp (?), n. [From American Indian s\'bepac, saupac, made soft, or thinned.] An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy. \'d8Sam"pan (?), n. (Naut.) A Chinese boat from twelve to fifteen feet long, covered with a house, and sometimes used as a permanent habitation on the inland waters. [Written also sanpan.] Sam"phire (? , n. [F. l'herbe de Saint Pierre. See Saint, and Petrel.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, suffrutescent, umbelliferous European plant (Crithmum maritimum). It grows among rocks and on cliffs along the seacoast, and is used for pickles. Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade! Scak. (b) The species of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea); -- called in England marsh samphire. (c) A seashore shrub (Borrichia arborescens) of the West Indies. Golden samphire. See under Golden. Sam"ple (?), n. [OE. sample, asaumple, OF. essample, example, fr. L. exemplum. See Example, and cf. Ensample, Sampler.] 1. Example; pattern. [Obs.] Spenser. \'bdA sample to the youngest.\'b8 Shak. Thus he concludes, and every hardy knight His sample followed. Fairfax. 2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown as evidence of the quality of the whole; a specimen; as, goods are often purchased by samples. I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss. Woodward. Syn. -- Specimen; example. See Specimen. Sam"ple, v. t. 1. To make or show something similar to; to match. Bp. Hall. 2. To take or to test a sample or samples of; as, to sample sugar, teas, wools, cloth. Sam"pler (?), n. [See Exampler, Exemplar.] 1. One who makes up samples for inspection; one who examines samples, or by samples; as, a wool sampler. 2. A pattern; a specimen; especially, a collection of needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc., to be used as samples, or to display the skill of the worker. Susie dear, bring your sampler and Mrs. Schumann will show you how to make that W you bothered over. E. E. Hale. \'d8Sam"shoo, Sam"shu (, n. [Chinese san-shao thrice fired.] A spirituous liquor distilled by the Chinese from the yeasty liquor in which boiled rice has fermented under pressure. S. W. Williams. Sam"son (?), n. An Israelite of Bible record (see Judges xiii.), distinguished for his great strength; hence, a man of extraordinary physical strength. Samson post. (a) (Naut.) A strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck; also, a temporary or movable pilar carrying a leading block or pulley for various purposes. Brande & C. (b) In deepwell boring, the post which supports the walking beam of the apparatus. San`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sanable; sanableness; curableness. San"a*ble (?), a. [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Capable of being healed or cured; susceptible of remedy. Syn. -- Remediable; curable; healable. San"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being sanable. Sa*na"tion (?), n. [L. sanatio. See Sanable.] The act of healing or curing. [Obs.] Wiseman. San"a*tive (?), a. [LL. sanativus.] Having the power to cure or heal; healing; tending to heal; sanatory. -- San"a*tive*ness, n. San`a*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanatory.] An establishment for the treatment of the sick; a resort for invalids. See Sanitarium. San"a*to*ry (?), a. [LL. sanatorius, fr. L. sa to heal. See Sanable.] Conducive to health; tending to cure; healing; curative; sanative. Sanatory ordinances for the protection of public health, such as quarantine, fever hospitals, draining, etc. De Quincey. Sanatory and sanitary should not be confounded. Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sanitary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health. \'d8San`be*ni"to (?), n. [Sp. & Pg. sambenito, contr. from L. saccus sack + benedictus blessed.] 1. Anciently, a sackcloth coat worn by penitens on being reconciled to the church. 2. A garnment or cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, figures, etc., and worn by persons who had been examined by the Inquisition and were brought forth for punishment at the auto-da-f\'82. { Sance"-bell" (?), Sanct"te bell" (?) }, n. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. Sanc"ti*fi*cate (?), v. t. [L. sanctificatus, p.p. of sanctificare.] To sanctify. [Obs.] Barrow. Sanc`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sanctificatio: cf. F. sanctification.] 1. The act of sanctifying or making holy; the being sanctified or made holy; esp. (Theol.), the act of God's grace by which the affections of men are purified, or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted to, a supreme love to God; also, the state of being thus purified or sanctified. God hath from the baginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth. 2 Thess. ii. 13. 2. The act of consecrating, or of setting apart, for a sacred purpose; consecration. Bp. Burnet. Sanc"ti*fied (?), a. Made holy; also, made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious. Sanc"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who sanctifies, or makes holy; specifically, the Holy Spirit. Sanc"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying (?).] [F. sanctifier, L. sanctificare; sanctus holy + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Saint, and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy; to set apart to a holy or religious use; to consecrate by appropriate rites; to hallow. God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it. Gen. ii. 3. Moses . . . sanctified Aaron and his garnment. Lev. viii. 30. 2. To make free from sin; to cleanse from moral corruption and pollution; to purify. Sanctify them through thy truth. John xvii. 17. 3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety. A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act. Eikon Basilike. 4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to. The holy man, amazed at what he saw, Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law. Dryden. Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line. Pope. Sanc"ti*fy`ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy. Sanc*til"o*quent (?), a. [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner. Sanc`ti*mo"ni*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ] Sanctimonius. [Obs.] Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak. 2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. \'bdLike the sanctimonious pirate.\'b8 Shak. -- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. Sanc"ti*mo*ny (?), n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness. Her pretense is a pilgrimage; . . . which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished. Shak. Sanc"tion (?), n. [L. sanctio, from sancire, samctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalternably: cf. F. sanction. See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by authority to it; confirmation; approbation. The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony. I. Watts. 2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as, legal sanctions. Syn. -- Ratification; authorization; authoruty; countenance; support. Sanc"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve. Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments. De Quincey. Syn. -- To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance. Sanc"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction. Sanc"ti*tude (?), a. [L. sanctitudo.] Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] milton. Sanc"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Sanctities (#). [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness. To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion. Macaulay. 2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as, the sanctity of an oath. 3. A saint or holy being. [R.] About him all the sanctities of heaven. Milton. Syn. -- Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness;sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion. Sanc"tu*a*rize (?), v. t. To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak. Sanc"tu*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Sanctuaries (#). [OE. seintuare, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also, the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also, the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection. These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privelege of sanctuary. Milton. These admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny. Dryden. <-- Wildlife sanctuary, a tract of land set aside by law for the preservation of wildlife, in which no hunting is permitted. --> Sanc"tum (?), n. [L., p.p. of sanctire to consecrate.] A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as, an editor's sanctum. \'d8Sanctum sanctorum [L.] , the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple. Sanc"tus (?), n. [L. sanctus, p.p. of sancire.] 1. (Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; -- called also Tersanctus. 2. (Mus.) An anthem composed for these words. Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in medi\'91val churches, but a hand bell is now often used; -- so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints' bell, sance-bell, sancte bell. Sand (?), n. [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr. 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet. That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles. Woodsward. 2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak. 3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one's life. The sands are numbered that make up my life. Shak. 4. pl. Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also, extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. \'bdThe Libyan sands.\'b8 Milton. \'bdThe sands o'Dee.\'b8 C. Kingsley. 5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang] Sand badger (Zo\'94l.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). -- Sand bag (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various purposes, as in fortification, for ballast, etc. (b) A long bag filled with sand, used as a club by assassins. -- Sand ball, soap mixed with sand, made into a ball for use at the toilet. -- Sand bath. (a) (Chem.) A vessel of hot sand in a laboratory, in which vessels that are to be heated are partially immersed. (b) A bath in which the body is immersed in hot sand. -- Sand bed, a thick layer of sand, whether deposited naturally or artificially; specifically, a thick layer of sand into which molten metal is run in casting, or from a reducing furnace. -- Sand birds (Zo\'94l.), a collective name for numerous species of limicoline birds, such as the sandpipers, plovers, tattlers, and many others; -- called also shore birds. -- Sand blast, a process of engraving and cutting glass and other hard substances by driving sand against them by a steam jet or otherwise; also, the apparatus used in the process. -- Sand box. (a) A box with a perforated top or cover, for sprinkling paper with sand. (b) A box carried on locomotives, from which sand runs on the rails in front of the driving wheel, to prevent slipping. -- Sand-box tree (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Hura crepitans). Its fruit is a depressed many-celled woody capsule which, when completely dry, bursts with a loud report and scatters the seeds. See Illust. of Regma. -- Sand bug (Zo\'94l.), an American anomuran crustacean (Hippa talpoidea) which burrows in sandy seabeaches. It is often used as bait by fishermen. See Illust. under Anomura. -- Sand canal (Zo\'94l.), a tubular vessel having a calcareous coating, and connecting the oral ambulacral ring with the madreporic tubercle. It appears to be excretory in function. -- Sand cock (Zo\'94l.), the redshank. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand collar. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sand saucer, below. -- Sand crab. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The lady crab. (b) A land crab, or ocypodian. -- Sand crack (Far.), a crack extending downward from the coronet, in the wall of a horse's hoof, which often causes lameness. -- Sand cricket (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of large terrestrial crickets of the genus Stenophelmatus and allied genera, native of the sandy plains of the Western United States. -- Sand cusk (Zo\'94l.), any ophidiod fish. See Illust. under Ophidiod. -- Sand dab (Zo\'94l.), a small American flounder (Limanda ferruginea); -- called also rusty dab. The name is also applied locally to other allied species. -- Sand darter (Zo\'94l.), a small etheostomoid fish of the Ohio valley (Ammocrypta pellucida). -- Sand dollar (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of small flat circular sea urchins, which live on sandy bottoms, especially Echinarachnius parma of the American coast. -- Sand drift, drifting sand; also, a mound or bank of drifted sand. -- Sand eel. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A lant, or launce. (b) A slender Pacific Ocean fish of the genus Gonorhynchus, having barbels about the mouth. -- Sand flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones. -- Sand flea. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any species of flea which inhabits, or breeds in, sandy places, especially the common dog flea. (b) the chigoe. (c) Any leaping amphipod crustacean; a beach flea, or orchestian. See Beach flea, under Beach. -- Sand flood, a vast body of sand borne along by the wind. James Bruce. -- Sand fluke. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The sandnecker. (b) The European smooth dab (Pleuronectes microcephalus); -- called also kitt, marysole, smear dab, town dab. -- Sand fly (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of small dipterous flies of the genus Simulium, abounding on sandy shores, especially Simulium nocivum of the United States. They are very troublesome on account of their biting habits. Called also no-see-um, punky, and midge. -- Sand gall (Geol.) See Sand pipe, below. -- Sand grass (Bot.), any species of grass which grows in sand; especially, a tufted grass (Triplasis purpurea) with numerous bearded joints, and acid awl-shaped leaves, growing on the Atlantic coast. <-- p. 1274 --> -- Sand grouse (Zo\'94l.), any one of many species of Old World birds belonging to the suborder Pterocletes, and resembling both grouse and pigeons. Called also rock grouse, rock pigeon, and ganga. They mostly belong to the genus Pterocles, as the common Indian species (P. exustus). The large sand grouse (P. arenarius), the painted sand grouse (P. fasciatus), and the pintail sand grouse (P. alchata) are also found in India. See Illust. under Pterocletes. -- Sand hill, a hill of sand; a dune. -- Sand-hill crane (Zo\'94l.), the American brown crane (Grus Mexicana). -- Sand hopper (Zo\'94l.), a beach flea; an orchestian. -- Sand hornet (Zo\'94l.), a sand wasp. -- Sand lark. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A small lark (Alaudala raytal), native of India. (b) A small sandpiper, or plover, as the ringneck, the sanderling, and the common European sandpiper. (c) The Australian red-capped dotterel (\'92gialophilus ruficapillus); -- called also red-necked plover. -- Sand launce (Zo\'94l.), a lant, or launce. -- Sand lizard (Zo\'94l.), a common European lizard (Lacerta agilis). -- Sand martin (Zo\'94l.), the bank swallow. -- Sand mole (Zo\'94l.), the coast rat. -- Sand monitor (Zo\'94l.), a large Egyptian lizard (Monitor arenarius) which inhabits dry localities. -- Sand mouse (Zo\'94l.), the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand myrtle. (Bot.) See under Myrtle. -- Sand partridge (Zo\'94l.), either of two small Asiatic partridges of the genus Ammoperdix. The wings are long and the tarsus is spurless. One species (A. Heeji) inhabits Palestine and Arabia. The other species (A. Bonhami), inhabiting Central Asia, is called also seesee partridge, and teehoo. -- Sand picture, a picture made by putting sand of different colors on an adhesive surface. -- Sand pike. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The sauger. (b) The lizard fish. -- Sand pillar, a sand storm which takes the form of a whirling pillar in its progress in desert tracts like those of the Sahara and Mongolia. -- Sand pipe (Geol.), a tubular cavity, from a few inches to several feet in dept, occurring especially in calcareous rocks, and often filled with gravel, sand, etc.; -- called also sand gall. -- Sand pride (Zo\'94l.), a small british lamprey now considered to be the young of larger species; -- called also sand prey. -- Sand pump, in artesian well boring, a long, slender bucket with a valve at the bottom for raising sand from the well. -- Sand rat (Zo\'94l.), the pocket gopher. -- Sand rock, a rock made of cemented sand. -- Sand runner (Zo\'94l.), the turnstone. -- Sand saucer (Zo\'94l.), the mass of egg capsules, or o\'94thec\'91, of any mollusk of the genus Natica and allied genera. It has the shape of a bottomless saucer, and is coated with fine sand; -- called also sand collar. -- Sand screw (Zo\'94l.), an amphipod crustacean (Lepidactylis arenarius), which burrows in the sandy seabeaches of Europe and America. -- Sand shark (Zo\'94l.), an American shark (Odontaspis littoralis) found on the sandy coasts of the Eastern United States; -- called also gray shark, and dogfish shark. See Illust. under Remora. -- Sand skink (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of Old World lizards belonging to the genus Seps; as, the ocellated sand skink (Seps ocellatus) of Southern Europe. -- Sand skipper (Zo\'94l.), a beach flea, or orchestian. -- Sand smelt (Zo\'94l.), a silverside. -- Sand snake. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of several species of harmless burrowing snakes of the genus Eryx, native of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, especially E. Jaculus of India and E. Johnii, used by snake charmers. (b) Any innocuous South African snake of the genus Psammophis, especially P. sibilans. -- Sand snipe (Zo\'94l.), the sandpiper. -- Sand star (Zo\'94l.), an ophiurioid starfish living on sandy sea bottoms; a brittle star. -- Sand storm, a cloud of sand driven violently by the wind. -- Sand sucker, the sandnecker. -- Sand swallow (Zo\'94l.), the bank swallow. See under Bank. -- Sand tube, a tube made of sand. Especially: (a) A tube of vitrified sand, produced by a stroke of lightning; a fulgurite. (b) (Zo\'94l.) Any tube made of cemented sand. (c) (Zo\'94l.) In starfishes, a tube having calcareous particles in its wall, which connects the oral water tube with the madreporic plate. -- Sand viper. (Zo\'94l.) See Hognose snake. -- Sand wasp (Zo\'94l.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the families Pompilid\'91 and Spherid\'91, which dig burrows in sand. The female provisions the nest with insects or spiders which she paralyzes by stinging, and which serve as food for her young. Sand (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanding.] 1. To sprinkle or cover with sand. 2. To drive upon the sand. [Obs.] Burton. 3. To bury (oysters) beneath drifting sand or mud. 4. To mix with sand for purposes of fraud; as, to sand sugar. [Colloq.] <-- 5. To grind down or make smooth by rubbing with an abrasive object, esp. with sandpaper; to sand down --> San"dal (?), n. Same as Sendal. Sails of silk and ropes of sandal. Longfellow. San"dal, n. Sandalwood. \'bdFans of sandal.\'b8 Tennyson. San"dal, n. [F. sandale, L. sandalium, Gr. sandal.] (a) A kind of shoe consisting of a sole strapped to the foot; a protection for the foot, covering its lower surface, but not its upper. (b) A kind of slipper. (c) An overshoe with parallel openings across the instep. San"daled (?), a. 1. Wearing sandals. The measured footfalls of his sandaled feet. Longfellow. 2. Made like a sandal. San*dal"i*form (?), a. [Sandal + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a sandal or slipper. San"dal*wood (?), n. [F. sandal, santal, fr. Ar. , or Gr. sa`ntalon; both ultimately fr. Skr. candana. Cf. Sanders.] (Bot.) (a) The highly perfumed yellowish heartwood of an East Indian and Polynesian tree (Santalum album), and of several other trees of the same genus, as the Hawaiian Santalum Freycinetianum and S. pyrularium, the Australian S. latifolium, etc. The name is extended to several other kinds of fragrant wood. (b) Any tree of the genus Santalum, or a tree which yields sandalwood. (c) The red wood of a kind of buckthorn, used in Russia for dyeing leather (Rhamnus Dahuricus). False sandalwood, the fragrant wood of several trees not of the genus Santalum, as Ximenia Americana, Myoporum tenuifolium of Tahiti. -- Red sandalwood, a heavy, dark red dyewood, being the heartwood of two leguminous trees of India (Pterocarpus santalinus, and Adenanthera pavonina); -- called also red sanderswood, sanders or saunders, and rubywood. { San"da*rach, San"da*rac }, (, n. [L. sandaraca, Gr. 1. (Min.) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic. [Archaic] 2. (Bot. Chem.) A white or yellow resin obtained from a Barbary tree (Callitris quadrivalvis or Thuya articulata), and pulverized for pounce; -- probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral. Sand"bag`ger (?), n. An assaulter whose weapon is a sand bag. See Sand bag, under Sand. Sand"-blind" (?), a. [For sam blind half blind; AS. s\'bem- half (akin to semi-) + blind.] Having defective sight; dim-sighted; purblind. Shak. Sand"ed, a. 1. Covered or sprinkled with sand; sandy; barren. Thomson. 2. Marked with small spots; variegated with spots; speckled; of a sandy color, as a hound. Shak. 3. Short-sighted. [Prov. Eng.] San`de*ma"ni*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Sandeman, a Scotch sectary of the eighteenth century. See Glassite. San`de*ma"ni*an*ism (?), n. The faith or system of the Sandemanians. A. Fuller. San"der*ling (?), n. [Sand + 0ling. So called because it obtains its food by searching the moist sands of the seashore.] (Zo\'94l.) A small gray and brown sandpiper (Calidris arenaria) very common on sandy beaches in America, Europe, and Asia. Called also curwillet, sand lark, stint, and ruddy plover. San"ders (?), n. [See Sandal.] An old name of sandalwood, now applied only to the red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood. San"ders-blue" (?), n. See Saundersblue. San"de*ver (?), n. See Sandiver. [Obs.] Sand"fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A small marine fish of the Pacific coast of North America (Trichodon trichodon) which buries itself in the sand. Sand"glass` (?), n. An instrument for measuring time by the running of sand. See Hourglass. Sand"hill`er (?), n. A nickname given to any \'bdpoor white\'b8 living in the pine woods which cover the sandy hills in Georgia and South Carolina. [U.S.] Sand"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sandy, or of being of a sandy color. Sand"ish, a. Approaching the nature of sand; loose; not compact. [Obs.] Evelyn. San"di*ver (?), n. [Perh. fr. OF. sa\'8bn grease, fat + de of + verre glass (cf. Saim), or fr. F. sel de verre sandiver.] A whitish substance which is cast up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is skimmed off; -- called also glass gall. [Formerly written also sandever.] \'d8San"dix (?), n. [L. sandix, sandyx, vermilion, or a color like vermilion, Gr. A kind of minium, or red lead, made by calcining carbonate of lead, but inferior to true minium. [Written also sandyx.] [Obs.] Sand"man` (?), n. A mythical person who makes children sleepy, so that they rub their eyes as if there were sand in them. Sand"neck`er (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A European flounder (Hippoglossoides limandoides); -- called also rough dab, long fluke, sand fluke, and sand sucker. Sand"pa`per (?), n. Paper covered on one side with sand glued fast, -- used for smoothing and polishing. Sand"pa`per, v. t. To smooth or polish with sandpaper; as, to sandpaper a door. Sand"pi`per (?), n. 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of small limicoline game birds belonging to Tringa, Actodromas, Ereunetes, and various allied genera of the family Tringid\'91. Tringa maculata), called also browback, grass snipe, and jacksnipe; the red-backed, or black-breasted, sandpiper, or dunlin (T. alpina); the purple sandpiper (T.maritima: the red-breasted sandpiper, or knot (T. canutus); the semipalmated sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus); the spotted sandpiper, or teeter-tail (Actitis macularia); the buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis), and the Bartramian sandpiper, or upland plover. See under Upland. Among the European species are the dunlin, the knot, the ruff, the sanderling, and the common sandpiper (Actitis, ), called also fiddler, peeper, pleeps, weet-weet, and summer snipe. Some of the small plovers and tattlers are also called sandpipers. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A small lamprey eel; the pride. Curlew sandpiper. See under Curlew. -- Stilt sandpiper. See under Stilt. Sand"pit` (?), n. A pit or excavation from which sand is or has been taken. San"dre (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A Russian fish (Lucioperca sandre) which yields a valuable oil, called sandre oil, used in the preparation of caviare. Sand"stone` (?), n. A rock made of sand more or less firmly united. Common or siliceous sandstone consists mainly of quartz sand. granitic, argillaceous, micaceous, etc. Flexible sandstone (Min.), the finer-grained variety of itacolumite, which on account of the scales of mica in the lamination is quite flexible. -- Red sandstone, a name given to two extensive series of British rocks in which red sandstones predominate, one below, and the other above, the coal measures. These were formerly known as the Old and the New Red Sandstone respectively, and the former name is still retained for the group preceding the Coal and referred to the Devonian age, but the term New Red Sandstone is now little used, some of the strata being regarded as Permian and the remained as Triassic. See the Chart of Geology. Sand"wich (?; 277), n. [Named from the Earl of Sandwich.] Two pieces of bread and butter with a thin slice of meat, cheese, or the like, between them. <-- 2. Any food composed of two pieces of bread with another food in between. 3. Any object composed of two layers of one subtance on either side of a second substance. --> Sand"wich, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sandwiched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sandwiching.] To make into a sandwich; also, figuratively, to insert between portions of something dissimilar; to form of alternate parts or things, or alternating layers of a different nature; to interlard. Sand"worm` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of numerous species of annelids which burrow in the sand of the seashore. (b) Any species of annelids of the genus Sabellaria. They construct firm tubes of agglutinated sand on rocks and shells, and are sometimes destructive to oysters. (c) The chigoe, a species of flea. Sand"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Arenaria, low, tufted herbs (order Caryophyllace\'91.) <-- "of" missing? --> Sand"y (?), a. [Compar. Sandier (?); superl. Sandiest.] [AS. sandig.] 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resembling, sand; full of sand; covered or sprinkled with sand; as, a sandy desert, road, or soil. 2. Of the color of sand; of a light yellowish red color; as, sandy hair. \'d8San"dyx (?), n. [L.] See Sandix. Sane (?), a. [L. sanus; cf. Gr. Sound, a.] 1. Being in a healthy condition; not deranged; acting rationally; -- said of the mind. 2. Mentally sound; possessing a rational mind; having the mental faculties in such condition as to be able to anticipate and judge of the effect of one's actions in an ordinary maner; -- said of persons. Syn. -- Sound; healthy; underanged; unbroken. Sane"ness, n. The state of being sane; sanity. Sang (?), imp. of Sing. { \'d8San"ga (?), San"gu (?) }, n. (Zo\'94l.) The Abyssinian ox (Bos ), noted for the great length of its horns. It has a hump on its back. San`ga*ree" (?), n. [Sp. sangria, lit., bleeding, from sangre, blood, L. sanguis.] Wine and water sweetened and spiced, -- a favorite West Indian drink. \'d8Sang`-froid" (?), n. [F., cold blood.] Freedom from agitation or excitement of mind; coolness in trying circumstances; indifference; calmness. Burke. San"gi*ac (?), n. See Sanjak. { San`graal" (?), San"gre*al (?) }, n. [See Saint, and Grail.] See Holy Grail, under Grail. San*guif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Conveying blood; as, sanguiferous vessels, i. e., the arteries, veins, capillaries. San`gui*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sanguification. See Sanguify.] (Physiol.) The production of blood; the conversion of the products of digestion into blood; hematosis. San"gui*fi`er (?), n. A producer of blood. San*guif"lu*ous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + fluere to flow.] Flowing or running with blood. San"gui*fy (?), v. t. [L. sanguis blood + -fy: cf. F. sanguifier.] To produce blood from. San*guig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sanguis + -genous.] Producing blood; as, sanguigenous food. San`gui*na"ceous (?), n. Of a blood-red color; sanguine. \'d8San`gui*na"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Sanguinary, a. & n.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Poppy family. Sanguinaria Canadensis, or bloodroot, is the only species. It has a perennial rootstock, which sends up a few roundish lobed leaves and solitary white blossoms in early spring. See Bloodroot. 2. The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc. San"gui*na*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sanguinary manner. San"gui*na*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sanguinary. San"gui*na*ry (?), a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. sanguis blood: cf. F.sanguinaire.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed; bloody; murderous; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle. We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force consciences. Bacon. 2. Bloodthirsty; cruel; eager to shed blood. Passion . . . makes us brutal and sanguinary. Broome. San"gui*na*ry, n. [L. herba sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood: cf. F. sanguinaire. See Sanguinary, a.] (Bot.) (a) The yarrow. (b) The Sanguinaria. <-- p. 1275 --> San"guine (?), a. [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. sanguis blood. Cf. Sanguineous.] 1. Having the color of blood; red. Of his complexion he was sanguine. Chaucer. Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe. Milton. 2. Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood; as, a sanguine bodily temperament. 3. Warm; ardent; as, a sanguine temper. 4. Anticipating the best; not desponding; confident; full of hope; as, sanguine of success. Syn. -- Warm; ardent; lively; confident; hopeful. San"guine, n. 1. Blood color; red. Spenser. 2. Anything of a blood-red, as cloth. [Obs.] In sanguine and in pes he clad was all. Chaucer. 3. (Min.) Bloodstone. 4. Red crayon. See the Note under Crayon, 1. San"guine, v. t. To stain with blood; to impart the color of blood to; to ensanguine. San"guine*less, a. Destitute of blood; pale. [R.] San"guine, adv. In a sanguine manner. I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does. Burke. San"guine*ness, n. The quality of being sanguine. San*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. sanguineus. See Sanguine.] 1. Abounding with blood; sanguine. 2. Of or pertaining to blood; bloody; constituting blood. Sir T. Browne. 3. Blood-red; crimson. Keats. san*guin"i*ty, n. The quality of being sanguine; sanguineness. Swift. San"gui*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis + vorare to devour.] Subsisting on blood. San*guin"o*len*cy (?), n. The state of being sanguinolent, or bloody. San*guin"o*lent (?), a. [L. sanguinolentus, from sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinolent.] Tinged or mingled with blood; bloody; as, sanguinolent sputa. San"gui*suge (?), n. [L. sanguisuga; sanguis blood + sugere to suck.] (Zo\'94l.) A bloodsucker, or leech. San*guiv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + vorare to devour.] (Zo\'94l.) Subsisting upon blood; -- said of certain blood-sucking bats and other animals. See Vampire. { San"he*drin (?), San"he*drim (?) }, n. [Heb. sanhedr\'c6n, fr. Gr. Sit.] (Jewish Antiq.) the great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction of religious matters. San"he*drist (?), n. A member of the sanhedrin. Schaeffer (Lange's Com. ). \'d8San"hi*ta (?), n. [Skr. samhita, properly, combination.] A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda. San"i*cle (?), n. [F., from L. sanare to heal.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sanicula, reputed to have healing powers. San"i*dine (?), n. [Gr. (Min.) A variety of orthoclase feldspar common in certain eruptive rocks, as trachyte; -- called also glassy feldspar. \'d8Sa"ni*es (?), n. [L.] (Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds. Sa"ni*ous (?), a. [L. sanious, fr. sanies: cf. F. sanieux.] 1. (Med.) pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as, the sanious matter of an ulcer. 2. (med.) Discharging sanies; as, a sanious ulcer. San`i*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to health, or the laws of health; sanitary. San`i*ta"ri*an, n. An advocate of sanitary measures; one especially interested or versed in sanitary measures. San"i*ta*rist (?), n. A sanitarian. San`i*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanitary.] A health station or retreat; a sanatorium. \'bdA sanitarium for troops.\'b8 L. Oliphant. San"i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sanitas health: cf. F. sanitaire. See Sanity.] Of or pertaining to health; designed to secure or preserve health; relating to the preservation or restoration of health; hygienic; as, sanitary regulations. See the Note under Sanatory. Sanitary Commission. See under Commission. <-- sanitary napkin, an absorbant pad worn to absorb the menstrual flow of women. --> San`i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of rendering sanitary; the science of sanitary conditions; the preservation of health; the use of sanitary measures; hygiene. How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century. H. Hartshorne. San"i*ty (?), n. [L. saniras, from sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] The condition or quality of being sane; soundness of health of body or mind, especially of the mind; saneness. San"jak (?), n. [Turk. sanj\'beg.] A district or a subvision of a vilayet. [Turkey] Sank (?), imp. of Sink. \'d8Sank"ha (?), n. [Skr. a shell.] A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell. \'d8Sankh"ya (?), n. A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness. Whitworth. San"nop (s, n. same as Sannup. Bancroft. San"nup (-n, n. A male Indian; a brave; -- correlative of squaw. San"ny (?), n. The sandpiper. [prov. Eng.] \'d8Sans (s, prep. [F., from L. sine without.] Without; deprived or destitute of. Rarely used as an English word. \'bdSans fail.\'b8 Chaucer. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. Shak. San"scrit (?), n. See Sanskrit. \'d8Sans`-cu`lotte" (F. ?; E. , n. [F., without breeches.] 1. A fellow without breeches; a ragged fellow; -- a name of reproach given in the first French revolution to the extreme republican party, who rejected breeches as an emblem peculiar to the upper classes or aristocracy, and adopted pantaloons. 2. Hence, an extreme or radical republican; a violent revolutionist; a Jacobin. Sans`-cu*lot"tic (?), a. pertaining to, or involving, sans-culottism; radical; revolutionary; Jacobinical. Carlyle. Sans`-cu*lot"tism (?), n. [F. sans-culottisme.] Extreme republican principles; the principles or practice of the sans-culottes. San"skrit (?), n. [Skr. Samsk the Sanskrit language, literally, the perfect, polished, or classical language, fr. samsk prepared, wrought, made,excellent, perfect; sam together (akin to E. same) + k made. See Same, Create.] [Written also Sanscrit.] The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda. San"skrit, a. Of or pertaining to Sanskrit; written in Sanskrit; as, a Sanskrit dictionary or inscription. San*skrit"ic (?), a. Sanskrit. San"skrit*ist, n. One versed in Sanskrit. \'d8Sans`-sou`ci (?), adv. [F.] Without care; free and easy. San"tal (?), n. [Santalum + piperonal.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, isomeric with piperonal, but having weak acid properties. It is extracted from sandalwood. San`ta*la"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Santalace\'91), of which the genus Santalum is the type, and which includes the buffalo nut and a few other North American plants, and many peculiar plants of the southern hemisphere. San*tal"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sandalwood (Santalum); -- used specifically to designate an acid obtained as a resinous or red crystalline dyestuff, which is called also santalin. San"ta*lin (?), n. [Cf. F. santaline.] (Chem.) Santalic acid. See Santalic. \'d8San"ta*lum (?), n. [NL. See Sandalwood.] (Bot.) A genus of trees with entire opposite leaves and small apetalous flowers. There are less than a dozen species, occuring from India to Australia and the Pacific Islands. See Sandalwood. San`tees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Santee (. (Ethnol.) One of the seven confederated tribes of Indians belonging to the Sioux, or Dakotas. San"ter (?), v. i. See Saunter. \'d8San"ton (?), n. [Sp. santon, augment fr. santo holy, L. sanctus.] A Turkish saint; a kind of dervish, regarded by the people as a saint: also, a hermit. San"to*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of santonic acid. San*ton"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid (distinct from santoninic acid) obtained from santonin as a white crystalline substance. San"to*nin (?), n. [L. herba santonica, a kind of plant, fr. Santoni a people of Aquitania; cf. Gr. santonine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance having a bitter taste, extracted from the buds of levant wormseed and used as an anthelmintic. It occassions a peculiar temporary color blindness, causing objects to appear as if seen through a yellow glass. San"to*nin`ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of santoninic acid. San`to*nin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to santonin; -- used specifically to designate an acid not known in the free state, but obtained in its salts. \'d8Sa"o (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any marine annelid of the genus Hyalin\'91cia, especially H. tubicola of Europe, which inhabits a transparent movable tube resembling a quill in color and texture. Sap (?), n. [AS. s\'91p; akin to OHG. saf, G. saft, Icel. safi; of uncertain origin; possibly akin to L. sapere to taste, to be wise, sapa must or new wine boiled thick. Cf. Sapid, Sapient.] 1. The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition. crude sap, the assimilation of which takes place in the leaves, when it becomes the elaborated sap suited to the growth of the plant. 2. The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree. 3. A simpleton; a saphead; a milksop. [Slang] Sap ball (Bot.), any large fungus of the genus Polyporus. See Polyporus. -- Sap green, a dull light green pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhamnus catharticus, or buckthorn. It is used especially by water-color artists. -- Sap rot, the dry rot. See under Dry. -- Sap sucker (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of small American woodpeckers of the genus Sphyrapicus, especially the yellow-bellied woodpecker (S. varius) of the Eastern United States. They are so named because they puncture the bark of trees and feed upon the sap. The name is loosely applied to other woodpeckers. -- Sap tube (Bot.), a vessel that conveys sap. Sap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sapping.] [F. saper (cf. Sp. zapar, It. zapare), fr. sape a sort of scythe, LL. sappa a sort of mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of. Nor safe their dwellings were, for sapped by floods, Their houses fell upon their household gods. Dryden. 2. (Mil.) To pierce with saps. 3. To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken. Ring out the grief that saps the mind. Tennyson. Sap (?), v. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps. W. P. Craighill. Both assaults carried on by sapping. Tatler. Sap, n. (Mil.) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc. Sap fagot (Mil.), a fascine about three feet long, used in sapping, to close the crevices between the gabions before the parapet is made. -- Sap roller (Mil.), a large gabion, six or seven feet long, filled with fascines, which the sapper sometimes rolls along before him for protection from the fire of an enemy. Sap`a*dil"lo (?), n. See Sapodila. Sap"a*jo (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The sapajou. Sap"a*jou (?), n. [F. sapajou, sajou, Braz. sajuassu.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Cebus, having long and prehensile tails. Some of the species are called also capuchins. The bonnet sapajou (C. subcristatus), the golden-handed sapajou (C. chrysopus), and the white-throated sapajou (C. hypoleucus) are well known species. See Capuchin. Sa*pan" wood (?). [Malay sapang.] (Bot.) A dyewood yielded by C\'91salpinia Sappan, a thorny leguminous tree of Southern Asia and the neighboring islands. It is the original Brazil wood. [Written also sappan wood.] Sap"ful (?), a. Abounding in sap; sappy. Sap"head` (?), n. A weak-minded, stupid fellow; a milksop. [Low] Sa*phe"nous (?), a. [Gr. (Anat.) (a) Manifest; -- applied to the two principal superficial veins of the lower limb of man. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the saphenous veins; as, the saphenous nerves; the saphenous opening, an opening in the broad fascia of the thigh through which the internal saphenous vein passes. Sap"id (?), a. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. sapide. See Sapient, Savor.] Having the power of affecting the organs of taste; possessing savor, or flavor. Camels, to make the water sapid, do raise the mud with their feet. Sir T. Browne. Sa*pid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sapidit\'82.] The quality or state of being sapid; taste; savor; savoriness. Whether one kind of sapidity is more effective than another. M. S. Lamson. Sap"id*ness, n. Quality of being sapid; sapidity. When the Israelites fancied the sapidness and relish of the fleshpots, they longed to taste and to return. Jer. Taylor. Sa"pi*ence (?), n. [L. sapientia: cf. F. sapience. See Sapient..] The quality of being sapient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. Cowper. Woman, if I might sit beside your feet, And glean your scattered sapience. Tennyson. Sa"pi*ent (?), a. [L. sapiens, -entis, p.pr. of sapere to taste to have sense, to know. See Sage, a.] Wise; sage; discerning; -- often in irony or contempt. Where the sapient king Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse. Milton. Syn. -- Sage; sagacious; knowing; wise; discerning. Sa`pi*en"tial (?), a. [L. sapientialis.] Having or affording wisdom. -- Sa`pi*en"tial*ly, adv. The sapiential books of the Old [Testament]. Jer. Taylor. Sa`pi*en"tious (?), a. Sapiential. [Obs.] Sa"pi*ent*ize, v. t. To make sapient. [R.] Coleridge. Sa"pi*ent*ly (?), adv. In a sapient manner. Sap`in*da"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of trees and shrubs (Sapindace\'91), including the (Typical) genus Sapindus, the maples, the margosa, and about seventy other genera. \'d8Sa*pin"dus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sapo soap + Indicus Indian.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical and subtropical trees with pinnate leaves and panicled flowers. The fruits of some species are used instead of soap, and their round black seeds are made into necklaces. Sap"less (?), a. 1. Destitute of sap; not juicy. 2. Fig.: Dry, old; husky; withered; spiritless. \'bdA somewhat sapless womanhood.\'b8 Lowell. Now sapless on the verge of death he stands. Dryden. sap"ling (?), n. A young tree. Shak. Sap`o*dil"la (?), n. [Sp. zapote, sapotillo, zapotillo, Mexican cochit-zapotl. Cf. Sapota.] (Bot.) A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also, its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum. [Written also sapadillo, sappadilo, sappodilla, and zapotilla.] Sapodilla plum (Bot.), the fruit of Achras Sapota. It is about the size of an ordinary quince, having a rough, brittle, dull brown rind, the flesh being of a dirty yellowish white color, very soft, and deliciously sweet. Called also naseberry. It is eatable only when it begins to be spotted, and is much used in desserts. Sa*pog"e*nin (?), n. [Saponin + -gen + in.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of saponin. Sap`o*na"ceous (?), a. [L. sapo, -onis, soap, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. soap. See Soap.] Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soapy. Saponaceous bodies are compounds of an acid and a base, and are in reality a kind of salt. <-- p. 1276 --> Sap`o*nac"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being saponaceous. Sap"o*na*ry (?), a. Saponaceous. Boyle. Sa*pon*i*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of conversion into soap; as, a saponifiable substance. Sa*pon`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. saponification. See Saponify.] The act, process, or result, of soap making; conversion into soap; specifically (Chem.), the decomposition of fats and other ethereal salts by alkalies; as, the saponification of ethyl acetate.<-- "ethereal salt" = ester --> Sa*pon"i*fi`er (?), n. (Chem.) That which saponifies; any reagent used to cause saponification. Sa*pon"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saponified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saponifying (?).] [L. sapo, -onis, soap + -fy: cf. F. saponifier.] To convert into soap, as tallow or any fat; hence (Chem.), to subject to any similar process, as that which ethereal salts undergo in decomposition; as, to saponify ethyl acetate. Sap"o*nin (?), n. [L. sapo, -onis soap: cf. F. saponine.] (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in many plants, as in the root of soapwort (Saponaria), in the bark of soap bark (Quillaia), etc. It is extracted as a white amorphus powder, which occasions a soapy lather in solution, and produces a local an\'91stesia. Formerly called also struthiin, quilaiin, senegin, polygalic acid, etc. By extension, any one of a group of related bodies of which saponin proper is the type. Sap"o*nite (?), n. [Sw. saponit, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia and aluminia. It occurs in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in serpentine and cavities in trap rock. Sap"o*nul (?), n. [F. saponule, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Old Chem.) A soapy mixture obtained by treating an essential oil with an alkali; hence, any similar compound of an essential oil. [Written also saponule.] [Obs.] \'d8Sa"por (?), n. [L. See Savor.] Power of affecting the organs of taste; savor; flavor; taste. There is some sapor in all aliments. Sir T. Browne. Sap`o*rif"ic (?), a. [L. sapor taste + facere to make.] Having the power to produce the sensation of taste; producing taste, flavor, or relish. Sap`o*ros"i*ty (?), n. The quality of a body by which it excites the sensation of taste. Sap"o*rous (?), a. [L. saporius that relishes well, savory, fr. sapor taste.] Having flavor or taste; yielding a taste. [R.] Bailey. Sa*po"ta (?), n. [NL., from Sp. sapote, zapote. See Sapodilla.] (Bot.) The sapodilla. Sap`o*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sapotace\'91) of (mostly tropical) trees and shrubs, including the star apple, the Lucuma, or natural marmalade tree, the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra), and the India mahwa, as well as the sapodilla, or sapota, after which the order is named. Sap*pan" wood" (?). Sapan wood. Sap"pare (?), n. [F. sappare; -- so called by Saussure.] (Min.) Kyanite. [Written also sappar.] Sap"per (?), n. [Cf. F. sapeur.] One who saps; specifically (Mil.), one who is employed in working at saps, building and repairing fortifications, and the like. Sap"phic (?), a. [L. Sapphicus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to Sappho, the Grecian poetess; as, Sapphic odes; Sapphic verse. 2. (Pros.) Belonging to, or in the manner of, Sappho; -- said of a certain kind of verse reputed to have been invented by Sappho, consisting of five feet, of which the first, fourth, and fifth are trochees, the second is a spondee, and the third a dactyl. Sap"phic, n. (Pros.) A Sapphic verse. Sap"phire (? , n. [OE. saphir, F. saphir, L. sapphirus, Gr. sapp\'c6r.] 1. (Min.) Native alumina or aluminium sesquioxide, Al2O3; corundum; esp., the blue transparent variety of corundum, highly prized as a gem. of rubies, sapphires, and of pearl\'82s white. Chaucer. Sapphire occurs in hexagonal crystals and also in granular and massive forms. The name sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, while the bright red crystals are called Oriental rubies (see under Ruby), the amethystine variety Oriental amethyst (see under Amethyst), and the dull massive varieties corundum (a name which is also used as a general term to include all varieties). See Corundum. 2. The color of the gem; bright blue. 3. (Zo\'94l.) Any humming bird of the genus Hylocharis, native of South America. The throat and breast are usually bright blue. Star sapphire, Asteriated sapphire (Min.), a kind of sapphire which exhibits asterism. Sap"phire, a. Of or resembling sapphire; sapphire; blue. \'bdThe sapphire blaze.\'b8 Gray. Sap"phir*ine (?), n. Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire; having the color, or any quality of sapphire. \'bdSapphirine degree of hardness.\'b8 Boyle. Sap"pho (?), n. [See Sapphic.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of brilliant South American humming birds of the genus Sappho, having very bright-colored and deeply forked tails; -- called also firetail. Sap"pi*ness (?), n. The quality of being sappy; juiciness. Sap`po*dil"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sapodilla. Sap"py (?), a. [Compar. Sappier (?); superl. Sappiest.] [From 1st Sap.] 1. Abounding with sap; full of sap; juisy; succulent. 2. Hence, young, not firm; weak, feeble. When he had passed this weak and sapy age. Hayward. 3. Weak in intellect. [Low] 4. (Bot.) Abounding in sap; resembling, or consisting lagerly of, sapwood. Sap"py (?), a. [Written also sapy.] [Cf. L. sapere to taste.] Musty; tainted. [Obs.] Sa*proph"a*gan (?), n. [Gr. saprophage.] (Zo\'94l.) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon dacaying animal and vegetable substances; a carrion beetle. Sa*proph"a*gous (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Feeding on carrion. Sap"ro*phyte (?), n. [Gr. (Bot.) Any plant growing on dacayed animal or vegetable matter, as most fungi and some flowering plants with no green color, as the Indian pipe. Sap`ro*phyt"ic (?), a. Feeding or growing upon decaying anomal or vegetable matter; pertaining to a saprophyte or the saprophytes. Sap"sa*go (?), n. [G. schabzieger; schaben to shave, to scrape + zieger a sort of hey.] A kind of Swiss cheese, of a greenish color, flavored with melilot. Sap"skull` (?), n. A saphead. [Low] Sap`u*ca"ia (?; Pg. , n. [Pg. sapucaya.] (Bot.) A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot. [Written also sapucaya.] Sapucaia nut (Bot.), the seed of the sapucaia; -- called also paradise nut. Sap"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The alburnum, or part of the wood on any exogenous tree next to the bark, being that portion of the tree through which the sap flows most freely; -- distinguished from Heartwood. Sar"a*ba*te (?), n. [LL. Saraba\'8btae, pl.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of certain vagrant or heretical Oriental monks in the early church. Sar"a*band (?), n. [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, fr. Per. serbend a song.] A slow Spanish dance of Saracenic origin, to an air in triple time; also, the air itself. She has brought us the newest saraband from the court of Queen Mab. Sir W. Scott. Sar"a*cen (?), n. [l. Saracenus perhaps fr. Ar. sharqi, pl. sharqi\'c6n, Oriental Eastern, fr. sharaga to rise, said of the sun: cf. F. sarrasin. Cf. Sarcenet, Sarrasin, Sirocco.] Anciently, an Arab; later, a Mussulman; in the Middle Ages, the common term among Christians in Europe for a Mohammedan hostile to the crusaders. Saracen's consound (Bot.), a kind of ragewort (Senecio Saracenicus), anciently used to heal wounds. { Sar`a*cen"ic (?), Sar`a*cen"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as, Saracenic architecture. \'bdSaracenic music.\'b8 Sir W. Scott. Sar"a*sin (?), n. (Arch.) See Sarrasin. \'d8Sa`ras*wa"ti (?), n. [Skr. Sarasvat\'c6.] (Hind. Myth.) The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry. Sar"casm (?), n. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmu, Gr. A keen, reproachful expression; a satirical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt; a taunt; a gibe; a cutting jest. The sarcasms of those critics who imagine our art to be a matter of inspiration. Sir J. Reynolds. Syn. -- Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe. Sar*cas"mous (?), a. Sarcastic. [Obs.] \'bdSarcasmous scandal.\'b8 Hubidras. { Sar*cas"tic (?), Sar*cas"tic*al (?) }, a. Expressing, or expressed by, sarcasm; characterized by, or of the nature of, sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly satirical; scornfully severe; taunting. What a fierce and sarcastic reprehension would this have drawn from the friendship of the world! South. Sar*cas"tic*al*ly, adv. In a sarcastic manner. Sar"cel (?), n. [OF. cercel, F. cerceau, L. circellus, dim. of circulus. See Circle.] One of the outer pinions or feathers of the wing of a bird, esp. of a hawk. Sar"celed (?), a. (her.) Cut through the middle. \'d8Sar`celle" (?), n. [F., fr. L. querquedula.] (Zo\'94l.) The old squaw, or long-tailed duck. Sarce"net (?), n. [OF. sacenet; cf. LL. saracenium cloth made by Saracens. See Saracen.] A species of fine thin silk fabric, used for linings, etc. [Written also sarsenet.] Thou green sarcenet flap for a sore eye. Shak. Sar"cin (?), n. Same as Hypoxanthin. \'d8Sar*ci"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as, a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group. Sarcina form (Biol.), the tetrad form seen in the division of a dumb-bell group of micrococci into four; -- applied particularly to bacteria. See micrococcus. Sar"cle (?), v. t. [F. sarcler to weed, fr. L. sarculare to hoe, fr. sarculum hoe.] To weed, or clear of weeds, with a hoe. [Obs.] Ainsworth. Sar"co (?). A combining form from Gr. flesh; as, sarcophagous, flesh-eating; sarcology. \'d8Sar*cob"a*sis (?), n.; pl. Sarcobases (#). [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) A fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells, which contain but few seeds and cohere about a common style, as in the mallows. Sar"co*blast (?), n. [Sarco- + -blast.] (Zo\'94l.) A minute yellowish body present in the interior of certain rhizopods. Sar"co*carp (?), n. [Sacro- + Gr. sarcocarpe.] (Bot.) the fleshy part of a stone fruit, situated between the skin, or epicarp, and the stone, or endocarp, as in a peach. See Illust. of Endocarp. M. T. Masters. Sar"co*cele (?), n. [Gr. sacroc\'8ale.] (Med.) Any solid tumor of the testicle. { Sar"co*col (?), Sar`co*col"la (?) }, n. [L. sarcoccolla, from Gr. sacrocolle.] A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Pen\'91a), -- formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers. Sar"codo (?), n. [Gr. Sarcoid.] (Biol.) A name applied by Dujardin in 1835 to the gelatinous material forming the bodies of the lowest animals; protoplasm. { Sar"co*derm (?), \'d8sar`co*der"ma (?) }, n. [NL. sacroderma. See Sarco-, and Derm.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments. (b) A sarcocarp. Sar*cod"ic (? , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to sarcode. Sar"coid (?), a. [Gr. Sarcode.] (Biol.) Resembling flesh, or muscle; composed of sarcode. Sar`co*lac"tic (?), a. [Sarco- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) relating to muscle and milk; as, sarcolactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic. Sar`co*lem"ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) The very thin transparent and apparently homogenous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma. Sar"co*line (?), a. [Gr. (Min.) Flesh-colored. { Sar`co*log"ic (?), Sar`co*log"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to sarcology. Sar*col"o*gy (?), n. [Sarco- + -logy: cf. F. sarcologie.] That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. It includes myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology. \'d8Sar*co"ma (?), n.; pl. L. Sarcomata (# , E. sarcomas (#). [NL., from Gr. (Med.) A tumor of fleshy consistence; -- formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance. Sar*com"a*tous (? , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to sarcoma; resembling sarcoma. \'d8Sar*coph"a*ga (?), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. See Sarcophagus.] (Zo\'94l.) A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums. \'d8Sar*coph"a*ga, n. [NL., frm. sing. See Sarcophagus.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies. Sar*coph"a*gan (?), n. 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any animal which eats flesh, especially any carnivorous marsupial. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any fly of the genus Sarcophaga. Sar*coph"a*gous (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Feeding on flesh; flesh-eating; carnivorous. Sar*coph"a*gus (?), n.; pl. L. Sarcophagi (#), E. Sarcophaguses (#). [L., fr. Gr. Sarcasm.] 1. A species of limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins, which was so called because it consumed within a few weeks the flesh of bodies deposited in it. It is otherwise called lapis Assius, or Assian stone, and is said to have been found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Holland. 2. A coffin or chest-shaped tomb of the kind of stone described above; hence, any stone coffin. 3. A stone shaped like a sarcophagus and placed by a grave as a memorial. Sar*coph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. Sarcophagus.] The practice of eating flesh. Sar"co*phile (?), n. [Sacro- + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A flesh-eating animal, especially any one of the carnivorous marsupials. \'d8sar*gop"tes (?), n. [NL., from Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A genus of parasitic mites including the itch mites. Sar*cop"tid (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of the genus Sarcoptes and related genera of mites, comprising the itch mites and mange mites. -- a. Of or pertaining to the itch mites. \'d8Sar`co*rham"phi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A division of raptorial birds composing the vultures. \'d8Sar`co*sep"tum (?), n.; pl. Sarcosepta (#). [Sarco- + septum.] (Zo\'94l.) One of the mesenteries of an anthozoan. Sar"co*sin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous substance, formed in the decomposition of creatin (one of the constituents of muscle tissue). Chemically, it is methyl glycocoll.<-- N-Methylglycine, C3H7NO2. --> \'d8Sar*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Abnormal formation of flesh. (b) Sarcoma. Sar*cot"ic (?), a. [Gr. sarcotique.] (Med.) Producing or promoting the growth of flesh. [R.] -- n. A sarcotic medicine. [R.] Sar"cous (?), a. [Gr. (Anat.) Fleshy; -- applied to the minute stryctural elements, called sarcous elements, or sarcous disks, of which striated muscular fiber is composed. Sar`cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. sarculatio. See Sarcle.] A weeding, as with a hoe or a rake. <-- p. 1277 --> Sard (?), n. [L. sarda, Gr. sarde. Cf. Sardius.] (Min.) A variety of carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red color. See the Note under Chalcedony. Sar"da*chate (?), n. [L. sardachates: cf. F. Sardachate. See Sard, and Agate.] (Min.) A variety of agate containing sard. { Sar"dan (?), Sar"del (?) }, n. [It. sardella. See Sardine a fish.] (Zo\'94l.) A sardine. [Obs.] Sar"del, n. A precious stone. See Sardius. Sar"dine (? , n. [F. sardine (cf. Sp. sardina, sarda, It. sardina, sardella), L. sardina, sarda; cf. Gr. sardinia, Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several small species of herring which are commonly preserved in olive oil for food, especially the pilchard, or European sardine (Clupea pichardus). The California sardine (Clupea sagax) is similar. The American sardines of the Atlantic coast are mostly the young of the common herring and of the menhaden. Sar"dine (? , n. See Sardius. Sar*din"i*an (?), a. [L. Sardinianus.] Of or pertaining to the island, kingdom, or people of Sardinia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Sardinia. Sar"di*us (?), n. [L. sardius, lapis sardinus, Gr. Sard.] A precious stone, probably a carnelian, one of which was set in Aaron's breastplate. Ex. xxviii. 17. Sar"doin (?), n. [Cf. F. sardoine.] (Min.) Sard; carnelian. Sar*do"ni*an (?), a. [Cf. F. sardonien.] Sardonic. [Obs.] \'bdWith Sardonian smile.\'b8 Spenser. Sar*don"ic (?), a. [F. sardonique, L. sardonius, Gr. Sardinia, Gr. Forced; unnatural; insincere; hence, derisive, mocking, malignant, or bitterly sarcastic; -- applied only to a laugh, smile, or some facial semblance of gayety. Where strained, sardonic smiles are glozing still, And grief is forced to laugh against her will. Sir H. Wotton. The scornful, ferocious, sardonic grin of a bloody ruffian. Burke. Sardonic grin laugh, an old medical term for a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the face, giving it an appearance of laughter. Sar*don"ic, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a kind of linen made at Colchis. Sar"do*nyx (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. Sard, and Onyx.] (Min.) A variety of onyx consisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers. \'d8Sa"ree (?), n. [Hind. The principal garment of a Hindoo woman. It consists of a long piece of cloth, which is wrapped round the middle of the body, a portion being arranged to hang down in front, and the remainder passed across the bosom over the left shoulder. Sar*gas"so (?), n. [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] (Bot.) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. Sargasso Sea, a large tract of the North Atlantic Ocean where sargasso in great abundance floats on the surface. \'d8Sar*gas"sum (?), n. [NL.] A genus of alg\'91 including the gulf weed. \'d8Sar"go (?), n. [Sp. sargo, L. sargus a kind of fish.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes belonging to Sargus, Pomodasys, and related genera; -- called also sar, and saragu. \'d8Sa"ri (?), n. Same as Saree. \'d8Sa*rigue" (?), n. [F., from Braz. \'87arigueia, \'87arigueira.] (Zo\'94l.) A small South American opossum (Didelphys opossum), having four white spots on the face. Sark (?), n. [AS. serce, syrce, ashirt; akin to Icel. serkr, Sw. s\'84rk.] A shirt. [Scot.] Sark, v. t. (Carp.) To cover with sarking, or thin boards. Sar"kin (?), n. [Gr. ( (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hypoxanthin. Sark"ing (?), n. [From Sark shirt.] (Carp.) Thin boards for shealting, as above the rafters, and under the shingles or slates, and for similar purposes. { Sar"lac (?), Sar"lyk (?) }, n. [Mongolian sarlyk.] (Zo\'94l.) The yak. { Sar*ma"tian (?), Sar*mat"ic (?) }, a. [L. Sarmaticus.] Of or pertaining to Sarmatia, or its inhabitants, the ancestors of the Russians und the Poles. Sar"ment (?), n. [L. sarmentum a twig, fr. sarpere to cut off, to trim: cf. F. sarment.] (Bot.) A prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of the strawbwrry. See Runner. Sar`men*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Bearing sarments, or runners, as the strawberry. Sar`men*tose" (? , a. [L. sarmentosus: cf. F. sarmenteux. See Sarment.] (Bot.) (a) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or having only leaves at the joints where it strikes root; as, a sarmentose stem. (b) Bearing sarments; sarmentaceous. Sar*men"tous (?), a. (Bot.) Sarmentose. Sarn (?), n. [W. sarn a causeway, paving.] A pavement or stepping-stone. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. \'d8Sa"rong (?), n. [Malay s\'berung.] A sort of petticoat worn by both sexes in Java and the Malay Archipelago. Balfour (Cyc. of India) Sa"ros (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Astron) A Chaldean astronomical period or cycle, the length of which has been variously estimated from 3,600 years to 3,600 days, or a little short of 10 years. Brande & C. <-- A length of time (6535.82 days, or 18 years 11.32 days, assuming 4 leap years in that interval), after which the eclipses of the sun repeat their pattern, but are shifted 120 Sar"plar (?), n. [Cf. LL. sarplare. See Sarplier.] A large bale or package of wool, containing eighty tods, or 2,240 pounds, in weight. [Eng.] Sar"plier (?), n. [F. serpilli\'8are; cf. Pr. sargelheira, LL. serpelleria, serpleria, Catalan sarpallera, Sp. arpillera.] A coarse cloth made of hemp, and used for packing goods, etc. [Written also sarpelere.] Tyrwhitt. Sar"po (?), n. [Corruption of Sp. sapo a toad.] (Zo\'94l.) A large toadfish the Southern United States and the Gulf of Mexico (Batrachus tau, var. pardus). \'d8Sar`ra*ce"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So named after a Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec.] (Bot.) A genus of American perrenial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant. Sarracenia purpurea, the sidesaddle flower, is common at the North; S. flava, rubra, Drummondii, variolaris, and psittacina are Southern species. All are insectivorous, catching and drowning insects in their curious leaves. See Illust. of Sidesaddle flower, under Sidesaddle. { Sar"ra*sin, Sar"ra*sine } (?), n. [F. sarrasine, LL. saracina. See Saracen.] (Fort.) A portcullis, or herse. [Written also sarasin.] Sar"sa (?), n. Sarsaparilla. [Written also sarza.] Sar`sa*pa*ril"la (?), n. [Sp. zarzaparrilla; zarza a bramble (perhaps fr. Bisc. zartzia) + parra a vine, or Parillo, a physician said to have discovered it.] (Bot.) (a) Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax. (b) The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc. Aralia nudicaulis, the wild sarsaparilla of the United States. Sar`sa*pa*ril"lin (?), n. See Parillin. Sarse (?), n. [F. sas, OF. saas, LL. setatium, fr. L. seta a stiff hair.] A fine sieve; a searce. [Obs.] Sarse, v. t. To sift through a sarse. [Obs.] Sar"sen (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain; perhaps for saracen stone, i.e., a heathen or pagan stone or monument.] One of the large sandstone blocks scattered over the English chalk downs; -- called also sarsen stone, and Druid stone. [Eng.] Sarse"net (?), n. See Sarcenet. Sart (?), n. An assart, or clearing. [Obs.] Bailey. Sar*to"ri*al (?), a. [See Sartorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tailor or his work. Our legs skulked under the table as free from sartorial impertinences as those of the noblest savages. Lowell. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to thesartorius muscle. \'d8Sar*to"ri*us (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sartor a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend.] (Anat.) A muscle of the thigh, called the tailor's muscle, which arises from the hip bone and is inserted just below the knee. So named because its contraction was supposed to produce the position of the legs assumed by the tailor in sitting. Sa"rum use` (?). (Ch. of Eng.) A liturgy, or use, put forth about 1087 by St. Osmund, bishop of Sarum, based on Anglo-Saxon and Norman customs. Sash (?), n. [Pers. shast a sort of girdle.] A scarf or band worn about the waist, over the shoulder, or otherwise; a belt; a girdle, -- worn by women and children as an ornament; also worn as a badge of distinction by military officers, members of societies, etc. Sash, v. t. To adorn with a sash or scarf. Burke. Sash, n. [F. sh a frame, sash, fr. sh a shrine, reliquary, frame, L. capsa. See Case a box.] 1. The framing in which the panes of glass are set in a glazed window or door, including the narrow bars between the panes. 2. In a sawmill, the rectangular frame in which the saw is strained and by which it is carried up and down with a reciprocating motion; -- also called gate. French sash, a casement swinging on hinges; -- in distinction from a vertical sash sliding up and down. Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sashing.] To furnish with a sash or sashes; as, to sash a door or a window. Sash"er*y (?), n. [From 1st Sash.] A collection of sashes; ornamentation by means of sashes. [R.] Distinguished by their sasheries and insignia. Carlyle. Sash"oon (?), n. [Etymology uncertain.] A kind of pad worn on the leg under the boot. [Obs.] Nares. Sa"sin (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The Indian antelope (Antilope bezoartica, ), noted for its beauty and swiftness. It has long, spiral, divergent horns. { Sas"sa*by (?), Sas"sa*bye (?) }, n. (Zo\'94l.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus tunata), similar to the hartbeest, but having its horns regularly curved. Sas"sa*fras (?), n. [F. sassafras (cf. It. sassafrasso, sassafras, Sp. sasafras, salsafras, salsifrax, salsifragia, saxifragia), fr. L. saxifraga saxofrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) An American tree of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale); also, the bark of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste. Australian sassafras, a lofty tree (Doryophora Sassafras) with aromatic bark and leaves. -- Chilian sassafras, an aromatic tree (Laurelia sempervirens). -- New Zealand sassafras, a similar tree (Laurelia Nov\'91 Zelandi\'91). -- Sassafras nut. See Pichurim bean. -- Swamp sassafras, the sweet bay (Magnolia glauca). See Magnolia. Sas"sa*nage (?), n. [See Sarse a sieve.] Stones left after sifting. Smart. Sas`sa*ra"ra (?), n. [Perh. a corruption of certiorari, the name of a writ.] A word used to emphasize a statement. [Obs.] Out she shall pack, with a sassarara. Goldsmith. Sasse (?), n. [D. sas, fr. F. sas the basin of a waterfall.] A sluice or lock, as in a river, to make it more navigable. [Obs.] Pepys. Sas"sen*ach (?), n. [Gael. sasunnach.] A Saxon; an Englishman; a Lowlander. [Celtic] Sir W. Scott. { Sas"so*lin (?), Sas"so*line (?) }, n. [From Sasso, a town in Italy: cf. F. sassolin.] (Min.) Native boric acid, found in saline incrustations on the borders of hot springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence. { Sas"so*rol (?), Sas`so*rol"la (?) }, n. (Zo\'94l.) The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon. Sas"sy bark` (?). (Bot.) The bark of a West African leguminous tree (Erythrophl\'91um Guineense, used by the natives as an ordeal poison, and also medicinally; -- called also mancona bark. \'d8Sas"tra (?), n. Same as Shaster. Sat (?), imp. of Sit. [Written also sate.] Sa"tan (?), n. [Heb. sat\'ben an adversary, fr. s\'betan to be adverse, to persecute: cf. GR. Satan, Satanas.] The grand adversary of man; The Devil, or Prince of darkness; the chief of the fallen angels; the archfiend. I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. Luke x. 18. { Sa*tan"ic (?), Sa*tan"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. satanique, GR. Of or pertaining to Satan; having the qualities of Satan; resembling Satan; extremely malicious or wicked; devilish; infernal. \'bdSatanic strength.\'b8 \'bdSatanic host.\'b8 Milton. Detest the slander which, with a Satanic smile, exults over the character it has ruined. Dr. T. Dwight. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ness, n. Sa"tan*ism (?), n. The evil and malicious disposition of Satan; a diabolical sprit. [R.] <-- 2. Worship of satan. --> Sa"tan*ist, n. A very wicked-person. [R.] Granger. Sa`tan*oph"a*ny (?), n. [Satan + Gr. An incarnation of Satan; a being possessed by a demon. [R.] O. A. Brownson. Satch"el (?) n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim. of saccus. See Sack a bag.] A little sack or bag for carrying papers, books, or small articles of wearing apparel; a hand bag. [Spelled also sachel.] The whining schoolboy with his satchel. Shak. Sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sating.] [Probably shortened fr. satiate: cf. L. satus full. See Satiate.] To satisfy the desire or appetite of; to satiate; to glut; to surfeit. Crowds of wanderers sated with the business and pleasure of great cities. Macaulay. Sate (?), imp. of Sit. But sate an equal guest at every board. Lowell. Sat*een" (?), n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of dress goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface resembling satin. Sate"less (?), a. Insatiable. [R.] Young. Sat"el*lite (?), n. [F., fr. L. Stelles, -itis, an attendant.] 1. An attendant attached to a prince or other powerful person; hence, an obsequious dependent. \'bdThe satellites of power.\'b8 I. Disraeli. 2. (Astron.) A secondary planet which revolves about another planet; as, the moon is a satellite of the earth. See Solar system, under Solar. Satellite moth (Zo\'94l.), a handsome European noctuid moth (Scopelosoma satellitia). Sat"el*lite, a. (Anat.) Situated near; accompanying; as, the satellite veins, those which accompany the arteries. Sat`el*li"tions (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, satellites. [R.] Cheyne. Sa"ti*ate (?), a. [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, from sat, satis, enough. See Sad, a., and cf. Sate.] Filled to satiety; glutted; sated; -- followed by with or of. \'bdSatiate of applause.\'b8 Pope. Sa"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of; tho feed to the full; to furnish enjoyment to, to the extent of desire; to sate; as, to satiate appetite or sense. These [smells] rather woo the sense than satiate it. Bacon. I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they should be satiated with my blood. Eikon Basilike. 2. To full beyond matural desire; to gratify to repletion or loathing; to surfeit; to glut. 3. To saturate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Syn. -- To satisfy; sate; suffice; cloy; gorge; overfill; surfeit; glut. -- Satiate, Satisfy, Content. These words differ principally in degree. To Content is to make contented, even though every desire or appetite is not fully gratified. To satisfy is to appease fully the longings of desire. To satiate is to fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy more; hence, to overfill; to cause disgust in. Content with science in the vale of peace. Pope. His whole felicity is endless strife; No peace, no satisfaction, crowns his life. Beaumont. He may be satiated, but not satisfied. Norris. Sa`ti*a"tion (?), n. Satiety. Sa*ti"e*ty (?), n. [L. satietas, from satis, sat, enough: cf. F. sati\'82t\'82.] The state of being satiated or glutted; fullness of gratification, either of the appetite or of any sensual desire; fullness beyond desire; an excess of gratification which excites wearisomeness or loathing; repletion; satiation. In all pleasures there is satiety. Hakewill. But thy words, with grace divine Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety. Milton. Syn. -- Repletion; satiation; surfeit; cloyment. <-- p. 1278 --> Sat"in (?), n. [F. satin (cf. Pg. setim), fr. It. setino, from seta silk, L. saeta, seta, a thick, stiff hair, a bristle; or possibly ultimately of Chinese origin; cf. Chin. sz-t\'81n, sz-twan. Cf. Sateen.] A silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot woof, which has a glossy surface. Cloths of gold and satins rich of hue. Chaucer. Denmark satin, a kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for women's shoes. -- Farmer's satin. See under Farmer. -- Satin bird (Zo\'94l.), an Australian bower bird. Called also satin grackle. -- Satin flower (Bot.) See Honesty, 4. -- Satin spar. (Min.) (a) A fine fibrous variety of calcite, having a pearly luster. (b) A similar variety of gypsum. -- Satin sparrow (Zo\'94l.), the shining flycatcher (Myiagra nitida) of Tasmania and Australia. The upper surface of the male is rich blackish green with a metallic luster. -- Satin stone, satin spar. Sat`i*net" (?), n. [F., fr. satin. See Satin.] 1. A thin kind of satin. 2. A kind of cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling, used chiefly for trousers. sat"in*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The hard, lemon-colored, fragrant wood of an East Indian tree (Chloroxylon Swietnia). It takes a lustrous finish, and is used in cabinetwork. The name is also given to the wood of a species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum Carib\'91um) growing in Florida and the West Indies. Sat"in*y (?), a. Like or composed of satin; glossy; as, to have a satiny appearance; a satiny texture. Sa"tion (?), n. [L. satio, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] A sowing or planting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sat"ire (?; in Eng. often , n. [L. satira, satura, fr. satura (sc. lanx) a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, food composed of various ingredients, a mixture, a medley, fr. satur full of food, sated, fr. sat, satis, enough: cf. F. satire. See Sate, Sad, a., and cf. Saturate.] 1. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; a keen or severe exposure of what in public or private morals deserves rebuke; an invective poem; as, the Satires of Juvenal. 2. Keeness and severity of remark; caustic exposure to reprobation; trenchant wit; sarcasm. Syn. -- Lampoon; sarcasm; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; burlesque; wit; humor. { Sa*tir"ic (?), Sa*tir"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satiricus: cf. F. satirique.] 1. Of or pertaining to satire; of the nature of satire; as, a satiric style. 2. Censorious; severe in language; sarcastic; insulting. \'bdSatirical rogue.\'b8 Shak. Syn. -- Cutting; caustic; poignant; sarcastic; ironical; bitter; reproachful; abusive. -- Sa*tir"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tir"ic*al*ness, n. Sat"ir*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. satiriste.] One who satirizes; especially, one who writes satire. The mighty satirist, who . . . had spread through the Whig ranks. Macaulay. Sat"ir*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satirized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satirizing (?).] [Cf. F. satiriser.] To make the object of satire; to attack with satire; to censure with keenness or severe sarcasm. It is as hard to satirize well a man of distinguished vices, as to praise well a man of distinguished virtues. Swift. Sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. [OE. satisfaccioum, F. satisfaction, fr. L. satisfactio, fr. satisfacere to satisfy. See Satisfy.] 1. The act of satisfying, or the state of being satisfied; gratification of desire; contentment in possession and enjoyment; repose of mind resulting from compliance with its desires or demands. The mind having a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires. Locke. 2. Settlement of a claim, due, or demand; payment; indemnification; adequate compensation. We shall make full satisfaction. Shak. 3. That which satisfies or gratifiles; atonement. Die he, or justice must; unless or him Some other, able, and as willing, pay The rigid satisfaction, death for death. Milton. Syn. -- Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; recompence; compensation; amends; remuneration; indemnification; atonement. Sat`ia*fac"tive (?), a. Satisfactory. [Obs.] Satisfactive discernment of fish. Sir T. Browne. Sat`is*fac"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. satisfactoire.] 1. Giving or producing satisfaction; yielding content; especially, relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty, and enabling it to rest with confidence; sufficient; as, a satisfactory account or explanation. 2. Making amends, indemnification, or recompense; causing to cease from claims and to rest content; compensating; atoning; as, to make satisfactory compensation, or a satisfactory apology. A most wise and sufficient means of redemption and salvation, by the satisfactory and meritorius death and obedience of the incarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ. Bp. Sanderson. -- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ty (#), adv. -- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ness, n. Sat"is*fi`a*ble, a. That may be satisfied. Sat"is*fi`er (?), n. One who satisfies. Sat"is*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satisfied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satisfying (?).] [OF. satisfier; L. satis enough + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. F. satisfaire, L. satisfacere. See Sad, a., and Fact.] 1. In general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a person or a thing); hence, to grafity fully the desire of; to make content; to supply to the full, or so far as to give contentment with what is wished for. Death shall . . . with us two Be forced to satisfy his ravenous maw. Milton. 2. To pay to the extent of chaims or deserts; to give what is due to; as, to satisfy a creditor. 3. To answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal demand, or the like; to give compensation for; to pay off; to requitte; as, to satisfy a claim or an execution. 4. To free from doubrt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assurance to; as, to satisfy one's self by inquiry. The standing evidences of the truth of the gospel are in themselves most firm, solid, and satisfying. Atterbury. Syn. -- To satiate; sate; content; grafity; compensate. See Satiate. Sat"is*fy (?), v. i. 1. To give satisfaction; to afford gratification; to leave nothing to be desire. 2. To make payment or atonement; to atone. Milton. Sat"is*fy`ing*ly (?), adv. So as to satisfy; satisfactorily. Sa"tive (?), a. [L. sativus, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] Sown; propagated by seed. [Obs.] Evelyn. Sa"tle (?), v. t. & i. To settle. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sa"trap (? , n. [L. satrapes, Gr. khsatrap\'bevan ruler: cf. F. satrape.] The governor of a province in ancient Persia; hence, a petty autocrat despot. Sa"trap*al (? , a. Of or pertaining to a satrap, or a satrapy. Sa"trap*ess (? , n. A female satrap. Sa*trap"ial (?), a. Satrapal. [R.] Sa"trap*y (?; 277), n.; pl. Satrapies (#). [L. satrapia, satrapea, Gr. satrapie.] The government or jurisdiction of a satrap; a principality. Milton. Sat"su*ma ware" (? . (Fine Arts) A kind of ornamental hard-glazed pottery made at Satsuma in Kiushu, one of the Japanese islands. Sat"u*ra*ble (?; 135), a. [L. saturabilis: cf. F. saturable.] Capable of being saturated; admitting of saturation. -- Sat`u*ra*bil"i*ty (#), n. Sat"u*rant (?), a. [L. saturans, p. pr. See Saturate.] Impregnating to the full; saturating. Sat"u*rant, n. 1. (Chem.) A substance used to neutralize or saturate the affinity of another substance. 2. (Med.) An antacid, as magnesia, used to correct acidity of the stomach. Sat"u*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saturated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saturating.] [L. saturatus, p.p. of saturate to saturate, fr. satur full of food, sated. See Satire.] 1. To cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or soaked; to fill fully; to sate. Innumerable flocks and herbs covered that vast expanse of emerald meadow saturated with the moisture of the Atlantic. Macaulay. Fill and saturate each kind With good according to its mind. Emerson. 2. (Chem.) To satisfy the affinity of; to cause to become inert by chemical combination with all that it can hold; as, to saturate phosphorus with chlorine. Sat"u*rate (?), p. a. [L. saturatus, p. p.] Filled to repletion; saturated; soaked. Dries his feathers saturate with dew. Cowper. The sand beneath our feet is saturate With blood of martyrs. Longfellow. Sat"u*ra`ted (?), a. 1. Filled to repletion; holding by absorption, or in solution, all that is possible; as, saturated garments; a saturated solution of salt. 2. (Chem.) Having its affinity satisfied; combined with all it can hold; -- said of certain atoms, radicals, or compounds; thus, methane is a saturated compound. Contrasted with unsaturated. saturated compound may exchange certain ingredients for others, but can not take on more without such exchange. Saturated color (Optics), a color not diluted with white; a pure unmixed color, like those of the spectrum. Sat`u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. saturatio: cf. F. saturation.] 1. The act of saturating, or the state of being saturating; complete penetration or impregnation. 2. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of saturating a substance, or of combining it to its fullest extent. 3. (Optics) Freedom from mixture or dilution with white; purity; -- said of colors. saturation of a color is its relative purity, or freedom from admixture with white. sat"u*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, saturates. Sat"ur*day (?; 48), n. [OE. Saterday, AS. S\'91terd\'91g, S\'91ternd\'91g, S\'91ternesd\'91g, literally, Saturn's day, fr. L. Saturnus Saturn + AS. d\'91g day; cf. L. dies Saturni.] The seventh or last day of the week; the day following Friday and preceding Sunday. Sa*tu"ri*ty (?), n. [L. saturitas, fr. satur full of food, sated.] The state of being saturated; fullness of supply. [Obs.] Warner. Sa"turn (?), n. [L. Saturnus, literally, the saower, fr. serere, satum, to sow. See Season.] 1. (Roman Myth.) One of the elder and principal deities, the son of C\'d2lus and Terra (Heaven and Earth), anf the father of Jupiter. The corresponding Greek divinity was Kro`nos, later CHro`nos, Time. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun nearly eight hundred and eighty millions of miles, and its year, or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twenty-nine years and a half. It is surrounded by a remarkable system of rings, and has eight satellites. <-- more satellites have been discovered. --> 3. (Alchem.) The metal lead. [Archaic] Sat`ur*na"li*a (?), n. pl. [L. See Saturn.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) the festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves. 2. Hence: A period or occasion of general licemse, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence. Sat`ur*na"li*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Saturnalia. 2. Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity; riotously merry; dissolute. \'bdSaturnalian amusement.\'b8 Burke. Sa*tur"ni*an (?), a. [L. Saturnius.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Of or pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age. 2. Hence: Resembling the golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment. Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times. Pope. 3. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn; as, the Saturnian year. Saturnian verse (Pros.), a meter employed by early Roman satirists, consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, as in the line: -- Th Sa*tur"ni*an, n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of large handsome moths belonging to Saturnia and allied genera. The Luna moth, polyphemus, and promethea, are examples. They belong to the Silkworn family, and some are raised for their silk. See Polyphemus. Sat`urn*i*cen"tric (?), a. (Astron.) Appearing as if seen from the center of the planet Saturn; relating or referred to Saturn as a center. Sat"ur*nine (?), a. [L. Saturnus the god Saturn, also, the planet Saturn: cf. F. saturnin of or pertaining to lead (Saturn, in old chemistry, meaning lead),saturnien saturnine, saturnian. See Saturn.] 1. Born under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn. 2. Heavy; grave; gloomy; dull; -- the opposite of mercurial; as, a saturnine person or temper. Addison. 3. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to lead; characterized by, or resembling, lead, which was formerly called Saturn. [Archaic] Saturnine colic (Med.), lead colic. Sat"ur*nism (?), n. (Med.) Plumbum. Quain. Sat"ur*nist (?), n. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament. W. browne. Sa"tyr (?; 277), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. satyre.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sylvan deity or demigod, represented as part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness. Rough Satyrs danced; and Fauns, with cloven heel, From the glad sound would not be absent long. Milton. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of many species of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalid\'91. Their colors are commonly brown and gray, often with ocelli on the wings. Called also meadow browns. 3. (Zo\'94l.) The orangoutang. \'d8Sat`y*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. Satyr.] Immoderate venereal appetite in the male. Quain. { Sa*tyr"ic (?), Sa*tyr"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satyricus, Gr. Of or pertaining to satyrs; burlesque; as, satyric tragedy. P. Cyc. \'d8Sa*tyr"i*on (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of orchids. [Obs.] Sau"ba ant` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A South American ant (Ecodoma cephalotes) remarkable for having two large kinds of workers besides the ordinary ones, and for the immense size of its formicaries. The sauba ant cuts off leaves of plants and carries them into its subterranean nests, and thus often does great damage by defoliating trees and cultivated plants.<-- a leaf-cutting ant --> Sauce (?), n. [F., fr. OF. sausse, LL. salsa, properly, salt pickle, fr. L. salsus salted, salt, p.p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Saucer, Souse pickle, Souse to plunge.] 1. A composition of condiments and appetizing ingredients eaten with food as a relish; especially, a dressing for meat or fish or for puddings; as, mint sauce; sweet sauce, etc. \'bdPoignant sauce.\'b8 Chaucer. High sauces and rich spices fetched from the Indies. Sir S. Baker. 2. Any garden vegetables eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. Bartlett. Roots, herbs, vine fruits, and salad flowers . . . they dish up various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt. Beverly. 3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten with other food as a relish; as, apple sauce, cranberry sauce, etc. [U.S.] \'bdStewed apple sauce.\'b8 Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book). 4. Sauciness; impertinence. [Low.] Haliwell. To serve one the same sauce, to retaliate in the same kind. [Vulgar] <-- p. 1279 --> Sauce (?), v. t. [Cf. F. saucer.] [imp. & p. p. Sauced (; p. pr. & vb. n. Saucing (.] 1. To accompany with something intended to give a higher relish; to supply with appetizing condiments; to season; to flavor. 2. To cause to relish anything, as if with a sauce; to tickle or gratify, as the palate; to please; to stimulate; hence, to cover, mingle, or dress, as if with sauce; to make an application to. [R.] Earth, yield me roots; Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate With thy most operant poison! Shak. 3. To make poignant; to give zest, flavor or interest to; to set off; to vary and render attractive. Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings. Sir P. Sidney. 4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language; to be impudent or sancy to. [Colloq. or Low] I'll sauce her with bitter words. Shak. \'d8Sauce (?), n. [F.] (Fine Art) A soft crayon for use in stump drawing or in shading with the stump. Sauce"-a*lone` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Jack-by-the-hedge. See under Jack. Sauce"box` (?), n. [See Sauce, and Saucy.] A saucy, impudent person; especially, a pert child. Saucebox, go, meddle with your lady's fan, And prate not here! A. Brewer. Sauce"pan` (?), n. A small pan with a handle, in which sauce is prepared over a fire; a stewpan. Sau"cer (?), n. [F. sauci\'8are, from sauce. see Sauce.] 1. A small pan or vessel in which sauce was set on a table. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A small dish, commonly deeper than a plate, in which a cup is set at table. 3. Something resembling a saucer in shape. Specifically: (a) A flat, shallow caisson for raising sunken ships. (b) A shallow socket for the pivot of a capstan. <-- Flying saucer, a type of Unidentified Flying Object, having a biconvex discoid shape; such objects are occasionally reported to have been sighted, but no example of one has been reliably shown to exist. They are believed by ufologists to originate in outer space, but they are generally presumed to be misinterpretations of ordinary phenomena, illusions or imaginary objects. Fraudulent photographs purporting to show flying saucers are published from time to time. --> Sau"ci*ly (?), adv. In a saucy manner; impudently; with impertinent boldness. Addison. Sau"ci*ness, n. The quality or state of being saucy; that which is saucy; impertinent boldness; contempt of superiors; impudence. Your sauciness will jest upon my love. Shak. Syn. -- Impudence; impertinence; rudeness; insolence. see Impudence. { \'d8Sau`cis`son" (?), Sau`cisse" (?) }, n. [F., fr. saucisse sausage. See Sausage.] 1. (Mining or Gun.) A long and slender pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or of leather, filled with powder, and used to communicate fire to mines, caissons, bomb chests, etc. 2. (Fort.) A fascine of more than ordinary length. Sau"cy (?), a. [Compar. Saucier (?); superl. Sauciest.] [From Sauce.] 1. Showing impertinent boldness or pertness; transgressing the rules of decorum; treating superiors with contempt; impudent; insolent; as, a saucy fellow. Am I not protector, saucy priest? Shak. 2. Expressive of, or characterized by, impudence; impertinent; as, a saucy eye; saucy looks. We then have done you bold and sausy wrongs. Shak. Syn. -- Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude. Sauer"kraut` (?), n. [G., fr. sauer sour + kraut herb, cabbage.] Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, -- a German dish. Sauf (?), a. Safe. [Obs.] haucer. Sauf, conj. & prep. Save; except. [Obs.] \'bdSauf I myself.\'b8 Chaucer. Sauf"ly, adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sau"ger (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion Canadense); -- called also gray pike, blue pike, hornfish, land pike, sand pike, pickering, and pickerel. { Saugh, Sauh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. of See. Chaucer. Sauks (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Sacs. Saul (?), n. Soul. [Obs.] Saul, n. Same as Sal, the tree. Sau"le (?), n. A hired mourner at a funeral. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. \'d8Sault (?), n. [OF., F. saut, fr. L. saltus See Salt a leap.] A rapid in some rivers; as, the Sault Ste. Marie. [U.S.] Bartlett. Saun"ders (?), n. See Sandress. Saun"ders-blue` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. F. cendres bleues blue ashes.] A kind of color prepared from calcined lapis lazuli; ultramarine; also, a blue prepared from carbonate of copper. [Written also sanders-blue.] Saun"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sauntered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sauntering.] [Written also santer.] [Probably fr. F. s'aventurer to adventure (one's self), through a shortened form s'auntrer. See Adventure, n. & v.] To wander or walk about idly and in a leisurely or lazy manner; to lounge; to stroll; to loiter. One could lie under elm trees in a lawn, or saunter in meadows by the side of a stream. Masson. Syn. -- To loiter; linger; stroll; wander. Saun"ter, n. A sauntering, or a sauntering place. That wheel of fops, that saunter of the town. Young. Saun"ter*er (?), n. One who saunters. Saur (?), n. [Contracted from Gael. salachar filth, nastiness, fr. salach nasty, fr. sal filth, refuse.] Soil; dirt; dirty water; urine from a cowhouse. [Prov. Eng.] Sau"rel (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any carangoid fish of the genus Trachurus, especially T. trachurus, or T. saurus, of Europe and America, and T. picturatus of California. Called also skipjack, and horse mackarel. \'d8Sau"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia. Sau"ri*an (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, the Sauria. -- n. One of the Sauria. Sau"ri*oid (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sauroid. \'d8Sau"ro*ba*tra"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Sauria, and Batrachia.] (Zo\'94l.) The Urodela. Sau*rog"na*thous (?), a. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Having the bones of the palate arranged as in saurians, the vomer consisting of two lateral halves, as in the woodpeckers. (Pici). Sau"roid (?), a. [Gr. -oid: cf. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Like or pertaining to the saurians. (b) Resembling a saurian superficially; as, a sauroid fish. Sau`roid*ich"nite (?), n. [See Sauroid, and Ichnite.] (Paleon.) The fossil track of a saurian. \'d8Sau*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the Largest Known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and alied genera. See Illustration in Appendix. \'d8Sau*rop"si*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds. \'d8Sau*rop`te*ryg"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Same as Plesiosauria. \'d8Sau*ru"r\'91 (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) An extinct order of birds having a long vertebrated tail with quills along each side of it. Arch\'91opteryx is the type. See Arch\'91opteryx, and Odontornithes. Sau"ry (?), n.; pl. Sauries (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zo\'94l.) A slender marine fish (Scombresox saurus) of Europe and America. It has long, thin, beaklike jaws. Called also billfish, gowdnook, gawnook, skipper, skipjack, skopster, lizard fish, and Egypt herring. Sau"sage (?; 48), n. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, salcicia, fr. salsa. See Sauce.] 1. An article of food consisting of meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, and inclosed in a cylindrical case or skin usually made of the prepared intestine of some animal. 2. A saucisson. See Saucisson. Wilhelm. Sau"se*flem (?), a. [OF. saus salt (L. salsus) + flemme phlegm.] Having a red, pimpled face. [Obs.] [Written also sawceflem.] Chaucer. Saus"sur*ite (?), n. [F. So called from M. Saussure.] (Min.) A tough, compact mineral, of a white, greenish, or grayish color. It is near zoisite in composition, and in part, at least, has been produced by the alteration of feldspar. { Saut, Saute (?) }, n. An assault. [Obs.] \'d8Sau`te" (?), p. p. of Sauter. C. Owen. \'d8Sau`ter" (?), v. t. [F., properly, to jump.] To fry lightly and quickly, as meat, by turning ot tossing it over frequently in a hot pan greased with a little fat. Sau"ter (?), n. Psalter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Sau`te*relle (?), n. [F.] An instrument used by masons and others to trace and form angles. Sau`terne" (?), n. [F.] A white wine made in the district of sauterne, France. Sau"trie (?), n. Psaltery. [Obs.] Chaucer. \'d8Sau`ve*garde" (?), n. [F.] (Zo\'94l.) The monitor. Sav"a*ble (?), a. [From Save. Cf. Salvable.] capable of, or admitting of, being saved. In the person prayed for there ought to be the great disposition of being in a savable condition. Jer. Taylor. Sav"a*ble*ness, n. Capability of being saved. Sa*va"ci*oun` (?), n. Salvation. [Obs.] Sav"age (?; 48), a. [F. sauvage, OF. salvage, fr. L. silvaticus belonging to a wood, wild, fr. silva a wood. See Silvan, and cf. Sylvatic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the forest; remote from human abodes and cultivation; in a state of nature; nature; wild; as, a savage wilderness. 2. Wild; untamed; uncultivated; as, savage beasts. Cornels, and savage berries of the wood. Dryden. 3. Uncivilized; untaught; unpolished; rude; as, savage life; savage manners. What nation, since the commencement of the Christian era, ever rose from savage to civilized without Christianity? E. D. Griffin. 4. Characterized by cruelty; barbarous; fierce; ferocious; inhuman; brutal; as, a savage spirit. Syn. -- Ferocious; wild; uncultivated; untamed; untaught; uncivilized; unpolished; rude; brutish; brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; atrocious. See Ferocious. Sav"age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of rudeness; one who is untaught; uncivilized, or without cultivation of mind or manners. 2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a barbarian. Sav"age (?; 48), v. t. To make savage. [R.] Its bloodhounds, savaged by a cross of wolf. South Sav"age*ly, adv. In a savage manner. Sav"age*ness, n. The state or quality of being savage. Wolves and bears, they say, Casting their savageness aside have done Like offices of pity. Shak. Sav"age*ry (?; 277), n. [F. sauvagerie.] 1. The state of being savage; savageness; savagism. A like work of primeval savagery. C. Kingsley. 2. An act of cruelty; barbarity. The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke, That ever wall-eyed wrath or staring rage Presented to the tears of soft remorse. Shak. 3. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak. Sav"a*gism (?), n. The state of being savage; the state of rude, uncivilized men, or of men in their native wildness and rudeness. Sav`a*nil"la (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The tarpum. [Local, U.S.] Sa*van"na (?), n. [Of American Indian origin; cf. Sp. sabana, F. savane.] A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, -- as grass or reeds, -- but destitute of trees. [Spelt also savannah.] Savannahs are clear pieces land without woods. Dampier. Savanna flower (Bot.), a West Indian name for several climbing apocyneous plants of the genus Echites. -- Savanna sparrow (Zo\'94l.), an American sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis or Passerculus savanna) of which several varieties are found on grassy plains from Alaska to the Eastern United States. -- Savanna wattle (Bot.), a name of two West Indian trees of the genus Citharexylum. \'d8Sa`vant" (?), n.; pl. Savants (F. . [F., fr. savoir to know, L. sapere. See Sage, a.] A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements. Save (?), n. [See Sage the herb.] The herb sage, or salvia. [Obs.] Chaucer. Save (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saving.] [OE. saven, sauven, salven, OF. salver, sauver, F. sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus saved, safe. See Safe, a.] 1. To make safe; to procure the safety of; to preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impending danger; as, to save a house from the flames. God save all this fair company. Chaucer. He cried, saying, Lord, save me. Matt. xiv. 30. Thou hast . . . quitted all to save A world from utter loss. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Specifically, to deliver from and its penalty; to rescue from a state of condemnation and spiritual death, and bring into a state of spiritual life. Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. 1 Tim. i. 15. 3. To keep from being spent or lost; to secure from waste or expenditure; to lay up; to reserve. Now save a nation, and now save a groat. Pope. 4. To rescue from something undesirable or hurtful; to prevent from doing something; to spare. I'll save you That labor, sir. All's now done. Shak. 5. To hinder from doing, suffering, or happening; to obviate the necessity of; to prevent; to spare. Will you not speak to save a lady's blush? Dryden. 6. To hold possession or use of; to escape loss of. Just saving the tide, and putting in a stock of merit. Swift. To save appearance, to preserve a decent outside; to avoid exposure of a discreditable state of things. Syn. -- To preserve; rescue; deliver; protect; spare; reserve; prevent. Save, v. i. To avoid unnecessary expense or expenditure; to prevent waste; to be economical. Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material. Bacon. Save, prep. [F. sauf, properly adj., safe. See Safe, a.] Except; excepting; not including; leaving out; deducting; reserving; saving. Five times received I forty stripes save one. 2 Cor. xi. 24. Syn. -- See Except. Save, conj. Except; unless. Save"a*ble (?), a. See Savable. Save"-all` (?), n. [Save + all.] Anything which saves fragments, or prevents waste or loss. Specifically: (a) A device in a candlestick to hold the ends of candles, so that they be burned. (b) (Naut.) A small sail sometimes set under the foot of another sail, to catch the wind that would pass under it. Totten. (c) A trough to prevent waste in a paper-making machine. Sav"e*loy (?), n. [F. cervelas, It. cervellata, fr. cervello brain, L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum brain. See Cerebral.] A kind of dried sausage. McElrath. Save"ly (?), adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer. Save"ment (?), n. The act of saving. [Obs.] Sav"er (?), n. One who saves. { Sav"in, Sav"ine (?) }, n. [OE. saveine, AS. safin\'91, savine, L. sabina herba. Cf. Sabine.] [Written also sabine.] (Bot.) (a) A coniferous shrub (Juniperus Sabina) of Western Asia, occasionally found also in the northern parts of the United States and in British America. It is a compact bush, with dark-colored foliage, and produces small berries having a glaucous bloom. Its bitter, acrid tops are sometimes used in medicine for gout, amenorrh\'d2a, etc. (b) The North American red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana.) Sav"ing (?), a. 1. Preserving; rescuing. He is the saving strength of his anointed. Ps. xxviii. 8. 2. Avoiding unnecessary expense or waste; frugal; not lavish or wasteful; economical; as, a saving cook. 3. Bringing back in returns or in receipts the sum expended; incurring no loss, though not gainful; as, a saving bargain; the ship has made a saving voyage. 4. Making reservation or exception; as, a saving clause. saving is often used with a noun to form a compound adjective; as, labor-saving, life-saving, etc. <-- p. 1280 --> Sav"ing (?), prep. ; but properly a participle. With the exception of; except; excepting; also, without disrespect to. \'bdSaving your reverence.\'b8 Shak. \'bdSaving your presence.\'b8 Burns. None of us put off clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing. Neh. iv. 23. And in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. Rev. ii. 17. Sav"ing, n. 1. Something kept from being expended or lost; that which is saved or laid up; as, the savings of years of economy. 2. Exception; reservation. Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still with a saving to honesty. L'Estrange. Savings bank, a bank in which savings or earnings are deposited and put at interest. Sav"ing*ly, adv. 1. In a saving manner; with frugality or parsimony. 2. So as to be finally saved from eternal death. Savingly born of water and the Spirit. Waterland. Sav"ing*ness, n. 1. The quality of being saving; carefulness not to expend money uselessly; frugality; parsimony. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. 2. Tendency to promote salvation. Johnson. Sav"ior (?), n. [OE. saveour, OF. salveor, F. sauveur, fr. L. salvator to save. See Save, v.] [Written also saviour.] 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from destruction or danger. 2. Specifically: The (or our, your, etc.) Savior, he who brings salvation to men; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer. Sav"ior*ess, n. A female savior. [Written also saviouress.] [R.] Bp. Hall. Sa"vor (?), n. [OE. savour, savor, savur, OF. savor, savour, F. saveur, fr. L. sapor, fr. sapere to taste, savor. See Sage, a., and cf. Sapid, Insipid, Sapor.] [Written also savour.] 1. That property of a thing which affects the organs of taste or smell; taste and odor; flavor; relish; scent; as, the savor of an orange or a rose; an ill savor. I smell sweet savors and I feel soft things. Shak. 2. Hence, specific flavor or quality; characteristic property; distinctive temper, tinge, taint, and the like. Why is not my life a continual joy, and the savor of heaven perpetually upon my spirit? Baxter. 3. Sense of smell; power to scent, or trace by scent. [R.] \'bdBeyond my savor.\'b8 Herbert. 4. Pleasure; delight; attractiveness. [Obs.] She shall no savor have therein but lite. Chaucer. Syn. -- Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell. Sa"vor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Savored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Savoring.] [Cf. OF. savorer, F. savourer. See Savor, n.] [Written also savour.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste; -- with of. 2. To partake of the quality or nature; to indicate the presence or influence; to smack; -- with of. This savors not much of distraction. Shak. I have rejected everything that savors of party. Addison. 3. To use the sense of taste. [Obs.] By sight, hearing, smelling, tasting or savoring, and feeling. Chaucer. Sa"vor, v. t. 1. To perceive by the smell or the taste; hence, to perceive; to note. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To have the flavor or quality of; to indicate the presence of. [R.] That cuts us off from hope, and savors only Rancor and pride, impatience and despite. Milton. 3. To taste or smell with pleasure; to delight in; to relish; to like; to favor. [R.] Shak. Sa"vor*i*ly (?), adv. In a savory manner. Sa"vor*i*ness, n. The quality of being savory. Sa"vor*less, a. Having no savor; destitute of smell or of taste; insipid. Sa"vor*ly, a. Savory. [Obs.] Sa"vor*ly, adv. In a savory manner. [Obs.] Barrow. Sa"vor*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. savoureux, OF. saveros, L. saporosus. Cf. Saporous, and see Savor, n.] Having a savor; savory. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Sa"vor*y (?), a. [From Savor.] Pleasing to the organs of taste or smell. [Written also savoury.] The chewing flocks Had ta'en their supper on the savory herb. Milton. Sa"vor*ry (?), n. [F. savor\'82e; cf. It. santoreggia, satureja, L. satureia,] (Bot.) An aromatic labiate plant (Satireia hortensis), much used in cooking; -- also called summer savory. [Written also savoury.] Sa*voy" (?), n. [F. chou de Savoie cabbage of Savoy.] (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage (Brassica oleracea major), having curled leaves, -- much cultivated for winter use. Sav`oy*ard" (?), n. [F.] A native or inhabitant of Savoy. Saw (?), imp. of See. Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sagu; akin to secgan to say. See Say, v. t. and cf. Saga.] 1. Something said; speech; discourse. [Obs.] \'bdTo hearken all his sawe.\'b8 Chaucer. 2. A saying; a proverb; a maxim. His champions are the prophets and apostles, His weapons holy saws of sacred writ. Shak. 3. Dictate; command; decree. [Obs.] [Love] rules the creatures by his powerful saw. Spenser. Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sage; akin to D. zaag, G. s\'84ge, OHG. sega, saga, Dan. sav, sw. s\'86g, Icel. s\'94g, L. secare to cut, securis ax, secula sickle. Cf. Scythe, Sickle, Section, Sedge.] An instrument for cutting or dividing substances, as wood, iron, etc., consisting of a thin blade, or plate, of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on the edge, which remove successive portions of the material by cutting and tearing. Saw is frequently used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Band saw, Crosscut saw, etc. See under Band, Crosscut, etc. -- Circular saw, a disk of steel with saw teeth upon its periphery, and revolved on an arbor. -- Saw bench, a bench or table with a flat top for for sawing, especially with a circular saw which projects above the table. -- Saw file, a three-cornered file, such as is used for sharpening saw teeth. -- Saw frame, the frame or sash in a sawmill, in which the saw, or gang of saws, is held. -- Saw gate, a saw frame. -- Saw gin, the form of cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, in which the cotton fibers are drawn, by the teeth, of a set of revolving circular saws, through a wire grating which is too fine for the seeds to pass. -- Saw grass (Bot.), any one of certain cyperaceous plants having the edges of the leaves set with minute sharp teeth, especially the Cladium effusum of the Southern United States. Cf. Razor grass, under Razor. -- Saw log, a log of suitable size for sawing into lumber. -- Saw mandrel, a mandrel on which a circular saw is fastened for running. -- Saw pit, a pit over which timbor is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. Mortimer. -- Saw sharpener (Zo\'94l.), the great titmouse; -- so named from its harsh call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Saw whetter (Zo\'94l.), the marsh titmouse (Parus palustris); -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scroll saw, a ribbon of steel with saw teeth upon one edge, stretched in a frame and adapted for sawing curved outlines; also, a machine in which such a saw is worked by foot or power. Saw (?), v. t. [imp. Sawed (?); p. p. Sawed Sawn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sawing.] 1. To cut with a saw; to separate with a saw; as, to saw timber or marble. 2. To form by cutting with a saw; as, to saw boards or planks, that is, to saw logs or timber into boards or planks; to saw shingles; to saw out a panel. 3. Also used figuratively; as, to saw the air. Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw; to practice sawing; as, a man saws well. 2. To cut, as a saw; as, the saw or mill saws fast. 3. To be cut with a saw; as, the timber saws smoothly. Sa*war"ra nut` (?). See Souari nut. Saw"bel`ly (?), n. The alewife. [Local, U.S.] Saw"bill` (?), n. The merganser. [Prov. Eng.] Saw"bones` (?), n. A nickname for a surgeon. Saw"buck` (?), n. A sawhorse. <-- 2. A ten-dollar bill [Colloq., from the Roman X for ten]. double sawbuck, a twenty-dollar bill --> SAw"ce*flem (?), a. See Sauseflem. [Obs.] Saw"der (?), n. A corrupt spelling and pronunciation of solder. Soft sawder, seductive praise; flattery; blarney. [Slang] Saw"dust` (?), n. Dust or small fragments of wood 9or of stone, etc.) made by the cutting of a saw. Saw"fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of elasmobranch fishes of the genus Pristis. They have a sharklike form, but are more nearly allied to the rays. The flattened and much elongated snout has a row of stout toothlike structures inserted along each edge, forming a sawlike organ with which it mutilates or kills its prey. Saw"fly` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Tenthredinid\'91. The female usually has an ovipositor containing a pair of sawlike organs with which she makes incisions in the leaves or stems of plants in which to lay the eggs. The larv\'91 resemble those of Lepidoptera. Saw"horse` (?), n. A kind of rack, shaped like a double St. Andrew's cross, on which sticks of wood are laid for sawing by hand; -- called also buck, and sawbuck. Saw"mill` (?), n. A mill for sawing, especially one for sawing timber or lumber. Saw"neb` (?), n. A merganser. [Prov. Eng.] Saw" pal*met"to. See under Palmetto. Saw"-set` (?), n. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth of a saw a little sidewise, that they may make a kerf somewhat wider than the thickness of the blade, to prevent friction; -- called also saw-wrest. Saw"tooth` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) An arctic seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), having the molars serrated; -- called also crabeating seal. Saw"-toothed" (?), a. Having a tooth or teeth like those of a saw; serrate. Saw"try (?), n. A psaltery. [Obs.] Dryden. saw"-whet` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A small North American owl (Nyctale Acadica), destitute of ear tufts and having feathered toes; -- called also Acadian owl. Saw"-wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Serratula; -- so named from the serrated leaves of most of the species. Saw"-wrest` (?), n. See Saw-set. Saw"yer (?), n. [Saw + -yer, as in lawyer. Cf. Sawer.] 1. One whose occupation is to saw timber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel; a sawer. 2. A tree which has fallen into a stream so that its branches project above the surface, rising and falling with a rocking or swaying motion in the current. [U.S.] 3. (Zo\'94l.) The bowfin. [Local, U.S.] Sax (?), n. [AS. seax a knife.] A kind of chopping instrument for trimming the edges of roofing slates. Sax"a*tile (?), a. [L. saxatilis, fr. saxum a rock: cf. F. saxalite.] Of or pertaining to rocks; living among rocks; as, a saxatile plant. Sax"horn` (?), n. (Mus.) A name given to a numerous family of brass wind instruments with valves, invented by Antoine Joseph Sax (known as Adolphe Sax), of Belgium and Paris, and much used in military bands and in orchestras. Sax`i*ca"va (?), n.; pl. E. saxicavas (#), L. Saxicav\'91 (#). [NL. See Saxicavous.] (Zo\'94l.) Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks. Sax`i*ca"vid (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the saxicavas. -- n. A saxicava. Sax`i*ca"vous (?), a. [L. saxum rock + cavare to make hollow, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. saxicave.] (Zo\'94l.) Boring, or hollowing out, rocks; -- said of certain mollusks which live in holes which they burrow in rocks. See Illust. of Lithodomus. Sax*ic"o*line (?), a. [L. saxum a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zo\'94l.) Stone-inhabiting; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the stonechats. Sax*ic"o*lous (?), a. [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks. \'d8Sax*if"ra*ga (?), n. [L., saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage. Sax`i*fra*ga"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Saxifragace\'91) of which saxifrage is the type. The order includes also the alum root, the hydrangeas, the mock orange, currants and gooseberries, and many other plants. Sax*if"ra*gant (?), a. [See Saxifrage.] Breaking or destroying stones; saxifragous. [R.] -- n. That which breaks or destroys stones. [R.] Sax"i*frage (?; 48), n. [L. saxifraga, from saxifragus stone-breaking; saxum rock + frangere to break: cf. F. saxifrage. See Fracture, and cf. Sassafras, Saxon.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, mostly perennial herbs growing in crevices of rocks in mountainous regions. Burnet saxifrage, a European umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella Saxifraga). -- Golden saxifrage, a low half-sacculent herb (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) growing in rivulets in Europe; also, C. Americanum, common in the United States. See also under Golden. -- Meadow saxifrage, or Pepper saxifrage. See under Meadow. Sax*if"ra*gous (?), a. [L. saxifragus: cf. F. saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] Dissolving stone, especially dissolving stone in the bladder. Sax"on (?), n. [l. Saxo, pl. Saxones, from the Saxon national name; cf. AS. pl. Seaxe, Seaxan, fr. seax a knife, a short sword, a dagger (akin to OHG. sahs, and perhaps to L. saxum rock, stone, knives being originally made of stone); and cf. G. Sachse, pl. Sachsen. Cf. Saxifrage.] 1. (a) One of a nation or people who formerly dwelt in the nothern part of Germany, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries. (b) Also used in the sense of Anglo-Saxon. (c) A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony. 2. The language of the Saxons; Anglo-Saxon. old Saxon, the saxon of the continent of Europe in the old form of the language, as shown particularly in the \'bdHeliand\'b8, a metrical narration of the gospel history preserved in manuscripts of the 9th century. Sax"on, a. Of or pertaining to the Saxons, their country, or their language. (b) Anglo-Saxon. (c) Of or pertaining to Saxony or its inhabitants. Saxon blue (Dyeing), a deep blue liquid used in dyeing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid. Brande & C. -- Saxon green (Dyeing), a green color produced by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon blue. Sax*on"ic (?), a. relating to the saxons or Anglo-Saxons. Sax"on*ism (?), n. An idiom of the Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language. T. Warton. Sax"on*ist, n. One versed in the Saxon language. Sax"on*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Mountain soap, under Mountain. Sax"o*phone (?), n. [A.A.J. Sax, the inventor (see Saxhorn) + Gr. (Mus.) A wind instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of the qualities both of a brass instrument and of a clarinet. Sax"-tu`ba (?), n. [See Saxhorn, and Tube.] (Mus.) A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba. <-- p. 1281 --> Say (?), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer. Say (?), n. [Aphetic form of assay.] 1. Trial by sample; assay; sample; specimen; smack. [Obs.] if those principal works of God . . . be but certain tastes and saus, as if were, of that final benefit. Hooker. Thy tongue some say of breeding breathes. Shak. 2. Tried quality; temper; proof. [Obs.] he found a sword of better say. Spenser. 3. Essay; trial; attempt. [Obs.] To give a say at, to attempt. B. Jonson. Say, v. t. To try; to assay. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Say, n. [OE. saie, F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, sagus, a coarse woolen mantle; cf. Gr. Sagum.] 1. A kind of silk or satin. [Obs.] Thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord! Shak. 2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. [Obs.] His garment neither was of silk nor say. Spenser. Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said (?), contracted from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] [OE. seggen, seyen, siggen, sayen, sayn, AS. secgan; akin to OS. seggian, D. zeggen, LG. seggen, OHG. sag, G. sagen, Icel. segja, Sw. s\'84ga, Dan. sige, Lith. sakyti; cf. OL. insece teil, relate, Gr. Saga, Saw a saying.] 1. To utter or express in words; to tell; to speak; to declare; as, he said many wise things. Arise, and say how thou camest here. Shak. 2. To repeat; to rehearse; to recite; to pronounce; as, to say a lesson. Of my instruction hast thou nothing bated In what thou hadst to say? Shak. After which shall be said or sung the following hymn. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 3. To announce as a decision or opinion; to state positively; to assert; hence, to form an opinion upon; to be sure about; to be determined in mind as to. But what it is, hard is to say. Milton. 4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, hypothesis, or approximation; hence, to suppose; -- in the imperative, followed sometimes by the subjunctive; as, he had, say fifty thousand dollars; the fox had run, say ten miles. Say, for nonpayment that the debt should double, Is twenty hundred kisses such a trouble? Shak. It is said, They say, it is commonly reported; it is rumored; people assert or maintain. -- That is to say, that is; in other words; otherwise. Say, v. i. To speak; to express an opinion; to make answer; to reply. You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge. Shak. To this argument we shall soon have said; for what concerns it us to hear a husband divulge his household privacies? Milton. Say, n. [From Say, v. t.; cf. Saw a saying.] A speech; something said; an expression of opinion; a current story; a maxim or proverb. [Archaic or Colloq.] He no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning snap. L'Estrange. That strange palmer's boding say, That fell so ominous and drear Full on the object of his fear. Sir W. Scott. Say"er (?), n. One who says; an utterer. Mr. Curran was something much better than a sayer of smart sayings. Jeffrey. Sa*yette" (?), n. [F. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] A mixed stuff, called also sagathy. See Sagathy. Say"ing (?), n. That which is said; a declaration; a statement, especially a proverbial one; an aphorism; a proverb. Many are the sayings of the wise, In ancient and in modern books enrolled. Milton. Syn. -- Declaration; speech; adage; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; saw; proverb; byword. Say"man (?), n. [Say sample + man.] One who assays. [Obs.] Say"mas`ter (?), n. A master of assay; one who tries or proves. [Obs.] \'bdGreat saymaster of state.\'b8 D. Jonson. Saynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer. 'Sblood (?), interj. An abbreviation of God's blood; -- used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak. Scab (?), n. [OE. scab, scabbe, shabbe; cf. AS. sc\'91b, sceabb, scebb, Dan. & Sw. skab, and also L. scabies, tr. scabere to scratch, akin to E. shave. See Shave, and cf. Shab, Shabby.] 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, vesicle, or pustule, formed by the drying up of the discharge from the diseased part. 2. The itch in man; also, the scurvy. [Colloq. or Obs.] 3. The mange, esp. when it appears on sheep. Chaucer. 4. A disease of potatoes producing pits in their surface, caused by a minute fungus (Tiburcinia Scabies). 5. (Founding) A slight iregular protuberance which defaces the surface of a casting, caused by the breaking away of a part of the mold. 6. A mean, dirty, paltry fellow. [Low] Shak. 7. A nickname for a workman who engages for lower wages than are fixed by the trades unions; also, for one who takes the place of a workman on a strike. [Cant] Scab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scabbing.] To become covered with a scab; as, the wound scabbed over. <-- 2. To take the place of a striking worker. --> Scab"bard (?), n. [OE. scaubert, scauberk, OF. escaubers, escauberz, pl., scabbards, probably of German or Scan. origin; cf. Icel. sk\'belpr scabbard, and G. bergen to conceal. Cf. Hauberk.] The case in which the blade of a sword, dagger, etc., is kept; a sheath. Nor in thy scabbard sheathe that famous blade. Fairfax. Scabbard fish (Zo\'94l.), a long, compressed, silver-colored t\'91nioid fish (Lepidopus caudatus, ), found on the European coasts, and more abundantly about New Zealand, where it is called frostfish and considered an excellent food fish. Scab"bard (?), v. t. To put in a scabbard. Scab"bard plane` (?). See Scaleboard plane, under Scaleboard. Scab"bed (? , a. 1. Abounding with scabs; diseased with scabs. 2. Fig.: Mean; paltry; vile; worthless. Bacon. Scab"bed*ness (?), n. Scabbiness. Scab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a scabby manner. Scab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being scabby. Scab"ble (?), v. t. See Scapple. Scab"by (?), a. [Compar. Scabbier (; superl. Scabbiest.] 1. Affected with scabs; full of scabs. 2. Diseased with the scab, or mange; mangy. Swift. \'d8Sca"bi*es (?), n. (Med.) The itch. Sca"bi*ous (?), a. [L. scabious, from scabies the scab: cf. F. scabieux.] Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous; as, scabious eruptions. Arbuthnot. Sca"bi*ous, n. [Cf. F. scabieuse. See Scabious, a.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Scabiosa, several of the species of which are common in Europe. They resemble the Composit\'91, and have similar heads of flowers, but the anthers are not connected. Sweet scabious (a) Mourning bride. (b) A daisylike plant (Erigeron annuus) having a stout branching stem. Scab"ling (?), n. [See Scapple.] A fragment or chip of stone. [Written also scabline.] Sca*bred"i*ty (?), n. [L. scabredo, fr. scaber rough.] Roughness; ruggedness. [Obs.] Burton. Sca"brous (?), a. [L. scabrosus, fr. scaber rough: cf. F. scabreux.] 1. Rough to the touch, like a file; having small raised dots, scales, or points; scabby; scurfy; scaly. Arbuthnot. 2. Fig.: Harsh; unmusical. [R.] His verse is scabrous and hobbling. Dryden. Sca"brous*ness, n. The quality of being scabrous. Scab"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Elecampane. Scad (?), n. [Gael. & ir. sgadan a herring.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) A small carangoid fish (Trachurus saurus) abundant on the European coast, and less common on the American. The name is applied also to several allied species. (b) The goggler; -- called also big-eyed scad. See Goggler. (c) The friar skate. [Scot.] (d) The cigar fish, or round robin. Scaf"fold (?), n. [OF. eschafault, eschafaut, escafaut, escadafaut, F. \'82chafaud; probably oiginally the same word as E. & F. catafalque, It. catafafalco. See Catafalque.] 1. A temporary structure of timber, boards, etc., for various purposes, as for supporting workmen and materials in building, for exhibiting a spectacle upon, for holding the spectators at a show, etc. Pardon, gentles all, The flat, unraised spirits that have dared On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth So great an object. Shak. 2. Specifically, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal; as, to die on the scaffold. That a scaffold of execution should grow a scaffold of coronation. Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Metal.) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf, or dome-shaped obstruction, above the tuy\'8ares in a blast furnace. Scaf"fold, v. t. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold. Scaf"fold*age (?), n. A scaffold. [R.] Shak. Scaf"fold*ing, n. 1. A scaffold; a supporting framework; as, the scaffolding of the body. Pope. 2. Materials for building scaffolds. Scagl"ia (?), n. [It. scaglia a scale, a shell, a ship of marble.] A reddish variety of limestone. Scagl*io"la (?), n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia. See Scaglia.] An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished. \'d8Sca"la (?), n.; pl. Scal\'91 (#). [L., a ladder.] 1. (Surg.) A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus. 2. (Anat.) A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea. Scal"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being scaled. { Sca*lade" (?), Sca*la"do (?) }, n. (Mil.) See Escalade. Fairfax. Sca"lar (?), n. (Math.) In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; -- distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction. \'d8Sca*la"ri*a (?), n. [L., flight of steps.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalarid\'91, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap. Sca*lar"i*form (?), a. [L. scalare, scalaria, staircase, ladder + -form: cf. F. scalariforme.] 1. Resembling a ladder in form or appearance; having transverse bars or markings like the rounds of a ladder; as, the scalariform cells and scalariform pits in some plants. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Like or pertaining to a scalaria. Sca"la*ry (?), a. [L. scalaris, fr. scale, pl. scala, staircase, ladder.] Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Scal"a*wag (?), n. A scamp; a scapegrace. [Spelt also scallawag.] [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. Scald (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalding.] [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, F. \'82chauder, fr. L. excaldare; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot. See Ex, and Calderon.] 1. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to pain or injure by contact with, or imersion in, any hot fluid; as, to scald the hand. Mine own tears Do scald like molten lead. Shak. Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall. Cowley. 2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in hot water or other liquor; as, to scald milk or meat. Scald, n. A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, by some hot liquid, or by steam. Scald, a. [For scalled. See Scall.] 1. Affected with the scab; scaby. Shak. 2. Scurry; paltry; as, scald rhymers. [Obs.] Shak. Scald crow (Zo\'94l.), the hooded crow. [Ireland] -- Scald head (Med.), a name popularly given to several diseases of the scalp characterized by pustules (the dried discharge of which forms scales) and by falling out of the hair. Scald, n. Scurf on the head. See Scall. Spenser. Scald (? , n. [Icel. sk\'beld.] One of the ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers; a reciter and singer of heroic poems, etc., among the Norsemen; more rarely, a bard of any of the ancient Teutonic tribes. [Written also skald.] A war song such as was of yore chanted on the field of battle by the scalds of the yet heathen Saxons. Sir W. Scott. Scald"er (?), n. A Scandinavian poet; a scald. Scald"fish` (?), n. [Scald, a. + fish.] (Zo\'94l.) A European flounder (Arnoglosus laterna, or Psetta arnoglossa); -- called also megrin, and smooth sole. Scald"ic (? , a. Of or pertaining to the scalds of the Norsemen; as, scaldic poetry. Scale (?), n. [AS. sc\'bele; perhaps influenced by the kindred Icel. sk\'bel balance, dish, akin also to D. schaal a scale, bowl, shell, G. schale, OHG. sc\'bela, Dan. skaal drinking cup, bowl, dish, and perh. to E. scale of a fish. Cf. Scale of a fish, Skull the brain case.] 1. The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively. Long time in even scale The battle hung. Milton. The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more Now than my vows. Waller. 2. (Astron.) The sign or constellation Libra. Platform scale. See under Platform. <-- tip the scales, influence an action so as to change an outcome from one likely result to another. --> Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaling.] To weigh or measure according to a scale; to measure; also, to grade or vary according to a scale or system. Scaling his present bearing with his past. Shak. To scale, , a debt, wages, etc., to reduce a debt, etc., according to a fixed ratio or scale. [U.S.] Scale, n. [Cf. AS. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings; akin to D. schaal, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. & Sw. skal a shell, Dan. ski\'91l a fish scale, Goth. skalja tile, and E. shale, shell, and perhaps also to scale of a balance; butperhaps rather fr. OF. escale, escaile, F. \'82caille scale of a fish, and \'82cale shell of beans, pease, egs, nuts, of German origin, and akin to Goth. skalja, G. schale. See Shale.] 1. (Anat.) One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See Cycloid, Ctenoid, and Ganoid. Fish that, with their fins and shining scales, Glide under the green wave. Milton. 2. Hence, any layer or leaf of metal or other material, resembling in size and thinness the scale of a fish; as, a scale of iron, of bone, etc. 3. (Zo\'94l.) One of the small scalelike structures covering parts of some invertebrates, as those on the wings of Lepidoptera and on the body of Thysanura; the elytra of certain annelids. See Lepidoptera. 4. (Zo\'94l.) A scale insect. (See below.) 5. (Bot.) A small appendage like a rudimentary leaf, resembling the scales of a fish in form, and often in arrangement; as, the scale of a bud, of a pine cone, and the like. The name is also given to the chaff on the stems of ferns. 6. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife. See Illust. of Pocketknife. 7. An incrustation deposit on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated, as a steam boiler. 8. (Metal.) The thin oxide which forms on the surface of iron forgings. It consists esentially of the magnetic oxide, Fe3O4. Also, a similar coating upon other metals. Covering scale (Zo\'94l.), a hydrophyllium. -- Ganoid scale (Zo\'94l.) See under Ganoid. -- Scale armor (Mil.), armor made of small metallic scales overlapping, and fastened upon leather or cloth. -- Scale beetle (Zo\'94l.), the tiger beetle. -- Scale carp (Zo\'94l.), a carp having normal scales. -- Scale insect (Zo\'94l.), any one of numerous species of small hemipterous insects belonging to the family Coccid\'91, in which the females, when adult, become more or less scalelike in form. They are found upon the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs, and often do great damage to fruit trees. See Orange scale,under Orange. -- Scale moss (Bot.), any leafy-stemmed moss of the order Hepatic\'91; -- so called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves of most of the species. See Hepatica, 2, and Jungermannia. <-- p. 1282 --> Scale (?), v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales; as, to scale a fish; to scale the inside of a boiler. 2. To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface. \'bdIf all the mountaines were scaled, and the earth made even.\'b8 T. Burnet. 3. To scatter; to spread. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 4. (Gun.) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten. Scale, v. i. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or lamin\'91; as, some sandstone scales by exposure. Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off. Bacon. 2. To separate; to scatter. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Scale, n. [L. scalae, pl., scala staircase, ladder; akin to scandere to climb. See Scan; cf. Escalade.] 1. A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending. [Obs.] 2. Hence, anything graduated, especially when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regular intervals. Specifically: (a) A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off distances, etc., as in drawing, plotting, and the like. See Gunter's scale. (b) A series of spaces marked by lines, and representing proportionately larger distances; as, a scale of miles, yards, feet, etc., for a map or plan. (c) A basis for a numeral system; as, the decimal scale; the binary scale, etc. (d) (Mus.) The graduated series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote to its octave; -- called also the gamut. It may be repeated through any number of octaves. See Chromatic scale, Diatonic scale, Major scale, and Minor scale, under Chromatic, Diatonic, Major, and Minor. 3. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order; as, a scale of being. There is a certain scale of duties . . . which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion. Milton. 4. Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts; size or degree of the parts or components in any complex thing, compared with other like things; especially, the relative proportion of the linear dimensions of the parts of a drawing, map, model, etc., to the dimensions of the corresponding parts of the object that is represented; as, a map on a scale of an inch to a mile. Scale of chords, a graduated scale on which are given the lengths of the chords of arcs from 0 Scale, v. t. [Cf. It. scalare, fr. L. scale, scala. See Scale a ladder.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to ascend by steps or by climbing; to clamber up; as, to scale the wall of a fort. Oft have I scaled the craggy oak. Spenser. Scale, v. i. To lead up by steps; to ascend. [Obs.] Satan from hence, now on the lower stair, That scaled by steps of gold to heaven-gate, Looks down with wonder. Milton. Scale"back` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoid\'91, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Ch\'91topoda. Scale"beam` (?), n. 1. The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied. 2. A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard. Scale"board` (?; commonly , n. [3d scale + board.] 1. (Print.) A thin slip of wood used to justify a page. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of firniture, and the like. Scaleboard plane, a plane for cutting from a board a wide shaving forming a scaleboard. Scaled (?), a. 1. Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc. 2. Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring. 3. (Zo\'94l.) Having feathers which in form, color, or arrangement somewhat resemble scales; as, the scaled dove. Scaled dove (Zo\'94l.), any American dove of the genus Scardafella. Its colored feather tips resemble scales. Scale"less (?), a. Destitute of scales. Sca*lene" (?), a. [L. scalenus, Gr. scal\'8ane.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle. (b) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone. 2. (Anat.) (a) Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles. Scalene muscles (Anat.), a group of muscles, usually three on each side in man, extending from the cervical vertebr\'91 to the first and second ribs. Sca*lene", n. (Geom.) A triangle having its sides and angles unequal. Sca*le`no*he"dral (?), a. (Crystallog.) Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron. Sca*le`no*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. (Crystallog.) A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle. Scal"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist's instrument for removing tartar from the teeth. Scale"-winged` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the lepidoptera; scaly-winged. Scal"i*ness (?), n. The state of being scaly; roughness. Scal"ing (?), a. 1. Adapted for removing scales, as from a fish; as, a scaling knife; adapted for removing scale, as from the interior of a steam boiler; as, a scaling hammer, bar, etc. 2. Serving as an aid in clambering; as, a scaling ladder, used in assaulting a fortified place. Scal*io"la (?), n. Same as Scagliola. Scall (?), n. [Icel. skalli a bald head. Cf. Scald, a.] A scurf or scabby disease, especially of the scalp. It is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head. Lev. xiii. 30. Scall, a. Scabby; scurfy. [Obs.] Shak. Scalled (?), a. Scabby; scurfy; scall. [Obs.] \'bdWith scalled brows black.\'b8 Chaucer. Scalled head. (Med.) See Scald head, under Scald, a. Scal"lion (?), n. [OF. escalone, escaloingne, L. caepa Ascalonius of Ascalon, fr. Ascalo Ascalon, a town in Palestine. Cf. Shallot.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of small onion (Allium Ascalonicum), native of Palestine; the eschalot, or shallot. 2. Any onion which does not \'bdbottom out,\'b8 but remains with a thick stem like a leek. Amer. Cyc. Scal"lop (?; 277), n. [OF. escalope a shell, probably of German or Dutch origin, and akin to E. scale of a fish; cf. D. schelp shell. See Scale of a fish, and cf. Escalop.] [Written also scollop.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten and allied genera of the family Pectinid\'91. The shell is usually radially ribbed, and the edge is therefore often undulated in a characteristic manner. The large adductor muscle of some the species is much used as food. One species (Vola Jacob\'91us) occurs on the coast of Palestine, and its shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land. Called also fan shell. See Pecten, 2. Pecten irradians; the large sea scallop, also used as food, is P. Clontonius, or tenuicostastus. 2. One of series of segments of circles joined at their extremities, forming a border like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. 3. One of the shells of a scallop; also, a dish resembling a scallop shell. Scal"lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scalloping.] 1. To mark or cut the edge or border of into segments of circles, like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. See Scallop, n., 2. 2. (Cookery) To bake in scallop shells or dishes; to prepare with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake. See Scalloped oysters, below. Scal"loped (?), a. 1. Furnished with a scallop; made or done with or in a scallop. 2. Having the edge or border cut or marked with segments of circles. See Scallop, n., 2. 3. (Cookery) Baked in a scallop; cooked with crumbs. Scalloped oysters (Cookery), opened oysters baked in a deep dish with alternate layers of bread or cracker crumbs, seasoned with pepper, nutmeg, and butter. This was at first done in scallop shells. Scal"lop*er (?), n. One who fishes for scallops. Scal"lop*ing, n. Fishing for scallops. Scalp (?), n. [Cf. Scallop.] A bed of oysters or mussels. [Scot.] Scalp, n. [Perhaps akin to D. schelp shell. Cf. Scallop.] 1. That part of the integument of the head which is usually covered with hair. By the bare scalp of Robin Hodd's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction! Shak. 2. A part of the skin of the head, with the hair attached, cut or torn off from an enemy by the Indian warriors of North America, as a token of victory. 3. Fig.: The top; the summit. Macaulay. Scalp lock, a long tuft of hair left on the crown of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American Indians. Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scalping.] 1. To deprive of the scalp; to cut or tear the scalp from the head of. 2. (Surg.) To remove the skin of. We must scalp the whole lid [of the eye]. J. S. Wells. 3. (Milling.) To brush the hairs of fuzz from, as wheat grains, in the process of high milling. Knight. Scalp, v. i. To make a small, quick profit by slight fluctuations of the market; -- said of brokers who operate in this way on their own account. [Cant] Scal"pel (?), n. [L scalpellum, dim. of scalprum a knife, akin to scalpere to cut, carve, scrape: cf. F. scalpel.] (Surg.) A small knife with a thin, keen blade, -- used by surgeons, and in dissecting. Scalper (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scalps. 2. (Surg.) Same as Scalping iron, under Scalping. 3. A broker who, dealing on his own account, tries to get a small and quick profit from slight fluctuations of the market. [Cant] 4. A person who buys and sells the unused parts of railroad tickets. [Cant] Scalp"ing (?), a. & n. from Scalp. Scalping iron (Surg.), an instrument used in scraping foul and carious bones; a raspatory. -- Scalping knife, a knife used by north American Indians in scalping. Scal"pri*form (?), a. [L. scalprum chisel, knife + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a chisel; as, the scalpriform incisors of rodents. Scal"y (?), a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales; as, a scaly fish. \'bdScaly crocodile.\'b8 Milton. 2. Resembling scales, lamin\'91, or layers. 3. Mean; low; as, a scaly fellow. [Low] 4. (Bot.) Composed of scales lying over each other; as, a scaly bulb; covered with scales; as, a scaly stem. Scaly ant-eater (Zo\'94l.), the pangolin. Scal"y-winged` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Scale-winged. Scam"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scambling.] [Cf. OD. schampelen to deviate, to slip, schampen to go away, escape, slip, and E. scamper, shamble.] 1. To move awkwardly; to be shuffling, irregular, or unsteady; to sprawl; to shamble. \'bdSome scambling shifts.\'b8 Dr. H. More. \'bdA fine old hall, but a scambling house.\'b8 Evelyn. 2. To move about pushing and jostling; to be rude and turbulent; to scramble. \'bdThe scambling and unquiet time did push it out of . . . question.\'b8 Shak. Scam"ble, v. t. To mangle. [Obs.] Mortimer. Scam"bler (?), n. 1. One who scambles. 2. A bold intruder upon the hospitality of others; a mealtime visitor. [Scot.] Scam"bling (?), adv. In a scambling manner; with turbulence and noise; with bold intrusiveness. { Scam"ell (?), Scam"mel }, n. (Zo\'94l.) The female bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] scamel mentioned by Shakespeare [\'bdTempest,\'b8 ii. 2] is not known. \'d8Sca*mil"lus (?), n.; pl. Scamilli (#). [L., originally, a little bench, dim. of scamnum bench, stool.] (Arch.) A sort of second plinth or block, below the bases of Ionic and Corinthian columns, generally without moldings, and of smaller size horizontally than the pedestal. Scam*mo"ni*ate (?), a. Made from scammony; as, a scammoniate aperient. Scam"mo*ny (?), n. [F. scammon\'82e, L. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. 1. (Bot.) A species of bindweed or Convolvulus (C. Scammonia). 2. An inspissated sap obtained from the rot of the Convolvulus Scammonia, of a blackish gray color, a nauseous smell like that of old cheese, and a somewhat acrid taste. It is used in medicine as a cathartic. Scamp (?), n. [OF. escamper to run away, to make one's escape. originally, one who runs away, a fugitive, a vagabond. See Scamper.] A rascal; a swindler; a rogue. De Quincey. Scamp, v. t. [Cf. Scamp,n., or Scant, a., and Skimp.] To perform in a hasty, neglectful, or imperfect manner; to do superficially. [Colloq.] A workman is said to scamp his work when he does it in a superficial, dishonest manner. Wedgwood. Much of the scamping and dawdling complained of is that of men in establishments of good repute. T. Hughes. \'d8Scam`pa*vi"a (?), n. [It.] A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century. Scam"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scampered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scampering.] [OF. escamper to escape, to save one's self; L. ex from + campus the field (sc. of battle). See Camp, and cf. Decamp, Scamp, n., Shamble, v. t.] To run with speed; to run or move in a quick, hurried manner; to hasten away. Macaulay. The lady, however, . . . could not help scampering about the room after a mouse. S. Sharpe. Scam"per, n. A scampering; a hasty flight. Scam"per*er (?), n. One who scampers. Tyndell. Scamp"ish (?), a. Of or like a scamp; knavish; as, scampish conduct. Scan (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scanning.] [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap: cf. F. scander. Cf. Ascend, Descend, Scale a ladder.] 1. To mount by steps; to go through with step by step. [Obs.] Nor stayed till she the highest stage had scand. Spenser. 2. Specifically (Pros.), to go through with, as a verse, marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; to show, in reading, the metrical structure of; to recite metrically. 3. To go over and examine point by point; to examine with care; to look closely at or into; to scrutinize. The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous, and liable to be scanned and sifted. Atterbury. <-- 4. To examine quickly, from point to point, in search of something specific; as, to scan an article for mention of a particular person. 5. (ELectronics) To form an image or an electronic representation of, by passing a beam of light or electrons over, and detecting and recording the reflected or transmitted signal. --> Scan"dal (?), n. [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. scandle, OF. escandle. See Slander.] 1. Offense caused or experienced; reproach or reprobation called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, heinous, or flagrant: opprobrium or disgrace. O, what a scandal is it to our crown, That two such noble peers as ye should jar! Shak. [I] have brought scandal To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt In feeble hearts. Milton. 2. Reproachful aspersion; opprobrious censure; defamatory talk, uttered heedlessly or maliciously. You must not put another scandal on him. Shak. My known virtue is from scandal free. Dryden. 3. (Equity) Anything alleged in pleading which is impertinent, and is reproachful to any person, or which derogates from the dignity of the court, or is contrary to good manners. Daniell. Syn. -- Defamation; detraction; slander; calumny; opprobrium; reproach; shame; disgrace. <-- p. 1283 --> Scan"dal (?), v. t. 1. To treat opprobriously; to defame; to asperse; to traduce; to slander. [R.] I do faws on men and hug them hard And after scandal them. Shak. 2. To scandalize; to offend. [Obs.] Bp. Story. Syn. -- To defame; traduce; reproach; slander; calumniate; asperse; vilify; disgarce. Scan"dal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scandalized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Scandalizing (.] [F. scandaliser, L. scandalizare, from Gr. skandali`zein.] 1. To offend the feelings of the conscience of (a person) by some action which is considered immoral or criminal; to bring shame, disgrace, or reproach upon. I demand who they are whom we scandalize by using harmless things. Hooker. the congregation looked on in silence, the better class scandalized, and the lower orders, some laughing, others backing the soldier or the minister, as their fancy dictated. Sir W. Scott. 2. To reproach; to libel; to defame; to slander. To tell his tale might be interpreted into scandalizing the order. Sir W. Scott. Scan"dal*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. scandaleux.] 1. Giving offense to the conscience or moral feelings; exciting reprobation; calling out condemnation. Nothing scandalous or offensive unto any. Hooker. 2. Disgraceful to reputation; bringing shame or infamy; opprobrious; as, a scandalous crime or vice. 3. Defamatory; libelous; as, a scandalous story. Scan"dal*ous*ly, adv. 1. In a manner to give offense; shamefully. His discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the digmity of his station. Swift. 2. With a disposition to impute immorality or wrong. Shun their fault, who, scandalously nice, Will needs mistake an author into vice. Pope. Scan"dal*ous*ness, n. Quality of being scandalous. \'d8Scan"da*lum mag*na"tum` (?). [L., scandal of magnates.] (Law) A defamatory speech or writing published to the injury of a person of dignity; -- usually abbreviated scan. mag. Scan"dent (?), a. [L. scandens, -entis, p.pr. of scandere to climb.] Climbing. Scan"di*a (?), n. [NL. See Scandium.] (Chem.) A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium. Scan"dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to scandium; derived from, or containing, scandium. Scan`di*na"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Scandinavia, that is, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia. Scan"di*um (?), n. [NL. So called because found in Scandinavian minerals] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the boron group, whose existence was predicated under the provisional name ekaboron by means of the periodic law, and subsequently discovered by spectrum analysis in certain rare Scandinavian minerals (euxenite and gadolinite). It has not yet been isolated. Symbol Sc. Atomic weight 44<-- Atomic weight 44.96, at. no. 21; valence 3. --> Scan"sion (?), n. [L. scansio, fr. scandere, scansum, to climb. See Scan.] (Pros.) The act of scanning; distinguishing the metrical feet of a verse by emphasis, pauses, or otherwise. \'d8Scan*so"res (?), n.; pl. [NL., fr. L. scandere, scansum, to climb.] (Zo\'94l.) An artifical group of birds formerly regarded as an order. They are distributed among several orders by modern ornithologists. Illust. under Aves. Scan*so"ri*al (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Capable of climbing; as, the woodpecker is a scansorial bird; adapted for climbing; as, the scansorial foot. (b) Of or pertaining to the Scansores. See Illust. under Aves. Scansorial tail (Zo\'94l.), a tail in which the feathers are stiff and sharp at the tip, as in the woodpeckers. Scant (?), a. [Compar. Scanter (?); superl. Scantest.] [Icel. skamt, neuter of skamr, skammr, short; cf. skamta to dole out, to portion.] 1. Not full, large, or plentiful; scarcely sufficient; less than is wanted for the purpose; scanty; meager; not enough; as, a scant allowance of provisions or water; a scant pattern of cloth for a garment. His sermon was scant, in all, a quarter of an hour. Ridley. 2. Sparing; parsimonious; chary. Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence. Shak. Syn. -- See under Scanty. Scant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scanting.] 1. To limit; to straiten; to treat illiberally; to stint; as, to scant one in provisions; to scant ourselves in the use of necessaries. Where man hath a great living laid together and where he is scanted. Bacon. I am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions. Dryden. 2. To cut short; to make small, narrow, or scanty; to curtail. \'bdScant not my cups.\'b8 Shak. Scant, v. i. To fail, of become less; to scantle; as, the wind scants. Scant, adv. In a scant manner; with difficulty; scarcely; hardly. [Obs.] Bacon. So weak that he was scant able to go down the stairs. Fuller. Scant, n. Scantness; scarcity. [R.] T. Carew. Scant"i*ly (?), adv. In a scanty manner; not fully; not plentifully; sparingly; parsimoniously. His mind was very scantily stored with materials. Macaulay. <-- scantily clad, wearing almost no clothing. --> Scant"i*ness, n. Quality condition of being scanty. Scan"tle (?), v. i. [Dim. of scant, v.] To be deficient; to fail. [Obs.] Drayton. Scan"tle (?), v. t. [OF. escanteler, eschanteler, to break into contles; pref. es- (L. ex) + cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece. Confused with E. scant. See Cantle.] To scant; to be niggard of; to divide into small pieces; to cut short or down. [Obs.] All their pay Must your discretion scantle; keep it back. J. Webster. Scant"let (?), n. [OF. eschantelet corner.] A small pattern; a small quantity. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. Scant"ling (?), a. [See Scant, a.] Not plentiful; small; scanty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Scant"ling, n. [Cf. OF. eschantillon, F. \'82chantillon, a sample, pattern, example. In some senses confused with scant insufficient. See Scantle, v. t.] 1. A fragment; a bit; a little piece. Specifically: (a) A piece or quantity cut for a special purpose; a sample. [Obs.] Such as exceed not this scantling; -- to be solace to the sovereign and harmless to the people. Bacon. A pretty scantling of his knowledge may taken by his deferring to be baptized so many years. Milton. (b) A small quantity; a little bit; not much. [Obs.] Reducing them to narrow scantlings. Jer. Taylor. 2. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc. 3. The dimensions of a piece of timber with regard to its breadth and thickness; hence, the measure or dimensions of anything. 4. A rough draught; a rude sketch or outline. 5. A frame for casks to lie upon; a trestle. Knight. Scant"ly, adv. 1. In a scant manner; not fully or sufficiently; narrowly; penuriously. Dryden. 2. Scarcely; hardly; barely. Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread Upon that town. Fairfax. We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn, And there is scantly time for half the work. Tennyson. Scant"ness, n. The quality or condition of being scant; narrowness; smallness; insufficiency; scantiness. \'bdScantness of outward things.\'b8 Barrow. Scant"y (?), a. [Compar. Scantier (?); superl. Scantiest.] [From Scant, a.] 1. Wanting amplitude or extent; narrow; small; not abundant. his dominions were very narrow and scanty. Locke. Now scantier limits the proud arch confine. Pope. 2. Somewhat less than is needed; insufficient; scant; as, a scanty supply of words; a scanty supply of bread. 3. Sparing; niggardly; parsimonius. In illustrating a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of words. I. Watts. Syn. -- Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; meager; scarce; chary; sparing; parsimonious; penurious; niggardly; grudging. Scape (?), n. [L. scapus shaft, stem, stalk; cf. Gr. scape. Cf. Scepter.] 1. (Bot.) A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and the like. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The long basal joint of the antenn\'91 of an insect. 3. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column. (b) The apophyge of a shaft. Scape, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scaped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaping.] [Aphetic form of escape.] To escape. [Obs. or Poetic.] Milton. Out of this prison help that we may scape. Chaucer. Scape, n. 1. An escape. [Obs.] I spake of most disastrous chances, . . . Of hairbreadth scapes in the imminent, deadly breach. Shak. 2. Means of escape; evasion. [Obs.] Donne. 3. A freak; a slip; a fault; an escapade. [Obs.] Not pardoning so much as the scapes of error and ignorance. Milton. 4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. [Obs.] Shak. Scape"gal`lows (?), n. One who has narrowly escaped the gallows for his crimes. [Colloq.] Dickens. Scape"goat` (?), n. [Scape (for escape) + goat.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. Lev. xvi. 10. 2. Hence, a person or thing that is made to bear blame for others. Tennyson. Scape"grace` (?), n. A graceless, unprincipled person; one who is wild and reckless. Beaconsfield. Scape"less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of a scape. Scape"ment (?), n. [See Scape, v., Escapement.] Same as Escapement, 3. Scape"-wheel` (?), n. (Horol.) the wheel in an escapement (as of a clock or a watch) into the teeth of which the pallets play. Sca*phan"der (?), n. [Gr. scaphandre.] The case, or impermeable apparel, in which a diver can work while under water. Scaph"ism (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh a trough.] An ancient mode of punishing criminals among the Persians, by confining the victim in a trough, with his head and limbs smeared with honey or the like, and exposed to the sun and to insects until he died. Scaph"ite (?), n. [L. scapha a boat, fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Any fossil cephalopod shell of the genus Scaphites, belonging to the Ammonite family and having a chambered boat-shaped shell. Scaphites are found in the Cretaceous formation. Scaph`o*ce*phal"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or affected with, scaphocephaly. Scaph`o*ceph"a*ly (?), n. [Gr. (Anat.) A deformed condition of the skull, in which the vault is narrow, clongated, and more or less boat-shaped. Scaph`o*ce"rite (?), n. [Gr. cerite.] (Zo\'94l.) A flattened plate or scale attached to the second joint of the antenn\'91 of many Crustacea. Sca*phog"na*thite (?), n. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A thin leafike appendage (the exopodite) of the second maxilla of decapod crustaceans. It serves as a pumping organ to draw the water through the gill cavity. Scaph"oid (?; 277), a. [Gr. -oid: cf. F. scapho\'8bde.] (Anat.) Resembling a boat in form; boat-shaped. -- n. The scaphoid bone. Scaphoid bone (a) One of the carpal bones, which articulates with the radius; the radiale. (b) One of the tarsal bones; the navicular bone. See under Navicular. Scaph`o*lu"nar (?), a. [Scaphoid + lunar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus. -- n. The scapholunar bone. Scapholunar bone, a bone formed by the coalescence of the scaphoid and lunar in the carpus of carnivora. \'d8Sca*phop"*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zo\'94l.) A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha. Sca"pi*form (?), a. (Bot.) Resembling scape, or flower stm. Scap"*lite (?), n. [Gr. scapus a stem, sta-lite: cf. F. scapolite.] (Mon.) A grayish white mineral occuring in tetragonal crystals and in cleavable masses. It is esentially a silicate of aluminia and soda. scapolite group includes scapolite proper, or wernerite, also meionite, dipyre, etc. Scap"ple (?), v. t. [Cf. OF. eskaper, eschapler, to cut, hew, LL. scapellare. Cf. Scabble.] (a) To work roughly, or shape without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. (b) To dress in any way short of fine tooling or rubbing, as stone. Gwilt. Scap"u*la (?), n.; pl. L. Scapul\'91 (#), E. Scapuolas (#). [L.] 1. (Anat.) The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade. 2. (Zo\'94l.) One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise. Scap"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. scapulaire. Cf. Scapulary.] Of or pertaining to the scapula or the shoulder Scapular arch (Anat.), the pectoral arch. See under pectoral. -- Scapular region, Scapular tract (Zo\'94l.), a definite longitudinal area over the shoulder and along each side of the back of a bird, from which the scapular feathers arise. Scap"u*lar, n. (Zo\'94l.) One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back. { Scap"u*lar (?), Scap"u*la*ry (?) }, n. [F. scapulaire, LL. scapularium, scapulare, fr. L.scapula shoulder blade.] 1. (R.C.Ch.) (a) A loose sleeveless vestment falling in front and behind, worn by certain religious orders and devout persons. (b) The name given to two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. Addis & Arnold. 2. (Surg.) A bandage passing over the shoulder to support it, or to retain another bandage in place. Scap"u*la*ry, a. Same as Scapular, a. Scap"u*la*ry, n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as 2d and 3d Scapular. Scap"u*let (?), n. [Dim. of scapula.] (Zo\'94l.) A secondary mouth fold developed at the base of each of the armlike lobes of the manubrium of many rhizostome medus\'91. See Illustration in Appendix. Scap"u*lo- (. A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the scapula or the shoulder; as, the scapulo-clavicular articulation, the articulation between the scapula and clavicle. \'d8Sca"pus (?), n. [L.] See 1st Scape. Scar (?), n. [OF. escare, F. eschare an eschar, a dry slough (cf. It. & Sp. escara), L. eschara, fr. Gr. Eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made by a wound or ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a mark left by a previous injury; a blemish; a disfigurement. This earth had the beauty of youth, . . . and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body. T. Burnet. 2. (Bot.) A mark left upon a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf, leaflet, or frond, or upon a seed by the separation of its support. See Illust. under Axillary. Scar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarring.] To mark with a scar or scars. Yet I'll not shed her blood; Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow. Shak. His cheeks were deeply scarred. Macaulay. Scar, v. i. To form a scar. Scar, n. [Scot. scar, scaur, Icel. sker a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; akin to Dan. ski\'91r, Sw. sk\'84r. Cf. Skerry.] An isolated or protruding rock; a steep, rocky eminence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. [Written also scaur.] O sweet and far, from cliff and scar, The horns of Elfland faintly blowing. Tennyson. Scar, n. [L. scarus, a kind of fish, Gr. ska`ros.] (Zo\'94l.) A marine food fish, the scarus, or parrot fish. <-- p. 1284 --> { Scar"ab (?), Scar"a*bee (?) }, n. [L. scarabeus; cf. F. scarab\'82e.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles of the genus Scarab\'91us, or family Scarab\'91id\'91, especially the sacred, or Egyptian, species (Scarab\'91us sacer, and S. Egyptiorum). \'d8Scar`a*b\'91"us (?), n. [L.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scarab. Scar"a*boid (?), a. [Scarab + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the family Scarab\'91id\'91, an extensive group which includes the Egyptian scarab, the tumbleding, and many similar lamellicorn beetles. Scar"a*boid, n. (Zo\'94l.) A scaraboid beetle. Scar"a*mouch` (?), n. [F. scaramouche, It.scaramuccio, scaramuccia, originally the name of a celebrated Italian comedian; cf. It. scaramuccia, scaramuccio, F. escarmouche, skirmish. Cf. Skirmish.] A personage in the old Italian comedy (derived from Spain) characterized by great boastfulness and poltroonery; hence, a person of like characteristics; a buffoon. Scarce (?), a. [Compar. Scarcer (?); superl. Scarcest.] [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See Carpet, and cf. Excerp.] 1. Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon. You tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one fifth in value. Locke. The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserved. Addison. 2. Scantily supplied (with); deficient (in); -- with of. [Obs.] \'bdA region scarce of prey.\'b8 Milton. 3. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; stingy. [Obs.] \'bdToo scarce ne too sparing.\'b8 Chaucer. To make one's self scarce, to decamp; to depart. [Slang] Syn. -- Rare; infrequent; deficient. See Rare. { Scarce, Scarce"ly }, adv. 1. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; barely; but just. With a scarce well-lighted flame. Milton. The eldest scarcely five year was of age. Chaucer. Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides. Dryden. He had scarcely finished, when the laborer arrived who had been sent for my ransom. W. Irwing. 2. Frugally; penuriously. [Obs.] haucer. Scarce"ment (?), n. (Arch. & Engin.) An offset where a wall or bank of earth, etc., retreats, leaving a shelf or footing. { Scarce"ness (?), Scar"ci*ty (?) }, n. The quality or condition of being scarce; smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands; deficiency; lack of plenty; short supply; penury; as, a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties. Chaucer. A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples. Addison. Praise . . . owes its value to its scarcity. Rambler. The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness. Collier. Syn. -- Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; rarity; infrequency. Scard (?), n. A shard or fragment. [Obs.] Scare (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaring.] [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. skirra to bar, prevent, skirrask to shun , shrink from; or fr. OE. skerre, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr; both perhaps akin to E. sheer to turn.] To frighten; to strike with sudden fear; to alarm. The noise of thy crossbow Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost. Shak. To scare away, to drive away by frightening. -- To scare up, to find by search, as if by beating for game. [Slang] Syn. -- To alarm; frighten; startle; affright; terrify. Scare, n. Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a trifling cause, or originating in mistake. [Colloq.] Scare"crow` (?), n. 1. Anything set up to frighten crows or other birds from cornfields; hence, anything terifying without danger. A scarecrow set to frighten fools away. Dryden. 2. A person clad in rags and tatters. No eye hath seen such scarecrows. I'll not march with them through Coventry, that's flat. Shak. 3. (Zo\'94l.) The black tern. [Prov. Eng.] Scare"fire` (?), n. 1. An alarm of fire. [Obs.] 2. A fire causing alarm. [Obs.] Fuller. Scarf (?), n. [Icel. skarfr.] A cormorant. [Scot.] Scarf, n.; pl. Scarfs, rarely Scarves (#). [Cf. OF. escharpe a piligrim's scrip, or wallet (handing about the neck.), F. \'82charpe sash, scarf; probably from OHG. scharpe pocket; also (from the French) Dan. ski\'91rf; Sw. sk\'84rp, Prov. G. sch\'84rfe, LG. scherf, G. sch\'84rpe; and also AS. scearf a fragment; possibly akin to E. scrip a wallet. Cf. Scarp a scarf.] An article of dress of a light and decorative character, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the neck or the waist; a light shawl or handkerchief for the neck; also, a cravat; a neckcloth. Put on your hood and scarf. Swift. With care about the banners, scarves, and staves. R. Browning. Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarfing.] 1. To throw on loosely; to put on like a scarf. \'bdMy sea-gown scarfed about me.\'b8 Shak. 2. To dress with a scarf, or as with a scarf; to cover with a loose wrapping. Shak. Scarf, v. t. [Sw. skarfva to eke out, to join together, skarf a seam, joint; cf. Dan. skarre to joint, to unite timber, Icel. skara to clinich the planks of a boat, G. scharben to chop, to cut small.] (a) To form a scarf on the end or edge of, as for a joint in timber, metal rods, etc. (b) To unite, as two pieces of timber or metal, by a scarf joint. Scarf (?), n. (a) In a piece which is to be united to another by a scarf joint, the part of the end or edge that is tapered off, rabbeted, or notched so as to be thinner than the rest of the piece. (b) A scarf joint. Scarf joint (a) A joint made by overlapping and bolting or locking together the ends of two pieces of timber that are halved, notched, or cut away so that they will fit each other and form a lengthened beam of the same size at the junction as elsewhere. (b) A joint formed by welding, riveting, or brazing together the overlapping scarfed ends, or edges, of metal rods, sheets, etc. -- Scarf weld. See under Weld. Scarf"skin` (?), n. (Anat.) See Epidermis. Scar`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. scarificatio: cf. F. scarification.] The act of scarifying. Scar"i*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. scarificateur.] (Surg.) An instrument, principally used in cupping, containing several lancets moved simultaneously by a spring, for making slight incisions. Scar"i*fi`er (?), n. 1. One who scarifies. 2. (Surg.) The instrument used for scarifying. 3. (Agric.) An implement for stripping and loosening the soil, without bringing up a fresh surface. You have your scarifiers to make the ground clean. Southey. Scar"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarifying (?).] [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, scarifare, fr. Gr. 1. To scratch or cut the skin of; esp. (Med.), to make small incisions in, by means of a lancet or scarificator, so as to draw blood from the smaller vessels without opening a large vein. 2. (Agric.) To stir the surface soil of, as a field. { Sca"ri*ose (?), Sca"ri*ous (?) }, a. [F. scarieux, NL. scariosus. Cf. Scary.] (Bot.) Thin, dry, membranous, and not green. Gray. Scar`la*ti"na (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. scarlatine. See Scarlet.] (Med.) Scarlet fever. -- Scar`la*ti"nal (#), a. -- Scar*lat"i*nous (# , a. Scar"less (?), a. Free from scar. Drummond. Scar"let (?), n. [OE. scarlat, scarlet, OF. escarlate, F. \'82carlate (cf. Pr. escarlat, escarlata, Sp. & Pg. escarlata, It. scarlatto, LL. scarlatum), from Per. sakirl\'bet.] A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow, -- of many tints and shades; a vivid or bright red color. 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. All her household are clothed with scarlet. Prov. xxxi. 21. Scar"let, a. Of the color called scarlet; as, a scarlet cloth or thread. Scarlet admiral (Zo\'94l.), the red admiral. See under Red. -- Scarlet bean (Bot.), a kind of bean (Phaseolus multiflorus) having scarlet flowers; scarlet runner. -- Scarlet fever (Med.), a contagious febrile disease characterized by inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash, appearing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation about the sixth or seventh day. -- Scarlet fish (Zo\'94l.), the telescope fish; -- so called from its red color. See under Telescope. -- Scarlet ibis (Zo\'94l.) See under Ibis. -- Scarlet maple (Bot.), the red maple. See Maple. -- Scarlet mite (Zo\'94l.), any one of numerous species of bright red carnivorous mites found among grass and moss, especially Thombidium holosericeum and allied species. The young are parasitic upon spiders and insects. -- Scarlet oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus coccinea) of the United States; -- so called from the scarlet color of its leaves in autumn. -- Scarlet runner (Bot.), the scarlet bean. -- Scarlet tanager. (Zo\'94l.) See under Tanager. Scar"let, v. t. To dye or tinge with scarlet. [R.] The ashy paleness of my cheek Is scarleted in ruddy flakes of wrath. Ford. { Scar"mage (?), Scar"moge (?) }, n. A slight contest; a skirmish. See Skirmish. [Obs.] Such cruel game my scarmoges disarms. Spenser. Scarn (?), n. [Icel. skarn; akin to AS. scearn. Cf. Shearn.] Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. Scarn bee (Zo\'94l.), a dung beetle. Sca"roid, a. [Scarus + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Scarid\'91, a family of marine fishes including the parrot fishes. Scarp (?), n. [OF. escharpe. See 2d Scarf.] (Her.) A band in the same position as the bend sinister, but only half as broad as the latter. Scarp, n. [Aphetic form of Escarp.] 1. (Fort.) The slope of the ditch nearest the parapet; the escarp. 2. A steep descent or declivity. Scarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarping.] To cut down perpendicularly, or nearly so; as, to scarp the face of a ditch or a rock. From scarped cliff and quarried stone. Tennyson. Sweep ruins from the scarped mountain. Emerson. Scar"ring (?), n. A scar; a mark. We find upon the limestone rocks the scarrings of the ancient glacier which brought the bowlder here. Tyndall. Scar"ry (?), a. Bearing scars or marks of wounds. Scar"ry, a. [See 4th Scar.] Like a scar, or rocky eminence; containing scars. Holinshed. \'d8Sca"rus (?), n. [L. See Scar a kind of fish.] (Zo\'94l.) A Mediterranean food fish (Sparisoma scarus) od excellent quality and highly valued by the Romans; -- called also parrot fish. Sca"ry (?), n. [Prov. E. scare scraggy.] Barren land having only a thin coat of grass. [Prov. Eng.] Scar"y (?), a. [From Scare.] 1. Subject to sudden alarm. [Colloq.U.S.] Whittier. 2. Causing fright; alarming. [Colloq.U.S.] Scase"ly (?), adv. Scarcely; hardly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Robynson (More's Utopia) Scat (?), interj. Go away; begone; away; -- chiefly used in driving off a cat. { Scat, Scatt }, n. [Icel. scattr.] Tribute. [R.] \'bdSeizing scatt and treasure.\'b8 Longfellow. Scat, n. A shower of rain. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Scatch (?), n. [F. escache.] A kind of bit for the bridle of a horse; -- called also scatchmouth. Bailey. Scatch"es (?), n.; pl. [OF. eschaces, F. \'82chasses, fr. D. schaats a high-heeled shoe, a skate. See Skate, for the foot.] Stilts. [Prov. Eng.] Scate (?), n. See Skate, for the foot. Scat"e*brous (?), a. [L. scatebra a gushing up of water, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.] Scath (?; 277), n. [Icel. ska\'ebi; akin to Dan. skade, Sw. skada, AS. scea\'eba, sca\'eba, foe, injurer, OS. ska\'ebo, D. schade, schaden; cf. Gr. Scathe, v.] Harm; damage; injury; hurt; waste; misfortune. [Written also scathe.] But she was somedeal deaf, and that was skathe. Chaucer. Great mercy, sure, for to enlarge a thrall, Whose freedom shall thee turn to greatest scath. Spenser. Wherein Rome hath done you any scath, Let him make treble satisfaction. Shak. { Scathe (?; 277), Scath (?) }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scathing (?).] [Icel. ska\'eba; akin to AS. scea\'eban, sce\'eb\'eban, Dan. skade, Sw. skada, D. & G. schaden, OHG. scad\'d3n, Goth. ska\'edjan.] To do harm to; to injure; to damage; to waste; to destroy. As when heaven's fire Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines. Milton. Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul. W. Irwing. Scath"ful (?), a. Harmful; doing damage; pernicious. Shak. -- Scath"ful*ness, n. Scath"less, a. Unharmed. R. L. Stevenson. He, too, . . . is to be dismissed scathless. Sir W. Scott. Scath"ly, a. Injurious; scathful. [Obs.] Scat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering.] [OE. scateren. See Shatter.] 1. To strew about; to sprinkle around; to throw down loosely; to deposit or place here and there, esp. in an open or sparse order. And some are scattered all the floor about. Chaucer. Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains, Their scattered cottages, and ample plains? Dryden. Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly, Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy. Prior. 2. To cause to separate in different directions; to reduce from a close or compact to a loose or broken order; to dissipate; to disperse. Scatter and disperse the giddy Goths. Shak. 3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow; as, to scatter hopes, plans, or the like. Syn. -- To disperse; dissipate; spread; strew. Scat"ter, v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated; to disperse or separate; as, clouds scatter after a storm. Scat"ter-brain` (?), n. A giddy or thoughtless person; one incapable of concentration or attention. [Written also scatter-brains.] Scat"ter-brained` (?), a. Giddy; thoughtless. Scat"tered (?), a. 1. Dispersed; dissipated; sprinkled, or loosely spread. 2. (Bot.) Irregular in position; having no regular order; as, scattered leaves. -- Scat"tered*ly, adv. -- Scat"tered*ness, n. Scat"ter*good` (?), n. One who wastes; a spendthrift. Scat"ter*ing, a. Going or falling in various directions; not united or agregated; divided among many; as, scattering votes. Scat"ter*ing, n. Act of strewing about; something scattered. South. Scat"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a scattering manner; dispersedly. Scat"ter*ling (?), n. [Scatter + -ling.] One who has no fixed habitation or residence; a vagabond. [Obs.] \'bdForeign scatterlings.\'b8 Spenser. Sca*tu"ri*ent (?), a.[L. scaturiens, p.pr. of scaturire gush out, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Gushing forth; full to overflowing; effusive. [R.] A pen so scaturient and unretentive. Sir W. Scott. Scat`u*rig"i*nous (?), a. [L. skaturiginosus, fr. scaturigo gushing water. See Scaturient.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.] Scaup (?), n. [See Scalp a bed of oysters or mussels.] 1. A bed or stratum of shellfish; scalp. [Scot.] 2. (Zo\'94l.) A scaup duck. See below. Scaup duck (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of northern ducks of the genus Aythya, or Fuligula. The adult males are, in large part, black. The three North American species are: the greater scaup duck (Aythya marila, var. nearctica), called also broadbill, bluebill, blackhead, flock duck, flocking fowl, and raft duck; the lesser scaup duck (A. affinis), called also little bluebill, river broadbill, and shuffler; the tufted, or ring-necked, scaup duck (A. collaris), called also black jack, ringneck, ringbill, ringbill shuffler, etc. See Illust. of Ring-necked, under Ring-necked. The common European scaup, or mussel, duck (A.marila), closely resembles the American variety. <-- p. 1285 --> Scaup"er (?), n. [Cf. Scalper.] A tool with a semicircular edge, -- used by engravers to clear away the spaces between the lines of an engraving. Fairholt. Scaur (?), n. A precipitous bank or rock; a scar. Scav"age (?; 48), n. [LL. scavagium, fr. AS. sce\'a0wian to lock at to inspect. See Show.] (O.Eng. Law) A toll duty formerly exacted of merchant strangers by mayors, sheriffs, etc., for goods shown or offered for sale within their precincts. Cowell. Scav"enge (?), v. t. To cleanse, as streets, from filth. C. Kingsley. <-- 2. To salvage (usable items or material) from discarded or waste material. --> Scav"en*ger (?), n. [OE. scavager an officer with various duties, orginally attending to scavage, fr. OE. & E. scavage. See Scavage, Show, v.] A person whose employment is to clean the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying off the fifth. The name is also applied to any animal which devours refuse, carrion, or anything injurious to health. Scavenger beetle (Zo\'94l.), any beetle which feeds on decaying substances, as the carrion beetle. -- Scavanger crab (Zo\'94l.), any crab which feeds on dead animals, as the spider crab. -- Scavenger's daughter [corrupt. of Skevington's daughter], an instrument of torture invented by Sir W. Skevington, which so compressed the body as to force the blood to flow from nostrils. and sometimes from the hands and feet. Am. Cyc. \'d8Sca"zon (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. to limp.] (Lat. Pros.) A choliamb. Scel"er*at (?), n. [F. sc\'82l\'82ra from L. sceleratus, p.p. of scelerare to pollute, from scelus, sceleris, a crime.] A villian; a criminal. [Obs.] Cheyne. Sce*les"tic (?), a. [L. scelestus, from scelus wickedness.] Evil; wicked; atrocious. [Obs.] \'bdScelestic villainies.\'b8 Feltham. Scel"et (?), n. [See Skeleton.] A mummy; a skeleton. [Obs.] olland. \'d8Sce"na (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A scene in an opera. (b) An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria. Rockstro. \'d8Sce*na"ri*o (?), n. [It.] A preliminary sketch of the plot, or main incidents, of an opera. Scen"a*ry (?), n. [Cf. L. scenarius belonging to the stage.] Scenery. [Obs.] Dryden. Scene (?), n. [L. scaena, scena, Gr. 1. The structure on which a spectacle or play is exhibited; the part of a theater in which the acting is done, with its adjuncts and decorations; the stage. 2. The decorations and fittings of a stage, representing the place in which the action is supposed to go on; one of the slides, or other devices, used to give an appearance of reality to the action of a play; as, to paint scenes; to shift the scenes; to go behind the scenes. 3. So much of a play as passes without change of locality or time, or important change of character; hence, a subdivision of an act; a separate portion of a play, subordinate to the act, but differently determined in different plays; as, an act of four scenes. My dismal scene I needs must act alone. Shak. 4. The place, time, circumstance, etc., in which anything occurs, or in which the action of a story, play, or the like, is laid; surroundings amid which anything is set before the imagination; place of occurence, exhibition, or action. \'bdIn Troy, there lies the scene.\'b8 Shak. The world is a vast scene of strife. J. M. Mason. 5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view at once; a series of actions and events exhibited in their connection; a spectacle; a show; an exhibition; a view. Through what new scenes and changes must we pass! Addison. 6. A landscape, or part of a landscape; scenery. A sylvan scene with various greens was drawn, Shades on the sides, and in the midst a lawn. Dryden. 7. An exhibition of passionate or strong feeling before others; often, an artifical or affected action, or course of action, done for effect; a theatrical display. Probably no lover of scenes would have had very long to wait De Quincey. Behind the scenes, behind the scenery of a theater; out of the view of the audience, but in sight of the actors, machinery, etc.; hence, conversant with the hidden motives and agencies of what appears to public view. Scene, v. t. To exhibit as a scene; to make a scene of; to display. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft. Scene"ful (?), a. Having much scenery. [R.] Scene"man (?), n.; pl. Scenemen (. The man who manages the movable scenes in a theater. Scen"er*y (?), n. 1. Assemblage of scenes; the scenes of a play; the disposition and arrangement of the scenes in which the action of a play, poem, etc., is laid; representation of place of action or occurence. 2. Sum of scenes or views; general aspect, as regards variety and beauty or the reverse, in a landscape; combination of natural views, as woods, hills, etc. Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery. W. Irving. Scene"shift`er (?), n. One who moves the scenes in a theater; a sceneman. { Scen"ic (?), Scen"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. scaenicus, scenicus, Gr. sc\'82nique. See Scene.] Of or pertaining to scenery; of the nature of scenery; theatrical. All these situations communicate a scenical animation to the wild romance, if treated dramatically. De Quincey. Scen"o*graph (?), n. [See Scenography.] A perspective representation or general view of an object. { Scen`o*graph"ic (?), Scen`o*graph"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. sc\'82nographique, Gr. Of or pertaining to scenography; drawn in perspective. -- Scen`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Sce*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. scenographia, Gr. sc\'82nographie.] The art or act of representing a body on a perspective plane; also, a representation or description of a body, in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. Greenhill. Scent (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scented; p. pr. & vb. n. Scenting.] [Originally sent, fr. F. sentir to feel, to smell. See Sense.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory organs; to smell; as, to scent game, as a hound does. Methinks I scent the morning air. Shak. 2. To imbue or fill with odor; to perfume. Balm from a silver box distilled around, Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground. Dryden. Scent, v. i. 1. To have a smell. [Obs.] Thunderbolts . . . do scent strongly of brimstone. Holland. 2. To hunt animals by means of the sense of smell. Scent, n. 1. That which, issuing from a body, affects the olfactory organs of animals; odor; smell; as, the scent of an orange, or of a rose; the scent of musk. With lavish hand diffuses scents ambrosial. prior. 2. Specifically, the odor left by an animal on the ground in passing over it; as, dogs find or lose the scent; hence, course of pursuit; track of discovery. He gained the observations of innumerable ages, and traveled upon the same scent into Ethiopia. Sir W. Temple. 3. The power of smelling; the sense of smell; as, a hound of nice scent; to divert the scent. I. Watts. Scent"ful (?), a. 1. Full of scent or odor; odorous. \'bdA scentful nosegay.\'b8 W. Browne. 2. Of quick or keen smell. The scentful osprey by the rock had fished. W. Browne. Scent"ing*ly (?), adv. By scent. [R.] Fuller. Scent"less, a. Having no scent. The scentless and the scented rose. Cowper. \'d8Scep"sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. skepsis. See Skeptic.] Skepticism; skeptical philosophy. [R.] Among their products were the system of Locke, the scepsis of Hume, the critical philosophy of kant. J. martineau. { Scep"ter, Scep"tre } (?), n. [F. sceptre, L. sceptrum, from Gr. shaft. See Shaft, and cf. Scape a stem, shaft.] 1. A staff or baton borne by a sovereign, as a ceremonial badge or emblem of authority; a royal mace. And the king held out Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand. Esther v. 2. 2. Hence, royal or imperial power or authority; sovereignty; as, to assume the scepter. The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shilon come. Gen. xlix. 10. { Scep"ter, Scep"tre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sceptered (?) or Sceptred (p. pr. & vb. n. Sceptering (?) or Sceptring (.] To endow with the scepter, or emblem of authority; to invest with royal authority. To Britain's queen the sceptered suppliant bends. Tickell. Scep`ter*el"late (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a straight shaft with whorls of spines; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. under Spicule. { Scep"ter*less, Scep"tre*less }, a. Having no scepter; without authority; powerless; as, a scepterless king. { Scep"tic (?), Scep"tic*al, Scep"ti*cism, }etc. See Skeptic, Skeptical, Skepticism, etc. Scep"tral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a scepter; like a scepter. Scern (?), v. t. To discern; to perceive. [Obs.] Schade (?), n. Shade; shadow. [Obs.] sh, like shade, were formerly often spelled with a c between the s and h; as, schade; schame; schape; schort, etc. Schah (?), n. See Shah. Sche"di*asm (?), n. [Gr. Cursory writing on a loose sheet. [R.] Sched"ule (?; in England commonly ?; 277), n. [F. c\'82dule, formerly also spelt schedule, L. schedula, dim. of scheda, scida, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper; akin to (or perh. from) Gr. scindere to cleave, Gr. Schism, and cf. Cedule.] A written or printed scroll or sheet of paper; a document; especially, a formal list or inventory; a list or catalogue annexed to a larger document, as to a will, a lease, a statute, etc. <-- 2. Timetable, esp. a list of times at which a conveyance is expected to arrive or leave. 3. Program, a list of items which will occur during an event, usu. with the expected time for each item. 4. Agenda. --> Syn. -- Catalogue; list; inventory. see List. Sched"ule, v. t. To form into, or place in, a schedule. Scheele's" green` (?). [See Scheelite.] (Chem.) See under Green. Scheel"in (?), n. (Chem.) Scheelium. [Obs.] Scheel"ite (, n. [From C.W.Scheele, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Calcium tungstate, a mineral of a white or pale yellowish color and of the tetragonal system of crystallization. Schee"li*um (?), n. [NL. From C.W.Scheele, who discovered it.] (Chem.) The metal tungsten. [Obs.] Scheik (sh, n. See Sheik. Schel"ly (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The powan. [Prov. Eng.] \'d8Sche"ma (?), n.; pl. Schemata (#), E. Schemas (#). [G. See Scheme.] (Kantian Philos.) An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as, five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect. Sche*mat"ic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. Of or pertaining to a scheme or a schema. Sche"ma*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. sch\'82matisme (cf. L. schematismos florid speech), fr. Gr. Scheme.] 1. (Astrol.) Combination of the aspects of heavenly bodies. 2. Particular form or disposition of a thing; an exhibition in outline of any systematic arrangement. [R.] Sche"ma*tist (?), n. One given to forming schemes; a projector; a schemer. Swift. Sche"ma*tize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. sch\'82matiser, Gr. To form a scheme or schemes. Scheme (?), n. [L. schema a rhetorical figure, a shape, figure, manner, Gr. sah to be victorious, to endure, to hold out, AS. sige victory, G. sieg. Cf. Epoch, Hectic, School.] 1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by design; a system. The appearance and outward scheme of things. Locke. Such a scheme of things as shall at once take in time and eternity. Atterbury. Arguments . . . sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy. J. Edwards. The Revolution came and changed his whole scheme of life. Macaulay. 2. A plan or theory something to be done; a design; a project; as, to form a scheme. The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our desires, is like cuttig off our feet when we want shoes. Swift. 3. Any lineal or mathematical diagram; an outline. To draw an exact scheme of Constantinople, or a map of France. South. 4. (Astrol.) A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies for any moment o at a given event. A blue case, from which was drawn a scheme of nativity. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Plan; project; contrivance; purpose; device; plot. -- Scheme, Plan. Scheme and plan are subordinate to design; they propose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is the least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary; hence the opprobrious use of the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more practical, are more frequently carried into effect. He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief; 'T is fixed, 't is done, and both are doomed to death. Rowe. Artists and plans relieved my solemn hours; I founded palaces, and planted bowers. prior. Scheme, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schemed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scheming.] To make a scheme of; to plan; to design; to project; to plot. That wickedness which schemed, and executed, his destruction. G. Stuart. Scheme, v. i. To form a scheme or schemes. Scheme"ful (?), a. Full of schemes or plans. Schem"er (?), n. One who forms schemes; a projector; esp., a plotter; an intriguer. Schemers and confederates in guilt. Paley. Schem"ing, a. Given to forming schemes; artful; intriguing. -- Schem"ing*ly, adv. Schem"ist, n. A schemer. [R.] Waterland. Schene (?), n. [L. schoenus, Gr. sch\'8ane.] (Antiq.) An Egyptian or Persian measure of length, varying from thirthy-two to sixty stadia. Schenk"beer` (?), n. [G. schenkbier; schenken to pour out + bier beer; -- so called because put on draught soon after it is made.] A mild German beer. Scher"bet (?), n. See Sherbet. \'d8Scher"if (? , n. See Sherif. \'d8Scher*zan"do (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a playful or sportive manner. \'d8Scher"zo (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A playful, humorous movement, commonly in 3-4 measure, which often takes the place of the old minuet and trio in a sonata or a symphony. \'d8Sche"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Scheme.] 1. General state or disposition of the body or mind, or of one thing with regard to other things; habitude. [Obs.] Norris. 2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby the mental habitude of an adversary or opponent is feigned for the purpose of arguing against him. Crabb. { Schet"ic (?), Schet"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. Gr. Of or pertaining to the habit of the body; constitutional. [Obs.] Cudworth. Schie*dam" (?), n. [Short for Schiedam schnapps.] Holland gin made at Schiedam in the Netherlands. Schil"ler (?), n. [G., play of colors.] (Min.) The peculiar bronzelike luster observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, schiller spar, etc. It is due to the presence of minute inclusions in parallel position, and in sometimes of secondary origin. Schiller spar (Min.), an altered variety of enstatite, exhibiting, in certain positions, a bronzelike luster. Schi`ler*i*za"tion (, n. (Min.) The act or process of producing schiller in a mineral mass. Schil"ling (?), n. [G. See Shilling.] Any one of several small German and Dutch coins, worth from about one and a half cents to about five cents. \'d8Schin`dy*le"sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) A form of articulation in which one bone is received into a groove or slit in another. Schir"rhus (?), n. See Scirrhus. Schism (?), n. [OE. scisme, OF. cisme, scisme, F. schisme, L. schisma, Gr. scindere, Skr. child, and prob. to E. shed, v.t. (which see); cf. Rescind, Schedule, Zest.] Division or separation; specifically (Eccl.), permanent division or separation in the Christian church; breach of unity among people of the same religious faith; the offense of seeking to produce division in a church without justifiable cause. Set bounds to our passions by reason, to our errors by truth, and to our schisms by charity. Eikon Basilike. <-- p. 1286 --> Greek schism (Eccl.), the separation of the Greek and Roman churches. -- Great schism, Western schism (Eccl.) a schism in the church in the latter part of the 14th century, on account of rival claimants to the papal throne. -- Schism act (Law), an act of the English Parliament requiring all teachers to conform to the Established Church, -- passed in 1714, repealed in 1719. \'d8Schis"ma (?), n. [L., a spilt, separation, Gr. schisma. See Schism.] (Anc. Mus.) An interval equal to half a comma. Schis*mat"ic (sso nearly all ortho\'89pists), a. [L. schismaticus, Gr. schismatique.] Of or pertaining to schism; implying schism; partaking of the nature of schism; tending to schism; as, schismatic opinions or proposals. Schis*mat"ic (?; 277), n. One who creates or takes part in schism; one who separates from an established church or religious communion on account of a difference of opinion. \'bdThey were popularly classed together as canting schismatics.\'b8 Macaulay. Syn. -- Heretic; partisan. See Heretic. Schis*mat"ic*al (?), a. Same as Schismatic. -- Schismat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Schis*mat"ic*al*ness, n. Schis"ma*tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Schismatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Schismatizing (?).] [Cf. F. schismatiser.] To make part in schism; to make a breach of communion in the church. Schism"less (?), a. Free from schism. Schist (sh, n. [Gr. schiste. See Schism.] (Geol.) Any crystalline rock having a foliated structure (see Foliation) and hence admitting of ready division into slabs or slates. The common kinds are mica schist, and hornblendic schist, consisting chiefly of quartz with mica or hornblende and often feldspar. Schis*ta"ceous (?), a. Of a slate color. Schist"ic (?), a. Schistose. { Schis*tose" (?; 277), Schist*ous (?) }, a. [Cf. F. schisteux.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to schist; having the structure of a schist. Schis*tos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. schistosit\'82.] (Geol.) The quality or state of being schistose. Schiz"o- (?). [Gr. A combining form denoting division or cleavage; as, schizogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division. Schiz"o*carp (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. (Bot.) A dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions. Schiz"o*c\'d2le (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. (Anat.) See Enteroc\'d2le. Schiz`o*c\'d2"lous (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a schizoc\'d2le. Schiz`o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Schizo- + genesis.] (Biol.) reproduction by fission. Haeckel. Schiz"og*nath (?), n. [See Schizognathous.] (Zo\'94l.) Any bird with a schizognathous palate. \'d8Schi*zog"na*th\'91 (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) The schizognathous birds. Schi*zog"na*thism (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) the condition of having a schizognathous palate. Schi*zog"na*thous (?), a. [Schize- + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Having the maxillo-palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, which is pointed in front, as in the gulls, snipes, grouse, and many other birds. \'d8Schiz`o*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) An order of Schizophyta, including the so-called fission fungi, or bacteria. See Schizophyta, in the Supplement. \'d8Schiz`o*ne*mer"te*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Schizo-, and Nemertes.] (Zo\'94l.) A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix. Schiz`o*pel"mous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Having the two flexor tendons of the toes entirely separate, and the flexor hallicus going to the first toe only. Schiz"o*phyte (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. (Biol.) One of a class of vegetable organisms, in the classification of Cohn, which includes all of the inferior forms that multiply by fission, whether they contain chlorophyll or not. Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), n. (Zo\'94l.) one of the Schizopoda. Also used adjectively. { Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), Schi*zop"o*dous (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to a schizopod, or the Schizopoda. \'d8Schi*zop"o*da (?), n. pl., [NL. See Schizo-, and -poda.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming. Sciz`o*rhi"nal (?), a. [Schizo- + rhinal.] 1. (Anat.) Having the nasal bones separate. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Having the anterior nostrils prolonged backward in the form of a slit. \'d8Schlich (?), n. [G.; akin to LG. slik mud, D. slijk, MHG. sl.] (Metal.) The finer portion of a crushed ore, as of gold, lead, or tin, separated by the water in certain wet processes. [Written also slich, slick.] Schmel"ze (?), n. [G. schmelz, schmelzglas.] A kind of glass of a red or ruby color, made in Bohemia. Schnapps (?), n. [G., a dram of spirits.] Holland gin. [U.S.] Schnei*de"ri*an (, a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist of the seventeenth century. Schneiderian membrane, the mucous membrane which lines the nasal chambers; the pituitary membrane. Scho*har"ie grit` (?). (Geol.) The formation belonging to the middle of the three subdivisions of the Corniferous period in the American Devonian system; -- so called from Schoharie, in New York, where it occurs. See the Chart of Geology. Schol"ar (?), n. [OE. scoler, AS. sc, fr. L. scholaris belonging to a school, fr. schola a school. See School.] 1. One who attends a school; one who learns of a teacher; one under the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil; a disciple; a learner; a student. I am no breeching scholar in the schools. Shak. 2. One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant. Shak. Locke. 3. A man of books. Bacon. 4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its revenues. Syn. -- Pupil; learner; disciple. -- Scholar, Pupil. Scholar refers to the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of a teacher. A scholar is one who is under instruction; a pupil is one who is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an obedient pupil. Scho*lar"i*ty (?), n. [OF. scholarit\'82, or LL. scholaritias.] Scholarship. [Obs.] . Jonson. Schol"ar*like` (?), a. Scholarly. Bacon. Schol"ar*ly, a. Like a scholar, or learned person; showing the qualities of a scholar; as, a scholarly essay or critique. -- adv. In a scholarly manner. Schol"ar*ship, n. 1. The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning. A man of my master's . . . great scholarship. Pope. 2. Literary education. [R.] Any other house of scholarship. Milton. 3. Maintenance for a scholar; a foundation for the support of a student. T. Warton. Syn. -- Learning; erudition; knowledge. Scho*las"tic (?), a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. scholastique, scolastique. See School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning. Sir K. Digby. 2. Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and divines of the Middle Ages (see Schoolman); as, scholastic divinity or theology; scholastic philosophy. Locke. 3. Hence, characterized by excessive subtilty, or needlessly minute subdivisions; pedantic; formal. Scho*las"tic, n. 1. One who adheres to the method or subtilties of the schools. Milton. 2. (R.C.Ch.) See the Note under Jesuit. Scho*las"tic*al (?), a. & n. Scholastic. Scho*las"tic*al*ly, adv. In a scholastic manner. Scho*las"ti*cism (?), n. The method or subtitles the schools of philosophy; scholastic formality; scholastic doctrines or philosophy. The spirit of the old scholasticism . . . spurned laborious investigation and slow induction. J. P. Smith. Scho"li*a (?), n. pl. See Scholium. Scho"li*ast (?), n. [Gr. scoliate. See Scholium.] A maker of scholia; a commentator or annotator. No . . . quotations from Talmudists and scholiasts . . . ever marred the effect of his grave temperate discourses. Macaulay. Scho`li*as"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a scholiast, or his pursuits. Swift. Scho"li*aze (?), v. i. [Cf. Gr. To write scholia. [Obs.] Milton. Schol"ic*al (?), a. [L. scholicus, Gr. School.] Scholastic. [Obs.] ales. \'d8Scho"li*on (?), n. [NL.] A scholium. A judgment which follows immediately from another is sometimes called a corollary, or consectary . . . One which illustrates the science where it appears, but is not an integral part of it, is a scholion. Abp. Thomson (Laws of Thought). Scho"li*um (?), n.; pl. L. Scholia (#), E. Scholiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. School.] 1. Marginal anotation; an explanatory remark or comment; specifically, an explanatory comment on the text of a classic author by an early grammarian. 2. A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration or a train of reasoning. Scho"ly (?), n. A scholium. [Obs.] Hooker. Scho"ly (?), v. i. & t. To write scholia; to annotate. [Obs.] School (?), n. [For shool a crowd; prob. confuced with school for learning.] A shoal; a multitude; as, a school of fish. School, n. [OE. scole, AS. sc, L. schola, Gr. Scheme.] 1. A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as, the school of the prophets. Disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus. Acts xix. 9. 2. A place of primary instruction; an establishment for the instruction of children; as, a primary school; a common school; a grammar school. As he sat in the school at his primer. Chaucer. 3. A session of an institution of instruction. How now, Sir Hugh! No school to-day? Shak. 4. One of the seminaries for teaching logic, metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages, and which were characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning. At Cambridge the philosophy of Descartes was still dominant in the schools. Macaulay. 5. The room or hall in English universities where the examinations for degrees and honors are held. 6. An assemblage of scholars; those who attend upon instruction in a school of any kind; a body of pupils. What is the great community of Christians, but one of the innumerable schools in the vast plan which God has instituted for the education of various intelligences? Buckminster. 7. The disciples or followers of a teacher; those who hold a common doctrine, or accept the same teachings; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, science, medicine, politics, etc. Let no man be less confident in his faith . . . by reason of any difference in the several schools of Christians. Jer. Taylor. 8. The canons, precepts, or body of opinion or practice, sanctioned by the authority of a particular class or age; as, he was a gentleman of the old school. His face pale but striking, though not handsome after the schools. A. S. Hardy. 9. Figuratively, any means of knowledge or discipline; as, the school of experience. Boarding school, Common school, District school, Normal school, etc. See under Boarding, Common, District, etc. -- High school, a free public school nearest the rank of a college. [U.S.] -- School board, a corporation established by law in every borough or parish in England, and elected by the burgesses or ratepayers, with the duty of providing public school accomodation for all children in their dictrict. -- School commitee, School board, an elected commitee of citizens having charge and care of the public schools in any district, town, or city, and responsible control of the money appropriated for school purposes. [U.S.] -- School days, the period in which youth are sent to school. -- School district, a division of a town or city for establishing and conducting schools. [U.S.] -- Sunday school, Sabbath school, a school held on Sunday for study of the Bible and for religious instruction; the pupils, or the teachers and pupils, of such a school, collectively. School, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach. He's gentle, never schooled, and yet learned. Shak. 2. To tutor; to chide and admonish; to reprove; to subject to systematic disciplene; to train. It now remains for you to school your child, And ask why God's Anointed be reviled. Dryden. The mother, while loving her child with the intensity of a sole affection, had schooled herself to hope for little other return than the waywardness of an April breeze. Hawthorne. School"book` (?), n. A book used in schools for learning lessons. School"boy` (?), n. A boy belonging to, or attending, a school. School"dame` (?). n. A schoolmistress. School"er*y (, n. Something taught; precepts; schooling. [Obs.] penser. School"fel`low (?), n. One bred at the same school; an associate in school. School"girl` (?), n. A girl belonging to, or attending, a school. School"house` (?), n. A house appropriated for the use of a school or schools, or for instruction.<-- a building used for schooling, esp. one used as an elementary school; usu. small, and usu. constructed specifically for that purpose. --> School"ing, n. 1. Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching. 2. Discipline; reproof; reprimand; as, he gave his son a good schooling. Sir W. Scott. 3. Compensation for instruction; price or reward paid to an instructor for teaching pupils. School"ing, a. [See School a shoal.] (Zo\'94l.) Collecting or running in schools or shoals.<-- used of fish --> Schooling species like the herring and menhaden. G. B. Goode. School"ma'am (?), n. A schoolmistress. [Colloq.U.S.] School"maid` (?), n. A schoolgirl. Shak. School"man` (?), n.; pl. Schoolmen (. One versed in the niceties of academical disputation or of school divinity. schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, esp. from the 11th century to the Reformation, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. They were so called because they taught in the medi\'91val universities and schools of divinity. School"mas`ter (?), n. 1. The man who presides over and teaches a school; a male teacher of a school. Let the soldier be abroad if he will; he can do nothing in this age. There is another personage abroad, -- a person less imposing, -- in the eyes of some, perhaps, insignificant. The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed with his primer, against the soldier in full military array. Brougham. 2. One who, or that which, disciplines and directs. The law was our schoolmaster, to bring us into Christ. Gal. iii. 24. <-- p. 1287 --> School"mate` (?), n. A pupil who attends the same school as another. School"mis`tress (?), n. A woman who governs and teaches a school; a female school-teacher. School"room` (?), n. A room in which pupils are taught. School"ship` (?), n. A vessel employed as a nautical training school, in which naval apprentices receive their education at the expense of the state, and are trained for service as sailors. Also, a vessel used as a reform school to which boys are committed by the courts to be disciplined, and instructed as mariners. School"-teach`er (?), n. One who teaches or instructs a school. -- School"-teach`ing, n. School"ward (?), adv. Toward school. Chaucer. Schoon"er (?), n. [See the Note below. Cf. Shun.] (Naut.) Originally, a small, sharp-built vessel, with two topsails on one or both masts and was called a topsail schooner. About 1840, longer vesels with three masts, fore-and-aft rigged, came into use, and since that time vesels with four masts and even with six masts, so rigged, are built. Schooners with more than two masts are designated three-masted schooners, four-masted schooners, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.<-- since early in the 20th century, almost all ocean commerce has been conducted on motorized ships, and such sailing ships have survived primarily as historical curiosities, or as pleasure boats. --> schooner ever constructed is said to have between built in Gloucester, Massachusetts, about theyar 1713, by a Captain Andrew Robinson, and to have received its name from the following trivial circumstance: When the vessel went off the stocks into the water, a bystander cried out,\'bdO, how she scoons!\'b8 Robinson replied, \'bd A scooner let her be;\'b8 and, from that time, vessels thus masted and rigged have gone by this name. The word scoon is popularly used in some parts of New England to denote the act of making stones skip along the surface of water. The Scottish scon means the same thing. Both words are probably allied to the Icel. skunda, skynda, to make haste, hurry, AS. scunian to avoid, shun, Prov. E. scun. In the New England records, the word appears to have been originally written scooner. Babson, in his \'bdHistory of Gloucester,\'b8 gives the following extract from a letter written in that place Sept. 25, 1721, by Dr. Moses Prince, brother of the Rev. Thomas Prince, the annalist of New England: \'bdThis gentleman (Captain Robinson) was first contriver of schooners, and built the first of that sort about eight years since.\'b8 Schoon"er, n. [D.] A large goblet or drinking glass, -- used for lager beer or ale. [U.S.] Schorl (sh\'93rl), n. [G. sch\'94rl; cf. Sw. sk\'94rl.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. [Written also shorl.] Schor*la"ceous (?), a. Partaking of the nature and character of schorl; resembling schorl. Schorl"ous (?), a. Schorlaceous. Schorl"y> (, a. Pertaining to, or containing, schorl; as, schorly granite. { Schot"tish, Schot"tische }, (, n. [F. schottish, schotisch from G. schottisch Scottish, Scotch.] A Scotch round dance in 2-4 time, similar to the polka, only slower; also, the music for such a dance; -- not to be confounded with the \'90cossaise. Schrei"bers*ite (?), n. [Named after Carl von Schreibers, of Vienna.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in steel-gray flexible folia. It contains iron, nickel, and phosphorus, and is found only in meteoric iron. Schrode (?), n. See Scrod. Schwan's" sheath` (?). [So called from Theodor Schwann, a German anatomist of the 19th century.] (Anat.) The neurilemma. Schwann's white" sub"stance (?). (Anat.) The substance of the medullary sheath. Schwan"pan` (?), n. Chinese abacus. \'d8Schweit"zer*k\'84"se (?), n. [G. schweizerk\'84se Swiss cheese.] Gruy\'8are cheese. { Schwenk"feld`er (?), Schwenk"feld`i*an (?) }, n. A member of a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a Silesian reformer who disagreed with Luther, especially on the deification of the body of Christ. Sci*\'91"noid (?), a. [L. sci\'91na a kind of fish (fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Sci\'91nid\'91, a family of marine fishes which includes the meagre, the squeteague, and the kingfish. Sci"a*graph (?), n. [See Sciagraphy.] 1. (Arch.) An old term for a vertical section of a building; -- called also sciagraphy. See Vertical section, under Section. 2. (Phys.) A radiograph. [Written also skiagraph.] Sci`a*graph"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sciagraphique, Gr. Pertaining to sciagraphy. -- Sci`a*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Sci*ag"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. sciagraphie.] 1. The art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. Gwilt. 2. (Arch.) Same as Siagraph. Sci*am"a*chy (?), n. See Sciomachy. { Sci`a*ther"ic (?), Sci`a*ther"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. Belonging to a sundial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Sci`a*ther"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] J. Gregory. Sci*at"ic (?), a. [F. sciatique, LL. sciaticus, from L. inschiadicus, Gr. Ischiadic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as, the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains. Sci*at"ic, n. [Cf. F. sciatique.] (Med.) Sciatica. Sci*at"i*ca (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thing, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoininhg. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic. Sci*at"ic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Sciatic. Sci*at"ic*ly, adv. With, or by means of, sciatica. Scib"bo*leth (?), n. Shibboleth. [Obs.] Sci"ence (?), n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p.pr. of scire to know. Cf. Conscience, Conscious, Nice.] 1. Knowledge; lnowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts. If we conceive God's or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, . . . his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass. Hammond. Shakespeare's deep and accurate science in mental philosophy. Coleridge. 2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge. All this new science that men lere [teach]. Chaucer. Science is . . . a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and function of living tissues, etc.; -- called also natural science, and physical science. Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy. J. Morley. 4. Any branch or departament of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as, the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind. Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium. Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven, And though no science, fairly worth the seven. Pope. 5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles. His science, coolness, and great strength. G. A. Lawrence. Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences. Comparative sciences, Inductive sciences. See under Comparative, and Inductive. Syn. -- Literature; art; knowledge. -- Science, Literature, Art. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See Literature.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. \'bdIn science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules.\'b8 Karslake. Sci"ence, v. t. To cause to become versed in science; to make skilled; to instruct. [R.] Francis. Sci"ent (?), a. [L. sciens, -entis, p.pr.] Knowing; skillful. [Obs.] Cockeram. \'d8Sci*en"ter (?), adv. [L.] (Law) Knowingly; willfully. Bouvier. Sci*en"tial (?), a. [LL. scientialis, fr. L. scientic.] Pertaining to, or producing, science. [R.] Milton. Sci`en*tif"ic (?), a. [F. scientifique; L. scientia science + facere to make.] 1. Of or pertaining to science; used in science; as, scientific principles; scientific apparatus; scientific observations. 2. Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of science; as, a scientific classification; a scientific arrangement of fossils. 3. Having a knowledge of science, or of a science; evincing science or systematic knowledge; as, a scientific chemist; a scientific reasoner; a scientific argument. Bossuet is as scientific in the structure of his sentences. Lander. Scientific method, the method employed in exact science and consisting of: (a) Careful and abundant observation and experiment. (b) generalization of the results into formulated \'bdLaws\'b8 and statements. Sci`en*tif"ic*al (?), a. Scientific. Locke. Sci`en*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. In a scientific manner; according to the rules or principles of science. It is easier to believe than to be scientifically instructed. Locke. Sci"en*tist (?), n. One learned in science; a scientific investigator; one devoted to scientific study; a savant. [Recent] scientist, though scarcely euphonious, has gradually assumed its place in our vocabulary. B. A. Gould (Address, 1869). <-- MW10 gives 1834 as first ref. date. --> Scil"i*cet (?), adv. [L., fr. scire licet you may know.] To wit; namely; videlicet; -- often abbreviated to sc., or ss. Scil"la*in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from squill (Scilla) as a light porous substance. Scil"li*tin (?), n. [Cf. F. scilistine.] (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from the bulbs of the squill (Scilla), and probably consisting of a complex mixture of several substances. { Scim"i*ter , Scim"i*tar } (?), n. [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarry with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimsh\'c6r.] 1. A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, -- in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [Written also cimeter, and scymetar.] 2. A long-handled billhook. See Billhook. Scimiter pods (Bot.), the immense curved woody pods of a leguminous woody climbing plant (Entada scandens) growing in tropical India and America. They contain hard round flattish seeds two inches in diameter, which are made into boxes. Scin"coid (?), a. [L. scincus a kind of lizard (fr. Gr. -oid. Cf. Skink.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the family Scincid\'91, or skinks. -- n. A scincoidian. \'d8Scin*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink. Scin*coid"i*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of lizards of the family Scincid\'91 or tribe Scincoidea. The tongue is not extensile. The body and tail are covered with overlapping scales, and the toes are margined. See Illust. under Skink. Scin"iph (?), n. [L. scinifes, cinifes, or ciniphes, pl., Gr. Some kind of stinging or biting insect, as a flea, a gnat, a sandly, or the like. Ex. viii. 17 (Douay version). Scink (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A skink. Scink (?), n. A slunk calf. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] \'d8Scin*til"la (?), n. [L.] A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle. R. North. Scin"til*lant (?), a. [L. scintillans, p.pr. of scintillare to sparkle. See Scintillate.] Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles; sparkling. M. Green. Scin"til*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scintillated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scintillating.] [L. scintillare, scintillatum, from scintilla a spark. Cf. Stencil.] 1. To emit sparks, or fine igneous particles. As the electrical globe only scintillates when rubbed against its cushion. Sir W. Scott. 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars. Scin`til*la"tion (?), n. [L. scintillatio: cf. F. scintillation.] 1. The act of scintillating. 2. A spark of flash emitted in scintillating. These scintillations are . . . the inflammable effluences discharged from the bodies collided. Sir T. Browne. Scin"til*lous (?), a. Scintillant. [R.] Scin"til*lous*ly, adv. In a scintillant manner. [R.] Sci*og"ra*phy (?), n. See Sciagraphy. Sci"o*lism (?), n. [See Sciolist.] The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge. Sci"o*list (?), n. [L. sciolus. See Sciolous.] One who knows many things superficially; a pretender to science; a smatterer. These passages in that book were enough to humble the presumption of our modern sciolists, if their pride were not as great as their ignorance. Sir W. Temple. A master were lauded and scolists shent. R. Browning. Sci`o*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sciolism, or a sciolist; partaking of sciolism; resembling a sciolist. Sci"o*lous (?), a. [L. scilus, dim. of scius knowing, fr. scire to know. See Science.] Knowing superficially or imperfectly. Howell. Sci*om"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. sciomachie, sciamachie.] A fighting with a shadow; a mock contest; an imaginary or futile combat. [Written also scimachy.] Cowley. Sci"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. sciomance, scaimancie.] Divination by means of shadows. Sci"on (?), n. [OF. cion, F. scion, probably fron scier to saw, fr. L. secare to cut. Cf. Section.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot or sprout of a plant; a sucker. (b) A piece of a slender branch or twig cut for grafting. [Formerly written also cion, and cyon.] 2. Hence, a descendant; an heir; as, a scion of a royal stock. Sci*op"tic (?), a. [Gr. scioptique. See Optic.] (Opt.) Of or pertaining to an optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, usually called scioptic ball. Scioptic ball (Opt.), the lens of a camera obscura mounted in a wooden ball which fits a socket in a window shutter so as to be readily turned, like the eye, to different parts of the landscape. Sci*op"ti*con (?), n. [NL. See Scioptic.] A kind of magic lantorn. Sci*op"tics (?), n. The art or process of exhibiting luminous images, especially those of external objects, in a darkened room, by arrangements of lenses or mirrors. Sci*op"tric (?), a. (Opt.) Scioptic. Sci"ot (?), a. Of or pertaining to the island Scio (Chio or Chios). -- n. A native or inhabitant of Scio. [Written also Chiot.] Sci`o*ther"ic (?), a. [Cf. L. sciothericon Sciatheric.] Of or pertaining to a sundial. Sciotheric telescope (Dialing), an instrument consisting of a horizontal dial, with a telescope attached to it, used for determining the time, whether of day or night. Sci"ous (?), a. [L. scius.] Knowing; having knowledge. \'bdBrutes may be and are scious.\'b8 Coleridge. <-- p. 1288 --> \'d8Sci`re fa"ci*as (?). [L., do you cause to know.] (Law) A judicial writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the party proceeded against to show cause why the party bringing it should not have advantage of such record, or (as in the case of scire facias to repeal letters patent) why the record should not be annulled or vacated. Wharton. Bouvier. Scir"rhoid (?), a. [Scirhus + -oid.] Resembling scirrhus. Dungliston. Scir*rhos"i*ty (?), n. (Med.) A morbid induration, as of a gland; stste of being scirrhous. Scir"rhous (?), a. [NL. scirrhosus.] (Med.) Proceeding from scirrhus; of the nature of scirrhus; indurated; knotty; as, scirrhous affections; scirrhous disease. [Written also skirrhous.] Scir"rhus (?), n.; pl. L. Scirrhi (#), E. Scirrhuses (#). [NL., from L. scirros, Gr. (Med.) (a) An indurated organ or part; especially, an indurated gland. [Obs.] (b) A cancerous tumor which is hard, translucent, of a gray or bluish color, and emits a creaking sound when incised. [Sometimes incorrectly written schirrus; written also skirrhus.] Scis`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sciscitatio, fr. sciscere to seek to know, v. incho. from scire to know.] The act of inquiring; inquiry; demand. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Scise (?), v. i. [L. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] To cut; to penetrate. [Obs.] The wicked steel scised deep in his right side. Fairfax. Scis"sel (?), n. [Cf. Scissile.] 1. The clippings of metals made in various mechanical operations. 2. The slips or plates of metal out of which circular balnks have been cut for the purpose of coinage. Scis"si*ble (?), a. [L. scindere, scissum, to Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instrument. [R.] con. Scis"sil (?), n. See Scissel. Scis"sile (?), a. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scissile. See Schism.] Capable of being cut smoothly; scissible. [R.] Arbuthnot. Scis"sion (?), n. [L. scissio, fr. scindere, scis, to cut, to split: cf. F. scission.] The act of dividing with an instrument having a sharp edge. Wiseman. Scis`si*par"i*ty (?), n. [L. scissus (p.p. of scindere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf.F. scissiparit\'82.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission. Scis"sor (?), v. t. To cut with scissors or shears; to prepare with the aid of scissors. Massinger. Scis"sors (?), n. pl. [OE. sisoures, OF. cisoires (cf. F. ciseaux), probably fr. LL. cisorium a cutting instrument, fr. L. caedere to cut. Cf. Chisel, Concise. The modern spelling is due to a mistaken derivation from L. scissor one who cleaves or divides, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, spilt.] A cutting instrument resembling shears, but smaller, consisting of two cutting blades with handles, movable on a pin in the center, by which they are held together. Often called a pair of scissors. [Formerly written also cisors, cizars, and scissars.] Scissors grinder (Zo\'94l.), the European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.] Scis"sors*bill` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) See Skimmer. Scis"sors*tail` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A tyrant flycatcher (Milvulus forficatus) of the Southern United States and Mexico, which has a deeply forked tail. It is light gray above, white beneath, salmon on the flanks, and fiery red at the base of the crown feathers. Scis"sors-tailed` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having the outer feathers much the longest, the others decreasing regularly to the median ones. Scis"sure (?), n. [L. scissura, from scindere, scissum, to cut, spilt.] A longitudinal opening in a body, made by cutting; a cleft; a fissure. Hammond. Scit`a*min"e*ous (?; 277), a. [NL. sciamineosus, fr. Scitamineze, fr. L. scitamentum a delicacy, dainty.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Scitamime\'91), mostly tropical herbs, including the ginger, Indian shot, banana, and the plants producing turmeric and arrowroot. Sci"u*rine (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. sciurien. See Sciurus.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Squirrel family. -- n. A rodent of the Squirrel family. Sci"u*roid (?), a. [Sciurus + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling the tail of a squirrel; -- generally said of branches which are close and dense, or of spikes of grass like barley. \'d8Sci`u*ro*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. sciurus squirrel + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others. \'d8Sci*u"rus (?), n. [L., a squirrel, Gr. Squirrel.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of reodents comprising the common squirrels. Sclaun"dre (?), n. Slander. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Sclav (?), Sclave }, n. Same as Slav. Sclav"ic (?), a. Same as Slavic. Sclav"ism (?), n. Same as Slavism. Scla*vo"nian (?), a. & n. Same as Slavonian. Scla*von"ic (?), a. Same as Slavonic. Sclen"der (?), a. Slender. [Obs.] Chaucer. Scler"a*go`gy (?), n. [Gr. Severe discipline. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. \'d8Scle*re"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Induration of the cellular tissue. Sclerema of adults. See Scleroderma. -- \'d8Sclerema neonatorum ( [NL., of the newborn], an affection characterized by a peculiar hardening and rigidity of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues in the newly born. It is usually fatal. Called also skinbound disease. Scle*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. -enchyma as in parenchyma.] 1. (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic. liber cells. Goodale. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituing the stony corals. Scler`en*chym"a*tous (?), a. (Bot. & Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to, or composed of, sclerenchyma. Scle*ren"chyme (?), n. Sclerenchyma. \'d8Scle*ri"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. gr. (Med.) (a) A morbid induration of the edge of the eyelid. (b) Induration of any part, including scleroderma. Scle"rite (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A hard chitinous or calcareous process or corpuscle, especially a spicule of the Alcyonaria. \'d8Scle*ri"tis (?), n. [NL.] See Sclerottis. Scler"o*base (? , n. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) The calcareous or hornlike coral forming the central stem or axis of most compound alcyonarians; -- called also foot secretion. See Illust. under Gorgoniacea, and C\'d2nenchyma. -- Scler`o*ba"sic (#), a. Scler"o*derm (? , n. [Gr. scl\'82roderme.] (a) (Zo\'94l.) One of a tribe of plectognath fishes (Sclerodermi) having the skin covered with hard scales, or plates, as the cowfish and the trunkfish. (b) One of the Sclerodermata. (c) Hardened, or bony, integument of various animals. \'d8Scler`o*der"ma (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin. \'d8Scler`o*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) The stony corals; the Madreporaria. { Scler`o*der"mic (?), Scler`o*der"mous (?) }, (Zo\'94l.) (a) Having the integument, or skin, hard, or covered with hard plates. (b) Of or pertaining to the Sclerodermata. Scler`o*der"mite (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The hard integument of Crustacea. (b) Sclerenchyma. Scler"o*gen (? , n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -gen.] (Bot.) The thickening matter of woody cells; lignin. Scle*reg"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -genous.] (Anat.) Making or secreting a hard substance; becoming hard. Scle"roid (?), a. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + (Bot.) Having a hard texture, as nutshells. \'d8Scle*ro"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard + -oma.] (Med.) Induration of the tissues. See Sclerma, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis. Scle*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -meter.] An instrument for determining with accuracy the degree of hardness of a mineral. Scle*rosed" (?), a. Affected with sclerosis. \'d8Scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (sklhro`s hard.] 1. (Med.) Induration; hardening; especially, that form of induration produced in an organ by increase of its interstitial connective tissue. 2. (Bot.) Hardening of the cell wall by lignification. Cerebro-spinal sclerosis (Med.), an affection in which patches of hardening, produced by increase of the neuroglia and atrophy of the true nerve tissue, are found scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is associated with complete or partial paralysis, a peculiar jerking tremor of the muscles, headache, and vertigo, and is usually fatal. Called also multiple, disseminated, .<-- now only multiple sclerosis, MS --> Scle`re*skel"e*ton (?), n. [Gr. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton which is developed in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses. Sce*ro"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Sclerotic. -- n. The optic capsule; the sclerotic coat of the eye. Owen. Scle*rot"ic (?), a. [Gr. scl\'82rotique.] 1. Hard; firm; indurated; -- applied especially in anatomy to the firm outer coat of the eyeball, which is often cartilaginous and sometimes bony. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sclerotic coat of the eye; sclerotical. 3. (Med.) Affected with sclerosis; sclerosed. Sclerotic parenchyma (Bot.), sclerenchyma. By some writers a distinction is made, sclerotic parenchyma being applied to tissue composed of cells with the walls hardened but not thickened, and sclerenchyma to tissue composed of cells with the walls both hardened and thickened. Scle*rot"ic, n. [Cf. F. scl\'82rotique.] (Anat.) The sclerotic coat of the eye. See Illust. of Eye (d). Scle*rot"ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from ergot or the sclerotium of a fungus growing on rye. Scle*rot"ic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Sclerotic. \'d8Scler`o*ti"tis (?), n. [NL. See Sclerotic, and -rris.] (Med.) Inflammation of the sclerotic coat. \'d8Scle*ro"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Sclerotia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) A hardened body formed by certain fungi, as by the Claviceps purpurea, which produced ergot. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The nature or resting stage of a plasmodium. Scler"o*tome (? , n. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitoins which separate the myotomes. -- Scler`o*tom"ic (#), a. Scle"rous (?), a. [Gr. (Anat.) Hard; indurated; sclerotic. Scoat (?), v. t. To prop; to scotch. [Prov. Eng.] Scob"by (?), n. The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] Scob"i*form (?), a. [L. scobs, or scobis, sawdust, scrapings + -form: cf. F. scobiforme.] Having the form of, or resembling, sawdust or raspings. Scobs, n. sing. & pl. [L. scobs, or scobis, fr. scabere to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metals, or other hard substance. Chambers. 2. The dross of metals. Scoff (?; 115), n. [OE. scof; akin to OFries. schof, OHG. scoph, Icel. skaup, and perh. to E. shove.] 1. Derision; ridicule; mockery; derisive or mocking expression of scorn, contempt, or reproach. With scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts. Shak. 2. An object of scorn, mockery, or derision. The scoff of withered age and beardless youth. Cowper. Scoff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scoffed (?; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoffing.] [Cf. Dan. skuffe to deceive, delude, Icel. skopa to scoff, OD. schoppen. See Scoff, n.] To show insolent ridicule or mockery; to manifest contempt by derisive acts or language; -- often with at. Thuth from his lips prevailed with double sway, And fools who came to scoff, remained to pray. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To sneer; mock; gibe; jeer. See Sneer. Scoff, v. t. To treat or address with derision; to assail scornfully; to mock at. To scoff religion is ridiculously proud and immodest. Glanwill. Scoff"er (?), n. One who scoffs. 2 Pet. iii. 3. Scoff"er*y (?), n. The act of scoffing; scoffing conduct; mockery. Holinshed. Scoff"ing*ly, adv. In a scoffing manner. Broome. Scoke (?), n. (Bot.) Poke (Phytolacca decandra). Sco*lay" (?), v. i. See Scoley. [Obs.] Scold (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scolding.] [Akin to D. schelden, G. schelten, OHG. sceltan, Dan. skielde.] To find fault or rail with rude clamor; to brawl; to utter harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke; to chide sharply or coarsely; -- often with at; as, to scold at a servant. Pardon me, lords, 't is the first time ever I was forced to scold. Shak. Scold, v. t. To chide with rudeness and clamor; to rate; also, to rebuke or reprove with severity. Scold, n. 1. One who scolds, or makes a practice of scolding; esp., a rude, clamorous woman; a shrew. She is an irksome, brawling scold. Shak. 2. A scolding; a brawl. Scold"er (?), n. 1. One who scolds. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The oyster catcher; -- so called from its shrill cries. (b) The old squaw. [Local U.S.] Scold"ing, a. & n. from Scold, v. Scolding bridle, an iron frame. See Brank, n., 2. Scold"ing*ly, adv. In a scolding manner. Scole (?), n. School. [Obs.] Chaucer. \'d8Sco*le"ci*da (? , n. pl. [NL. See Scolex.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Helminthes. Scol"e*cite (? , n. [Gr. (Min.) A zeolitic mineral occuring in delicate radiating groups of white crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia and lime. Called also lime mesotype. \'d8Sco*le`co*mor"pha (, n. pl. [NL. See Solex, -morphous.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scolecida. \'d8Sco"lex (?), n.; pl. Scoleces (#). [NL., from Gr. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The embryo produced directly from the egg in a metagenetic series, especially the larva of a tapeworm or other parasitic worm. See Illust. of Echinococcus. (b) One of the Scolecida. Sco*ley" (?), v. i. [Cf. OF. escoler to teach. See School.] To go to school; to study. [Obs.] Chaucer. \'d8Sco`li*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) A lateral curvature of the spine. \'d8Scol"i*thus (? , n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) A tubular structure found in Potsdam sandstone, and believed to be the fossil burrow of a marine worm. Scol"lop (?), n. & v. See Scallop. Scol`o*pa"cine (?), a. [L. scolopax a snipe, Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Scolopacid\'91, or Snipe family. \'d8Scol`o*pen"dra (?), n. [L., a kind of multiped, fr. Gr. 1. (Zo\'94l.) A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped. 2. A sea fish. [R.] Spenser. Scol`o*pen"drine (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Like or pertaining to the Scolopendra. Scol"y*tid (?), n. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of small bark-boring beetles of the genus Scolytus and allied genera. Also used adjectively. \'d8Scom"ber (?), n. [L., a mackerel, Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A genus of acanthopterygious fishes which includes the common mackerel. Scom"ber*oid (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. scomn\'82ro\'8bde.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scombroid. <-- p. 1289 --> \'d8Scom`bri*for"mes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of fishes including the mackerels, tunnies, and allied fishes. Scom"broid (?), a. [Scomber + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Like or pertaining to the Mackerel family. -- n. Any fish of the family Scombrid\'91, of which the mackerel (Scomber) is the type. Scom"fish (? , v. t. & i. To suffocate or stifle; to smother. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Scom"tit (?), n. & v. Discomfit. [Obs.] Scomm (?), n. [L. scomma a taunt, jeer, scoff, Gr. 1. A bufoon. [Obs.] L'Estrange. 2. A flout; a jeer; a gibe; a taunt. [Obs.] Fortherby. Sconce (?), n. [D. schans, OD. schantse, perhaps from OF. esconse a hiding place, akin to esconser to hide, L. absconsus, p. p. of abscondere. See Abscond, and cf. Ensconce, Sconce a candlestick.] 1. A fortification, or work for defense; a fort. No sconce or fortress of his raising was ever known either to have been forced, or yielded up, or quitted. Milton. 2. A hut for protection and shelter; a stall. One that . . . must raise a sconce by the highway and sell switches. Beau. & Fl. 3. A piece of armor for the head; headpiece; helmet. I must get a sconce for my head. Shak. 4. Fig.: The head; the skull; also, brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.] To knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel. Shak. 5. A poll tax; a mulct or fine. Johnson. 6. [OF. esconse a dark lantern, properly, a hiding place. See Etymol. above.] A protection for a light; a lantern or cased support for a candle; hence, a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick. Tapers put into lanterns or sconces of several-colored, oiled paper, that the wind might not annoy them. Evelyn. Golden sconces hang not on the walls. Dryden. 7. Hence, the circular tube, with a brim, in a candlestick, into which the candle is inserted. 8. (Arch.) A squinch. 9. A fragment of a floe of ice. Kane. 10. [Perhaps a different word.] A fixed seat or shelf. [Prov. Eng.] Sconce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sconced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sconcing.] 1. To shut up in a sconce; to imprison; to insconce. [Obs.] Immure him, sconce him, barricade him in 't. Marston. 2. To mulct; to fine. [Obs.] Milton. Scon"choon (?), n. (Arch.) A squinch. Scone (?), n. A cake, thinner than a bannock, made of wheat or barley or oat meal. [Written variously, scon, skone, skon, etc.] [Scot.] Burns. Scoop (?), n. [OE. scope, of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. skopa, akin to D. schop a shovel, G. sch\'81ppe, and also to E. shove. See Shovel.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle, used for dipping liquids; a utensil for bailing boats. 2. A deep shovel, or any similar implement for digging out and dipping or shoveling up anything; as, a flour scoop; the scoop of a dredging machine. 3. (Surg.) A spoon-shaped instrument, used in extracting certain substances or foreign bodies. 4. A place hollowed out; a basinlike cavity; a hollow. Some had lain in the scoop of the rock. J. R. Drake. 5. A sweep; a stroke; a swoop. 6. The act of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle; a motion with a scoop, as in dipping or shoveling. Scoop net, a kind of hand net, used in fishing; also, a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. -- Scoop wheel, a wheel for raising water, having scoops or buckets attached to its circumference; a tympanum. Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scooping.] [OE. scopen. See Scoop, n.] 1. To take out or up with, a scoop; to lade out. He scooped the water from the crystal flood. Dryden. 2. To empty by lading; as, to scoop a well dry. 3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate; to dig out; to form by digging or excavation. Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint. Arbuthnot. Scoop"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which scoops. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The avocet; -- so called because it scoops up the mud to obtain food. Scoot (?), v. i. To walk fast; to go quickly; to run hastily away. [Colloq. & Humorous, U.S.] Sco"pa*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow gelatinous or crystalline substance found in broom (Cytisus scoparius) accompanying sparte\'8bne. Sco"pate (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom.] (Zo\'94l.) Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush. -scope (. [Gr. skopo`s a watcher, spy. See Scope.] A combining form usually signifying an instrument for viewing (with the eye) or observing (in any way); as in microscope, telescope, altoscope, anemoscope. Scope (?), n. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr. skopo`s, a watcher, mark, aim; akin to spy. Cf. Skeptic, Bishop.] 1. That at which one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs its view; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished; hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; intention; drift; object. \'bdShooting wide, do miss the marked scope.\'b8 Spenser. Your scope is as mine own, So to enforce or quality the laws As to your soul seems good. Shak. The scope of all their pleading against man's authority, is to overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church. Hooker. 2. Room or opportunity for free outlook or aim; space for action; amplitude of opportunity; free course or vent; liberty; range of view; intent, or action. Give him line and scope. Shak. In the fate and fortunes of the human race, scope is given to the operation of laws which man must always fail to discern the reasons of. I. Taylor. Excuse me if I have given too much scope to the reflections which have arisen in my mind. Burke. An intellectual cultivation of no moderate depth or scope. Hawthorne. 3. Extended area. [Obs.] \'bdThe scopes of land granted to the first adventurers.\'b8 Sir J. Davies. 4. Length; extent; sweep; as, scope of cable. <-- Scope, v. t. To look at for the purpose of evaluation; usu with out; as, to scope out the area as a camping site. --> Sco"pe*line (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Scopeloid. Sco"pe*loid (?), a. [NL. Scopelus, typical genus (fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Like or pertaining to fishes of the genus Scopelus, or family Scopelod\'91, which includes many small oceanic fishes, most of which are phosphorescent. -- n. (Zo\'94l.) Any fish of the family Scopelid\'91. Sco*pif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa + -ferous.] (Zo\'94l.) Bearing a tuft of brushlike hairs. Sco"pi*form (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + -form.] Having the form of a broom or besom. \'bdZeolite, stelliform or scopiform.\'b8 Kirwan. Sco"pi*ped (?; 277), n. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scopuliped. Scop"pet (?), v. t. [From Scoop, v. t.] To lade or dip out. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Scops" owl` (?). [NL. scops, fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of small owls of the genus Scops having ear tufts like those of the horned owls, especially the European scops owl (Scops giu), and the American screech owl. (S. Asio). { Scop"tic (?), Scop"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. Jesting; jeering; scoffing. [Obs.] South. -- Scop"tic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] \'d8Scop"u*la (?), n.; pl. E. Scopulas (#), L. Scopul\'91 (#). [L. scopulae, pl. a little broom.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web. (b) A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee. Scop"u*li*ped (?), n. [L. scopulae, pl., a little broom (fr. scopae a broom) + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zo\'94l.) Any species of bee which has on the hind legs a brush of hairs used for collecting pollen, as the hive bees and bumblebees. Scop"u*lous (?), a. [L. scopulosus, fr. scopulus a rock, Gr. Full of rocks; rocky. [Obs.] Scor"bute (?), n. [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scorbut. See Scurvy, n.] Scurry. [Obs.] Purchas. { Scor*bu"tic (?), Scor*bu"tic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. scorbutique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to scurvy; of the nature of, or resembling, scurvy; diseased with scurvy; as, a scorbutic person; scorbutic complaints or symptoms. -- Scor*bu"tic*al*ly, adv. \'d8Scor*bu"tus (?), n. [LL. See Scorbute.] (Med.) Scurvy. Scorce (?), n. Barter. [Obs.] See Scorse. Scorch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] [OE. scorchen, probably akin to scorcnen; cf. Norw. skrokken shrunk up, skrekka, skr\'94kka, to shrink, to become wrinkled up, dial. Sw. skr\'86kkla to wrinkle (see Shrug); but perhaps influenced by OF. escorchier to strip the bark from, to flay, to skin, F. \'82corcher, LL. excorticare; L. ex from + cortex, -icis, bark (cf. Cork); because the skin falls off when scorched.] 1. To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; to subject to so much heat as changes color and texture without consuming; as, to scorch linen. Summer drouth or singed air never scorch thy tresses fair. Milton. 2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat; to dry up with heat; to affect as by heat. Lashed by mad rage, and scorched by brutal fires. Prior. 3. To burn; to destroy by, or as by, fire. Power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. Rev. xvi. 8. The fire that scorches me to death. Dryden. Scorch, v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched; to be dried up. Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings, to prevent the roots from scorching. Mortimer. 2. To burn or be burnt. he laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scoch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red hot. Hawthorne. Scorch"ing, a. Burning; parching or shriveling with heat. -- Scorch"ing*ly, adv. -- Scorch"ing*ness, n. Score (?), n. [AS. scor twenty, fr. sceran, scieran, to shear, cut, divice; or rather the kindred Icel. skor incision, twenty, akin to Dan. skure a notch, Sw. sk\'86ra. See Shear.] 1. A notch or incision; especially, one that is made as a tally mark; hence, a mark, or line, made for the purpose of account. Whereas, before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used. Shak. 2. An account or reckoning; account of dues; bill; hence, indebtedness. He parted well, and paid his score. Shak. 3. Account; reason; motive; sake; behalf. But left the trade, as many more Have lately done on the same score. Hudibras. You act your kindness in Cydria's score. Dryden. 4. The number twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally; hence, in pl., a large number. Amongst three or four score hogsheads. Shak. At length the queen took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly by score. Macaulay. 5. A distance of twenty yards; -- a term used in ancient archery and gunnery. Halliwell. 6. A weight of twenty pounds. [Prov. Eng.] 7. The number of points gained by the contestants, or either of them, in any game, as in cards or cricket. 8. line drawn; a groove or furrow. 9. (Mus.) The original and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices written on staves one above another, so that they can be read at a glance; -- so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was drawn through all the parts. Moore (Encyc. of Music). In score (Mus.), having all the parts arranged and placed in juxtaposition. Smart. -- To quit scores, to settle or balance accounts; to render an equivalent; to make compensation. Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it? South. Score (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; to cut notches or furrows in; to notch; to scratch; to furrow; as, to score timber for hewing; to score the back with a lash. Let us score their backs. Shak. A briar in that tangled wilderness Had scored her white right hand. M. Arnold. 2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keeping account of something; as, to score a tally. 3. To mark or signify by lines or notches; to keep record or account; to set down; to record; to charge. Madam, I know when, Instead of five, you scored me ten. Swift. Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score. Shak. 4. To engrave, as upon a shield. [R.] Spenser. 5. To make a score of, as points, runs, etc., in a game. 6. (Mus.) To write down in proper order and arrangement; as, to score an overture for an orchestra. See Score, n., 9. 7. (Geol.) To mark with parallel lines or scratches; as, the rocks of New England and the Western States were scored in the drift epoch. Scor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scores. \'d8Sco"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Scorl\'91 (#). [L., fr. Gr. 1. The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the eduction of metallic ores; dross. 2. Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders. Sco"ri*ac (?), a. Scoriaceous. E. A. Poe. Sco`ri*a"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. scoriac\'82.] Of or pertaining to scoria; like scoria or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria. Sco"rie (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The young of any gull. [Written also scaurie.] [prov. Eng.] Sco`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. scorification. See Scorify.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag; hence, the separation from earthy matter by means of a slag; as, the scorification of ores. Sco"ri*fi`er (?), n. (Chem.) One who, or that which, scorifies; specifically, a small flat bowl-shaped cup used in the first heating in assaying, to remove the earth and gangue, and to concentrate the gold and silver in a lead button. Sco"ri*form (?), a. In the form of scoria. Sco"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorifying (?).] [Scoria + -fy: cf. F. scorifier.] (Chem.) To reduce to scoria or slag; specifically, in assaying, to fuse so as to separate the gangue and earthy material, with borax, lead, soda, etc., thus leaving the gold and silver in a lead button; hence, to separate from, or by means of, a slag. Sco"ri*ous (?), a. Scoriaceous. Sir T. Browne. Scorn (?), n. [OE. scorn, scarn, scharn, OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of German origin; cf. OHG. skern mockery, skern to mock; but cf. also OF. escorner to mock.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard; that disdain which aprings from the opinion of the utter meanness and unworthiness of an object. Scorn at first makes after love the more. Shak. And wandered backward as in scorn, To wait an \'91on to be born. Emerson. 2. An act or expression of extreme contempt. Every sullen frown and bitter scorn But fanned the fuel that too fast did burn. Dryden. 3. An object of extreme disdain, contempt, or derision. Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us. Ps. xliv. 13. To think scorn, to regard as worthy of scorn or contempt; to disdain. \'bdHe thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone.\'b8 Esther iii. 6. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to make a mock of; to redicule as contemptible. Syn. -- Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; slight; dishonor; mockery. Scorn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] [OE. scornen, scarnen, schornen, OF. escarning, escharnir. See Scorn, n.] 1. To hold in extreme contempt; to reject as unworthy of regard; to despise; to contemn; to disdain. I scorn thy meat; 't would choke me. Shak. This my long sufference, and my day of grace, Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste. Milton. We scorn what is in itself contemptible or disgraceful. C. J. Smith. 2. To treat with extreme contempt; to make the object of insult; to mock; to scoff at; to deride. His fellow, that lay by his bed's side, Gan for to laugh, and scorned him full fast. Chaucer. To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously. Shak. Syn. -- To contemn; despise; disdain. See Contemn. <-- p. 1290 --> Scorn (?), v. i. To scoff; to act disdainfully. He said mine eyes were black and my hair black, And, now I remembered, scorned at me. Shak. Scorn"er (?), n. One who scorns; a despiser; a contemner; specifically, a scoffer at religion. \'bdGreat scorners of death.\'b8 Spenser. Superly he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly. Prov. iii. 34. Scorn"ful (?), a. 1. Full of scorn or contempt; contemptuous; disdainful. Scornful of winter's frost and summer's sun. Prior. Dart not scornful glances from those eyes. Shak. 2. Treated with scorn; exciting scorn. [Obs.] The scornful mark of every open eye. Shak. Syn. -- Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproachful; insolent. -- Scorn"ful*ly, adv. -- Scorn"ful*ness, n. Scorn"y (?), a. Deserving scorn; paltry. [Obs.] Scor"o*dite (?), n. [G. scorodit; -- so called in allusion to its smell under the blowpipe, from Gr. (Min.) A leek-green or brownish mineral occurring in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous arseniate of iron. [Written also skorodite.] Scor*p\'91"noid (?), a. [NL. Scorpaena, a typical genus (see Scorpene) + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the family Scorp\'91nid\'91, which includes the scorpene, the rosefish, the California rockfishes, and many other food fishes. [Written also scorp\'91nid.] See Illust. under Rockfish. Scor"pene (?), n. [F. scorp\'8ane, fr. L. scorpaena a kind of fish, Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A marine food fish of the genus Scorp\'91na, as the European hogfish (S. scrofa), and the California species (S. guttata). Scor"per (?), n. Same as Scauper. \'d8Scor"pi*o (?), n.; pl. Scorpiones (#). [L.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) A scorpion. 2. (Astron.) (a) The eighth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the twenty-third day of October, marked thus [ (b) A constellation of the zodiac containing the bright star Antares. It is drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a scorpion. \'d8Scor`pi*o"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scorpiones. { Scor"pi*oid (?), Scor`pi*oid"al (?) }, a. [Gr. 1. Having the inflorescence curved or circinate at the end, like a scorpion's tail. Scor"pi*on (?), n. [F., fr. L. scorpio, scorpius, Gr. sharp.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of pulmonate arachnids of the order scorpiones, having a suctorial mouth, large claw-bearing palpi, and a caudal sting. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The pine or gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). [Local, U.S.] 3. (Zo\'94l.) the scorpene. 4. (Script.) A painful scourge. My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. 1 Kings xii. 11. 5. (Astron.) A sign and constellation. See Scorpio. 6. (Antiq.) An ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles. Book scorpion. (Zo\'94l.) See under Book. -- False scorpion. (Zo\'94l.) See under False, and Book scorpion. -- Scorpion bug, Water scorpion (Zo\'94l.) See Nepa. -- Scorpion fly (Zo\'94l.), a neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa. See Panorpid. -- Scorpion grass (Bot.), a plant of the genus Myosotis. M. palustris is the forget-me-not. -- Sorpion senna (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous shrub (Coronilla Emerus) having a slender joined pod, like a scorpion's tail. The leaves are said to yield a dye like indigo, and to be used sometimes to adulterate senna. -- Scorpion shell (Zo\'94l.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras. -- Scorpion spiders. (Zo\'94l.), any one of the Pedipalpi. -- Scorpion's tail (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Scorpiurus, herbs with a circinately coiled pod; -- also called caterpillar. -- Scorpion's thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Genista Scorpius) of Southern Europe. -- The Scorpion's Heart (Astron.), the star Antares in the constellation Scorpio. \'d8Scor`pi*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of arachnids comprising the scorpions. \'d8Scor`pi*o*nid"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scorpiones. Scor"pi*on*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Ornithopus scorpides) of Southern Europe, having curved pods. Scorse (? , n. [Cf. It. scorsa a course, and E. discourse.] Barter; exchange; trade. [Obs.] And recompensed them with a better scorse. Spenser. Scorse, v. t. [Written also scourse, and scoss.] 1. To barter or exchange. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To chase. [Obs.] Spenser. Scorse, v. i. To deal for the purchase of anything; to practice barter. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Scor"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. scorator a fornicator, from scortari to fornicate, scortum a prostitute.] Pertaining to lewdness or fornication; lewd. Scot (?), n. A name for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. Scot, n. [Cf. L. Skoti, pl., AS. Scotta, pl. Skottas, Sceottas.] A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scotsman, or Scotchman. Scot, n. [Icel. skot; or OF. escot, F. \'82cot, LL. scottum, scotum, from a kindred German word; akin to AS. scot, and E. shot, shoot; cf. AS. sce\'a2tan to shoot, to contribute. See Shoot, and cf. Shot.] A portion of money assessed or paid; a tax or contribution; a mulct; a fine; a shot. Scot and lot, formerly, a parish assessment laid on subjects according to their ability. [Eng.] Cowell. Now, a phrase for obligations of every kind regarded collectivelly. Experienced men of the world know very well that it is best to pay scot and lot as they go along. Emerson. { Scot"al (?), Scot"ale (?) }, n. [Scot + ale.] (O. Eng. Law) The keeping of an alehouse by an officer of a forest, and drawing people to spend their money for liquor, for fear of his displeasure. Scotch (?), a. [Cf. Scottish.] Of or pertaining to Scotland, its language, or its inhabitants; Scottish. Scotch broom (Bot.), the Cytisus scoparius. See Broom. -- Scotch dipper, Scotch duck (Zo\'94l.), the bufflehead; -- called also Scotch teal, and Scotchman. -- Scotch fiddle, the itch. [Low] Sir W. Scott. -- Scotch mist, a coarse, dense mist, like fine rain. -- Scotch nightingale (Zo\'94l.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scotch pebble. See under pebble. -- Scotch pine (Bot.) See Riga fir. -- Scotch thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Onopordon acanthium); -- so called from its being the national emblem of the Scotch. Scotch, n. 1. The dialect or dialects of English spoken by the people of Scotland. 2. Collectively, the people of Scotland. Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scotched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scotching.] [Cf. Prov. E. scole a prop, and Walloon ascot a prop, ascoter to prop, F. accoter, also Armor. skoaz the shoulder, skoazia to shoulder up, to prop, to support, W. ysgwydd a shoulder, ysgwyddo to shoulder. Cf. Scoat.] [Written also scoatch, scoat.] To shoulder up; to prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc., as a wheel, to prevent its rolling or slipping. Scotch, n. A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping; as, a scotch for a wheel or a log on inclined ground. Scotch, v. t. [Probably the same word as scutch; cf. Norw. skoka, skoko, a swingle for flax; perhaps akin to E. shake.] To cut superficially; to wound; to score. We have scotched the snake, not killed it. Shak. Scotched collops (Cookery), a dish made of pieces of beef or veal cut thin, or minced, beaten flat, and stewed with onion and other condiments; -- called also Scotch collops. [Written also scotcht collops.] Scotch, n. A slight cut or incision; a score. Walton. Scotch"-hop`per (?), n. Hopscotch. Scotch"ing, n. (Masonry) Dressing stone with a pick or pointed instrument. Scotch"man (?), n.; pl. Scotchmen (. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scot; a Scotsman. 2. (Naut.) A piece of wood or stiff hide placed over shrouds and other rigging to prevent chafe by the running gear. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Sco"ter (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. scote to plow up.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of northern sea ducks of the genus Oidemia. Oidemia nigra, called also black duck, black diver, surf duck; and the velvet, or double, scoter (O. fusca). The common American species are the velvet, or white-winged, scoter (O. Deglandi), called also velvet duck, white-wing, bull coot, white-winged coot; the black scoter (O. Americana), called also black coot, butterbill, coppernose; and the surf scoter, or surf duck (O. perspicillata), called also baldpate, skunkhead, horsehead, patchhead, pishaug, and spectacled coot. These birds are collectively called also coots. The females and young are called gray coots, and brown coots. Scot"-free" [?], a. Free from payment of scot; untaxed; hence, unhurt; clear; safe. Do as much for this purpose, and thou shalt pass scot-free. Sir W. Scott. Then young Hay escaped scot-free to Holland. A. Lang. Scotch (?), v. t. To clothe or cover up. [Obs.] \'d8Sco"ti*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. skoti`a darkness, a sunken molding in the base of a pillar, so called from the dark shadow it casts, from sko`tos darkness.] (Arch.) A concave molding used especially in classical architecture. Sco"ti*a, n. [L.] Scotland [Poetic] O Scotia! my dear, my native soil! Burns. Sco"tist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of (Joannes) Duns Scotus, the Franciscan scholastic (d. 1308), who maintained certain doctrines in philosophy and theology, in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas, the Dominican scholastic. Scot"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -graph.] An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. Maunder. \'d8Sco*to"ma (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Scotomy. Scot"o*my (?), n. [NL. scotomia, from Gr. sko`tos darkness: cf. F. scotomie.] 1. Dizziness with dimness of sight. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. (Med.) Obscuration of the field of vision due to the appearance of a dark spot before the eye. Sco"to*scope (? , n. [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -scope.] An instrument that discloses objects in the dark or in a faint light. [Obs.] Pepys. Scots (?), a. [For older Scottis Scottish. See Scottish.] Of or pertaining to the Scotch; Scotch; Scottish; as, Scots law; a pound Scots (1s. 8d.). Scots"man (-man), n. See Scotchman. Scot"ter*ing (?), n. The burning of a wad of pease straw at the end of harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Scot"ti*cism (?), n. An idiom, or mode of expression, peculiar to Scotland or Scotchmen. That, in short, in which the Scotticism of Scotsmen most intimately consists, is the habit of emphasis. Masson. Scot"ti*cize (?), v. t. To cause to become like the Scotch; to make Scottish. [R.] Scot"tish (?), a. [From Scot a Scotchman: cf. AS. Scyttisc, and E. Scotch, a., Scots, a.] Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of Scotland, their country, or their language; as, Scottish industry or economy; a Scottish chief; a Scottish dialect. Scoun"drel (?), n. [Probably from Prov. E. & Scotch scunner, scouner, to loathe, to disgust, akin to AS. scunian to shun. See Shun.] A mean, worthless fellow; a rascal; a villain; a man without honor or virtue. Go, if your ancient, but ignoble blood Has crept through soundrels ever since the flood. Pope. Scoun"drel, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled. Scoun"drel*dom (?), n. The domain or sphere of scoundrels; scoundrels, collectively; the state, ideas, or practices of scoundrels. Carlyle. Scoun"drel*ism (?), n. The practices or conduct of a scoundrel; baseness; rascality. Cotgrave. Scour (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scoured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scouring.] [Akin to LG. sch\'81ren, D. schuren, schueren, G. scheuern, Dan. skure; Sw. skura; all possibly fr. LL. escurare, fr. L. ex + curare to take care. Cf. Cure.] 1. To rub hard with something rough, as sand or Bristol brick, especially for the purpose of cleaning; to clean by friction; to make clean or bright; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc., as articles of dress. 2. To purge; as, to scour a horse. 3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing; to sweep along or off; to carry away or remove, as by a current of water; -- often with off or away. [I will] stain my favors in a bloody mask, Which, washed away, shall scour my shame with it. Shak. 4. [Perhaps a different word; cf. OF. escorre, escourre, It. scorrere, both fr. L. excurrere to run forth. Cf. Excursion.] To pass swiftly over; to brush along; to traverse or search thoroughly; as, to scour the coast. Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain. Pope. Scouring barrel, a tumbling barrel. See under Tumbling. -- Scouring cinder (Metal.), a basic slag, which attacks the lining of a shaft furnace. Raymond. -- Scouring rush. (Bot.) See Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Scouring stock (Woolen Manuf.), a kind of fulling mill. Scour, v. i. 1. To clean anything by rubbing. Shak. 2. To cleanse anything. Warm water is softer than cold, for it scoureth better. Bacon. 3. To be purged freely; to have a diarrh\'d2a. 4. To run swiftly; to rove or range in pursuit or search of something; to scamper. So four fierce coursers, starting to the race, Scour through the plain, and lengthen every pace. Dryden. Scour, n. Diarrh\'d2a or dysentery among cattle. Scour"age (?; 48), n. Refuse water after scouring. Scour"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scours. 2. A rover or footpad; a prowling robber. In those days of highwaymen and scourers. Macaulay. Scourge (?), n. [F. escourg\'82e, fr. L. excoriata (sc. scutica) a stripped off (lash or whip), fr. excoriate to strip, to skin. See Excoriate.] 1. A lash; a strap or cord; especially, a lash used to inflict pain or punishment; an instrument of punishment or discipline; a whip. Up to coach then goes The observed maid, takes both the scourge and reins. Chapman. 2. Hence, a means of inflicting punishment, vengeance, or suffering; an infliction of affliction; a punishment. Sharp scourges of adversity. Chaucer. What scourge for perjury Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence? Shak. Scourge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scourged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scourging (?).] [From Scourge, n.: cf. OF. escorgier.] 1. To whip severely; to lash. is it lawful for you to scourge a . . . Roman? Acts xxii. 25. 2. To punish with severity; to chastise; to afflict, as for sins or faults, and with the purpose of correction. Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. Heb. xii. 6. 3. To harass or afflict severely. To scourge and impoverish the people. Brougham. Scour"ger (?), n. One who scourges or punishes; one who afflicts severely. The West must own the scourger of the world. Byron. Scourse (?), v. t. See Scorse. [Obs.] Scouse (?), n. (Naut.) A sailor's dish. Bread scouse contains no meat; lobscouse contains meat, etc. See Lobscouse. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Scout (?), n. [Icel. sk a small craft or cutter.] A swift sailing boat. [Obs.] So we took a scout, very much pleased with the manner and conversation of the passengers. Pepys. Scout, n. [Icel. sk to jut out. Cf. Scout to reject.] A projecting rock. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. <-- p. 1291 --> Scout (?), v. t. [Icel. sk a taunt; cf. Icel. skuta to jut out, skota to shove, skj to shoot, to shove. See Shoot.] To reject with contempt, as something absurd; to treat with ridicule; to flout; as, to scout an idea or an apology. \'bdFlout 'em and scout 'em.\'b8 Shak. Scout, n. [OF. escaute scout, spy, fr. escouter, escolter, to listen, to hear, F. \'82couter, fr. L. auscultare, to hear with attention, to listen to. See Auscultation.] 1. A person sent out to gain and bring in tidings; especially, one employed in war to gain information of the movements and condition of an enemy. Scouts each coast light-arm\'8ad scour, Each quarter, to descry the distant foe. Milton. 2. A college student's or undergraduate's servant; -- so called in Oxford, England; at Cambridge called a gyp; and at Dublin, a skip. [Cant] 3. (Criket) A fielder in a game for practice. 4. The act of scouting or reconnoitering. [Colloq.] While the rat is on the scout. Cowper. Syn. -- Scout, Spy. -- In a military sense a scout is a soldier who does duty in his proper uniform, however hazardous his adventure. A spy is one who in disguise penetrates the enemies' lines, or lurks near them, to obtain information. Scout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scouting.] 1. To observe, watch, or look for, as a scout; to follow for the purpose of observation, as a scout. Take more men, And scout him round. Beau. & Fl. 2. To pass over or through, as a scout; to reconnoiter; as, to scout a country. Scout, v. i. To go on the business of scouting, or watching the motions of an enemy; to act as a scout. With obscure wing Scout far and wide into the realm of night. Milton. Scov"el (?), n. [OF. escouve, escouvette, broom, L. scopae, or cf. W. ysgubell, dim. of ysgub a broom.] A mop for sweeping ovens; a malkin. Scow (?), n. [D. schouw.] (Naut.) A large flat-bottomed boat, having broad, square ends. Scow, v. t. To transport in a scow. Scowl (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scowled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scowling.] [Akin to Dan. skule; cf. Icel. skolla to skulk, LG. schulen to hide one's self, D. schuilen, G. schielen to squint, Dan. skele, Sw. skela, AS. sceolh squinting. Cf. Skulk.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; to put on a frowning look; to look sour, sullen, severe, or angry. She scowled and frowned with froward countenance. Spenser. 2. Hence, to look gloomy, dark, or threatening; to lower. \'bdThe scowling heavens.\'b8 Thomson. Scowl, v. t. 1. To look at or repel with a scowl or a frown. Milton. 2. To express by a scowl; as, to scowl defiance. Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkling of the brows or face in frowing; the expression of displeasure, sullennes, or discontent in the countenance; an angry frown. With solemn phiz, and critic scowl. Lloyd. 2. Hence, gloom; dark or threatening aspect. Burns. A ruddy storm, whose scowl Made heaven's radiant face look foul. Crashaw. Scowl"ing*ly, adv. In a scowling manner. Scrab"bed eggs` (?). [CF. Scramble.] A Lenten dish, composed of eggs boiled hard, chopped, and seasoned with butter, salt, and pepper. Halliwell. Scrab"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrabbling (?).] [Freq. of scrape. Cf. Scramble, Scrawl, v. t.] 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to proceed by clawing with the hands and feet; to scramble; as, to scrabble up a cliff or a tree. Now after a while Little-faith came to himself, and getting up made shift to scrabble on his way. Bunyan. 2. To make irregular, crooked, or unmeaning marks; to scribble; to scrawl. David . . . scrabbled on the doors of the gate. 1. Sam. xxi. 13. Scrab"ble, v. t. To mark with irregular lines or letters; to scribble; as, to scrabble paper. Scrab"ble, n. The act of scrabbing; a moving upon the hands and knees; a scramble; also, a scribble. Scra"ber (?), n. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) The Manx shearwater. (b) The black guillemot. Scraf"fle (?), v. i. [See Scramble: cf. OD. schraeffelen to scrape.] To scramble or struggle; to wrangle; also, to be industrious. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scrag (?), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. skraka a great dry tree, a long, lean man, Gael. sgreagach dry, shriveled, rocky. See Shrink, and cf. Scrog, Shrag, n.] 1. Something thin, lean, or rough; a bony piece; especially, a bony neckpiece of meat; hence, humorously or in contempt, the neck. Lady MacScrew, who . . . serves up a scrag of mutton on silver. Thackeray. 2. A rawboned person. [Low] Halliwell. 3. A ragged, stunted tree or branch. Scrag whale (Zo\'94l.), a North Atlantic whalebone whale (Agaphelus giddosus). By some it is considered the young of the right whale. Scrag"ged (?), a. 1. Rough with irregular points, or a broken surface; scraggy; as, a scragged backbone. 2. Lean and rough; scraggy. Scrag"ged*ness, n. Quality or state of being scragged. Scrag"gi*ly (?), adv. in a scraggy manner. Scrag"gi*ness, n. The quality or state of being scraggy; scraggedness. Scrag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Scragger (?); superl. Scraggiest.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged. \'bdA scraggy rock.\'b8 J. Philips. 2. Lean and rough; scragged. \'bdHis sinewy, scraggy neck.\'b8 Sir W. Scott. Scrag"ly, a. See Scraggy. Scrag"-necked` (?), a. Having a scraggy neck. Scram"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrambling (?).] [Freq. of Prov. E. scramb to rake together with the hands, or of scramp to snatch at. cf. Scrabble.] 1. To clamber with hands and knees; to scrabble; as, to scramble up a cliff; to scramble over the rocks. 2. To struggle eagerly with others for something thrown upon the ground; to go down upon all fours to seize something; to catch rudely at what is desired. Of other care they little reckoning make, Than how to scramble at the shearer's feast. Milton. Scram"ble (?), v. t. 1. To collect by scrambling; as, to scramble up wealth. Marlowe. 2. To prepare (eggs) as a dish for the table, by stirring the yolks and whites together while cooking. Scram"ble, n. 1. The act of scrambling, climbing on all fours, or clambering. 2. The act of jostling and pushing for something desired; eager and unceremonious struggle for what is thrown or held out; as, a scramble for office. Scarcity [of money] enhances its price, and increases the scramble. Locke. Scram"bler (?), n. 1. One who scrambles; one who climbs on all fours. 2. A greedy and unceremonious contestant. Scram"bling (?), a. Confused and irregular; awkward; scambling. -- Scram"bling*ly, adv. A huge old scrambling bedroom. Sir W. Scott. Scranch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scranched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scranching.] [Cf. D. schransen to eat greedily, G. schranzen. Cf. Crunch, Scrunch.] To grind with the teeth, and with a crackling sound; to craunch. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Scrank"y (?), a. Thin; lean. [Scot.] Scran"nel (?), a. [Cf. Scrawny.] Slight; thin; lean; poor. Having Grate on their scranned pipes of wretched straw. Milton. Scran"ny (?), a. [See Scrannel.] Thin; lean; meager; scrawny; scrannel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Scrap (?), n. [OE. scrappe, fr. Icel. skrap trifle, cracking. See Scrape, v. t.] 1. Something scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit; a fragment; a detached, incomplete portion. I have no materials -- not a scrap. De Quincey. 2. Specifically, a fragment of something written or printed; a brief excerpt; an unconnected extract. 3. pl. The crisp substance that remains after trying out animal fat; as, pork scraps. <-- sic. -- meaning after "drying" out?? --> 4. pl. Same as Scrap iron, below. <-- 5. Manufactured objects or parts useful only for reprocessing, esp. metal objects. --> Scrap forgings, forgings made from wrought iron scrap. -- Scrap iron. (a) Cuttings and waste pieces of wrought iron from which bar iron or forgings can be made; -- called also wrought-iron scrap. (b) Fragments of cast iron or defective castings suitable for remelting in the foundry; -- called also founding scrap, or cast scrap. Scrap"book` (?), n. A blank book in which extracts cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept. Scrape (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scraped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scraping.] [Icel. skrapa; akin to Sw. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, D. schrapen, schrabben, G. schrappen, and prob. to E. sharp.] 1. To rub over the surface of (something) with a sharp or rough instrument; to rub over with something that roughens by removing portions of the surface; to grate harshly over; to abrade; to make even, or bring to a required condition or form, by moving the sharp edge of an instrument breadthwise over the surface with pressure, cutting away excesses and superfluous parts; to make smooth or clean; as, to scrape a bone with a knife; to scrape a metal plate to an even surface. 2. To remove by rubbing or scraping (in the sense above). I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock. Ezek. xxvi. 4. 3. To collect by, or as by, a process of scraping; to gather in small portions by laborius effort; hence, to acquire avariciously and save penuriously; -- often followed by together or up; as, to scrape money together. The prelatical party complained that, to swell a number the nonconformists did not choose, but scrape, subscribers. Fuller. 4. To express disapprobation of, as a play, or to silence, as a speaker, by drawing the feet back and forth upon the floor; -- usually with down. Macaulay. To scrape acquaintance, to seek acquaintance otherwise than by an introduction. Farquhar. He tried to scrape acquaintance with her, but failed ignominiously. G. W. Cable. Scrape, v. i. 1. To rub over the surface of anything with something which roughens or removes it, or which smooths or cleans it; to rub harshly and noisily along. 2. To occupy one's self with getting laboriously; as, he scraped and saved until he became rich. \'bd[Spend] their scraping fathers' gold.\'b8 Shak. 3. To play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a violin or like instrument. 4. To draw back the right foot along the ground or floor when making a bow. Scrape, n. 1. The act of scraping; also, the effect of scraping, as a scratch, or a harsh sound; as, a noisy scrape on the floor; a scrape of a pen. 2. A drawing back of the right foot when bowing; also, a bow made with that accompaniment. H. Spencer. 3. A disagreable and embrassing predicament, as it were, a painful rubbing or scraping; a perplexity; a difficulty. The too eager pursuit of this his old enemy through thick and thin has led him into many of these scrapes. Bp. Warburton. Scrape"pen`ny (?), n. One who gathers and hoards money in trifling sums; a miser.<-- = a pinchpenny --> Scrap"er (?), n. 1. An instrument with which anything is scraped. Specifically: (a) An instrument by which the soles of shoes are cleaned from mud and the like, by drawing them across it. (b) An instrument drawn by oxen or horses, used for scraping up earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals etc. (c) (Naut.) An instrument having two or three sharp sides or edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of a ship. (d) (Lithography) In the printing press, a board, or blade, the edge of which is made to rub over the tympan sheet and thus produce the impression. 2. One who scrapes. Specifically: (a) One who plays awkwardly on a violin. (b) One who acquires avariciously and saves penuriously. Scrap"ing (?), n. 1. The act of scraping; the act or process of making even, or reducing to the proper form, by means of a scraper. 2. Something scraped off; that which is separated from a substance, or is collected by scraping; as, the scraping of the street. Scrap"ing, a. Resembling the act of, or the effect produced by, one who, or that which, scrapes; as, a scraping noise; a scraping miser. -- Scrap"ing*ly, adv. Scrap"pi*ly (?), adv. In a scrappy manner; in scraps. Mary Cowden Clarke. Scrap"py (?), a. Consisting of scraps; fragmentary; lacking unity or consistency; as, a scrappy lecture. A dreadfully scrappy dinner. Thackeray. Scrat (?), v. t. [OE. scratten. Cf. Scratch.] To scratch. [Obs.] Burton. Scrat, v. i. To rake; to search. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. Scrat, n. [Cf. AS. scritta an hermaphrodite, Ir. scrut a scrub, a low, mean person, Gael. sgrut, sgruit, an old, shriveled person.] An hermaphrodite. [Obs.] Skinner. Scratch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scratched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scratching.] [OE. cracchen (perhaps influenced by OE. scratten to scratch); cf. OHG. chrazz, G. kratzen, OD. kratsen, kretsen, D. krassen, Sw. kratsa to scrape, kratta to rake, to scratch, Dan. kradse to scratch, to scrape, Icel. krota to engrave. Cf. Grate to rub.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the surface of with something sharp or ragged; to scrape, roughen, or wound slightly by drawing something pointed or rough across, as the claws, the nails, a pin, or the like. Small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass.Grew. Be mindful, when invention fails., To scratch your head, and bite your nails.Swift. 2. To write or draw hastily or awkwardly. Scratch out a pamphlet.\'b8 Swift. 3. To cancel by drawing one or more lines through, as the name of a candidate upon a ballot, or of a horse in a list; hence, to erase; to efface; -- often with out. 4. To dig or excavate with the claws; as, some animals scratch holes, in which they burrow. To scratch a ticket, to cancel one or more names of candidates on a party ballot; to refuse to vote the party ticket in its entirety. [U.S.] Scratch, v. i. 1. To use the claws or nails in tearing or in digging; to make scratches. Dull, tame things, . . . that will neither bite nor scratch. Dr. H. More. 2. (Billiards) To score, not by skillful play but by some fortunate chance of the game. [Cant, U.S.] Scratch, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching, or by rubbing with anything pointed or rough; a slight wound, mark, furrow, or incision. The coarse file . . . makes deep scratches in the work. Moxon. These nails with scratches deform my breast. Prior. God forbid a shallow scratch should drive The prince of Wales from such a field as this. Shak. 2. (Pugilistic Matches) A line across the prize ring; up to which boxers are brought when they join fight; hence, test, trial, or proof of courage; as, to bring to the scratch; to come up to the scratch. [Cant] Grose. 3. pl. (Far.) Minute, but tender and troublesome, excoriations, covered with scabs, upon the heels of horses which have been used where it is very wet or muddy. Law (Farmer's Veter. Adviser). 4. A kind of wig covering only a portion of the head. 5. (Billiards) A shot which scores by chance and not as intended by the player; a fluke. [Cant, U.S.] Scratch cradle. See Cratch cradle, under Cratch. -- Scratch grass (Bot.), a climbing knotweed (Polygonum sagittatum) with a square stem beset with fine recurved prickles along the angles. -- Scratch wig. Same as Scratch, 4, above. Thackeray. Scratch, a. Made, done, or happening by chance; arranged with little or no preparation; determined by circumstances; haphazard; as, a scratch team; a scratch crew for a boat race; a scratch shot in billiards. [Slang] Scratch race, one without restrictions regarding the entrance of competitors; also, one for which the competitors are chosen by lot. Scratch"back` (?), n. A toy which imitates the sound of tearing cloth, -- used by drawing it across the back of unsuspecting persons. [Eng.] Scratch"brush` (?), n. A stiff wire brush for cleaning iron castings and other metal. Scratch" coat` (?). The first coat in plastering; -- called also scratchwork. See Pricking-up. Scratch"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scratches; specifically (Zo\'94l.), any rasorial bird. Scratch"ing, adv. With the action of scratching. Scratch"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Cleavers. Scratch"work` (?), n. See Scratch coat. Scratch"y (?), a. Characterized by scratches. Scraw (?), n. [Ir. scrath a turf, sgraith a turf, green sod; akin to Gael. sgrath, sgroth, the outer skin of anything, a turf, a green sod.] A turf. [Obs.] Swift. Scrawl (?), v. i. See Crawl. [Obs.] Latimer. Scrawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrawled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrawling.] [Probably corrupted from scrabble.] To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly; to write hastily and carelessly; to scratch; to scribble; as, to scrawl a letter. His name, scrawled by himself. Macaulay. Scrawl, v. i. To write unskillfully and inelegantly. Though with a golden pen you scrawl. Swift. <-- p. 1292 --> Scrawl (?), n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; that which is unskillfully or inelegantly written. The left will make such a scrawl, that it will not be legible. Arbuthnot. You bid me write no more than a scrawl to you. Gray. Scrawl"er (?), n. One who scrawls; a hasty, awkward writer. Scraw"ny (?), a. [Cf. Scrannel.] Meager; thin; rawboned; bony; scranny. Scray (?), n. [Cf. W. ysgr\'84en, ysgr\'84ell, a sea swallow, Armor. skrav.] (Zo\'94l.) A tern; the sea swallow. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also sgraye.] Scre"a*ble (?), a. [L. screare to hawk, spit out.] Capable of being spit out. [Obs.] Bailey. Screak (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screaking.] [Cf. Icel. skr\'91kja to screech. Cf. Creak, v., Screech.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound; to screech; to creak, as a door or wheel. Screak, n. A creaking; a screech; a shriek. Bp. Bull. Scream (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screaming.] [Icel. skr\'91ma to scare, terrify; akin to Sw. skr\'84ma, Dan. skr\'91mme. Cf. Screech.] To cry out with a shrill voice; to utter a sudden, sharp outcry, or shrill, loud cry, as in fright or extreme pain; to shriek; to screech. I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Shak. And scream thyself as none e'er screamed before. Pope. Scream, n. A sharp, shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; a shriek; a screech. \'bdScreams of horror.\'b8 Pope. Scream"er (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of three species of South American birds constituting the family Anhimid\'91, and the suborder Palamede\'91. They have two spines on each wing, and the head is either crested or horned. They are easily tamed, and then serve as guardians for other poultry. The crested screamers, or chajas, belong to the genus Chauna. The horned screamer, or kamichi, is Palamedea cornuta. Scream"ing, a. 1. Uttering screams; shrieking. 2. Having the nature of a scream; like a scream; shrill; sharp. The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry. Dryden. Scree (?), n. A pebble; a stone; also, a heap of stones or rocky d\'82bris. [Prov. Eng.] Southey. Screech (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screeched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screeching.] [Also formerly, scritch, OE. skriken, skrichen, schriken, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skr to shriek, to screech, skr to titter, Sw. skrika to shriek, Dan. skrige; also Gael. sgreach, sgreuch, W. ysgrechio, Skr. kharj to creak. Cf. Shriek, v., Scream, v.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry; to make a sharp outcry, as in terror or acute pain; to scream; to shriek. \'bdThe screech owl, screeching loud.\'b8 Shak. Screech, n. A harsh, shrill cry, as of one in acute pain or in fright; a shriek; a scream. Screech bird, Screech thrush (Zo\'94l.), the fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. -- Screech rain. -- Screech hawk (Zo\'94l.), the European goatsucker; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Screech owl. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A small American owl (Scops asio), either gray or reddish in color. (b) The European barn owl. The name is applied also to other species. Screech"ers (?), n. pl. (Zo\'94l.) The picarian birds, as distinguished from the singing birds. Screech"y (?), a. Like a screech; shrill and harsh. Screed (?), n. [Prov. E., a shred, the border of a cap. See Shred.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A strip of plaster of the thickness proposed for the coat, applied to the wall at intervals of four or five feet, as a guide. (b) A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat. 2. A fragment; a portion; a shred. [Scot.] Screed, n. [See 1st Screed. For sense 2 cf. also Gael. sgread an outcry.] 1. A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as, martial screeds. 2. An harangue; a long tirade on any subject. The old carl gae them a screed of doctrine; ye might have heard him a mile down the wind. Sir W. Scott. Screen (?), n. [OE. scren, OF. escrein, escran, F. \'82cran, of uncertain origin; cf. G. schirm a screen, OHG. scrim, scern a protection, shield, or G. schragen a trestle, a stack of wood, or G. schranne a railing.] 1. Anything that separates or cuts off inconvience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as, a fire screen. Your leavy screens throw down. Shak. Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of danger and envy. Bacon. 2. (Arch.) A dwarf wall or partition carried up to a certain height for separation and protection, as in a church, to separate the aisle from the choir, or the like. 3. A surface, as that afforded by a curtain, sheet, wall, etc., upon which an image, as a picture, is thrown by a magic lantern, solar microscope, etc. 4. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, sometimes a revolving perforated cylinder, used to separate the coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, sand, gravel, and the like. <-- 5. A netting, usu. of metal, contained in a frame, used mostly in windows or doors to allow in fresh air while excluding insects. Screen door, a door of which half or more is composed of a screen. Screen window, a screen fitted for insertion into a window frame. 6. The surface of an electronic device, as a television set or computer monitor, on which a visible image is formed. The screen is frequently the surface of a cathode-ray tube containing phosphors excited by the electron beam, but other methods for causing an image to appear on the screen are also used, as in flat-panel displays. 7. The motion-picture industry; motion pictures. "A star of stage and screen." --> Screen (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screening.] 1. To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill. They were encouraged and screened by some who were in high comands. Macaulay. 2. To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift. <-- 3. To examine a group of objects methodically, to separate them into groups or to select one or more for some purpose. As -- (a), To inspect the qualifications of candidates for a job, to select one or more to be hired. (b) (Biochem., Med) To test a large number of samples, in order to find those having specific desirable properties; as, to screen plant extracts for anticancer agents. --> Screen"ings (?), n. pl. The refuse left after screening sand, coal, ashes, etc. Screw (?), n. [OE. scrue, OF. escroue, escroe, female screw, F. \'82crou, L. scrobis a ditch, trench, in LL., the hole made by swine in rooting; cf. D. schroef a screw, G. schraube, Icel. skr.] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perforation, having a continuous rib, called the thread, winding round it spirally at a constant inclination, so as to leave a continuous spiral groove, between one turn and the next, -- used chiefly for producing, when revolved, motion or pressure in the direction of its axis, by the sliding of the threads of the cylinder in the grooves between the threads of the perforation adapted to it, the former being distinguished as the external, or male screw, or, more usually the screw; the latter as the internal, or female screw, or, more usually, the nut. pitch of the thread. 2. Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; -- called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below. 3. Anything shaped or acting like a screw; esp., a form of wheel for propelling steam vessels. It is placed at the stern, and furnished with blades having helicoidal surfaces to act against the water in the manner of a screw. See Screw propeller, below. 4. A steam vesel propelled by a screw instead of wheels; a screw steamer; a propeller. 5. An extortioner; a sharp bargainer; a skinflint; a niggard. Thackeray. 6. An instructor who examines with great or unnecessary severity; also, a searching or strict examination of a student by an instructor. [Cant, American Colleges] 7. A small packet of tobacco. [Slang] Mayhew. 8. An unsound or worn-out horse, useful as a hack, and commonly of good appearance. Ld. Lytton. 9. (Math.) A straight line in space with which a definite linear magnitude termed the pitch is associated (cf. 5th Pitch, 10 (b)). It is used to express the displacement of a rigid body, which may always be made to consist of a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to that axis. 10. (Zo\'94l.) An amphipod crustacean; as, the skeleton screw (Caprella). See Sand screw, under Sand. Archimedes screw, Compound screw, Foot screw, etc. See under Archimedes, Compound, Foot, etc. -- A screw loose, something out of order, so that work is not done smoothly; as, there is a screw loose somewhere. H. Martineau. -- Endless, perpetual screw, a screw used to give motion to a toothed wheel by the action of its threads between the teeth of the wheel; -- called also a worm. -- Lag screw. See under Lag. -- Micrometer screw, a screw with fine threads, used for the measurement of very small spaces. -- Right and left screw, a screw having threads upon the opposite ends which wind in opposite directions. -- Screw alley. See Shaft alley, under Shaft. -- Screw bean. (Bot.) (a) The curious spirally coiled pod of a leguminous tree (Prosopis pubescens) growing from Texas to California. It is used for fodder, and ground into meal by the Indians. (b) The tree itself. Its heavy hard wood is used for fuel, for fencing, and for railroad ties. -- Screw bolt, a bolt having a screw thread on its shank, in distinction from a key bolt. See 1st Bolt, 3. -- Screw box, a device, resembling a die, for cutting the thread on a wooden screw. -- Screw dock. See under Dock. -- Screw engine, a marine engine for driving a screw propeller. -- Screw gear. See Spiral gear, under Spiral. -- Screw jack. Same as Jackscrew. -- Screw key, a wrench for turming a screw or nut; a spanner wrench. -- Screw machine. (a) One of a series of machines employed in the manufacture of wood screws. (b) A machine tool resembling a lathe, having a number of cutting tools that can be caused to act on the work successively, for making screws and other turned pieces from metal rods. -- Screw pine (Bot.), any plant of the endogenous genus Pandanus, of which there are about fifty species, natives of tropical lands from Africa to Polynesia; -- named from the spiral arrangement of the pineapple-like leaves. -- Screw plate, a device for cutting threads on small screws, consisting of a thin steel plate having a series of perforations with internal screws forming dies. -- Screw press, a press in which pressure is exerted by means of a screw. -- Screw propeller, a screw or spiral bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; also, a steam vessel propelled by a screw. -- Screw shell (Zo\'94l.), a long, slender, spiral gastropod shell, especially of the genus Turritella and allied genera. See Turritella. -- Screw steamer, a steamship propelled by a screw. -- Screw thread, the spiral which forms a screw. -- Screw stone (Paleon.), the fossil stem of an encrinite. -- Screw tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Helicteres, consisting of about thirty species of tropical shrubs, with simple leaves and spirally twisted, five-celled capsules; -- also called twisted-horn, and twisty. -- Screw valve, a stop valve which is opened or closed by a screw. -- Screw worm (Zo\'94l.), the larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. -- Screw wrench. (a) A wrench for turning a screw. (b) A wrench with an adjustable jaw that is moved by a screw. -- To put the screw, , on, to use pressure upon, as for the purpose of extortion; to coerce. -- To put under the screw screws, to subject to presure; to force. -- Wood screw, a metal screw with a sharp thread of coarse pitch, adapted to holding fast in wood. See Illust. of Wood screw, under Wood. Screw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press. 2. To force; to squeeze; to press, as by screws. But screw your courage to the sticking place, And we'll not fail. Shak. 3. Hence: To practice extortion upon; to oppress by unreasonable or extortionate exactions. Our country landlords, by unmeasureable screwing and racking their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people to a worse condition than the peasants in France. swift. 4. To twist; to distort; as, to screw his visage. He screwed his face into a hardened smile. Dryden. 5. To examine rigidly, as a student; to subject to a severe examination. [Cant, American Colleges] To screw out, to press out; to extort. -- To screw up, to force; to bring by violent pressure. Howell.<-- (b) to damage by unskillful effort; to bungle; to botch; to mess up. (c) [intrans] to fail by unskillful effort, usu. causing unpleasant consequences. --> -- To screw in, to force in by turning or twisting. <-- Screw around, (a) to act aimlessly or unproductively. (b) screw around with, to operate or make changes on (a machine or device) without expert knowledge; to fiddle with. [Colloq.] (c) commit adultery; to be sexually promiscuous. --> Screw, v. i. 1. To use violent mans in making exactions; to be oppressive or exacting. Howitt. 2. To turn one's self uneasily with a twisting motion; as, he screws about in his chair. <-- Screwball, n. 1. an eccentric or crazy person; an oddball. 2. a baseball pitch that curves in the direction opposite to that of a curve ball. adj. eccentric; zany; crazy. --> Screw"-cut`ting (?), a. Adapted for forming a screw by cutting; as, a screw-cutting lathe. Screw"-driv`er (?), n. A tool for turning screws so as to drive them into their place. It has a thin end which enters the nick in the head of the screw. Screw"er (?), n. One who, or that which, screws. Screw"ing, a. & n. from Screw, v. t. Screwing machine. See Screw machine, under Screw. Scrib"a*ble (?), a. [See Scribe.] Capable of being written, or of being written upon. [R.] Scri*ba"tious (?), a. [See Scribe.] Skillful in, or fond of, writing. [Obs.] Barrow. Scrib"bet (?), n. A painter's pencil. Scrib"ble (?), v. t. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Woolen Manuf.) To card coarsely; to run through the scribling machine. Scrib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribling (?).] [From Scrible.] 1. To write hastily or carelessly, without regard to correctness or elegance; as, to scribble a letter. 2. To fill or cover with careless or worthless writing. Scrib"ble, v. i. To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl. If M\'91vius scribble in Apollo's spite. Pope. Scrib"ble, n. Hasty or careless writing; a writing of little value; a scrawl; as, a hasty scribble. Boyle. Neither did I but vacant seasons spend In this my scribble. Bunyan. Scrib"ble*ment (?), n. A scribble. [R.] oster. Scrib"bler (?), n. One who scribles; a literary hack. The scribbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine. Granville. Scrib"bler, n. A scribbling machine. Scrib"bling (?), n. [See 1st Scribble.] The act or process of carding coarsely. Scribbing machine, the machine used for the first carding of wool or other fiber; -- called also scribbler. Scrib"bling, a. Writing hastily or poorly. Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks! Goldsmith. Scrib"bling, n. The act of writing hastily or idly. Scrib"bling*ly, adv. In a scribbling manner. Scribe (?), n. [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write; cf. Gr. scarify. Cf. Ascribe, Describe, Script, Scrivener, Scrutoire.] 1. One who writes; a draughtsman; a writer for another; especially, an offical or public writer; an amanuensis or secretary; a notary; a copyist. 2. (Jewish Hist.) A writer and doctor of the law; one skilled in the law and traditions; one who read and explained the law to the people. <-- p. 1293 --> Scribe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribing.] 1. To write, engrave, or mark upon; to inscribe. Spenser. 2. (Carp.) To cut (anything) in such a way as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a molding, or the like; -- so called because the workman marks, or scribe, with the compasses the line that he afterwards cuts. 3. To score or mark with compasses or a scribing iron. Scribing iron, an iron-pointed instrument for scribing, or marking, casks and logs. Scribe, v. i. To make a mark. With the separated points of a pair of spring dividers scribe around the edge of the templet. A. M. Mayer. Scrib"er (?), n. A sharp-pointed tool, used by joiners for drawing lines on stuff; a marking awl. Scrib"ism (?), n. The character and opinions of a Jewish scribe in the time of Christ. F. W. Robertson. Scrid (?), n. A screed; a shred; a fragment. [R.] Scrig"gle (?), v. i. To wriggle. [Prov. Eng.] Scrim (?), n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, -- used for curtains, etc,; -- called also India scrim. 2. pl. Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc. Scri"mer (?), n. [F. escrimeur. See Skirmish.] A fencing master. [Obs.] Shak. Scrim"mage (?; 48), n. [A corruption of skirmish. \'bdSore scrymmishe.\'b8 Ld. Berners.]] [Written also scrummage.] 1. Formerly, a skirmish; now, a general row or confused fight or struggle. 2. (Football) The struggle in the rush lines after the ball is put in play. Scrimp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrimped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] [Cf. Dan. skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen. Cf. Shrimp, Shrine.] To make too small or short; to limit or straiten; to put on short allowance; to scant; to contract; to shorten; as, to scrimp the pattern of a coat. <-- To economize. Scrimp and save. Economize and save the money not spent. --> Scrimp, a. Short; scanty; curtailed. Scrimp, n. A pinching miser; a niggard. [U.S.] Scrimp"ing, a. & n. from Scrimp, v. t. Scrimping bar, a device used in connection with a calico printing machine for stretching the fabric breadthwise so that it may be smooth for printing. Knight. Scrimp"ing*ly, adv. In a scrimping manner. Scrimp"ness, n. The state of being scrimp. Scrimp"tion (?), n. A small portion; a pittance; a little bit. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scrim"shaw` (?), v. t. To ornament, as shells, ivory, etc., by engraving, and (usually) rubbing pigments into the incised lines. [Sailor's cant. U.S.] Scrim"shaw`, n. A shell, a whale's tooth, or the like, that is scrimshawed. [Sailor's cant, U.S.] Scrine (?), n. [L. scrinium a case for books, letters, etc.: cf. OF. escrin, F. \'82crin. See Shrine.] A chest, bookcase, or other place, where writings or curiosities are deposited; a shrine. [Obs.] But laid them up in immortial scrine. Spenser. Scrine (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scringing (?).] [Cf. Cringe.] To cringe. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Scrip (?), n. [OE. scrippe, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & OSw. skreppa, and also LL. scrippum, OF. esquerpe, escrepe, F. \'82charpe scarf. Cf. Scarp, Scarf a piece of dress.] A small bag; a wallet; a satchel. [Archaic] Chaucer. And in requital ope his leathern scrip. Milton. Scrip, n. [From script.] 1. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece of paper containing a writing. Call them generally, man by man, according to the scrip. Shak. Bills of exchange can not pay our debts abroad, till scrips of paper can be made current coin. Locke. 2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the capital of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a share of other joint property, or a loan, stating the amount of the subscription and the date of the payment of the installments; as, insurance scrip, consol scrip, etc. When all the installments are paid, the scrip is exchanged for a bond share certificate. 3. Paper fractional currency. [Colloq.U.S.] Scrip"page (?; 48), n. The contents of a scrip, or wallet. [Obs.] Shak. Script (?), n. [OE. scrit, L. scriptum something written, fr. scribere, scriptum to write: cf. OF. escript, , F. \'82crit. See Scribe, and cf. Scrip a writing.] 1. A writing; a written document. [Obs.] aucer. 2. (Print.) Type made in imitation of handwriting. 3. (Law) An original instrument or document. 4. Written characters; style of writing. <-- 5. The written document containing the dialogue and action for a drama; the text of a stage play, movie, or other performance. Especially, the final form used for the performance itself. --> Scrip*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Scriptoria (#). [LL. See Scriptory.] In an abbey or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying manuscripts; in general, a room devoted to writing. Writing rooms, or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature . . . were copied and illuminated. J. R. Green. Scrip"to*ry (?), a. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere, scriptum to write.] Of or pertaining to writing; expressed in writing; used in writing; as, scriptory wills; a scriptory reed. [R.] Swift. Scrip"tur*al (?; 135), a. Contained in the Scriptures; according to the Scriptures, or sacred oracles; biblical; as, a scriptural doctrine. Scrip"tur*al*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being scriptural; literal adherence to the Scriptures. Scrip"tur*al*ist, n. One who adheres literally to the Scriptures. Scrip"tur*al*ly, adv. In a scriptural manner. Scrip"tur*al*ness, n. Quality of being scriptural. Scrip"ture (?; 135), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write: cf. OF. escripture, escriture, F. \'82criture. See Scribe.] 1. Anything written; a writing; a document; an inscription. I have put it in scripture and in remembrance. Chaucer. Then the Lord of Manny read the scripture on the tomb, the which was in Latin. Ld. Berners. 2. The books of the Old and the new Testament, or of either of them; the Bible; -- used by way of eminence or distinction, and chiefly in the plural. There is not any action a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it. South. Compared with the knowledge which the Scripteres contain, every other subject of human inquiry is vanity. Buckminster. 3. A passage from the Bible;; a text. The devil can eite Scripture for his purpose. Shak. Hanging by the twined thread of one doubtful Scripture. Milton. Scrip*tu"ri*an (?), n. A Scripturist. [Obs.] Scrip"tur*ist (?; 135), n. One who is strongly attached to, or versed in, the Scriptures, or who endeavors to regulate his life by them. The Puritan was a Scripturist with all his heart, if as yet with imperfect intelligence . . . he cherished the scheme of looking to the Word of God as his sole and universal directory. Palfrey. Scrit (?), n. [See Script.] Writing; document; scroll. [Obs.] \'bdOf every scrit and bond.\'b8 Chaucer. Scritch (?), n. A screech. [R.] Perhaps it is the owlet's scritch. Coleridge. Scrive"ner (? , n. [From older scrivein, OF. escrivain, F. \'82crivain, LL. scribanus, from L. scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. A professional writer; one whose occupation is to draw contracts or prepare writings. Shak. The writer better scrivener than clerk. Fuller. 2. One whose business is to place money at interest; a broker. [Obs.] ryden. 3. A writing master. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scrivener's palsy. See Writer's cramp, under Writer. \'d8Scro*bic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Scrobicul\'91 (#). [NL. See Scrobiculate.] (Zo\'94l.) One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin. Scro*bic"u*lar (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to, or surrounding, scrobicul\'91; as, scrobicular tubercles. { Scro*bic"u*late (?), Scro*bic"u*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis a ditch or trench.] (Bot.) Having numerous small, shallow depressions or hollows; pitted. { Scrod (?), Scrode (?) }, n. A young codfish, especially when cut open on the back and dressed. [Written also escrod.] [Local, U.S.] Scrod"dled ware` (?). Mottled pottery made from scraps of differently colored clays. Scrof"u*la (?), n. [L. scrofulae, fr. scrofa a breeding sow, because swine were supposed to be subject to such a complaint, or by a fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs; perhaps akin to Gr. scrofules. Cf. Scroyle.] (Med.) A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption). Scrof"u*lide (? , n. (Med.) Any affection of the skin dependent on scrofula. Scrof"u*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. scrofuleux.] 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partaking of its nature; as, scrofulous tumors; a scrofulous habit of body. 2. Diseased or affected with scrofula. Scrofulous persons can never be duly nourished. Arbuthnot. -- Scorf"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Scrof"u*lous*ness, n. Scrog (?), n. [Cf. Scrag, or Gael. sgrogag anything shriveled, from sgrag to compress, shrivel.] A stunted shrub, bush, or branch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Scrog"gy (?), a. Abounding in scrog; also, twisted; stunted. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. Scroll (?), n. [A dim. of OE. scroue, scrowe (whence E. escrow), OF. escroe, escroue, F. \'82crou entry in the jail book, LL. scroa scroll, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OD. schroode a strip, shred, slip of paper, akin to E. shred. Cf. Shred, Escrow.] 1. A roll of paper or parchment; a writing formed into a roll; a schedule; a list. The heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll. Isa. xxxiv. 4. Here is the scroll of every man's name. Shak. 2. (Arch.) An ornament formed of undulations giving off spirals or sprays, usually suggestive of plant form. Roman architectural ornament is largely of some scroll pattern. 3. A mark or flourish added to a person's signature, intended to represent a seal, and in some States allowed as a substitute for a seal. [U.S.] Burrill. 4. (Geom.) Same as Skew surface. See under Skew. Linen scroll (Arch.) See under Linen. -- Scroll chuck (Mach.), an adjustable chuck, applicable to a lathe spindle, for centering and holding work, in which the jaws are adjusted and tightened simultaneously by turning a disk having in its face a spiral groove which is entered by teeth on the backs of the jaws. -- Scroll saw. See under Saw. Scrolled (?), a. Formed like a scroll; contained in a scroll; adorned with scrolls; as, scrolled work. \'d8Scroph`u*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL. So called because it was reputed to be remedy for scrofula.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort. Scroph`u*la`ri*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of gamopetalous plants (Scrophulariace\'91, or Scrophularine\'91), usually having irregular didynamous flowers and a two-celled pod. The order includes the mullein, foxglove, snapdragon, figwort, painted cup, yellow rattle, and some exotic trees, as the Paulownia. Scro"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scrotum; as, scrotal hernia. Scro"ti*form (?), a. [L. scrotum scrotum + -form.] Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped. Scro"to*cele (?), n. [Scrotum + Gr. scrotoc\'82le.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the scrotum; scrotal hernia. \'d8Scro"tum (?), n. [L.] (Anat.) The bag or pouch which contains the testicles; the cod. Scrouge (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To crowd; to squeeze. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Scrow (? , n. [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. A clipping from skins; a currier's cuttings. Scroyle (?), n. [Cf. OF. escrouselle a kind of vermin, escrouelles, pl., scrofula, F. \'82crouelles, fr. (assumed) LL. scrofulae. See Scrofula, and cf. Cruels.] A mean fellow; a wretch. [Obs.] hak. Scrub (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrubbing.] [OE. scrobben, probably of Dutch or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. sckrubbe, Sw. skrubba, D. schrobben, LG. schrubben.] To rub hard; to wash with rubbing; usually, to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening; as, to scrub a floor, a doorplate. Scrub, v. i. To rub anything hard, especially with a wet brush; to scour; hence, to be diligent and penurious; as, to scrub hard for a living. Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly; a mean fellow. \'bdA sorry scrub.\'b8 Bunyan. We should go there in as proper a manner possible; nor altogether like the scrubs about us. Goldsmith. 2. Something small and mean. 3. A worn-out brush. Ainsworth. 4. A thicket or jungle, often specified by the name of the prevailing plant; as, oak scrub, palmetto scrub, etc. 5. (Stock Breeding) One of the commen live stock of a region of no particular breed or not of pure breed, esp. when inferior in size, etc. [U.S.] Scrub bird (Zo\'94l.), an Australian passerine bird of the family Atrichornithid\'91, as Atrichia clamosa; -- called also brush bird. -- Scrub oak (Bot.), the popular name of several dwarfish species of oak. The scrub oak of New England and the Middle States is Quercus ilicifolia, a scraggy shrub; that of the Southern States is a small tree (Q. Catesb\'91i); that of the Rocky Mountain region is Q. undulata, var. Gambelii. -- Scrub robin (Zo\'94l.), an Australian singing bird of the genus Drymodes. Scrub, a. Mean; dirty; contemptible; scrubby. How solitary, how scrub, does this town lokk! Walpole. No little scrub joint shall come on my board. Swift. Scrub game, a game, as of ball, by unpracticed players. -- Scrub race, a race between scrubs, or between untrained animals or contestants. Scrub"bed (?), a. Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby. Scrub"ber (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs; esp., a brush used in scrubbing. 2. (Gas Manuf.) A gas washer. See under Gas. Scrub"board` (?), n. A baseboard; a mopboard. Scrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Scrubbier (?); superl. Scrubbiest.] Of the nature of scrub; small and mean; stunted in growth; as, a scrubby cur. \'bdDense, scrubby woods.\'b8 Duke of Argull. Scrub"stone` (?), n. A species of calciferous sandstone. [Prov. Eng.] Scruff (?), n. [See Scurf.] Scurf. [Obs.] Scruff, n. [Cf. Scuff.] The nape of the neck; the loose outside skin, as of the back of the neck. Scrum"mage (?; 43), n. See Scrimmage. Scrump"tious (?), a. Nice; particular; fastidious; excellent; fine. [Slang] Scrunch (?), v. t. & v. i. [Cf. Scranch, Crunch.] To scranch; to crunch. Dickens. Scru"ple (?), n. [L. scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a scruple, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, uneasiness; perh. akin to Gr. kshura: cf. F. scrupule.] 1. A weight of twenty grains; the third part of a dram. 2. Hence, a very small quantity; a particle. I will not bate thee a scruple. Shak. 3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation proceeding from motives of conscience. He was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples. Macaulay. To make scruple, to hesitate from conscientious motives; to scruple. Locke. Scru"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrupled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skrupling (?).] To be reluctant or to hesitate, as regards an action, on account of considerations of conscience or expedience. We are often over-precise, scrupling to say or do those things which lawfully we may. Fuller. Men scruple at the lawfulness of a set form of divine worship. South. Scru"ple, v. t. 1. To regard with suspicion; to hesitate at; to question. Others long before them . . . scrupled more the books of hereties than of gentiles. Milton. 2. To excite scruples in; to cause to scruple. [R.] Letters which did still scruple many of them. E. Symmons. Scru"pler (?), n. One who scruples. Scru"pu*list (?), n. A scrupler. [Obs.] Scru"ou-lize (?), v. t. To perplex with scruples; to regard with scruples. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. <-- p. 1294 --> Scru`pu*los"i*ty (?), n. [L. scrupulositas.] The quality or state of being scruppulous; doubt; doubtfulness respecting decision or action; caution or tenderness from the far of doing wrong or ofending; nice regard to exactness and propierty; precision. The first sacrilege is looked on with horror; but when they have made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires. Dr. H. More. Careful, even to scrupulosity, . . . to keep their Sabbath. South. Scru"pu*lous (?), a. [L. scrupulosus: cf. F. scrupuleux.] 1. Full ofscrupules; inclined to scruple; nicely doubtful; hesitating to determine or to act, from a fear of offending or of doing wrong. Abusing their liberty, to the offense of their weak brethren which were scrupulous. Hooker. 2. Careful; cautious; exact; nice; as, scrupulous abstinence from labor; scrupulous performance of duties. 3. Given to making objections; captious. [Obs.] Equality of two domestic powers Breed scrupulous faction. Shak. 4. Liable to be doubted; doubtful; nice. [Obs.] The justice of that cause ought to be evident; not obscrure, not scrupulous. Bacon. Syn. -- Cautious; careful; conscientious; hesitating. -- Scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. -- Scru"pu*lous*ness, n. Scru"ta*ble (?), a. Discoverable by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical examination. [R.] r. H. More. Scru*ta"tion (?), n. [L. scrutatio.] Search; scrutiny. [Obs.] \'d8Scru*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. Ayliffe. Scru`ti*neer (?), n. A scrutinizer; specifically, an examiner of votes, as at an election. Scru"ti*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrutinized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing (?).] [From Scrutiny.] To examine closely; to inspect or observe with critical attention; to regard narrowly; as, to scrutinize the measures of administration; to scrutinize the conduct or motives of individuals. Whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize. Ayliffe. Thscrutinized his face the closest. G. W. Cable. Scru"ti*nize, v. i. To make scrutiny. Scru"ti*ni`zer (?), n. One who scrutinizes. Scru"ti*nous (?), a. Closely examining, or inquiring; careful; sctrict. -- Scru"ti*nous*ly, adv. Scru"ti*ny (?), n. [L. scrutinium, fr. scrutari to search carefuly, originally, to search even to the rags, fr. scruta trash, trumpery; perhaps akin to E. shred: cf. AS. scrudnian to make scrutiny.] 1. Close examination; minute inspection; critical observation. They that have designed exactness and deep scrutiny have taken some one part of nature. Sir M. Hale. Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view And narrower scrutiny. Milton. 2. (Anc. Church) An examination of catechumens, in the last week of Lent, who were to receive baptism on Easter Day. 3. (Canon Law) A ticket, or little paper billet, on which a vote is written. 4. (Parliamentary Practice) An examination by a committee of the votes given at an election, for the purpose of correcting the poll. Brande & C. Scru"ti*ny, v. t. To scrutinize. [Obs.] Scru*toire" (?), n. [OF. escritoire. See Escritoire.] A escritoire; a writing desk. Scruze (?), v. t. [Cf. Excruciate.] To squeeze, compress, crush, or bruise. [Obs. or Low] Spenser. Scry (?), v. t. To descry. [Obs.] Spenser. Scry, n. [From Scry, v.] A flock of wild fowl. Scry, n. [OE. ascrie, fr. ascrien to cry out, fr. OF. escrier, F. s'\'82crier. See Ex-, and Cry.] A cry or shout. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. Scud (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scudding.] [Dan. skyde to shoot, shove, push, akin to skud shot, gunshot, a shoot, young bough, and to E. shoot. Shoot.] 1. To move swiftly; especially, to move as if driven forward by something. The first nautilus that scudded upon the glassy surface of warm primeval oceans. I. Taylor. The wind was high; the vast white clouds scudded over the blue heaven. Beaconsfield. 2. (Naut.) To be driven swiftly, or to run, before a gale, with little or no sail spread. Scud, v. t. To pass over quickly. [R.] Shenstone. Scud, n. 1. The act of scudding; a driving along; a rushing with precipitation. 2. Loose, vapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind. Borne on the scud of the sea. Longfellow. The scud was flying fast above us, throwing a veil over the moon. Sir S. Baker. 3. A slight, sudden shower. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 4. (Zo\'94l.) A small flight of larks, or other birds, less than a flock. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Zo\'94l.) Any swimming amphipod crustacean. Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud. Scud"dle (?), v. i. [Freq. of scud: cf. Scuttle to hurry.] To run hastily; to hurry; to scuttle. \'d8Scu"do (?), n.; pl. Scudi (#). [It., a crown, a dollar, a shield, fr. L. scutum a shield. Cf. Scute.] (Com.) (a) A silver coin, and money of account, used in Italy and Sicily, varying in value, in different parts, but worth about 4 shillings sterling, or about 96 cents; also, a gold coin worth about the same. (b) A gold coin of Rome, worth 64 shillings 11 pence sterling, or about $ 15.70. Scuff (?), n. [Cf. D. schoft shoulder, Goth. skuft hair of the head. Cf. Scruff.] The back part of the neck; the scruff. [Prov. Eng.] Ld. Lytton. Scuff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffing.] [See Scuffle.] To walk without lifting the feet; to proceed with a scraping or dragging movement; to shuffle. Scuf"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffling (?).] [Freq. of scuff, v.i.; cf. Sw. skuffa to push, shove, skuff a push, Dan. skuffe a drawer, a shovel, and E. shuffle, shove. See Shove, and cf. Shuffle.] 1. To strive or struggle with a close grapple; to wrestle in a rough fashion. 2. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously; to struggle confusedly or at haphazard. A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantage in the field, in an orderly way, than scuffle with an undisciplined rabble. Eikon Basilike. Scuf"fle, n. 1. A rough, haphazard struggle, or trial of strength; a disorderly wrestling at close quarters. 2. Hence, a confused contest; a tumultuous struggle for superiority; a fight. The dog leaps upon the serpent, and tears it to pieces; but in the scuffle the cradle happened to be overturned. L'Estrange. 3. A child's pinafore or bib. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A garden hoe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scuf"fler (?), n. 1. One who scuffles. 2. An agricultural implement resembling a scarifier, but usually lighter. Scug (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skugge to darken, a shade, SW. skugga to shade, a shade, Icel. skuggja to shade, skuggi a shade.] To hide. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scug, n. A place of shelter; the declivity of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. { Sculk (?), Sculk"er (?) }. See Skulk, Skulker. Scull (?), n. (Anat.) The skull. [Obs.] Scull, n. [See 1st School.] A shoal of fish. Milton. Scull, n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skola to wash.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A boat; a cockboat. See Sculler. (b) One of a pair of short oars worked by one person. (c) A single oar used at the stern in propelling a boat. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The common skua gull. [Prov. Eng.] Scull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sculling.] (Naut.) To impel (a boat) with a pair of sculls, or with a single scull or oar worked over the stern obliquely from side to side. Scull, v. i. To impel a boat with a scull or sculls. Scull"er (?), n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, or short oars. [R.] Dryden. 2. One who sculls. Scul"ler*y (?), n.; pl. Sculleries (#). [Probably originally, a place for washing dishes, and for swillery, fr. OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian (see Swill to wash, to drink), but influenced either by Icel. skola, skyla, Dan. skylle, or by OF. escuelier a place for keeping dishes, fr. escuele a dish, F. \'82cuelle, fr. L. scutella a salver, waiter (cf. Scuttle a basket); or perhaps the English word is immediately from the OF. escuelier; cf. OE. squyllare a dishwasher.] 1. A place where dishes, kettles, and culinary utensils, are cleaned and kept; also, a room attached to the kitchen, where the coarse work is done; a back kitchen. 2. Hence, refuse; fifth; offal. [Obs.] auden. Scul"lion (?), n. (Bot.) A scalion. Scul"lion, n. [OF. escouillon (Cot.) a dishclout, apparently for escouvillon, F. \'82couvillon a swab; cf. also OF. souillon a servant employed for base offices. Cf. Scovel.] A servant who cleans pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen. The meanest scullion that followed his camp. South. Scul"lion*ly, a. Like a scullion; base. [Obs.] Milton. Sculp (?), v. t. [See Sculptor.] To sculpture; to carve; to engrave. [Obs. or Humorous.] Sandys. Scul"pin (?), n. [Written also skulpin.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of numerous species of marine cottoid fishes of the genus Cottus, or Acanthocottus, having a large head armed with sharp spines, and a broad mouth. They are generally mottled with yellow, brown, and black. Several species are found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and America. (b) A large cottoid market fish of California (Scorp\'91nichthys marmoratus); -- called also bighead, cabezon, scorpion, salpa. (c) The dragonet, or yellow sculpin, of Europe (Callionymus lura). Deep-water sculpin, the sea raven. Sculp"tile (?), a. [L. sculptilis. See Sculptor.] Formed by carving; graven; as, sculptile images. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sculp"tor (?), n. [L. sculptor, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to carve; cf. scalpere to cut, carve, scratch, and Gr. sculpteur.] 1. One who sculptures; one whose occupation is to carve statues, or works of sculpture. 2. Hence, an artist who designs works of sculpture, his first studies and his finished model being usually in a plastic material, from which model the marble is cut, or the bronze is cast. Sculp"tress (?), n. A female sculptor. Sculp"tur*al (?; 135), a. Of or pertaining to sculpture. G. Eliot. Sculp"ture (?; 135), n. [L. sculptura: cf. F. sculpture.] 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, etc., into statues, ornaments, etc., or into figures, as of men, or other things; hence, the art of producing figures and groups, whether in plastic or hard materials. 2. Carved work modeled of, or cut upon, wood, stone, metal, etc. There, too, in living sculpture, might be seen The mad affection of the Cretan queen. Dryden. Sculp"ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculptured (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sculpturing.] To form with the chisel on, in, or from, wood, stone, or metal; to carve; to engrave. Sculptured tortoise (Zo\'94l.), a common North American wood tortoise (Glyptemys insculpta). The shell is marked with strong grooving and ridges which resemble sculptured figures. Sculp`tur*esque" (?), a. After the manner of sculpture; resembling, or relating to, sculpture. Scum (?), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. skum, Icel. sk, LG. schum, D. schuim, OHG. sc, G. schaum; probably from a root meaning, to cover. Hide skin, Meerschaum, Skim, v., Sky.] 1. The extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the surface of liquids in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means; also, the scoria of metals in a molten state; dross. Some to remove the scum it did rise. Spenser. 2. refuse; recrement; anything vile or worthless. The great and innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse of the people. Addison. Scum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scumming (?).] 1. To take the scum from; to clear off the impure matter from the surface of; to skim. You that scum the molten lead. Dryden & Lee. 2. To sweep or range over the surface of. [Obs.] Wandering up and down without certain seat, they lived by scumming those seas and shores as pirates. Milton. Scum, v. i. To form a scum; to become covered with scum. Also used figuratively. Life, and the interest of life, have stagnated and scummed over. A. K. H. Boyd. Scum"ber (?), v. i. [Cf. Discumber.] To void excrement. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger. Scum"ber, n. Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Scum"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scumbling (?).] [Freq. of scum. (Fine Arts) To cover lighty, as a painting, or a drawing, with a thin wash of opaque color, or with color-crayon dust rubbed on with the stump, or to make any similar additions to the work, so as to produce a softened effect. Scum"bling (?), n. 1. (Fine Arts) (a) A mode of obtaining a softened effect, in painting and drawing, by the application of a thin layer of opaque color to the surface of a painting, or part of the surface, which is too bright in color, or which requires harmonizing. (b) In crayon drawing, the use of the stump. 2. The color so laid on. Also used figuratively. Shining above the brown scumbling of leafless orchards. L. Wallace. Scum"mer (?), v. i. To scumber. [Obs.] Holland. Scum"mer, n. Excrement; scumber. [Obs.] Scum"mer, n. [Cf. OF. escumoire, F. \'82cumoire. See Scum, and cf. Skimmer.] An instrument for taking off scum; a skimmer. Scum"ming (?), n. (a) The act of taking off scum. (b) That which is scummed off; skimmings; scum; -- used chiefly in the plural. Scum"my (?), a. Covered with scum; of the nature of scum. Sir P. Sidney. Scun"ner (?), v. t. [Cf. Shun.] To cause to loathe, or feel disgust at. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Scun"ner, v. i. To have a feeling of loathing or disgust; hence, to have dislike, prejudice, or reluctance. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. Scun"ner, n. A feeling of disgust or loathing; a strong prejudice; abhorrence; as, to take a scunner against some one. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Carlyle. Scup (?), n. [D. schop.] A swing. [Local, U.S.] Scup, n. [Contr. fr. American Indian mishc\'97p, fr. mishe-kuppi large, thick-scaled.] (Zo\'94l.) A marine sparoid food fish (Stenotomus chrysops, or S. argyrops), common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It appears bright silvery when swimming in the daytime, but shows broad blackish transverse bands at night and when dead. Called also porgee, paugy, porgy, scuppaug. Stenotomus Gardeni). Scup"paug (?), n. [Contr. fr. Amer. Indian mishcuppauog, pl. of mishcup.] (Zo\'94l.) See 2d Scup. Scup"per (?), n. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit, perhaps for escospir, L. ex + conspuere to spit upon; pref. con- + spuere to spit. Cf. Spit, v.] (Naut.) An opening cut through the waterway and bulwarks of a ship, so that water falling on deck may flow overboard; -- called also scupper hole. <-- p. 1295 --> Scupper hose (Naut.), a pipe of leather, canvas, etc., attached to the mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. Totten. -- Scupper nail (Naut.), a nail with a very broad head, for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. -- Scupper plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a scupper. Totten. Scup"per*nong (?), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) An American grape, a form of Vitis vulpina, found in the Southern Atlantic States, and often cultivated. Scur (?), v. i. [Cf. Scour to run.] To move hastily; to scour. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scurf (?), n. [AS. scurf, sceorf, or from Scand.; cf. Sw. skorf, Dan. skurv, Icel. skurfur, D. schurft, G. schorf; all akin to AS. scurf, and to AS. sceorfan to scrape, to gnaw, G. sch\'81rfen to scrape, and probably also to E. scrape. Cf. Scurvy.] 1. Thin dry scales or scabs upon the body; especially, thin scales exfoliated from the cuticle, particularly of the scalp; dandruff. 2. Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent. The scurf is worn away of each committed crime. Dryden. 3. Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface. There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire Shone with a glossy scurf. Milton. 4. (Bot.) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot. Gray. Scurff (?), n. The bull trout. [Prov. Eng.] Scurf"i*ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being scurfy. 2. (Bot.) Scurf. Scurf"y (?), a. [Compar. Scurfier (?); superl. Scurfiest.] Having or producing scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf. Scur"ri*er (?), n. One who scurries. Scur"rile (?), a. [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra a bufoon, jester: cf. F. scurrile.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly opprobrious or loudly jocose in language; scurrilous; as, scurrile taunts. The wretched affectation of scurrile laughter. Cowley. A scurrile or obscene jest will better advance you at the court of Charles than father's ancient name. Sir W. Scott. Scur*ril"i*ty (?), n. [L. scurrilitas: cf. F.scurrilit\'82.] 1. The quality or state of being scurrile or scurrilous; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity. Your reasons . . . have been sharp and sententious, pleasant without scurrility. Shak. 2. That which is scurrile or scurrilous; gross or obscene language; low buffoonery; vulgar abuse. Interrupting prayers and sermons with clamor and scurrility. Macaulay. Syn. -- Scurrilousness; abuse; insolence; vulgarity; indecency. Scur"ril*ous (?), a. [See Scurrile.] 1. Using the low and indecent language of the meaner sort of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can warrant; as, a scurrilous fellow. 2. Containing low indecency or abuse; mean; foul; vile; obscenely jocular; as, scurrilous language. The absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honored with impeachment. Macaulay. Syn. -- Opprobrious; abusive; reproachful; insulting; insolent; offensive; gross; vile; vulgar; low; foul; foul-mounthed; indecent; scurrile; mean. -- Scur"ril*ous*ly, adv. -- Scur"ril*ous*ness, n. Scur"rit (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) the lesser tern (Sterna minuta). [Prov. Eng.] Scur"ry (?), v. i. [Cf. Scur, Skirr.] To hasten away or along; to move rapidly; to hurry; as, the rabbit scurried away. Scur"ry, n. Act of scurring; hurried movement. Scur"vi*ly (?), adv. In a scurvy manner. Scur"vi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being scurvy; vileness; meanness. Scur"vy (?), a. [Compar. Scurvier (?); superl. Scurviest.] [From Scurf; cf. Scurvy, n.] 1. Covered or affected with scurf or scabs; scabby; scurfy; specifically, diseased with the scurvy. \'bdWhatsoever man . . . be scurvy or scabbed.\'b8 lev. xxi. 18, 20. 2. Vile; mean; low; vulgar; contemptible. \'bdA scurvy trick.\'b8 Ld. Lytton. That scurvy custom of taking tobacco. Swift. [He] spoke spoke such scurvy and provoking terms. Shak. Scur"vy, n. [Probably from the same source as scirbute, but influenced by scurf, scurfy, scurvy, adj.; cf. D. scheurbuik scurvy, G. scharbock, LL. scorbutus. Cf. Scorbute.] (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots, especially about the thighs and legs, due to extravasation of blood, and by spongy gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous membranes. It is accompanied by paleness, languor, depression, and general debility. It is occasioned by confinement, innutritious food, and hard labor, but especially by lack of fresh vegetable food, or confinement for a long time to a limited range of food, which is incapable of repairing the waste of the system. It was formerly prevalent among sailors and soldiers.<-- caused by lack of vitamin C --> Scurvy grass [Scurvy + grass; or cf. Icel. skarfak\'bel scurvy grass.] (Bot.) A kind of cress (Cochlearia officinalis) growing along the seacoast of Northern Europe and in arctic regions. It is a remedy for the scurvy, and has proved a valuable food to arctic explorers. The name is given also to other allied species of plants. Scut (?), n. [Cf. Icel. skott a fox's tail. [Obs.] The tail of a hare, or of a deer, or other animal whose tail is short, sp. when carried erect; hence, sometimes, the animal itself. \'bdHe ran like a scut.\'b8 Skelton. How the Indian hare came to have a long tail, wheras that part in others attains no higher than a scut. Sir T. Browne. My doe with the black scut. Shak. \'d8Scu"ta (?), n. pl. See Scutum. Scu"tage (?; 48), n. [LL. scutagium, from L. scutum a shield.] (Eng. Hist.) Shield money; commutation of service for a sum of money. See Escuage. Scu"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a shield. A good example of these scutal monstrosities. Cussans. Scu"tate (?), a. [L. scutatus armed with a shield, from scutum a shield.] 1. Buckler-shaped; round or nearly round. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Protected or covered by bony or horny plates, or large scales. Scutch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scutched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scutching.] [See Scotch to cut slightly.] 1. To beat or whip; to drub. [Old or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. To separate the woody fiber from (flax, hemp, etc.) by beating; to swingle. 3. To loosen and dress the fiber of (cotton or silk) by beating; to free (fibrous substances) from dust by beating and blowing. Scutching machine, a machine used to scutch cotton, silk, or flax; -- called also batting machine. Scutch, n. 1. A wooden instrument used in scutching flax and hemp. 2. The woody fiber of flax; the refuse of scutched flax. \'bdThe smoke of the burning scutch.\'b8 Cuthbert Bede. Scutch"eon (?), n. [Aphetic form of escutcheon.] 1. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield. Bacon. The corpse lay in state, with all the pomp of scutcheons, wax lights, black hangings, and mutes. Macaulay. 2. A small plate of metal, as the shield around a keyhole. See Escutcheon, 4. Scutch"eoned (?), a. Emblazoned on or as a shield. Scutcheoned panes in cloisters old. Lowell. Scutch"er (?), n. 1. One who scutches. 2. An implement or machine for scutching hemp, flax, or cotton; etc.; a scutch; a scutching machine. Scutch" grass` (?). (Bot.) A kind of pasture grass (Cynodon Dactylon). See Bermuda grass: also Illustration in Appendix. Scute (?), n. [L. scutum a shield, a buckler. See Scudo.] 1. A small shield. [Obs.] Skelton. 2. An old French gold coin of the value of 3s. 4d. sterling, or about 80 cents. 3. (Zo\'94l.) A bony scale of a reptile or fish; a large horny scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake. \'d8Scu*tel"la (?), n. pl. See Scutellum. \'d8Scu*tel"la, n.; pl. Scutelle (#). [NL., fem. dim. of L. scutum.] (Zo\'94l.) See Scutellum, n., 2. { Scu"tel*late (?), Scu"tel*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. scutella a dish, salver. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Formed like a plate or salver; composed of platelike surfaces; as, the scutellated bone of a sturgeon. Woodward. 2. [See Scutellum.] (Zo\'94l.) Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse scales, or scutella; -- said of certain birds. Scu`tel*la"tion (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) the entire covering, or mode of arrangement, of scales, as on the legs and feet of a bird. Scu*tel"li*form (?), a. [L. scutella a dish + -form.] 1. Scutellate. 2. (Bot.) Having the form of a scutellum. Scu*tel`li*plan"tar (?), a. [L. scutellus a shield + planta foot.] (Zo\'94l.) Having broad scutella on the front, and small scales on the posterior side, of the tarsus; -- said of certain birds. \'d8Scu*tel"lum (?), n.; pl. Scutella (#). [NL., neut. dim. of L. scutum a shield.] 1. (Bot.) A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum; a scutella. See Thorax. (b) One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds; a scutella. Scu"ti*branch (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Scutibranchiate. -- n. One of the Scutibranchiata. \'d8Scu`ti*bran"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Scutibranchiata. Scu`ti*bran"chi*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Scutibranchiata. \'d8Scu`ti*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Scutum, and Branchia.] (Zo\'94l.) An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike. Scu`ti*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having the gills protected by a shieldlike shell; of or pertaining to the Scutibranchiata. -- n. One of the Scutibranchiata. Scu*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scutum shield + -ferous.] Carrying a shield or buckler. Scu"ti*form (?), a. [L. scutum shield + -form: cf. F. scutiforme.] Shield-shaped; scutate. \'d8Scu"ti*ger (?), n. [NL., fr. L. scutum shield + gerere to bear.] (Zo\'94l.) Any species of chilopod myriapods of the genus Scutigera. They sometimes enter buildings and prey upon insects. Scu"ti*ped (?), a. [L. scutum a shield + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. scutip\'8ade.] (Zo\'94l.) Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; -- said of certain birds. Scut"tle (?), n. [AS. scutel a dish, platter; cf. Icel. skutill; both fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter; cf. scutum a shield. Cf. Skillet.] 1. A broad, shallow basket. 2. A wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal: a coal hod. Scut"tle, v. i. [For scuddle, fr. scud.] To run with affected precipitation; to hurry; to bustle; to scuddle. With the first dawn of day, old Janet was scuttling about the house to wake the baron. Sir W. Scott. Scut"tle, n. A quick pace; a short run. Spectator. Scut"tle (?), n. [OF. escoutille, F. \'82scoutille, cf. Sp. escotilla; probably akin to Sp. escoter to cut a thing so as to make it fit, to hollow a garment about the neck, perhaps originally, to cut a bosom-shaped piece out, and of Teutonic origin; cf. D. schoot lap, bosom, G. schoss, Goth. skauts the hem of a garnment. Cf. Sheet an expanse.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) A small opening or hatchway in the deck of a ship, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it, also, a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship. (b) An opening in the roof of a house, with a lid. 2. The lid or door which covers or closes an opening in a roof, wall, or the like. Scuttle butt, Scuttle cask (Naut.), a butt or cask with a large hole in it, used to contain the fresh water for daily use in a ship.<-- se scuttlebutt --> Totten. Scut"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scuttled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuttling.] 1. To cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (as of a ship), for any purpose. 2. To sink by making holes through the bottom of; as, to scuttle a ship. <-- Scuttlebutt. 1. scuttle butt. 2. A drinking fountain on boards a ship or at a naval station. 3. The latest gossip; rumors. --> \'d8Scu"tum (?), n.; pl. Scuta (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; -- carried chiefly by the heavy-armed infantry. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A penthouse or awning. [Obs.] Burrill. 3. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The second and largest of the four parts forming the upper surface of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is preceded by the prescutum and followed by the scutellum. See the Illust. under Thorax. (b) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle. \'d8Scyb"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Hardened masses of feces. Scye (?), n. Arm scye, a cutter's term for the armhole or part of the armhole of the waist of a garnment. [Cant] Scyle (?), v. t. [AS. scylan to withdraw or remowe.] To hide; to secrete; to conceal. [Obs.] Scyl"la (?), n. A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying \'bdBetween Scylla and Charybdis,\'b8 signifying a great peril on either hand. \'d8Scyl*l\'91"a (?), n. [NL. See Scylla.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest. Scyl*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) One of a family (Scyllarid\'91) of macruran Crustacea, remarkable for the depressed form of the body, and the broad, flat antenn\'91. Also used adjectively. Scyl"lite (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweetish taste, resembling inosite and metameric with dextrose. It is extracted from the kidney of the dogfish (of the genus Scylium), the shark, and the skate. Scym"e*tar (?), n. See Scimiter. \'d8Scy"pha (?), n.; pl. Scyphae (#). [NL.] (Bot.) See Scyphus, 2 (b). Scy"phi*form (?), a. [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] (Bot.) Cup-shaped. \'d8Scy*phis"to*ma (?), n.; pl. Scyphistomata (#), Scyphistom\'91 (#). [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian. \'d8Scy`pho*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. (Zo\'94l.) An order of fishes including the blennioid and gobioid fishes, and other related families. \'d8Scy`pho*me*du"se (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. medusa.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Acraspeda, or Discophora. \'d8Scy*phoph"o*ri (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) An order of fresh-water fishes inhabiting tropical Africa. They have rudimentary electrical organs on each side of the tail. Scy"phus (?), n.; pl. Scyphi (#). [L., a cup, Gr. 1. (Antiq.) A kind of large drinking cup, -- used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk. 2. (Bot.) (a) The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers. (b) A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen. Scythe (s, n. [OE. sithe, AS. s\'c6\'ebe, sig\'ebe; akin to Icel. sig\'ebr a sickle, LG. segd, seged, seed, seid, OHG. segansa sickle, scythe, G. sense scythe, and to E. saw a cutting instrument. See Saw.] [Written also sithe and sythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a long handle, called a snath, which is bent into a form convenient for use. The sharp-edged scythe shears up the spiring grass. Dryden. The scythe of Time mows down. Milton. 2. (Antiq.) A scythe-shaped blade attached to ancient war chariots. <-- p. 1296 --> Scythe (?), v. t. To cut with a scythe; to cut off as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.] Time had not scythed all that youth begun. Shak. Scythed (?), a. Armed scythes, as a chariot. Chariots scythed, On thundering axles rolled. Glover. Scythe"man (?), n.; pl. Scythemen (. One who uses a scythe; a mower. Macaulay. Scythe"stone` (?), n. A stone for sharpening scythes; a whetstone. Scythe"whet` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Wilson's thrush; -- so called from its note. [Local, U.S.] Scyth"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Scythia (a name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe adjoining to Asia), or its language or inhabitants. Scythian lamb. (Bot.) See Barometz. Scyth"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scythia; specifically (Ethnol.), one of a Slavonic race which in early times occupied Eastern Europe. 2. The language of the Scythians. \'d8Scy`to*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Holothurioidea. Sdan (?), v. & n. Disdain. [Obs.] Spenser. 'Sdeath (?), interj. [Corrupted fr. God's death.] An exclamation expressive of impatience or anger. Shak. Sdeign (?), v. t. To disdain. [Obs.] But either sdeigns with other to partake. Spenser. Sea (?), n. [OE. see, AS. s; akin to D. zee, OS. & OHG. s, G. see, OFries. se, Dan. s\'94, Sw. sj\'94, Icel. s\'91r, Goth. saiws, and perhaps to L. saevus firce, savage. 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea. 2. An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee. 3. The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe. I marvel how the fishes live in the sea. Shak. Ambiguous between sea and land The river horse and scaly crocodile. Milton. 4. The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion of the water's surface; also, a single wave; a billow; as, there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea. 5. (Jewish Antiq.) A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; -- so called from its size. He made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof. 2 Chron. iv. 2. 6. Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory. Shak. All the space . . . was one sea of heads. Macaulay. Sea is often used in the composition of words of obvious signification; as, sea-bathed, sea-beaten, sea-bound, sea-bred, sea-circled, sealike, sea-nursed, sea-tossed, sea-walled, sea-worn, and the like. It is also used either adjectively or in combination with substantives; as, sea bird, sea-bird, or seabird, sea acorn, or sea-acorn. At sea, upon the ocean; away from land; figuratively, without landmarks for guidance; lost; at the mercy of circumstances. \'bdTo say the old man was at sea would be too feeble an expression.\'b8 G. W. Cable -- At full sea at the height of flood tide; hence, at the height. \'bdBut now God's mercy was at full sea.\'b8 Jer. Taylor. -- Beyond seas, Beyond the sea the seas (Law), out of the state, territory, realm, or country. Wharton. -- Half seas over, half drunk. [Colloq.] Spectator. -- Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high. -- Long sea, a sea characterized by the uniform and steady motion of long and extensive waves. -- Short sea, a sea in which the waves are short, broken, and irregular, so as to produce a tumbling or jerking motion. -- To go to sea, a adopt the calling or occupation of a sailor. Sea" a"corn (?). (Zo\'94l.) An acorn barnacle (Balanus). Sea" ad"der (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The European fifteen-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia); -- called also bismore. (b) The European tanglefish, or pipefish (Syngnathus acus). Sea" an"chor (?). (Naut.) See Drag sail, under 4th Drag. Sea" a*men"o*ne (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of soft-bodied Anthozoa, belonging to the order Actrinaria; an actinian. Sea" ape` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The thrasher shark. (b) The sea otter. Sea" ap"ple (?). (Bot.) The fruit of a West Indian palm (Manicaria Plukenetii), often found floating in the sea. A. Grisebach. Sea" ar"row (?). (Zo\'94l.) A squid of the genus Ommastrephes. See Squid. Sea" bank` (?). 1. The seashore. Shak. 2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea. Sea"-bar` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A tern. Sea" bar"row (?). (Zo\'94l.) A sea purse. Sea" bass`. ((Zo\'94l.) (a) A large marine food fish (Serranus, ) which abounds on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It is dark bluish, with black bands, and more or less varied with small white spots and blotches. Called also, locally, blue bass, black sea bass, blackfish, bluefish, and black perch. (b) A California food fish (Cynoscion nobile); -- called also white sea bass, and sea salmon. Sea" bat` (?). (Zo\'94l.) See Batfish (a). Sea"beach` (?), n. A beach lying along the sea. \'bdThe bleak seabeach.\'b8 Longfellow. Sea" bean (?). (Bot.) Same as Florida bean. Sea" bear` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any fur seal. See under Fur. (b) The white bear. Sea"beard` (?), n. (Bot.) A green seaweed (Cladophora rupestris) growing in dense tufts. Sea" beast` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any large marine mammal, as a seal, walrus, or cetacean. Sea" bird` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any swimming bird frequenting the sea; a sea fowl. Sea" blite` (?). (Bot.) A plant (Su\'91da maritima) of the Goosefoot family, growing in salt marches. Sea"-blub"ber (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A jellyfish. Sea"board` (?), n. [Sea + board, F. bord side.] The seashore; seacoast. Ld. Berners. Sea"board`, a. Bordering upon, or being near, the sea; seaside; seacoast; as, a seaboard town. Sea"board`, adv. Toward the sea. [R.] Sea"boat` (?). [AS. s.] 1. A boat or vessel adapted to the open sea; hence, a vessel considered with reference to her power of resisting a storm, or maintaining herself in a heavy sea; as, a good sea boat. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A chitin. Sea"bord` (?), n. & a. See Seaboard. Sea"-bor"der*ing (?), a. Bordering on the sea; situated beside the sea. Drayton. Sea"-born` (?), a. 1. Born of the sea; produced by the sea. \'bdNeptune and his sea-born niece.\'b8 Waller. 2. Born at sea. Sea"bound` (?), a. Bounded by the sea. Sea" bow` (?). See Marine rainbow, under Rainbow. Sea" boy` (?). A boy employed on shipboard. Sea" breach` (?). A breaking or overflow of a bank or a dike by the sea. L'Estrange. Sea" bream` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes, especially the common European species (Pagellus centrodontus), the Spanish (P. Oweni), and the black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus); -- called also old wife. Sea" brief` (?). Same as Sea letter. Sea" bug` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A chiton. Sea"-built` (?), a. Built at, in, or by the sea. Sea" but"ter*fly` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A pteropod. Sea" cab"bage (?; 48). (Bot.) See Sea kale, under Kale. Sea" calf` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The common seal. Sea" ca*na"ry (?). [So called from a whistling sound which it makes.] (Zo\'94l.) The beluga, or white whale. Sea" cap"tain (?). The captain of a vessel that sails upon the sea. Sea" card` (?). Mariner's card, or compass. { Sea" cat`fish (?). Sea" cat` (?). } (Zo\'94l.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) Any marine siluroid fish, as \'92lurichthys marinus, and Arinus felis, of the eastern coast of the United States. Many species are found on the coasts of Central and South America. Sea" chart` (?). A chart or map on which the lines of the shore, islands, shoals, harbors, etc., are delineated. Sea" chick"weed` (?). (Bot.) A fleshy plant (Arenaria peploides) growing in large tufts in the sands of the northern Atlantic seacoast; -- called also sea sandwort, and sea purslane. Sea" clam` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of the large bivalve mollusks found on the open seacoast, especially those of the family Mactrid\'91, as the common American species. (Mactra, ); -- called also beach clam, and surf clam. Sea" coal` (?). Coal brought by sea; -- a name by which mineral coal was formerly designated in the south of England, in distinction from charcoal, which was brought by land. Sea-coal facing (Founding), facing consisting of pulverized bituminous coal. Sea"coast` (?), n. The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. Also used adjectively. Sea" cob` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The black-backed gull. Sea" cock` (?). 1. In a steamship, a cock or valve close to the vessel's side, for closing a pipe which communicates with the sea. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The black-bellied plover. (b) A gurnard, as the European red gurnard (Trigla pini). Sea" co"coa (?). (Bot.) A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut. Sea" col"an*der (?). (Bot.) A large blackfish seaweed (Agarum Turneri), the frond of which is punctured with many little holes. Sea" cole"wort` (?). (Bot.) Sea cabbage. Sea" com"pass (?). The mariner's compass. See under Compass. Sea" coot` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A scoter duck. Sea" corn` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A yellow cylindrical mass of egg capsule of certain species of whelks (Buccinum), which resembles an ear of maize. Sea" cow` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The mantee. (b) The dugong. (c) The walrus. { Sea" craw"fish` (?). Sea" cray"fish` (?). } (Zo\'94l.) Any crustacean of the genus Palinurus and allied genera, as the European spiny lobster (P. vulgaris), which is much used as an article of food. See Lobster. Sea" crow` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The chough. [Ireland] (b) The cormorant. (c) The blackheaded pewit, and other gulls. (d) The skua. (e) The razorbill. [Orkney Islands] (f) The coot. Sea" cu"cum*ber (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any large holothurian, especially one of those belonging to the genus Pentacta, or Cucumaria, as the common American and European species. (P. frondosa). Sea" dace` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The European sea perch. Sea" daf"fo*dil (?). (Bot.) A European amarylidaceous plant (Pancratium maritimum). Sea" dev`il (?) (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any very large ray, especially any species of the genus Manta or Cepholoptera, some of which become more than twenty feet across and weigh several tons. See also Ox ray, under Ox. (b) Any large cephalopod, as a large Octopus, or a giant squid (Architeuthis). See Devilfish. (c) The angler. Sea" dog` (?). 1. (Zo\'94l.) The dogfish. (b) The common seal. 2. An old sailor; a salt. [Colloq.] Sea" dot"ter*el (?). (Zo\'94l.) The turnstone. Sea" dove` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The little auk, or rotche. See Illust. of Rotche. Sea" drag"on (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A dragonet, or sculpin. (b) The pegasus. Sea" drake` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The pewit gull. Sea" duck` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of ducks which frequent the seacoasts and feed mainly on fishes and mollusks. The scoters, eiders, old squaw, and ruddy duck are examples. They may be distinguished by the lobate hind toe. Sea" ea"gle (?). 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of fish-eating eagles of the genus Hali\'91etus and allied genera, as the North Pacific sea eagle. (H. pelagicus), which has white shoulders, head, rump, and tail; the European white-tailed eagle (H. albicilla); and the Indian white-tailed sea eagle, or fishing eagle (Polioa\'89tus ichthya\'89tus). The bald eagle and the osprey are also sometimes classed as sea eagles. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The eagle ray. See under Ray. Sea"-ear` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of ear-shaped shells of the genus Haliotis. See Abalone. Sea" eel` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The conger eel. Sea" egg` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A sea urchin. Sea" el"e*phant (?). (Zo\'94l.) A very large seal (Macrorhinus proboscideus) of the Antarctic seas, much hunted for its oil. It sometimes attains a length of thirty feet, and is remarkable for the prolongation of the nose of the adult male into an erectile elastic proboscis, about a foot in length. Another species of smaller size (M. angustirostris) occurs on the coast of Lower California, but is now nearly extinct. <-- p. 1297 --> Sea" fan" (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any gorgonian which branches in a fanlike form, especially Gorgonia flabellum of Florida and the West Indies. Sea"far`er (?), n. [Sea + fare.] One who follows the sea as a business; a mariner; a sailor. Sea"far`ing, a. Following the business of a mariner; as, a seafaring man. Sea" feath"er (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any gorgonian which branches in a plumelike form. Sea" fen"nel (?). (Bot.) Samphire. Sea" fern" (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any gorgonian which branches like a fern. Sea" fight` (?). An engagement between ships at sea; a naval battle. Sea" fir` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A sertularian hydroid, especially Sertularia abietina, which branches like a miniature fir tree. Sea" flew"er (?). (Zo\'94l.) A sea anemone, or any related anthozoan. Sea" foam` (?). 1. Foam of sea water. 2. (Min.) Meerschaum; -- called also sea froth. Sea" fowl` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any bird which habitually frequents the sea, as an auk, gannet, gull, tern, or petrel; also, all such birds, collectively. Sea" fox` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The thrasher shark. See Thrasher. Sea" froth` (?; 115). See Sea foam, 2. { Sea"-gate`, Sea"-gait` }, n. A long, rolling swell of the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Sea" gauge` (?). See under Gauge, n. { Sea" gher`kin (?), Sea" gir"kin (?) }. (Zo\'94l.) Any small holothurian resembling in form a gherkin. Sea" gin"ger (?). (Zo\'94l.) A hydroid coral of the genus Millepora, especially M. alcicornis, of the West Indies and Florida. So called because it stings the tongue like ginger. See Illust. under Millepore. Sea" gir"dles (?). (Bot.) A kind of kelp (Laminaria digitata) with palmately cleft fronds; -- called also sea wand, seaware, and tangle. Sea"girt` (?), a. Surrounded by the water of the sea or ocean; as, a seagirt isle. Milton. Sea" god` (?). A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to live in, or have dominion over, the sea, or some particular sea or part of the sea, as Neptune. Sea" god"dess (?). A goddess supposed to live in or reign over the sea, or some part of the sea. Sea"go`ing (?), a. Going upon the sea; especially, sailing upon the deep sea; -- used in distinction from coasting or river, as applied to vessels. Sea" goose` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A phalarope. Sea" gown` (?). A gown or frock with short sleeves, formerly worn by mariners. Shak. Sea" grape` (?). 1. (Bot.) (a) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. (b) A shrubby plant (Coccoloba uvifera) growing on the sandy shores of tropical America, somewhat resembling the grapevine. 2. pl. (Zo\'94l.) The clusters of gelatinous egg capsules of a squid (Loligo). Sea" grass` (?). (Bot.) Eelgrass. Sea" green` (?). The green color of sea water. Sea"-green`, a. Of a beautiful bluish green color, like sea water on soundings. Sea" gud"geon (?). (Zo\'94l.) The European black goby (Gobius niger). Sea" gull` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any gull living on the seacoast. \'d8Se"ah (?), n. A Jewish dry measure containing one third of an an ephah. Sea" hare` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any tectibranchiate mollusk of the genus Aplysia. See Aplysia. Sea" hawk` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A jager gull. Sea" heath` (?). (Bot.) A low perennial plant (Frankenia l\'91vis) resembling heath, growing along the seashore in Europe. Sea" hedge"hog` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A sea urchin. Sea" hen` (?). (Zo\'94l.) the common guillemot; -- applied also to various other sea birds. Sea" hog` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The porpoise. Sea" hol"ly (?). (Bot.) An evergeen seashore plant (Eryngium maritimum). See Eryngium. Sea" holm` (?). A small uninhabited island. Sea" holm`. (Bot.) Sea holly. Sea" horse` (?). 1. A fabulous creature, half horse and half fish, represented in classic mythology as driven by sea dogs or ridden by the Nereids. It is also depicted in heraldry. See Hippocampus. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The walrus. (b) Any fish of the genus Hippocampus. Sea" hul"ver (?). (Bot.) Sea holly. Sea"-is`land (?), a. Of or pertaining to certain islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; as, sea-island cotton, a superior cotton of long fiber produced on those islands. Sea" jel"ly (?). (Zo\'94l.) A medusa, or jellyfish. Seak (?), n. Soap prepared for use in milling cloth. Sea" kale" (?). (Bot.) See under Kale. Sea" king` (?). One of the leaders among the Norsemen who passed their lives in roving the seas in search of plunder and adventures; a Norse pirate chief. See the Note under Viking. Seal (?), n. [OE. sele, AS. seolh; akin to OHG. selah, Dan. s\'91l, Sw. sj\'84l, Icel. selr.] (Zo\'94l.) Any aquatic carnivorous mammal of the families Phocid\'91 and Otariid\'91. sea lion, sea leopard, sea bear, or ursine seal, fur seal, and sea elephant. The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora crustata), and the ringed seal (Phoca f\'d2tida), are northern species. See also Eared seal, Harp seal, and Fur seal, under Eared, Harp, Monk, and Fur. Seals are much hunted for their skins and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species is very abundant. Harbor seal (Zo\'94l.), the common seal (Phoca vitulina). It inhabits both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, and often ascends rivers; -- called also marbled seal, native seal, river seal, bay seal, land seal, sea calf, sea cat, sea dog, dotard, ranger, selchie, tangfish. Seal, n. [OE. seel, OF. seel, F. sceau, fr. L. sigillum a little figure or image, a seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, figure, or image. See Sign, n., and cf. Sigil.] 1. An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security. 2. Wax, wafer, or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and impressed or stamped with a seal; as, to give a deed under hand and seal. Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond Thou but offend;st thy lungs to speak so loud. Shak. 3. That which seals or fastens; esp., the wax or wafer placed on a letter or other closed paper, etc., to fasten it. 4. That which confirms, ratifies, or makes stable; that which authenticates; that which secures; assurance. \'bdunder the seal of silence.\'bd Milton. Like a red seal is the setting sun On the good and the evil men have done. Lonfellow. 5. An arrangement for preventing the entrance or return of gas or air into a pipe, by which the open end of the pipe dips beneath the surface of water or other liquid, or a deep bend or sag in the pipe is filled with the liquid; a draintrap. Great seal. See under Great. -- Privy seal. See under Privy, a. -- Seal lock, a lock in which the keyhole is covered by a seal in such a way that the lock can not be opened without rupturing the seal. Seal manual. See under Manual, a. -- Seal ring, a ring having a seal engraved on it, or ornamented with a device resembling a seal; a signet ring. Shak. Seal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skaling.] [OE. selen; cf. OF. seeler, seieler, F. sceller, LL. sigillare. See Seal a stamp.] 1. To set or affix a seal to; hence, to authenticate; to confirm; to ratify; to establish; as, to seal a deed. And with my hand I seal my true heart's love. Shak. 2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; as, to seal weights and measures; to seal silverware. 3. To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as, to seal a letter. 4. Hence, to shut close; to keep close; to make fast; to keep secure or secret. Seal up your lips, and give no words but \'bdmum\'b8. Shak. 5. To fix, as a piece of iron in a wall, with cement, plaster, or the like. Gwilt. 6. To close by means of a seal; as, to seal a drainpipe with water. See 2d Seal, 5. 7. Among the Mormons, to confirm or set apart as a second or additional wife. [Utah, U.S.] If a man once married desires a second helpmate . . . she is sealed to him under the solemn sanction of the church. H. Stansbury. Seal, v. i. To affix one's seal, or a seal. [Obs.] I will seal unto this bond. Shak. Sea" la"ces (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed (Chorda Filum) having blackish cordlike fronds, often many feet long. Sea" lam"prey (?). (Zo\'94l.) The common lamprey. Sea" lan"guage (?). The peculiar language or phraseology of seamen; sailor's cant. Sea" lark` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). (b) Any one of several small sandpipers and plovers, as the ringed plover, the turnstone, the dunlin, and the sanderling. Sea" lav"en*der (?). (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary, under Marsh. Sea" law"yer (?). (Zo\'94l.) The gray snapper. See under Snapper. Seal"-brown` (?), a. Of a rich dark brown color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed. Sea" legs` (?). Legs able to maintain their possessor upright in stormy weather at sea, that is, ability stand or walk steadily on deck when a vessel is rolling or pitching in a rough sea. [Sailor's Cant] Totten. Sea" lem"on (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of nudibranchiate mollusks of the genus Doris and allied genera, having a smooth, thick, convex yellow body. Sea" leop"ard (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of spotted seals, especially Ogmorhinus leptonyx, and Leptonychotes Weddelli, of the Antarctic Ocean. The North Pacific sea leopard is the harbor seal. Seal"er (?), n. One who seals; especially, an officer whose duty it is to seal writs or instruments, to stamp weights and measures, or the like. Sealer, n. A mariner or a vessel engaged in the business of capturing seals. Sea" let"ter (?). (Mar. Law.) The customary certificate of national character which neutral merchant vessels are bound to carry in time of war; a passport for a vessel and cargo. Sea" let"tuce (?). (Bot.) The green papery fronds of several seaweeds of the genus Ulva, sometimes used as food. Sea" lev"el (?). The level of the surface of the sea; any surface on the same level with the sea. { Sealgh (?), Selch, n. }. (Zo\'94l.) A seal. [Scotch] Sea" lil"y (?). (Zo\'94l.) A crinoid. Seal"ing wax` (?). A compound of the resinous materials, pigments, etc., used as a material for seals, as for letters, documents, etc. Sea" li"on (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several large species of seals of the family Otariid\'91 native of the Pacific Ocean, especially the southern sea lion (Otaria jubata) of the South American coast; the northern sea lion (Eumetopias Stelleri) found from California to Japan; and the black, or California, sea lion (Zalophus Californianus), which is common on the rocks near San Francisco. Sea" loach" (?). (Zo\'94l.) The three-bearded rockling. See Rockling. Sea" louse` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of isopod crustaceans of Cymothoa, Livoneca, and allied genera, mostly parasites on fishes. Seam (?), n. [See Saim.] Grease; tallow; lard. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Shak. Dryden. Seam, n. [OE. seem, seam, AS. se\'a0m; akin to D. zoom, OHG. soum, G. saum, LG. soom, Icel. saumr, Sw. & Dan. s\'94m, and E. sew. Sew to fasten with thread.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing together two pieces of cloth or leather. 2. Hence, a line of junction; a joint; a suture, as on a ship, a floor, or other structure; the line of union, or joint, of two boards, planks, metal plates, etc. Precepts should be so finely wrought together . . . that no coarse seam may discover where they join. Addison. 3. (geol. & Mining) A thin layer or stratum; a narrow vein between two thicker strata; as, a seam of coal. 4. A line or depression left by a cut or wound; a scar; a cicatrix. Seam blast, a blast by putting the powder into seams or cracks of rocks. -- Seam lace, a lace used by carriage makers to cover seams and edges; -- called also seaming lace. -- Seam presser. (Agric.) (a) A heavy roller to press down newly plowed furrows. (b) A tailor's sadiron for pressing seams. Knight. -- Seam set, a set for flattering the seams of metal sheets, leather work, etc. Seam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seaming.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by sewing together; to unite. 2. To mark with something resembling a seam; to line; to scar. Seamed o' Pope. 3. To make the appearance of a seam in, as in knitting a stocking; hence, to knit with a certain stitch, like that in such knitting. Seam, v. i. To become ridgy; to crack open. Later their lips began to parch and seam. L. Wallace. Seam, n. [AS. se\'a0m, LL. sauma, L. sagma a packsaddle, fr. Gr. Sumpter.] A denomination of weight or measure. Specifically: (a) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. \'bdA seam of oats.\'b8 P. Plowman. (b) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass. [Eng.] Sea"-maid` (?), n. 1. The mermaid. 2. A sea nymph. Sea"-mail` (?), n. [Sea + (perhaps) Mall Mally, for Mary; hence, Prov. E. mally a hare.] (Zo\'94l.) A gull; the mew. Sea"man (?), n.; pl. Seamen (. A merman; the male of the mermaid. [R.] \'bdNot to mention mermaids or seamen.\'b8 Locke. Sea"man (?), n.; pl. Seamen (#). [AS. s\'91man.] One whose occupation is to assist in the management of ships at sea; a mariner; a sailor; -- applied both to officers and common mariners, but especially to the latter. Opposed to landman, or landsman. Able seaman, a sailor who is practically conversant with all the duties of common seamanship. -- ordinary seaman. See Ordinary. Sea"man*like` (?), a. Having or showing the skill of a practical seaman. Sea"man*ship, n. The skill of a good seaman; the art, or skill in the art, of working a ship. Sea" man"tis (?). (Zo\'94l.) A squilla. <-- p. 1298 --> Sea" marge` (?). Land which borders on the sea; the seashore. Shak. You are near the sea marge of a land teeming with life. J. Burroughs. Sea"mark` (?), n. Any elevated object on land which serves as a guide to mariners; a beacon; a landmark visible from the sea, as a hill, a tree, a steeple, or the like. Shak. Sea" mat` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any bryozoan of the genus Flustra or allied genera which form frondlike corals. Sea" maw` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The sea mew. Seamed (?), a. (Falconry) Out of condition; not in good condition; -- said of a hawk. Sea"-mell` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The sea mew. Sea" mew` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A gull; the mew. Sea" mile` (?). A geographical mile. See Mile. Sea" milk"wort` (?). (Bot.) A low, fleshy perennial herb (Glaux maritima) found along northern seashores. Seam"ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of forming a seam or joint. 2. (Fishing) The cord or rope at the margin of a seine, to which the meshes of the net are attached. Seaming machine, a machine for uniting the edges of sheet-metal plates by bending them and pinching them together. Seam"less, a. Without a seam. Christ's seamless coat, all of a piece. Jer. Taylor. Sea" monk` (?). (Zo\'94l.) See Monk seal, under Monk. Sea" mon"ster (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any large sea animal. Sea" moss` (?; 115). (Zo\'94l.) Any branched marine bryozoan resembling moss. Sea" mouse` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A dorsibranchiate annelid, belonging to Aphrodite and allied genera, having long, slender, hairlike set\'91 on the sides. (b) The dunlin. Seam"ster (?), n. [See Seamstress.] One who sews well, or whose occupation is to sew. [Obs.] Seam"stress (?; 277), n. [From older seamster, properly fem., AS. se\'a0mestre. See Seam.] A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needlewoman. Seam"stress*y (?), n. The business of a seamstress. Sea" mud` (?). A rich slimy deposit in salt marshes and along the seashore, sometimes used as a manure; -- called also sea ooze. Seam"y (?), a. Having a seam; containing seams, or showing them. \'bdMany a seamy scar.\'b8 Burns. Everything has its fair, as well as its seamy, side. Sir W. Scott. Sean (?), n. A seine. See Seine. [Prov. Eng.] \'d8S\'82`ance" (?), n. [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, p.pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] A session, as of some public body; especially, a meeting of spiritualists to receive spirit communication, so called. Sea" nee"dle (?). (Zo\'94l.) See Garfish (a). Sea" net`tle (?). A jellyfish, or medusa. Sean"na*chie (?), n. [Gael. seanachaidh.] A bard among the Highlanders of Scotland, who preserved and repeated the traditions of the tribes; also, a genealogist. [Written also senachy.] [Scot.] Sea" on"ion (?). (Bot.) The officinal squill. See Squill. Sea" ooze` (?). Same as Sea mud. Mortimer. Sea" or"ange (?). (Zo\'94l.) A large American holothurian (Lophothuria Fabricii) having a bright orange convex body covered with finely granulated scales. Its expanded tentacles are bright red. Sea"-orb` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A globefish. Sea" ot"ter (?). (Zo\'94l.) An aquatic carnivore (Enhydris lutris, ) found in the North Pacific Ocean. Its fur is highly valued, especially by the Chinese. It is allied to the common otter, but is larger, with feet more decidedly webbed. Sea-otter's cabbage (Bot.), a gigantic kelp of the Pacific Ocean (Nereocystis Lutkeana). See Nereocystis. Sea" owl` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The lumpfish. Sea" pad` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The puffin. Sea" par"tridge (?). (Zo\'94l.) The gilthead (Crenilabrus melops), a fish of the British coasts. Sea" pass` (?). A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to show their nationality; a sea letter or passport. See Passport. Sea" peach` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A beautiful American ascidian (Cynthia, ) having the size, form, velvety surface, and color of a ripe peach. Sea" pear` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A pedunculated ascidian of the genus Boltonia. Sea"-pen" (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A pennatula. Sea" perch` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The European bass (Roccus, ); -- called also sea dace. (b) The cunner. (c) The sea bass. (d) The name is applied also to other species of fishes. Sea" pheas"ant (?). (Zo\'94l.) The pintail duck. Sea" pie (?). (Zo\'94l.) The oyster catcher, a limicoline bird of the genus H\'91matopus. Sea" pie`. A dish of crust or pastry and meat or fish, etc., cooked together in alternate layers, -- a common food of sailors; as, a three-decker sea pie. Sea"piece` (?), n. A picture representing a scene at sea; a marine picture. Addison. Sea" pi"et (?). (Zo\'94l.) See 1st Sea pie. Sea" pig` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A porpoise or dolphin. (b) A dugong. Sea" pi"geon (?). The common guillemot. Sea" pike` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The garfish. (b) A large serranoid food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found on both coasts of America; -- called also robalo. (c) The merluce. Sea" pin`cush`ion (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A sea purse. (b) A pentagonal starfish. Sea" pink` (?). (Bot.) See Thrift. Sea" plov"er (?). the black-bellied plover. { Sea" poach"er (?). Sea" pok"er (?). } (Zo\'94l.) The lyrie. Sea" pool` (?). A pool of salt water. Spenser. Sea" pop"py (?). (Bot.) The horn poppy. See under Horn. Sea" por"cu*pine (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any fish of the genus Diodon, and allied genera, whose body is covered with spines. See Illust. under Diodon. Sea" pork` (?). (Zo\'94l.) An American compound ascidian (Amor\'91cium stellatum) which forms large whitish masses resembling salt pork. Sea" port` (?), n. A port on the seashore, or one accessible for seagoing vessels. Also used adjectively; as, a seaport town. Sea" poy (?), n. See Sepoy. Sea" pud"ding (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any large holothurian. [Prov. Eng.] Sea" purse` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The horny egg case of a skate, and of certain sharks. Sea" purs"lane (?). (Bot.) See under Purslane. Sea" pye` (?). (Zo\'94l.) See 1st Sea pie. Sea"py"ot (?). (Zo\'94l.) See 1st Sea pie. Sea"quail` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The turnstone. Sea"quake` (?), n. A quaking of the sea. { Sear, Sere (?) }, a. [OE. seer, AS. se\'a0r (assumed) fr. se\'a0rian to wither; akin to D. zoor dry, LG. soor, OHG. sor to to wither, Gr. sush) to dry, to wither, Zend hush to dry. Austere, Sorrel, a.] Dry; withered; no longer green; -- applied to leaves. Milton. I have lived long enough; my way of life Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf. Shak. Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Searing.] [OE.seeren, AS. se\'a0rian. See Sear, a.] 1. To wither; to dry up. Shak. 2. To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hardness; to cauterize; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or the hardness and texture of the surface; to scorch; to make callous; as, to sear the skin or flesh. Also used figuratively. I'm seared with burning steel. Rowe. It was in vain that the amiable divine tried to give salutary pain to that seared conscience. Macaulay. The discipline of war, being a discipline in destruction of life, is a discipline in callousness. Whatever sympathies exist are seared. H. Spencer. Sear is allied to scorch in signification; but it is applied primarily to animal flesh, and has special reference to the effect of heat in marking the surface hard. Scorch is applied to flesh, cloth, or any other substance, and has no reference to the effect of hardness. To sear, to close by searing. \'bdCherish veins of good humor, and sear up those of ill.\'b8 Sir W. Temple. Sear, n. [F. serre a grasp, pressing, fr. L. sera. See Serry.] The catch in a gunlock by which the hammer is held cocked or half cocked. Sear spring, the spring which causes the sear to catch in the notches by which the hammer is held. Sea" rat` (?). 1. A pirate. [R.] Massinger. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The chim\'91ra. Sea" ra"ven (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) An American cottoid fish (Hemitripterus Americanus) allied to the sculpins, found on the northeren Atlantic coasts. (b) The cormorant. Searce (?), n. [See Sarse.] A fine sieve. [Obs.] Searce, v. t. To sift; to bolt. [Obs.] Mortimer. Sear"cer (?), n. 1. One who sifts or bolts. [Obs.] 2. A searce, or sieve. [Obs.] Holland. Search (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Searched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Searching.] [OE. serchen, cerchen, OF. cerchier, F. chercher, L. circare to go about, fr. L. circum, circa, around. See Circle.] 1. To look over or through, for the purpose of finding something; to examine; to explore; as, to search the city. \'bdSearch the Scriptures.\'b8 John v. 39. They are come to search the house. Shak. Search me, O God, and know my heart. Ps. cxxxix. 23. 2. To inquire after; to look for; to seek. I will both search my sheep, and seek them out. Ezek. xxxiv. 11. Enough is left besides to search and know. Milton. 3. To examine or explore by feeling with an instrument; to probe; as, to search a wound. 4. To examine; to try; to put to the test. To search out, to seek till found; to find by seeking; as, to search out truth. Syn. -- To explore; examine; scrutinize; seek; investigate; pry into; inquire. Search, v. i. To seek; to look for something; to make inquiry, exploration, or examination; to hunt. Once more search with me. Shak. It sufficeth that they have once with care sifted the matter, and searched into all the particulars. Locke. Search, n. [Cf. OF. cerche. See Search, v. t.] The act of seeking or looking for something; quest; inquiry; pursuit for finding something; examination. Thus the orb he roamed With narrow search, and with inspection deep Considered every creature. Milton. Nor did my search of liberty begin Till my black hairs were changed upon my chin. Dryden. Right of search (Mar. Law), the right of the lawfully commissioned cruisers of belligerent nations to examine and search private merchant vessels on the high seas, for the enemy's property or for articles contraband of war. -- Search warrant (Law), a warrant legally issued, authorizing an examination or search of a house, or other place, for goods stolen, secreted, or concealed. Syn. -- Scrutiny; examination; exploration; investigation; research; inquiry; quest; pursuit. Search"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being searched. Search"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being searchable. Search"er (?), n. [Cf. OF. cercheor inspector.] One who, or that which, searhes or examines; a seeker; an inquirer; an examiner; a trier. Specifically: (a) Formerly, an officer in London appointed to examine the bodies of the dead, and report the cause of death. Graunt. (b) An officer of the customs whose business it is to search ships, merchandise, luggage, etc. (c) An inspector of leather. [Prov. Eng.] (d) (Gun.) An instrument for examining the bore of a cannon, to detect cavities. (e) An implement for sampling butter; a butter trier. (j) (Med.) An instrument for feeling after calculi in the bladder, etc. Search"ing, a. Exploring thoroughly; scrutinizing; penetrating; trying; as, a searching discourse; a searching eye. \'bdPiercing, searching, biting, cold.\'b8 Dickens. -- Search"ing*ly, adv. -- Search"ing*ness, n. Search"less, a. Impossible to be searched; inscrutable; impenetrable. Sear"cloth` (?; 115), n. Cerecloth. Mortimer. Sear"cloth, v. t. To cover, as a sore, with cerecloth. Seared (?), a. Scorched; cauterized; hence, figuratively, insensible; not susceptible to moral influences. A seared conscience and a remorseless heart. Macaulay. Sear"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being seared or callous; insensibility. Bp. Hall. Sea" reed` (?). (Bot.) The sea-sand reed. See under Reed. Sea" risk (?). Risk of injury, destruction, or loss by the sea, or while at sea. Sea" rob"ber (?). A pirate; a sea rover. Sea" rob"in (?). See under Robin, and Illustration in Appendix. Sea" rock"et (?).(Bot.) See under Rocket. Sea" room` (?). (Naut.) Room or space at sea for a vessel to maneuver, drive, or scud, without peril of running ashore or aground. Totten. Sea" rov"er (?). One that cruises or roves the sea for plunder; a sea robber; a pirate; also, a piratical vessel. Sea"-rov"ing, a. Cruising at random on the ocean. Sea" salm"on (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A young pollock. (b) The spotted squeteague. (c) See Sea bass (b). Sea" salt` (?). Common salt, obtained from sea water by evaporation. Sea" sand"pi`per (?). (Zo\'94l.) The purple sandpiper. Sea" sand"wort` (?). (Bot.) See Sea chickweed. Sea" sau"ri*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any marine saurian; esp. (Paleon.) the large extinct species of Mosasaurus, Icthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and related genera. Sea"scape (?), n. [Cf. Landscape.] A picture representing a scene at sea. [Jocose] Thackeray. <-- p. 1299 --> Sea" scor"pi*on (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A European sculpin (Cottus scorpius) having the head armed with short spines. (b) The scorpene. Sea" scurf` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any bryozoan which forms rounded or irregular patches of coral on stones, seaweeds, etc. Sea" ser`pent (?). 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any marine snake. See Sea snake. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A large marine animal of unknown nature, often reported to have been seen at sea, but never yet captured. Regalecus), and huge conger eels. Other accounts probably refer to the giant squids (Architeuthis). Some of the best accounts seem to describe a marine saurian, like the fossil Mosasauri, which were large serpentlike creatures with paddles. Sea"shell` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The shell of any marine mollusk. Sea"shore` (?), n. 1. The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. 2. (Law) All the ground between the ordinary highwater and low-water marks. Sea"sick` (?), a. Affected with seasickness. Sea"sick`ness, n. The peculiar sickness, characterized by nausea and prostration, which is caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel. Sea"side` (?), n. The land bordering on, or adjacent to, the sea; the seashore. Also used adjectively. Sea" slat"er (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any isopod crustacean of the genus Ligia. Sea" slug` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A holothurian. (b) A nudibranch mollusk. Sea" snail` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A small fish of the genus Liparis, having a ventral sucker. It lives among stones and seaweeds. (b) Any small creeping marine gastropod, as the species of Littorina, Natica, etc. Sea" snake` (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of many species of venomous aquatic snakes of the family Hydrophid\'91, having a flattened tail and living entirely in the sea, especially in the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They feed upon fishes, and are mostly of moderate size, but some species become eight or ten feet long and four inches broad. Sea" snipe` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A sandpiper, as the knot and dunlin. (b) The bellows fish. Sea"son (?), n. [OE. sesoun, F. saison, properly, the sowing time, fr. L. satio a sowing, a planting, fr. serere, satum, to sow, plant; akin to E. sow, v., to scatter, as seed.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, marked by alternations in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., caused mainly by the relative position of the earth with respect to the sun. In the north temperate zone, four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are generally recognized. Some parts of the world have three seasons, -- the dry, the rainy, and the cold; other parts have but two, -- the dry and the rainy. The several seasons of the year in their beauty. Addison. 2. Hence, a period of time, especially as regards its fitness for anything contemplated or done; a suitable or convenient time; proper conjuncture; as, the season for planting; the season for rest. The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs. Milton. 3. A period of time not very long; a while; a time. Thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. Acts xiii. 11. 4. That which gives relish; seasoning. [Obs.] You lack the season of all natures, sleep. Shak. In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. -- Out of season, beyond or out of the proper time of the usual or appointed time. Sea"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appropriate; to prepare; to fit. He is fit and seasoned for his passage. Shak. 2. To fit for any use by time or habit; to habituate; to accustom; to inure; to ripen; to mature; as, to season one to a climate. 3. Hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices; as, to season timber. 4. To fit for taste; to render palatable; to give zest or relish to; to spice; as, to season food. 5. Hence, to fit for enjoyment; to render agrecable. You season still with sports your serious hours. Dryden. The proper use of wit is to season conversation. Tillotson. 6. To qualify by admixture; to moderate; to temper. \'bdWhen mercy seasons justice.\'b8 Shak. 7. To imbue; to tinge or taint. \'bdWho by his tutor being seasoned with the love of the truth.\'b8 Fuller. Season their younger years with prudent and pious principles. Jer. Taylor. 8. To copulate with; to impregnate. [R.] Holland. Sea"son (?), v. i. 1. To become mature; to grow fit for use; to become adapted to a climate. 2. To become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance; as, timber seasons in the sun. 3. To give token; to savor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Sea"son*a*ble (?), a. Occurring in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose; suitable to the season; opportune; timely; as, a seasonable supply of rain. Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction. Ecclus. xxxv. 20. -- Sea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Sea"son*a*bly, adv. Sea"son*age (?), n. A seasoning. [Obs.] outh. Sea"son*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the seasons. <-- 2. Occurring or being used in a specific season; as, seasonal items for sale. --> Seasonal dimorphism (Zo\'94l.), the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood. Sea"son*er (?), n. One who, or that which, seasons, or gives a relish; a seasoning. Sea"son*ing, n. 1. The act or process by which anything is seasoned. 2. That which is added to any species of food, to give it a higher relish, as salt, spices, etc.; a condiment. 3. Hence, something added to enhance enjoyment or relieve dullness; as, wit is the seasoning of conversation. Political speculations are of so dry and austere a nature, that they will not go down with the public without frequent seasonings. Addison. Seasoning tub (Bakery), a trough in which dough is set to rise. Knight. Sea"son*less, a. Without succession of the seasons. Sea" spi"der (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any maioid crab; a spider crab. See Maioid, and Spider crab, under Spider. (b) Any pycnogonid. Sea" squirt` (?). (Zo\'94l.) An ascidian. See Illust. under Tunicata. Sea" star` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A starfish, or brittle star. Sea" sur"geon (?). (Zo\'94l.) A surgeon fish. Sea" swal"low (?). 1. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The common tern. (b) The storm petrel. (c) The gannet. 2. (Her.) See Cornish chough, under Chough. Seat (?), n. [OE. sete, Icel. s\'91ti; akin to Sw. s\'84te, Dan. s\'91de, MHG. s, AS. set, setl, and E. sit. Sit, and cf. Settle, n.] 1. The place or thing upon which one sits; hence; anything made to be sat in or upon, as a chair, bench, stool, saddle, or the like. And Jesus . . . overthrew the tables of the money changers, and the seats of them that sold doves. Matt. xxi. 12. 2. The place occupied by anything, or where any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides; a site; an abode, a station; a post; a situation. Where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is. Rev. ii. 13. He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat committeth himself to prison. Bacon. A seat of plenty, content, and tranquillity. Macaulay. 3. That part of a thing on which a person sits; as, the seat of a chair or saddle; the seat of a pair of pantaloons. 4. A sitting; a right to sit; regular or appropriate place of sitting; as, a seat in a church; a seat for the season in the opera house. 5. Posture, or way of sitting, on horseback. She had so good a seat and hand she might be trusted with any mount. G. Eliot. 6. (Mach.) A part or surface on which another part or surface rests; as, a valve seat. Seat worm (Zo\'94l.), the pinworm. Seat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seated; p. pr. & vb. n. Seating.] 1. To place on a seat; to cause to sit down; as, to seat one's self. The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a warm debate. Arbuthnot. 2. To cause to occupy a post, site, situation, or the like; to station; to establish; to fix; to settle. Thus high . . . is King Richard seated. Shak. They had seated themselves in New Guiana. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To assign a seat to, or the seats of; to give a sitting to; as, to seat a church, or persons in a church. 4. To fix; to set firm. From their foundations, loosening to and fro, They plucked the seated hills. Milton. 5. To settle; to plant with inhabitants; as to seat a country. [Obs.] W. Stith. 6. To put a seat or bottom in; as, to seat a chair. Seat, v. i. To rest; to lie down. [Obs.] Spenser. Sea" tang` (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; tang; tangle. To their nests of sedge and sea tang. Longfellow. Sea" term` (?). A term used specifically by seamen; a nautical word or phrase. Sea" thief` (?). A pirate. Drayton. Sea" thongs` (?; 115). (Bot.) A kind of blackish seaweed (Himanthalia lorea) found on the northern coasts of the Atlantic. It has a thonglike forking process rising from a top-shaped base. Seat"ing (?), n. 1. The act of providong with a seat or seats; as, the seating of an audience. 2. The act of making seats; also, the material for making seats; as, cane seating. Sea" tit"ling (?). (Zo\'94l.) The rock pipit. Seat"less (?), a. Having no seat. Sea" toad` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) A sculpin. (b) A toadfish. (c) The angler. Sea" trout` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of several species of true trouts which descend rivers and enter the sea after spawning, as the European bull trout and salmon trout, and the eastern American spotted trout. (b) The common squeteague, and the spotted squeteague. (c) A California fish of the family Chirid\'91, especially Hexagrammus decagrammus; -- called also spotted rock trout. See Rock trout, under Rock. (d) A California sci\'91noid fish (Cynoscion nobilis); -- called also white sea bass. Sea" trum"pet (?). 1. (Bot.) A great blackish seaweed of the Southern Ocean, having a hollow and expanding stem and a pinnate frond, sometimes twenty feet long. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any large marine univalve shell of the genus Triton. See Triton. Sea" turn` (?). A breeze, gale, or mist from the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Sea" tur"tle (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of several very large species of chelonians having the feet converted into paddles, as the green turtle, hawkbill, loggerhead, and leatherback. They inhabit all warm seas. (b) The sea pigeon, or guillemot. Sea" u"ni*corn (?). (Zo\'94l.) The narwhal. Sea" ur"chin (?). (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of echinoderms of the order Echinoidea. When living they are covered with movable spines which are often long and sharp. Seave (?), n. [Cf. Dan. siv, Sw. s\'84f, Icel. sef.] A rush. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Seav`y, a. Overgrown with rushes. [Prov. Eng.] Sea" wall` (?). [AS. s.] A wall, or embankment, to resist encroachments of the sea. Sea"-walled` (?), a. Surrounded, bounded, or protected by the sea, as if by a wall. Shak. { Sea"wan (?), Sea"want (?) }, n. The name used by the Algonquin Indians for the shell beads which passed among the Indians as money. Seawan was of two kinds; wampum, white, and suckanhock, black or purple, -- the former having half the value of the latter. Many writers, however, use the terms seawan and wampum indiscriminately. Bartlett. Sea"wand` . (Bot.) See Sea girdles. Sea"ward (?), a. Directed or situated toward the sea. Donne. Two still clouds . . . sparkled on their seaward edges like a frosted fleece. G. W. Cable. Sea"ward, adv. Toward the sea. Drayton. Sea"ware` (?), n. [Cf. AS. s\'d6w\'ber seaweed.] (Bot.) Seaweed; esp., coarse seaweed. See Ware, and Sea girdles. Sea"weed` (?), n. 1. Popularly, any plant or plants growing in the sea. 2. (Bot.) Any marine plant of the class Alg\'91, as kelp, dulse, Fucus, Ulva, etc. Sea" whip` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A gorgonian having a simple stem. Sea" wid"geon (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The scaup duck. (b) The pintail duck. Sea"wife` (?), n.; pl. Seawives (. (Zo\'94l.) A European wrasse (Labrus vetula). Sea" wil"low (?). (Zo\'94l.) A gorgonian coral with long flexible branches. Sea" wing` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A wing shell (Avicula). Sea" with"wind` (?). (Bot.) A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus Soldanella) growing on the seacoast of Europe. Sea" wolf` (?). (Zo\'94l.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) The European sea perch. (c) The sea elephant. (d) A sea lion. Sea" wood"cock` (?). (Zo\'94l.) The bar-tailed godwit. Sea" wood louse` (?). (Zo\'94l.) A sea slater. Sea" worm"wood` (?). (Bot.) A European species of wormwood (Artemisia maritima) growing by the sea. Sea"wor`thi*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being seaworthy, or able to resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather. Kent. Sea"wor`thy (?), a. Fit for a voyage; worthy of being trusted to transport a cargo with safety; as, a seaworthy ship. Sea" wrack` (?). (Bot.) See Wrack. Se*ba"ceous (?), a. [NL. sebaceus, from L. sebum tallow, grease.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, fat; composed of fat; having the appearance of fat; as, the sebaceous secretions of some plants, or the sebaceous humor of animals. Sebaceous cyst (Med.), a cyst formed by distention of a sebaceous gland, due to obstruction of its excretory duct. -- Sebaceous glands (Anat.), small subcutaneous glands, usually connected with hair follicles. They secrete an oily semifluid matter, composed in great part of fat, which softens and lubricates the hair and skin. Se*bac"ic (?), a. [L. sebum tallow: cf. F. s\'82bacique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to fat; derived from, or resembling, fat; specifically, designating an acid (formerly called also sebic, and pyroleic, acid), obtained by the distillation or saponification of certain oils (as castor oil) as a white crystalline substance. Se"bat (?), n. [Heb. sh\'cbb\'bet.] The eleventh month of the ancient Hebrew year, approximately corresponding with February. W. Smith (Bibl. Dict. ). Se"bate (s\'c7"b\ddt), n. (Chem.) A salt of sebacic acid. Se*bes"ten (?), n. [Ar. sebest\'ben the tree: cf. Sp. sebesten.] (Bot.) The mucilaginous drupaceous fruit of two East Indian trees (Cordia Myxa, and C. latifolia), sometimes used medicinally in pectoral diseases. Cordia Sebestana. <-- p. 1300 --> <-- p. 1300 --> Se"bic (?), a. See Sebacic. [Obs.] Se*bif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sebum tallow + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Producing vegetable tallow. 2. (Physiol.) Producing fat; sebaceous; as, the sebiferous, or sebaceous, glands. Se*bip"a*rous (?), a. [L. sebum tallow + parere to bring forth.] (Physiol.) Same as Sebiferous. \'d8Seb"or*rhe*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sebum tallow + Gr. (Med.) A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea. \'d8Se*ca"le (?), n. [L., a kind of grain.] (Bot.) A genus of cereal grasses including rye. Se"can*cy (?), n. [See Secant.] A cutting; an intersection; as, the point of secancy of one line by another. [R.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ). Se"cant (?), a. [L. secans, -antis, p.pr. of secare to cut. See Section.] Cutting; divivding into two parts; as, a secant line. Secant, n. [Cf. F. s\'82cante. See Secant, a.] 1. (Geom.) A line that cuts another; especially, a straight line cutting a curve in two or more points. 2. (Trig.) A right line drawn from the center of a circle through one end of a circular arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn from the other end; the number expressing the ratio line of this line to the radius of the circle. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. \'d8Sec"co (?), a. [It.] Dry. Secco painting, Painting in secco, painting on dry plaster, as distinguished from fresco painting, which is on wet or fresh plaster. Se"cede" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seceding.] [L. secedere, secessum; pref se- aside + cedere to go, move. See Cede.] To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; to separate one's self by a solemn act; to draw off; to retire; especially, to withdraw from a political or religious body. Se*ced"er (?), n. 1. One who secedes. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a numerous body of Presbyterians in Scotland who seceded from the communion of the Established Church, about the year 1733, and formed the Secession Church, so called. Se*cern" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secerned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secerning.] [L. secernere. See Secrete.] 1. To separate; to distinguish. Averroes secerns a sense of titillation, and a sense of hunger and thirst. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Physiol.) To secrete; as, mucus secerned in the nose. Arbuthnot. Se*cern"ent (?), a. [L. secernens, p.pr.] (Physiol.)Secreting; secretory. Se*cern"ent, n. 1. That which promotes secretion. 2. (Anat.) A vessel in, or by means of, which the process of secretion takes place; a secreting vessel. Se*cern"ment (?), n. (Physiol.) The act or process of secreting. Se*cess" (?), n. [L. secessus. See Secede.] Retirement; retreat; secession. [Obs.] R. H. More. Se*ces"sion (?), n. [L. secessio: cf. F. s\'82cession. See Secede.] 1. The act of seceding; separation from fellowship or association with others, as in a religious or political organization; withdrawal. 2. (U.S. Hist.) The withdrawal of a State from the national Union. Secession Church (in Scotland). See Seceder. Se*ces"sion*ism (?), n. The doctrine or policy of secession; the tenets of secession; the tenets of secessionists. Se*ces"sion*ist, n. 1. One who upholds secession. 2. (U.S. Hist.) One who holds to the belief that a State has the right to separate from the Union at its will. Seche (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer. Se"chi*um (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. s\'82chion; perhaps formed fr. Gr. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian plant (Sechium edule) of the Gourd family. It is soft, pear-shaped, and about four inches long, and contains a single large seed. The root of the plant resembles a yam, and is used for food. Seck (?), a. [F. sec, properly, dry, L. siccua.] Barren; unprofitable. See Rent seck, under Rent. Seck"el (?), n. (Bot.) A small reddish brown sweet and juicy pear. It originated on a farm near Philadelphia, afterwards owned by a Mr. Seckel. Se"cle (?), n. [L. saeculum: cf. F. si\'8acle. See Secular.] A century. [Obs.] Hammond. Se*clude (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Secluding.] [L. secludere, seclusum pref. se- aside + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up apart from others; to withdraw into, or place in, solitude; to separate from society or intercourse with others. Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven Seclude their bosom slaves. Thomson. 2. To shut or keep out; to exclude. [Obs.] Evelyn. -- Se*clud"ed*ly, adv. -- Se*clud"ed*ness, n. Se*clu"sion (?), n. [See Seclude.] The act of secluding, or the state of being secluded; separation from society or connection; a withdrawing; privacy; as, to live in seclusion. O blest seclusion from a jarring world, which he, thus occupied, enjoys! Cowper. Syn. -- Solitude; separation; withdrawment; retirement; privacy. See Solitude. Se*clu"sive (?), a. Tending to seclude; keeping in seclusion; secluding; sequestering. Sec"ond (?), a. [F., fr. L. secundus second, properly, following, fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow, and cf. Secund.] 1. Immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place or time; hence, occuring again; another; other. And he slept and dreamed the second time. Gen. xli. 5. 2. Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior. May the day when we become the second people upon earth . . . be the day of our utter extirpation. Landor. 3. Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a protype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge. A Daniel, still say I, a second Daniel! Shak. Second Adventist. See Adventist. -- Second cousin, the child of a cousin. -- Second-cut file. See under File. -- Second distance (Art), that part of a picture between the foreground and the background; -- called also middle ground, or middle distance. [R.] -- Second estate (Eng.), the House of Peers. -- Second girl, a female house-servant who does the lighter work, as chamber work or waiting on table. -- Second intention. See under Intention. -- Second story, Story floor, in America, the second range of rooms from the street level. This, in England, is called the first floor, the one beneath being the ground floor. -- Second thought thoughts, consideration of a matter following a first impulse or impression; reconsideration. On second thoughts, gentlemen, I don't wish you had known him. Dickens. Sec"ond (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, follows, or comes after; one next and inferior in place, time, rank, importance, excellence, or power. Man an angel's second, nor his second long. Young. 2. One who follows or attends another for his support and aid; a backer; an assistant; specifically, one who acts as another's aid in a duel. Being sure enough of seconds after the first onset. Sir H. Wotton. 3. Aid; assistance; help. [Obs.] Give second, and my love Is everlasting thine. J. Fletcher. 4. pl. An article of merchandise of a grade inferior to the best; esp., a coarse or inferior kind of flour. 5. [F. seconde. See Second, a.] The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place. 6. In the duodecimal system of mensuration, the twelfth part of an inch or prime; a line. See Inch, and Prime, n., 8. 7. (Mus.) (a) The interval between any tone and the tone which is represented on the degree of the staff next above it. (b) The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto. Second hand, the hand which marks the seconds on the dial of a watch or a clock. Sec"ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seconding.] [Cf. F. seconder, L. secundare, from secundus. See Second, a.] 1. To follow in the next place; to succeed; to alternate. [R.] In the method of nature, a low valley is immediately seconded with an ambitious hill. Fuller. Sin is seconded with sin. South. 2. To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage. We have supplies to second our attempt. Shak. In human works though labored on with pain, A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain; In God's, one single can its end produce, Yet serves to second too some other use. Pope. 3. Specifically, to support, as a motion or proposal, by adding one's voice to that of the mover or proposer. Sec"ond*a*ri*ly (?), adv. 1. In a secondary manner or degree. 2. Secondly; in the second place. [Obs.] God hath set some in the church, first apostels, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers. 1 Cor. xii. 28. Sec"ond*a*ri*ness, n. The state of being secondary. Full of a girl's sweet sense of secondariness to the object of her love. Mrs. Oliphant. Sec"ond*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. secondaire, L. secundaire. See Second, a.] 1. Suceeding next in order to the first; of second place, origin, rank, rank, etc.; not primary; subordinate; not of the first order or rate. Wheresoever there is normal right on the one hand, no secondary right can discharge it. L'Estrange. Two are the radical differences; the secondary differences are as four. Bacon. 2. Acting by deputation or delegated authority; as, the work of secondary hands. 3. (Chem.) Possessing some quality, or having been subject to some operation (as substitution), in the second degree; as, a secondary salt, a secondary amine, etc. Cf. primary. 4. (Min.) Subsequent in origin; -- said of minerals produced by alteertion or deposition subsequent to the formation of the original rocks mass; also of characters of minerals (as secondary cleavage, etc.) developed by pressure or other causes. 5. (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to the second joint of the wing of a bird. 6. (Med.) Dependent or consequent upon another disease; as, Bright's disease is often secondary to scarlet fever. (b) Occuring in the second stage of a disease; as, the secondary symptoms of syphilis. Secondary accent. See the Note under Accent, n., 1. -- Secondary age. (Geol.) The Mesozoic age, or age before the Tertiary. See Mesozoic, and Note under Age, n., 8. -- Secondary alcohol (Chem.), any one of a series of alcohols which contain the radical CH.OH united with two hydrocarbon radicals. On oxidation the secondary alcohols form ketones. -- Secondary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after the constitutional effects of the injury have subsided. -- Secondary axis (Opt.), any line which passes through the optical center of a lens but not through the centers of curvature, or, in the case of a mirror, which passes through the center of curvature but not through the center of the mirror. -- Secondary battery. (Elec.) See under Battery, n., 4. -- Secondary circle (Geom. & Astron.), a great circle passes through the poles of another great circle and is therefore perpendicular to its plane. -- Secondary circuit, Secondary coil (Elec.), a circuit or coil in which a current is produced by the induction of a current in a neighboring circuit or coil called the primary circuit or coil. -- Secondary color, a color formed by mixing any two primary colors in equal proportions. -- Secondary coverts (Zo\'94l.), the longer coverts which overlie the basal part of the secondary quills of a bird. See Illust. under Bird. -- Secondary crystal (Min.), a crystal derived from one of the primary forms. -- Secondary current (Elec.), a momentary current induced in a closed circuit by a current of electricity passing through the same or a contiguous circuit at the beginning and also at the end of the passage of the primary current. -- Secondary evidence, that which is admitted upon failure to obtain the primary or best evidence. -- Secondary fever (Med.), a fever coming on in a disease after the subsidence of the fever with which the disease began, as the fever which attends the outbreak of the eruption in smallpox. -- Secondary hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage occuring from a wounded blood vessel at some considerable time after the original bleeding has ceased. -- Secondary planet. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. -- Secondary qualities, those qualities of bodies which are not inseparable from them as such, but are dependent for their development and intensity on the organism of the percipient, such as color, taste, odor, etc. -- Secondary quills remiges (Zo\'94l.), the quill feathers arising from the forearm of a bird and forming a row continuous with the primaries; -- called also secondaries. See Illust. of Bird. -- Secondary rocks strata (Geol.), those lying between the Primary, or Paleozoic, and Tertiary (see Primary rocks, under Primary); -- later restricted to strata of the Mesozoic age, and at but little used. -- Secondary syphilis (Med.), the second stage of syphilis, including the period from the first development of constitutional symptoms to the time when the bones and the internal organs become involved. -- Secondary tint, any subdued tint, as gray. -- Secondary union (Surg.), the union of wounds after suppuration; union by the second intention. Syn. -- Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior. Sec"ond*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Secondaries (. 1. One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or auxiliary place; a delegate deputy; one who is second or next to the chief officer; as, the secondary, or undersheriff of the city of London. Old Escalus . . . is thy secondary. Shak. 2. (Astron.) (a) A secondary circle. (b) A satellite. 3. (Zo\'94l.) A secondary quill. Sec"ond-class` (?), a. Of the rank or degree below the best highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage. Sec"ond*er (?), n. One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion. Sec"ond*hand` (?), a. 1. Not original or primary; received from another. They have but a secondhand or implicit knowledge. Locke. 2. Not new; already or previously or used by another; as, a secondhand book, garment. At second hand. See Hand, n., 10. Sec"ond*ly, adv. In the second place. \'d8Se*con"do (?; It.), n. [It.] (Mus.) The second part in a concerted piece. Sec"ond-rate` (?), a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion. Dryden. Sec"ond-sight` (?), n. The power of discerning what is not visible to the physical eye, or of foreseeing future events, esp. such as are of a disastrous kind; the capacity of a seer; prophetic vision. he was seized with a fit of second-sight. Addison. Nor less availed his optic sleight, And Scottish gift of second-sight. Trumbull. Sec"ond-sight`ed, a. Having the power of second-sight. Addison. Se"cre (? , a. Secret; secretive; faithful to a secret. [Obs.] To be holden stable and secre. Chaucer. Se"cre, n. A secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. Se"cre*cy (?), n.; pl. Secrecies (#). [From Secret.] 1. The state or quality of being hidden; as, his movements were detected in spite of their secrecy. The Lady Anne, Whom the king hath in secrecy long married. Shak. 2. That which is concealed; a secret. [R.] Shak. 3. Seclusion; privacy; retirement. \'bdThe pensive secrecy of desert cell.\'b8 Milton. 4. The quality of being secretive; fidelity to a secret; forbearance of disclosure or discovery. It is not with public as with private prayer; in this, rather secrecy is commanded than outward show. Hooker. Se"cre*ly (?), adv. Secretly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Se"cre*ness, n. Secrecy; privacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. Se"cret (?), a. [F. secret (cf. Sp.& Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), fr. L. secretus, p.p. of secrernere to put apart, to separate. See Certain, and cf. Secrete, Secern.] 1. Hidden; concealed; as, secret treasure; secret plans; a secret vow. Shak. The secret things belong unto the Lord our God; but those things which are revealed belong unto us. Deut. xxix. 29. 2. Withdraw from general intercourse or notice; in retirement or secrecy; secluded. There, secret in her sapphire cell, He with the Na\'8bs wont to dwell. Fenton. 3. Faithful to a secret; not inclined to divulge or betray confidence; secretive. [R.] Secret Romans, that have spoke the word, And will not palter. Shak. 4. Separate; distinct. [Obs.] They suppose two other divine hypostases superior thereunto, which were perfectly secret from matter. Cudworth. Syn. -- Hidden; concealed; secluded; retired; unseen; unknown; private; obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clandestine; privy. See Hidden. Se"cret, n. [F. secret (cf. Pr. secret, Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), from L. secretum. See Secret, a.] 1. Something studiously concealed; a thing kept from general knowledge; what is not revealed, or not to be revealed. To tell our secrets is often folly; to communicate those of others is treachery. Rambler. <-- p. 1301 --> 2. A thing not discovered; what is unknown or unexplained; a mystery. All secrets of the deep, all nature's works. Milton 3. pl. The parts which modesty and propriety require to be concealed; the genital organs. In secret, in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state or place not seen; privately. Bread eaten in secret is pleasant. Prov. ix. 17. Se"cret (?), v. t. To keep secret. [Obs.] Bacon. Se"cret*age (?), n. [F.] A process in which mercury, or some of its salts, is employed to impart the property of felting to certain kinds of furs. Ure. Sec`re*ta"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a secretary; befitting a secretary. [R.] Secretarial, diplomatic, or other official training. Carlyle. { Sec`re*ta"ri*at (?), Sec`re*ta"ri*ate (?), } n. [F. secr\'82tariat.] The office of a secretary; the place where a secretary transacts business, keeps records, etc. Sec"re*ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Secretaries (#). [F. secr\'82taire (cf. Pr. secretari, Sp. & Pg. secretario, It. secretario, segretario) LL. secretarius, originally, a confidant, one intrusted with secrets, from L. secretum a secret. See Secret, a. & n.] 1. One who keeps, or is intrusted with, secrets. [R.] 2. A person employed to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the like; an official scribe, amanuensis, or writer; one who attends to correspondence, and transacts other business, for an association, a public body, or an individual. That which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries, and employed men of ambassadors. Bacon. 3. An officer of state whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of government, and who is usually a member of the cabinet or advisory council of the chief executive; as, the secretary of state, who conducts the correspondence and attends to the relations of a government with foreign courts; the secretary of the treasury, who manages the department of finance; the secretary of war, etc. 4. A piece of furniture, with conveniences for writing and for the arrangement of papers; an escritoire. 5. (Zo\'94l.) The secretary bird. Secretary Bird. [So called in allusion to the tufts of feathers at the back of its head, which were fancifully thought to resemble pens stuck behind the ear.] (Zo\'94l.) A large long-legged raptorial bird (Gypogeranus serpentarius), native of South Africa, but now naturalized in the West Indies and some other tropical countries. It has a powerful hooked beak, a crest of long feathers, and a long tail. It feeds upon reptiles of various kinds, and is much prized on account of its habit of killing and devouring snakes of all kinds. Called also serpent eater. Syn. -- See the Note under Clerk, n., 4. Sec"re*ta*ry*ship, n. The office, or the term of office, of a secretary. Se*crete" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Secreting.] [L. secretus separated, secret, hidden, p. p. of secernere. See Secret, and cf. Discrete, Discreet.] 1. To deposit in a place of hiding; to hide; to conceal; as, to secrete stolen goods; to secrete one's self. 2. (Physiol.) To separate from the blood and elaborate by the process of secretion; to elaborate and emit as a secretion. See Secretion. Why one set of cells should secrete bile, another urea, and so on, we do not known. Carpenter. Syn. -- To conceal; hide. See Conceal. Se*cre"tion (?), n. [L. secretio: cf. F. s\'82cr\'82tion.] 1. The act of secreting or concealing; as, the secretion of dutiable goods. 2. (Physiol.) The act of secreting; the process by which material is separated from the blood through the agency of the cells of the various glands and elaborated by the cells into new substances so as to form the various secretions, as the saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids. The process varies in the different glands, and hence are formed the various secretions. 3. (Physiol.) Any substance or fluid secreted, or elaborated and emitted, as the gastric juice. Se"cret*ist (?), n. A dealer in secrets. [Obs.] Se`cre*ti"tious (?), a. Parted by animal secretion; as, secretitious humors. Floyer. Se*cret"ive (?), a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or private; as, a secretive disposition. Se*cret"ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being secretive; disposition or tendency to conceal. 2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which impels to reserve, secrecy, or concealment. Se"cret*ly (?), adv. In a secret manner. Se"cret*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being secret, hid, or concealed. 2. Secretiveness; concealment. Donne. Se*cre`te-me"to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Causing secretion; -- said of nerves which go to glands and influence secretion. Se*cre"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. s\'82cr\'82toire. See Secrete.] (Physiol.) Secreting; performing, or connected with, the office secretion; secernent; as, secretory vessels, nerves. -- n. A secretory vessel; a secernent. Sect (?), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] A cutting; a scion. [Obs.] Shak. Sect (?), n. [F. secte, L. sects, fr. sequi to follew; often confused with L. secare, sectum, to cut. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sept, Suit, n.] Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party. He beareth the sign of poverty, And in that sect our Savior saved all mankind. Piers Plowman. As of the sect of which that he was born, He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn. Chaucer. The cursed sect of that detestable and false prophet Mohammed. Fabyan. As concerning this sect [Christians], we know that everywhere it is spoken against. Acts xxviii. 22. Sec"tant (?), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] One of the portions of space bounded by the three coordinate planes. Specif. (Crystallog.), one of the parts of a crystal into which it is divided by the axial planes. Sec*ta"ri*an (?), n. Pertaining to a sect, or to sects; peculiar to a sect; bigotedly attached to the tenets and interests of a denomination; as, sectarian principles or prejudices. Sec*ta"ri*an, n. One of a sect; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a state. Syn. -- See Heretic. Sec*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The quality or character of a sectarian; devotion to the interests of a party; excess of partisan or denominational zeal; adherence to a separate church organization. Sec*ta"ri*an*ize (?), v. t. To imbue with sectarian feelings; to subject to the control of a sect. Sec"ta*rism, n. Sectarianism. [Obs.] Sec"ta*rist (?), n. A sectary. [R.] T. Warton. Sec"ta*ry (?), n.;pl. Sectaries (#). [F. sectaire. See Sect.] A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter. I never knew that time in England when men of truest religion were not counted sectaries. Milton. Sec*ta"tor (?), n. [L., fr. sectari, v. intens. fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] A follower; a disciple; an adherent to a sect. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. Sec"tile (?), a. [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. sectile. See Section.] Capable of being cut; specifically (Min.), capable of being severed by the knife with a smooth cut; -- said of minerals. Sec*til"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectile. Sec"tion (?), n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to cut; akin to E. saw a cutting instrument: cf. F. section. See Saw, and cf. Scion, Dissect, Insect, Secant, Segment.] 1. The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as, the section of bodies. 2. A part separated from something; a division; a portion; a slice. Specifically: -- (a) A distinct part or portion of a book or writing; a subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing; a paragraph; an article; hence, the character . It is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several arguments in distinct sections. Locke. (b) A distinct part of a country or people, community, class, or the like; a part of a territory separated by geographical lines, or of a people considered as distinct. The extreme section of one class consists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of the other consists of shallow and reckless empirics. Macaulay. (c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the United States are divided; one thirty-sixth part of a township. These sections are subdivided into quarter sections for sale under the homestead and pre\'89mption laws. 3. (Geom.) The figure made up of all the points common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. In the first case the section is a superficies, in the second a line, and in the third a point. 4. (Nat. Hist.) A division of a genus; a group of species separated by some distinction from others of the same genus; -- often indicated by the sign 5. (Mus.) A part of a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. See Phrase. 6. The description or representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; depiction of what is beyond a plane passing through, or supposed to pass through, an object, as a building, a machine, a succession of strata; profile. longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, ets., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building. Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] -- Conic sections. (Geom.) See under Conic. -- Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, -- used in representing sections. -- Thin sections, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope. Syn. -- Part; portion; division. -- Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as, a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases \'bdthe eastern section of our country,\'b8 etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional as, sectional feelings, interests, etc. Sec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sections or distinct part of larger body or territory; local. All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition. Story. 2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler. Sec"tion*al*ism (?), n. A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.] Sec"tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism. Sec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To divide according to gepgraphical sections or local interests. [U. S.] The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties. Nicilay & Hay (Life of Lincoln). Sec"tion*al*ly, adv. In a sectional manner. Sec"tion*ize (?), v. t. To form into sections. [R.] Sect"ism (?), n. Devotion to a sect. [R.] Sect"ist, n. One devoted to a sect; a soetary. [R.] Sect"i*un`cle (?), n. A little or petty sect. [R.] \'bdSome new sect or sectiuncle.\'b8 J. Martineau. Sec"tor (?), n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc. 2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale. 3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector. Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. -- Sector of a sphere, Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex. Sec"tor*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sector; as, a sectoral circle. Sec*to"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Adapted for cutting. -- n. A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth. Sec"u*lar (?), a. [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. s\'82culier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century. The secular year was kept but once a century. Addison. 2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as, secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe. 3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly. New foes arise, Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains. Milton. 4. (Eccl.) Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as, a secular priest. He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy. Prescett. 5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical. I speak of folk in secular estate. Chaucer. Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet's motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. -- Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. -- Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. -- Secular hymn poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games. Sec"u*lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke. 2. (Eccl.) A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby. 3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman. Sec"u*lar*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity. 2. The tenets or principles of the secularists. Sec"u*lar*ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also, one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element. Sec`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf.F. s\'82cularit\'82, LL. saecularitas.] Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness. A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible. I. Taylor. Sec`u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. s\'82cularisation.] The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as, the secularization of church property. <-- p. 1302 --> Sec"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing (?).] [Cf. F. s\'82culaiser.] 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as, to secularize a priest or a monk. 2. To convert from spiritual or common use; as, to secularize a church, or church property. At the Reformation the abbey was secularized. W. Coxe. 3. To make worldly or unspiritual. Bp. Horsley. Sec"u*lar*ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner. Sec"u*lar*ness, n. The quality or state of being secular; worldliness; worldly-minded-ness. Se"cund (?), a. [L. secundus following the course or current of wind of water. See Second, a.] (Bot.) Arranged on one side only, as flowers or leaves on a stalk. Gray. Se*cun"date (?), v. t. [L.secundatus, p. p. of secundare to direct faverably.] To make prosperous. [R.] Sec`un*da"tion (?), n. Prosperity. [R.] Sec"un*dine (?), n. [Cf. F. secondine.] 1. (Bot.) The second coat, or integument, of an ovule, lying within the primine. 2. [Cf. F. secondines.] The afterbirth, or placenta and membranes; -- generally used in the plural. Se*cun`do-gen"i*ture (?), n. [L. secundus second + genitura a begetting, generation.] A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited. The kingdom of Naples . . . was constituted a secundo-geniture of Spain. Bancroft. Se*cur"a*ble (?), a. That may be secured. Se*cure" (?), a. [L. securus; pref. se- without + cura care. See Cure care, and cf. Sure, a.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety; easy in mind; not feeling suspicion or distrust; confident. But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes. DRyden. 2. Overconfident; incautious; careless; -- in a bad sense. Macaulay. 3. Confident in opinion; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt; certain; sure; -- commonly with of; as, secure of a welcome. Confidence then bore thee on, secure Either to meet no danger, or to find Matter of glorious trial. Milton. 4. Net exposed to danger; safe; -- applied to persons and things, and followed by against or from. \'bdSecure from fortune's blows.\'b8 Dryden. Syn. -- Safe; undisturbed; easy; sure; certain; assured; confident; careless; heedless; inattentive. Se*cure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe; to relieve from apprehensions of, or exposure to, danger; to guard; to protect. I spread a cloud before the victor's sight, Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight. Dryden. 2. To put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving; to make certain; to assure; to insure; -- frequently with against or from, rarely with of; as, to secure a creditor against loss; to secure a debt by a mortgage. It secures its possessor of eternal happiness. T. Dick. 3. To make fast; to close or confine effectually; to render incapable of getting loose or escaping; as, to secure a prisoner; to secure a door, or the hatches of a ship. 4. To get possession of; to make one's self secure of; to acquire certainly; as, to secure an estate. Secure arms (Mil.), a command and a position in the manual of arms, used in wet weather, the object being to guard the firearm from becoming wet. The piece is turned with the barrel to the front and grasped by the right hand at the lewer band, the muzzle is dropped to the front, and the piece held with the guard under the right arm, the hand supported against the hip, and the thumb on the rammer. Se*cure"ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or apprehension; without danger; safely. His daring foe . . . securely him defied. Milton. Se*cure"ment (?), n. The act of securing; protection. [R.] Society condemns the securement in all cases of perpetual protection by means of perpetual imprisonment. C. A. Ives. Se*cure"ness, n. The condition or quality of being secure; exemption from fear; want of vigilance; security. Se*cur"er (?), n. One who, or that which, secures. \'d8Sec`u*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. securis an ax + ferre to bear.] (Zo\'94l.) The Serrifera. Se*cu"ri*form (?), a. [L. securis an ax or hatchet + -form: cf. F. s\'82curiforme.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax hatchet. Se*cu"ri*palp (?), n. [L. securis ax, hatchet + E. palp.] (Zo\'94l.) One of a family of beetles having the maxillary palpi terminating in a hatchet-shaped joint. Se*cu"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Securities (#). [L. securitas: cf. F. s\'82curit\'82. See Secure, and cf. Surety.] 1. The condition or quality of being secure; secureness. Specifically: (a) Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; confidence of power of safety; hence, assurance; certainty. His trembling hand had lost the ease, Which marks security to please. Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness. He means, my lord, that we are too remiss, Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security, Grows strong and great in substance and in power. Shak. (c) Freedom from risk; safety. Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard, From firm security. Shak. Some . . . alleged that we should have no security for our trade. Swift. 2. That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense. Specifically: (a) Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge. Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word. Macaulay. (b) One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another's obligation. 3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as, government securities. Syn. -- Protection; defense; guard; shelter; safety; certainty; ease; assurance; carelessness; confidence; surety; pledge; bail. Se*dan" (?), n. [Said to be named from Sedan, in France, where it was first made, and whence it was introduced into England in the time of King Charles I.] A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, -- usually borne on poles by two men. Called also sedan chair. Se*date" (?), a. [L. sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, to allay, calm, causative of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Undisturbed by passion or caprice; calm; tranquil; serene; not passionate or giddy; composed; staid; as, a sedate soul, mind, or temper. Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and sedate temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth. I. Watts. Whatsoever we feel and know Too sedate for outward show. Wordsworth. Syn. -- Settled; composed; calm; quiet; tranquil; still; serene; unruffled; undisturbed; conteplative; sober; serious. -- Se*date"ly, adv. -- Se*date"ness, n. Se*da"tion (?), n. [L. sedatio.] The act of calming, or the state of being calm. [R.] Coles. Sed"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. s\'82datif.] Tending to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; specifically (Med.), allaying irritability and irritation; assuaging pain. Sed"a*tive, n. (Med.) A remedy which allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activity or pain. Se"dent (?), a. [L. sedens, -entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Sitting; inactive; quiet. [R.] Sed"en*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sedentary manner. Sed"en*ta*r*i*ness, n. Quality of being sedentary. Sed"en*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sedentarius, fr. sedere to sit: cf. F. se\'82dentaire. See Sedent.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long; as, a sedentary man. \'bdSedentary, scholastic sophists.\'b8 Bp. Warburton. 2. Characterized by, or requiring, much sitting; as, a sedentary employment; a sedentary life. Any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect. Beaconsfield. 3. Inactive; motionless; sluggish; hence, calm; tranquil. [R.] \'bdThe sedentary earth.\'b8 Milton. The soul, considered abstractly from its passions, is of a remiss, sedentary nature. Spectator. 4. Caused by long sitting. [Obs.] \'bdSedentary numbness.\'b8 Milton. 5. (Zo\'94l.) Remaining in one place, especially when firmly attached to some object; as, the oyster is a sedentary mollusk; the barnacles are sedentary crustaceans. Sedentary spider (Zo\'94l.), one of a tribe of spiders which rest motionless until their prey is caught in their web. \'d8Se*de"runt (?), n. [L., they sat, fr. sedere to sit.] A sitting, as of a court or other body. 'T is pity we have not Burn's own account of that long sederunt. Prof. Wilson. Acts of sederunt (Scots Law), ordinances of the Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. Bell. Sedge (?), n. [OE. segge, AS. secg; akin to LG. segge; -- probably named from its bladelike appearance, and akin to L. secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument; cf. Ir. seisg, W. hesg. Cf. Hassock, Saw the instrument.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Carex, perennial, endogenous herbs, often growing in dense tufts in marshy places. They have triangular jointless stems, a spiked inflorescence, and long grasslike leaves which are usually rough on the margins and midrib. There are several hundred species. Cyperace\'91, which includes Carex, Cyperus, Scirpus, and many other genera of rushlike plants. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A flock of herons. Sedge ken (Zo\'94l.), the clapper rail. See under 5th Rail. -- Sedge warbler (Zo\'94l.), a small European singing bird (Acrocephalus phragmitis). It often builds its nest among reeds; -- called also sedge bird, sedge wren, night warbler, and Scotch nightingale. Sedged (?), a. Made or composed of sedge. With your sedged crowns and ever-harmless looks. Shak. Sedg"y (?), a. Overgrown with sedge. On the gentle Severn\'b6s sedgy bank. Shak. \'d8Se*dil"i*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Sedile (. [L. sedile a seat.] (Arch.) Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service. Hook. Sed"i*ment (?), n. [F. s\'82diment, L. sedimentum a settling, fr. sedere to sit, to settle. See Sit.] 1. The matter which subsides to the bottom, frrom water or any other liquid; settlings; lees; dregs. 2. (Geol.) The material of which sedimentary rocks are formed. Sed`i*men"tal (?), a. Sedimentary. Sed`i*men"ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. s\'82dimentaire.] Of or pertaining to sediment; formed by sediment; containing matter that has subsided. Sedimentary rocks. (Geol.) See Aqueous rocks, under Aqueous. Sed`i*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of depositing a sediment; specifically (Geol.), the deposition of the material of which sedimentary rocks are formed. Se*di"tion (?), n. [OE. sedicioun, OF. sedition, F. s\'82dition, fr. L. seditio, originally, a going aside; hence, an insurrectionary separation; pref. se-, sed-, aside + itio a going, fr. ire, itum, to go. Cf. Issue.] 1. The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrection; conduct tending to treason, but without an overt act; excitement of discontent against the government, or of resistance to lawful authority. In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shak. Noisy demagogues who had been accused of sedition. Macaulay. 2. Dissension; division; schism. [Obs.] Now the works of the flesh are manifest, . . . emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies. Gal. v. 19, 20. Syn. -- Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; revolt. See Insurrection. Se*di"tion*a*ry (?), n. An inciter or promoter of sedition. Bp. Hall. Se*di"tious (?), a.[L. seditiosus: cf. F. s\'82ditieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sedition; partaking of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedition; as, seditious behavior; seditious strife; seditious words. 2. Disposed to arouse, or take part in, violent opposition to lawful authority; turbulent; factious; guilty of sedition; as, seditious citizens. -- Se*di"tious*ly, adv. -- Se*di"tious*ness, n. Sed"litz (?), a. Same as Seidlitz. Se*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seducing (?).] [L. seducere, seductum; pref. se- aside + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty in any manner; to entice to evil; to lead astray; to tempt and lead to iniquity; to corrupt. For me, the gold of France did not seduce. Shak. 2. Specifically, to induce to surrender chastity; to debauch by means of solicitation. Syn. -- To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; inveigle. See Allure. Se*duce"ment (?), n. 1. The act of seducing. 2. The means employed to seduce, as flattery, promises, deception, etc.; arts of enticing or corrupting. Pope. Se*du"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, seduces; specifically, one who prevails over the chastity of a woman by enticements and persuasions. He whose firm faith no reason could remove, Will melt before that soft seducer, love. Dryden. Se*du"ci*ble (?), a. Capable of being seduced; corruptible. Se*du"cing (?), a. Seductive. \'bdThy sweet seducing charms.\'b8 Cowper. -- Se*du"cing*ly, adv. Se*duc*tion (?), n. [L. seductio: cf. F. s\'82duction. See Seduce.] 1. The act of seducing; enticement to wrong doing; specifically, the offense of inducing a woman to consent to unlawful sexual intercourse, by enticements which overcome her scruples; the wrong or crime of persuading a woman to surrender her chastity. 2. That which seduces, or is adapted to seduce; means of leading astray; as, the seductions of wealth. Se*duc"tive (?), a. Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flattering appearances; tempting; alluring; as, a seductive offer. This may enable us to understand how seductive is the influence of example. Sir W. Hamilton. Se*duc"tive*ly, adv. In a seductive manner. Se*duc"tress (?), n. A woman who seduces. Se*du"li*ty (?), n. [L. sedulitas. See Sedulous.] The quality or state of being sedulous; diligent and assiduous application; constant attention; unremitting industry; sedulousness. The industrious bee, by his sedulity in summer, lives in honey all the winter. Feltham. Sed"u*lous (?), a. [L. sedulus, perhaps from sedere to sit, and so akin to E. sit.] Diligent in application or pursuit; constant, steady, and persevering in business, or in endeavors to effect an object; steadily industrious; assiduous; as, the sedulous bee. What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the affection of the heart, and a sedulous application of the proper means that may naturally lead us to such an end? L'Estrange. Syn. -- Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unremitting; untiring; unwearied; persevering. -- Sed"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Sed"u*lous*ness, n. \'d8Se"dum (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sedere to sit; so called in allusion to the manner in which the plants attach themselves to rocks and walls.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly perennial, having succulent leaves and cymose flowers; orpine; stonecrop. Gray. See (?), n. [OE. se, see, OF. se, sed, sied, fr. L. sedes a seat, or the kindred sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. Siege.] 1. A seat; a site; a place where sovereign power is exercised. [Obs.] Chaucer. Jove laughed on Venus from his sovereign see. Spenser. 2. Specifically: (a) The seat of episcopal power; a diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; as, the see of New York. (b) The seat of an archibishop; a province or jurisdiction of an archibishop; as, an archiepiscopal see. (c) The seat, place, or office of the pope, or Roman pontiff; as, the papal see. (d) The pope or his court at Rome; as, to appeal to the see of Rome. Apostolic see. See under Apostolic. <-- p. 1303 --> See (?), v. t. [imp. Saw (?); p. p. Seen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeing.] [OE. seen, sen, seon, As. se\'a2n; akin to OFries. s\'c6a, D. zien, OS. & OHG. sehan, G. sehen, Icel. sj\'be, Sw. se, Dan. see, Goth. sa\'a1hwan, and probably to L. sequi to follow (and so originally meaning, to follow with the eyes). Gr. sac. Cf. Sight, Sun to follow.] 1. To perceive by the eye; to have knowledge of the existence and apparent qualities of by the organs of sight; to behold; to descry; to view. I will new turn aside, and see this great sight. Ex. iii. 3. 2. To perceive by mental vision; to form an idea or conception of; to note with the mind; to observe; to discern; to distinguish; to understand; to comprehend; to ascertain. Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren. Gen. xxxvii. 14. Jesus saw that he answered discreetly. Mark xii. 34. Who 's so gross That seeth not this palpable device? Shak. 3. To follow with the eyes, or as with the eyes; to watch; to regard attentivelly; to look after. Shak. I had a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care for centradicting him. Addison. 4. To have an interview with; especially, to make a call upon; to visit; as, to go to see a friend. And Samuel came no more to see Saul untill the day of his death. 1 Sam. xv. 35. 5. To fall in with; to have intercourse or communication with; hence, to have knowledge or experience of; as, to see military service. Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil. Ps. xc. 15. Verily, verily, I say unto you, if a man keep my saying, he shall never see death. John viii. 51. Improvement in visdom and prudence by seeing men. Locke. 6. To accompany in person; to escort; to wait upon; as, to see one home; to see one aboard the cars. God you (him, , etc.) see, God keep you (him, me, etc.) in his sight; God protect you. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To see (anything) out, to see (it) to the end; to be present at, or attend, to the end. -- To see stars, to see flashes of light, like stars; -- sometimes the result of concussion of the head. [Colloq.] -- To see (one) through, to help, watch, or guard (one) to the end of a course or an undertaking. See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight, or of perceiving by the proper organs; to possess or employ the sense of vision; as, he sees distinctly. Whereas I was blind, now I see. John ix. 25. 2. Figuratively: To have intellectual apprehension; to perceive; to know; to understand; to discern; -- often followed by a preposition, as through, or into. For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind. John ix. 39. Many sagacious persons will find us out, . . . and see through all our fine pretensions. Tillotson. 3. To be attentive; to take care; to give heed; -- generally with to; as, to see to the house. See that ye fall not out by the way. Gen. xiv. 24. Let me see, Let us see, are used to express consideration, or to introduce the particular consideration of a subject, or some scheme or calculation. Cassio's a proper man, let me see now, - To get his place. Shak. See is sometimes used in the imperative for look, or behold. \'bdSee. see! upon the banks of Boyne he stands.\'b8 Halifax. To see about a thing, to pay attention to it; to consider it. -- To see on, to look at. [Obs.] \'bdShe was full more blissful on to see.\'b8 Chaucer. -- To see to. (a) To look at; to behold; to view. [Obs.] \'bdAn altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to\'b8 Josh. xxii. 10. (b) To take care about; to look after; as, to see to a fire. Seed (?), n.; pl. Seed or Seeds (#). [OE. seed, sed, AS. s, fr. s\'bewan to sow; akin to D. zaad seed, G. saat, Icel. s\'be, s, Goth. manas seed of men. world. See Sow to scatter seed, and cf. Colza.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A ripened ovule, consisting of an embryo with one or more integuments, or coverings; as, an apple seed; a currant seed. By germination it produces a new plant. (b) Any small seedlike fruit, though it may consist of a pericarp, or even a calyx, as well as the seed proper; as, parsnip seed; thistle seed. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself. Gen. i. 11. hilum, and the closed orifice of the ovule, the micropyle. 2. (Physiol.) The generative fluid of the male; semen; sperm; -- not used in the plural. 3. That from which anything springs; first principle; original; source; as, the seeds of virtue or vice. 4. The principle of production. Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed, Which may the like in coming ages breed. Waller. 5. Progeny; offspring; children; descendants; as, the seed of Abraham; the seed of David. 6. Race; generation; birth. Of mortal seed they were not held. Waller. Seed bag (Artesian well), a packing to prevent percolation of water down the bore hole. It consists of a bag encircling the tubing and filled with flax seed, which swells when wet and fills the space between the tubing and the sides of the hole. -- Seed bud (Bot.), the germ or rudiment of the plant in the embryo state; the ovule. -- Seed coat (Bot.), the covering of a seed. -- Seed corn, Seed grain (Bot.), corn or grain for seed. -- Seed down (Bot.), the soft hairs on certain seeds, as cotton seed. -- Seed drill. See 6th Drill, 2 (a). -- Seed eater (Zo\'94l.), any finch of the genera Sporophila, and Crithagra. They feed mainly on seeds. -- Seed gall (Zo\'94l.), any gall which resembles a seed, formed, on the leaves of various plants, usually by some species of Phylloxera. -- Seed leaf (Bot.), a cotyledon. -- Seed lobe (Bot.), a cotyledon; a seed leaf. -- Seed oil, oil expressed from the seeds of plants. -- Seed oyster, a young oyster, especially when of a size suitable for transplantation to a new locality. -- Seed pearl, a small pearl of little value. -- Seed plat, Seed plot, the ground on which seeds are sown, to produce plants for transplanting; a nursery. -- Seed stalk (Bot.), the stalk of an ovule or seed; a funicle. -- Seed tick (Zo\'94l.), one of several species of ticks resembling seeds in form and color. -- Seed vessel (Bot.), that part of a plant which contains the seeds; a pericarp. -- Seed weevil (Zo\'94l.), any one of numerous small weevels, especially those of the genus Apion, which live in the seeds of various plants. -- Seed wool, cotton wool not yet cleansed of its seeds. [Southern U.S.] Seed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeding.] 1. To sprinkle with seed; to plant seeds in; to sow; as, to seed a field. 2. To cover thinly with something scattered; to ornament with seedlike decorations. A sable mantle seeded with waking eyes. B. Jonson. To seed down, to sow with grass seed. Seed"box` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A capsule. (b) A plant (Ludwigia alternifolia) which has somewhat cubical or box-shaped capsules. Seed"cake` (?), n. A sweet cake or cooky containing aromatic seeds, as caraway. Tusser. Seed"cod` (?), n. A seedlip. [Prov. Eng.] Seed"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sows or plants seed. Seed`i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being seedy, shabby, or worn out; a state of wretchedness or exhaustion. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. What is called seedness, after a debauch, is a plain proof that nature has been outraged. J. S. Blackie. Seed"-lac` (?), n. A species of lac. See the Note under Lac. Seed"less, a. Without seed or seeds. Seed"ling (?), n. (Bot.) A plant reared from the seed, as distinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like. { Seed"lip` (?), Seed"lop` (?), } n. [AS. s; s seed + le\'a0p basket.] A vessel in which a sower carries the seed to be scattered. [Prov. Eng.] Seed"man (?), See Seedsman. Seed"ness, n. Seedtime. [Obs.] Shak. Seeds"man (?), n.; pl. Seedsmen (. 1. A sower; one who sows or scatters seed. The seedsman Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain. Shak. 2. A person who deals in seeds. Seed"time` (?), n. [AS. s.] The season proper for sowing. While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease. Gen. viii. 22. Seed"y (?), a. [Compar. Seedier (?); superl. Seediest.] 1. Abounding with seeds; bearing seeds; having run to seeds. 2. Having a peculiar flavor supposed to be derived from the weeds growing among the vines; -- said of certain kinds of FRench brandy. 3. Old and worn out; exhausted; spiritless; also, poor and miserable looking; shabily clothed; shabby looking; as, he looked seedy coat. [Colloq.] Little Flanigan here . . . is a little seedy, as we say among us that practice the law. Goldsmith. Seedy toe, an affection of a horse's foot, in which a cavity filled with horn powder is formed between the lamin\'91 and the wall of the hoof. See"ing (?), conj. (but originally a present participle). In view of the fact (that); considering; taking into account (that); insmuch as; since; because; -- followed by a dependent clause; as, he did well, seeing that he was so young. Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me? Gen. xxvi. 27. Seek (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Seek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sought (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeking.] [OE, seken, AS. s, s; akin to OS. s, LG. s\'94ken, D. zoeken, OHG. suohhan, G. suchen, Icel. s, Sw. s\'94ka, Dan. s\'94ge, Goth. s, and E. sake. Cf. Beseech, Ransack, Sagacious, Sake, Soc.] 1. To go in search of; to look for; to search for; to try to find. The man saked him, saying, What seekest thou? And he said, I seek my brethren. Gen. xxxvii. 15,16. 2. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit; to bessech. Others, tempting him, sought of him a sign. Luke xi. 16. 3. To try to acquire or gain; to strive after; to aim at; as, to seek wealth or fame; to seek one's life. 4. To try to reach or come to; to go to; to resort to. Seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal. Amos v. 5. Since great Ulysses sought the Phrygian plains. Pope. Seek (?), v. i. To make search or inquiry: to endeavor to make discovery. Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read. Isa. xxxiv. 16. To seek, needing to seek or search; hence, unpreparated. \'bdUnpracticed, unpreparated, and still to seek.\'b8 Milton. [Obs] -- To seek after, to make pursuit of; to attempt to find or take. -- To seek for, to endeavor to find. -- To seek to, to apply to; to resort to; to court. [Obs.] \'bdAll the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom.\'b8 1. Kings x. 24. -- To seek upon, to make strict inquiry after; to follow up; to persecute. [Obs.] To seek Upon a man and do his soul unrest. Chaucer. Seek"er (?), n. 1. One who seeks; that which is used in seeking or searching. 2. (Eccl.) One of a small heterogeneous sect of the 17th century, in Great Britain, who professed to be seeking the true church, ministry, and sacraments. A skeptic [is] ever seeking and never finds, like our new upstart sect of Seekers. Bullokar. Seek"-no-fur`ther (?), n. A kind of choice winter apple, having a subacid taste; -- formerly called go-no-further. Seek"-sor`row (?), n. One who contrives to give himself vexation. [Archaic.] Sir P. Sidney. Seel (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeling.] [F.siller, ciller, fr. cil an eyelash, L. cilium.] 1. (Falconry) To close the eyes of (a hawk or other bird) by drawing through the lids threads which were fastened over the head. Bacon. Fools climbs to fall: fond hopes, like seeled doves for want of better light, mount till they end their flight with falling. J. Reading. 2. Hence, to shut or close, as the eyes; to blind. Come, seeling night, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day. Shak. Gold death, with a violent fate, his sable eyes did seel. Chapman. Seel, v. i. [Cf. LG. sielen to lead off water, F. siller to run ahead, to make headway, E. sile, v.t.] To incline to one side; to lean; to roll, as a ship at sea. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. { Seel (?), Seel"ing, } n. The rolling or agitation of a ship in a sterm. [Obs.] Sandys. Seel, n. [AS. s, from s good, prosperous. See Silly.] 1. Good fortune; favorable opportunity; prosperity. [Obs.] \'bdSo have I seel\'b8. Chaucer. 2. Time; season; as, hay seel. [Prov. Eng.] Seel"i*ly (?), adv. In a silly manner. [Obs.] Seel"y (?), a. See Silly. [Obs.] Spenser. Seem (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seemed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeming.] [OE. semen to seem, to become, befit, AS. s to satisfy, pacify; akin to Icel. s to honor, to bear with, conform to, s becoming, fit, s to beseem, to befit, sama to beseem, semja to arrange, settle, put right, Goth. samjan to please, and to E. same. The sense is probably due to the adj. seemly. Same, a., and cf. Seemly.] To appear, or to appear to be; to have a show or semblance; to present an appearance; to look; to strike one's apprehension or fancy as being; to be taken as. \'bdIt now seemed probable.\'b8 Macaulay. Thou picture of what thou seem'st. Shak. All seemed well pleased; all seemed, but were not all. Milton. There is a way which seemeth right unto a man; but the end thereof are the ways of death. Prov. xiv. 12. It seems, it appears; it is understood as true; it is said. A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his misstress on a great lake. Addison. Syn. -- To appear; look. -- Seem, Appear. To appear has reference to a thing's being presented to our view; as, the sun appears; to seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usually implies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing's being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. \'bdThe story appears to be true,\'b8 means that the facts, as presented, go to show its truth; \'bdthe story seems to be true,\'b8 means that it has the semblance of being so, and we infer that it is true. \'bdHis first and principal care being to appear unto his people such as he would have them be, and to be such as he appeared.\'b8 Sir P. Sidney. Ham. Ay, madam, it is common. Queen. If it be, Why seems it so particular with thee? Ham. Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not \'bdseems.\'b8 Shak. Seem, v. t. To befit; to beseem. [Obs.] Spenser. Seem"er (?), n. One who seems; one who carries or assumes an appearance or semblance. Hence shall we see, If power change purpose, what our seemers be. Shak. Seem"ing, a. Having a semblance, whether with or without reality; apparent; specious; befitting; as, seeming friendship; seeming truth. My lord, you have lost a friend indeed; And I dare swear you borrow not that face Of seeming sorrow, it is sure your own. Shak. Seem"ing, n. 1. Appearance; show; semblance; fair appearance; speciousness. These keep Seeming and savor all the winter long. Shak. 2. Apprehension; judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer. Nothing more clear unto their seeming. Hooker. His persuasive words, impregned With reason, to her seeming. Milton. Seem"ing*ly, adv. In appearance; in show; in semblance; apparently; ostensibly. This the father seemingly complied with. Addison. Seem"ing*ness, n. Semblance; fair appearance; plausibility. Sir K. Digby. Seem"less, a. Unseemly. [Obs.] Spenser. Seem"li*ly (?), adv. In a seemly manner. [Obs.] Seem"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being seemly: comeliness; propriety. <-- p. 1304 --> Seem"ly (?), a. [Compar.Seemlier (; superl. Seeliest.] [Icel. s, fr. s becoming, fit; akin to samr same, E. same; the sense being properly, the same or like, hence, fitting. See Seem, v. i.] Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character; suitable; fit; becoming; comely; decorous. He had a seemly nose. Chaucer. I am a woman, lacking wit To make a seemly answer to such persons. Shak. Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and seemlier for Christian men than the hot pursuit of these controversies. Hooker. Syn. -- Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; decent; decorous. Seem"ly (?), adv. [Compar. Seemlier; superl. Seemliest.] In a decent or suitable manner; becomingly. Suddenly a men before him stood, Not rustic as before, but seemlier clad, As one in city or court or place bred. Milton. Seem"ly*hed (?), n. [See -hood.] Comely or decent appearance. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser. Seen (?), p. p. of See. Seen, a. Versed; skilled; accomplished. [Obs.] Well seen in every science that mote be. Spenser. Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen, Than his great brother read in states and men. Dryden. { Seep (?), Sipe (?) }, v. i. [AS. s\'c6pan to distill.] To run or soak through fine pores and interstices; to ooze. [Scot. & U. S.] Water seeps up through the sidewalks. G. W. Cable. { Seep"age (?), Sip"age }, n. Water that seeped or oozed through a porous soil. [Scot. & U. S.] { Seep"y (?), Sip"y }, a. Oozy; -- applied to land under cultivation that is not well drained. Seer (?), a. Sore; painful. [Prov. Eng.] Ray. Se"er (?), n. One who sees. Addison. Seer (?), n. [From See.] A person who foresees events; a prophet. Milton. Seer"ess, n. A female seer; a prophetess. Seer"fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A scombroid food fish of Maderia (Cybium Commersonii). Seer"hand (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of muslin of a texture between nainsook and mull. Seer"ship, n. The office or quality of a seer. Seer"suck`er (?), n. A light fabric, originally made in the East Indies, of silk and linen, usually having alternating stripes, and a slightly craped or puckered surface; also, a cotton fabric of similar appearance. Seer"wood` (?), n. [See Sear.] Dry wood. [Written also searwood.] [Obs.] Dryden. See"saw` (?), n. [Probably a reduplication of saw, to express the alternate motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing.] 1. A play among children in which they are seated upon the opposite ends of a plank which is balanced in the middle, and move alternately up and down. 2. A plank or board adjusted for this play. 3. A vibratory or reciprocating motion. He has been arguing in a circle; there is thus a seesaw between the hypothesis and fact. Sir W. Hamilton. 4. (Whist.) Same as Crossruff. See"saw`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seesawad (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seesawing.] To move with a reciprocating motion; to move backward and forward, or upward and downward. See"saw`, v. t. To cause to move backward and forward in seesaw fashion. He seesaws himself to and fro. Ld. Lytton. See"saw`, a. Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a reciprocating motion. Seet (?), obs. imp. of Sit. Sate; sat. Chaucer. Seeth (?), obs. imp. of Seethe. Chaucer. Seethe (?), v. t. [imp. Seethed (?) (Sod (, obs.); p. p. Seethed, Sodden (; p. pr. & vb. n. Seething.] [OE. sethen, AS. se\'a2; akin to D. sieden, OHG. siodan, G. sieden, Icel. sj, Sw. sjuda, Dan. syde, Goth. saubs a burnt offering. Cf. Sod, n., Sodden, Suds.] To decoct or prepare for food in hot liquid; to boil; as, to seethe flesh. [Written also seeth.] Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets. 2 Kings iv. 38. Seethe, v. i. To be a state of ebullition or violent commotion; to be hot; to boil. 1 Sam. ii. 13. A long Pointe, round which the Mississippi used to whirl, and seethe, and foam. G. W. Cable. Seeth"er (?), n. A pot for boiling things; a boiler. Like burnished gold the little seether shone. Dryden. Seg (?), n. [See Sedge.] (Bot.) 1. Sedge. [Obs.] 2. The gladen, and other species of Iris. Prior. Seg, n. [Probably from the root of L. secare to cut.] A castrated bull. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. Se*gar" (?), n. See Cigar. Seg"gar (?), n. [Prov. E. saggard a seggar, seggard a sort of riding surtout, contr. fr. safeguard.] A case or holder made of fire clay, in which fine pottery is inclosed while baking in the kin. [Written also saggar, sagger, and segger.] Ure. Segge (?), n. (Zo\'94l.The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Seg"ment (?), n. [L. segmentum, fr. secare to cut, cut off: cf. F. segment. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. One of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off; a section; a portion; as, a segment of an orange; a segment of a compound or divided leaf. 2. (Geom.) A part cut off from a figure by a line or plane; especially, that part of a circle contained between a chord and an arc of that circle, or so much of the circle as is cut off by the chord; as, the segment acb in the Illustration. 3. (Mach.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as, the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear. 4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome. Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. -- Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. -- Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5. Seg"ment (?), v. i. (Biol.) To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum. Seg*men"tal (?), a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment. 2. (Anat. & Zo\'94l.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as, a segmental duct; segmental papill\'91. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs. Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. -- Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zo\'94l.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also, as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. -- Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult. Seg`men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation. Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast. See Illust. of Invagination. -- Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. -- Segmentation of the ovum, Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. -- Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula. Seg"ment*ed (?), a. Divided into segments or joints; articulated. { Seg"ni*tude (?), Seg"ni*ty (?) }, n. [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.] \'d8Se"gno (?), n. [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno. Se"go (?), n. (Bot.) A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; -- so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons. Seg"re*gate (?), a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. se- aside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select. 2. (Bot.) Separated from others of the same kind. Seg"re*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To separate from others; to set apart. They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations. I. Taylor. Seg"re*gate, v. i. (Geol.) To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification. Seg`re*ga"tion (?), n. [L. segregatio: cf. F. s\'82gr\'82gation.] 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting. 2. (Geol.) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process. \'d8Seiches (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geol.) Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva. Seid (?), n. [Ar seyid prince.] A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali. Seid"litz (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.] Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of RochellRochelle powders. -- Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient. Seigh (?), obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer. Seign*eu"ri*al (?), a. [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple. 2. Vested with large powers; independent. Seign"ior (?), n. [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It. signore, Sp. se\'a4or from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor. 2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English. Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey. Seign"ior*age (?), n. [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.] 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it. If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion, and is called \'bdlevying a seigniorage\'b8), the coin will rise to the extent of the seigniorage above the value of the bullion. J. S. Mill. 2. A share of the receipts of a business taken in payment for the use of a right, as a copyright or a patent. Seign"ior*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a seignior; seigneurial. \'bdKingly or seignioral patronage.\'b8 Burke. Seign"ior*al*ty (?), n. The territory or authority of a seignior, or lord. Milman. Seign*io"ri*al (?), a. Same as Seigneurial. Seign"ior*ize (?), v. t. To lord it over. [Obs.] As proud as he that seigniorizeth hell. Fairfax. Seign"ior*y (?), n.; pl. -ies (#). [OE. seignorie, OF. seigneurie, F. seigneurie; cf. It. signoria.] 1. The power or authority of a lord; dominion. O'Neal never had any seigniory over that country but what by encroachment he got upon the English. Spenser. 2. The territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. [Written also seigneury, and seignory.] Seine (?), n. [F. seine, or AS. segene, bsagena, Gr. (Fishing.) A large net, one edge of which is provided with sinkers, and the other with floats. It hangs vertically in the water, and when its ends are brought together or drawn ashore incloses the fish. Seine boat, a boat specially constructed to carry and pay out a seine. Sein"er (?), n. One who fishes with a seine. Sein"ing, n. Fishing with a seine. Seint (?), n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.] \'bdGirt with a seint of silk.\'b8 Chaucer. Seint, n. A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sein"tu*a*ry (?), n. Sanctuary. [Obs.] Seir"fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Seerfish. Sei"ro*spore (?), n. [Gr. spore.] (Bot.) One of several spores arranged in a chain as in certain alg\'91 of the genus Callithamnion. Seise (?), v. t. See Seize. Spenser. to be seised of (an estate). Sei"sin (?), n. See Seizin. Spenser. { Seis"mic (?), Seis"mal (?), } a. [Gr. Of or pertaining to an earthquake; caused by an earthquake. Seismic vertical, the point upon the earth's surface vertically over the center of effort or focal point whence the earthquake's impulse proceeds, or the vertical line connecting these two points. Seis"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. -graph.] (Physics) An apparatus for registering the shocks and undulatory motions of earthquakes. Seis`mo*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a seismograph; indicated by a seismograph. Seis*mog"ra*phy (?), n. 1. A writing about, or a description of, earthquakes. 2. The art of registering the shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes. Seis`mo*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to seismology. -- Seis`mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Seis*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. -logy.] The science of earthquakes. Seis*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the direction, duration, and force of earthquakes and like concussions. Seis`mo*met"ric (?), a. Of or pertaining to seismometry, or seismometer; as, seismometric instruments; seismometric measurements. Seis*mom"e*try (?), n. The mensuration of such phenomena of earthquakes as can be expressed in numbers, or by their relation to the co\'94rdinates of space. Seis"mo*scope (?), n. [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) A seismometer. Se"i*ty (?), n. [L. se one's self.] Something peculiar to one's self. [R.] Tatler. Seiz"a*ble (?), a. That may be seized. Seize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seizing.] [OE. seisen, saisen, OF. seisir, saisir, F. saisir, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. set. The meaning is properly, to set, put, place, hence, to put in possession of. See Set, v. t.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold of; to gripe or grasp suddenly; to reach and grasp. For by no means the high bank he could seize. Spenser. Seek you to seize and gripe into your hands The royalties and rights of banished Hereford? Shak. <-- p. 1305 --> 2. To take possession of by force. At last they seize The scepter, and regard not David's sons. Milton. 3. To invade suddenly; to take sudden hold of; to come upon suddenly; as, a fever seizes a patient. Hope and deubt alternate seize her seul. Pope. 4. (law) To take possession of by virtue of a warrant or other legal authority; as, the sheriff seized the debtor's goods. 5. To fasten; to fix. [Obs.] As when a bear hath seized her cruel claws Upon the carcass of some beast too weak. Spenser. 6. To grap with the mind; to comprehend fully and distinctly; as, to seize an idea. 7. (Naut.) To bind or fasten together with a lashing of small stuff, as yarn or marline; as, to seize ropes. seise, in the phrase to be seised of (an estate), as also, in composition, disseise, disseisin. To be seized of, to have possession, or right of possession; as, A B was seized and possessed of the manor of Dale. \'bdWhom age might see seized of what youth made prize.\'b8 Chapman. -- To seize on upon, to fall on and grasp; to take hold on; to take possession of suddenly and forcibly. Syn. -- To catch; grasp; clutch; snatch; apprehend; arrest; take; capture. Seiz"er (?), n. One who, or that which, seizes. Sei"zin (?), n. [F. saisine. See Seize.] 1. (Law) Possession; possession of an estate of froehold. It may be either in deed or in law; the former when there is actual possession, the latter when there is a right to such possession by construction of law. In some of the United States seizin means merely ownership. Burrill. 2. The act of taking possession. [Obs.] 3. The thing possessed; property. Sir M. Halle. seisin. Livery of seizin. (Eng. Law) See Note under Livery, 1. Seiz"ing (?), n. 1. The act of taking or grasping suddenly. 2. (Naut.) (a) The operation of fastening together or lashing. (b) The cord or lashing used for such fastening. Sei"zor (?), n. (Law) One who seizes, or takes possession. Sei"zure (?), n. 1. The act of seizing, or the state of being seized; sudden and violent grasp or gripe; a taking into possession; as, the seizure of a thief, a property, a throne, etc. 2. Retention within one's grasp or power; hold; possession; ownership. Make o'er thy honor by a deed of trust, And give me seizure of the mighty wealth. Dryden. 3. That which is seized, or taken possession of; a thing laid hold of, or possessed. { Se"jant, Se"jeant } (?), a. [F. s\'82ant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. sedere.] (Her.) Sitting, as a lion or other beast. Sejant rampant, sitting with the forefeet lifted up. Wright. Se*jein" (?), v. t. [L. sejungere; pref. se- aside + jungere to join. See Join.] To separate. [Obs.] Se*junc"tion (?), n. [L. sejunctio. See Sejoin.] The act of disjoining, or the state of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. Se*jun"gi*ble (?), a. [See Sejoin.] Capable of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. Seke (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Seke (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer. \'d8Se"kes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.) A place in a pagan temple in which the images of the deities were inclosed. Se*la"chi*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Selachii. See Illustration in Appendix. \'d8Se*la"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) An order of elasmobranchs including the sharks and rays; the Plagiostomi. Called also Selacha, Selache, and Selachoidei. \'d8Sel`a*choi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Selachii. \'d8Sel`a*chos"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and Stoma.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of ganoid fishes which includes the paddlefish, in which the mouth is armed with small teeth. \'d8Sel`a*gi*nel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. selago, -inis, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories. Se"lah (?), n. [Heb. sel\'beh.] (Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occuring frequently in the Psalms; by some, supposed to signify silence or a pause in the musical performance of the song. Beyond the fact that Selach is a musical term, we know absolutely nothing about it. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) Sel"couth (?), n. [AS. selc, seldc; seld rare + c known. See Uncouth.] Rarely known; unusual; strange. [Obs.] [She] wondered much at his so selcouth case. Spenser. Seld (?), a. [See Seldom.] Rare; uncommon; unusual. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. Seld, adv. Rarely; seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sel"den (?), adv. Seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sel"dem (?), adv. [Usually, compar. More seldom (; superl. Most seldom (; but sometimes also, Seldomer (, Seldomest.] [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld rare; akin to OFries. sielden, D. zelden, G. selten, OHG. seltan, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Sw. s\'84llan, Goth. sildaleiks marvelous.] Rarely; not often; not frequently. Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one. Hooker. Sel"dom (?), a. Rare; infrequent. [Archaic.] \'bdA suppressed and seldom anger.\'b8 Jer. Taylor. Sel"dom*ness, n. Rareness. Hooker. Seld"seen` (?), a. [AS. seldsiene.] Seldom seen. [Obs.] Drayton. Seld"shewn` (?), a. [Seld + shown.] Rarely shown or exhibited. [Obs.] Shak. Se*lect" (?), a. [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to select; pref. se- aside + levere to gather. See Legend.] Taken from a number by preferance; picked out as more valuable or exellent than others; of special value or exellence; nicely chosen; selected; choice. A few select spirits had separated from the crowd, and formed a fit audience round a far greater teacher. Macaulay. Se*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected; p. pr. & vb. n. Selecting.] To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as, to select the best authors for perusal. \'bdOne peculiar nation to select.\'b8 Milton. The pious chief . . . A hundred youths from all his train selects. Dryden. Se*lect"ed*ly, adv. With care and selection. [R.] Se*lec"tion (?), n. [L. selectio: cf. F. s\'82lection.] . The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference. 2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books. Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural. Se*lect"ive (?), a. Selecting; tending to select. This selective providence of the Almighty. Bp. Hall. Se*lect"man (?), n.; pl. Selectmen (. One of a board of town officers chosen annually in the New England States to transact the general public business of the town, and have a kind of executive authority. The number is usually from three to seven in each town. The system of delegated town action was then, perhaps, the same which was defined in an \'bdorder made in 1635 by the inhabitants of Charlestown at a full meeting for the government of the town, by selectmen;\'b8 the name presently extended throughout New England to municipal governors. Palfrey. Se*lect"ness, n. The quality or state of being select. Se*lect"or (?), n. [L.] One who selects. Sel"e*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenic acid; -- formerly called also seleniate. Sel`en*hy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen selenide, H2Se, regarded as an acid analogous to sulphydric acid. Se*len"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. s\'82l\'82nique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to selenium; derived from, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with selenious compounds. Sel"e*nide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of selenium, or a compound regarded as binary; as, ethyl selenide. Sel`e*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Selenium + -ferous. ] Containing, or impregnated with, selenium; as, seleniferous pyrites. Se*le"ni*o- (. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of selenium or its compounds; as, selenio-phosphate, a phosphate having selenium in place of all, or a part, of the oxygen. Se*le"ni*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. s\'82l\'82nieux.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with selenic compounds. Sel"e*nite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenious acid. Sel"e*nite, n. [L. selenites, Gr. (Min.) A variety of gypsum, occuring in transparent crystals or crystalline masses. { Sel`e*nit"ic (?), Sel`e*nit"ic*al (?), } a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to selenite; resembling or containing selenite. Se*le"ni*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. tellurium (from L. tellus the earth), being, as it were, a companion to it.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element of the sulphur group, and analogous to sulphur in its compounds. It is found in small quantities with sulphur and some sulphur ores, and obtained in the free state as a dark reddish powder or crystalline mass, or as a dark metallic-looking substance. It exhibits under the action of light a remarkable variation in electric conductivity, and is used in certain electric apparatus. Symbol Se. Atomic weight 78.9. Sel`e*ni"u*ret (?), n. (CHem.) A selenide. [Obs.] Sel`e*ni"u*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Combined with selenium as in a selenide; as, seleniureted hydrogen. [Written also seleniuretted.] [Obsoles.] Se*le`ne*cen"tric (?), a. [Gr. centric.] (Astron.) As seen or estimated from the center of the moon; with the moon central. Se*le"no*graph (?), n. A picture or delineation of the moon's surface, or of any part of it. Sel`e*nog"ra*pher (?), n. One skilled in selenography. Wright. { Sel`e*no*graph"ic (?), Sel`e*no*graph"i*cal (?), } a. [Cf. F. s\'82l\'82nographique.] Of or pertaining to selenography. Sel`e*nog"ra*phist (?), n. A selenographer. Sel`e*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. -graphy.] The science that treats of the physical features of the moon; -- corresponding to physical geography in respect to the earth. \'bdAccurate selenography, or description of the moon.\'b8 Sir T. Browne. Sel`e*no"ni*um (?), n. [Selenium + sulphonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of selenium, analogous to sulphonium. [R.] Sel`e*nol"o*gy, n. [Gr.-logy.] That branch of astronomy which treats of the moon. -- Sel`e*no*log"i*cal (#), a. Self (?), a. [AS. self, seolf, sylf; akin to OS. self, OFries. self, D. zelf, G. selb, selber, selbst, Dan. selv. Sw. sjelf, Icel. sj\'belfr, Goth. silba. Cf. Selavage.] Same; particular; very; identical. [Obs., except in the compound selfsame.] \'bdOn these self hills.\'b8 Sir. W. Raleigh. To shoot another arrow that self way Which you did shoot the first. Shak. At that self moment enters Palamon. Dryden. Self, n.; pl. Selves (. 1. The individual as the object of his own reflective consciousness; the man viewed by his own cognition as the subject of all his mental phenomena, the agent in his own activities, the subject of his own feelings, and the possessor of capacities and character; a person as a distinct individual; a being regarded as having personality. \'bdThose who liked their real selves.\'b8 Addison. A man's self may be the worst fellow to converse with in the world. Pope. The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Hence, personal interest, or love of private interest; selfishness; as, self is his whole aim. 3. Personification; embodiment. [Poetic.] She was beauty's self. Thomson. Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, for emphasis; I myself will write; I will examine for myself; thou thyself shalt go; thou shalt see for thyself; you yourself shall write; you shall see for yourself; he himself shall write; he shall examine for himself; she herself shall write; she shall examine for herself; the child itself shall be carried; it shall be present itself. It is also used reflexively; as, I abhor myself; thou enrichest thyself; he loves himself; she admires herself; it pleases itself; we walue ourselves; ye hurry yourselves; they see themselves. Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nominative case, as well as in the objective. \'bdJesus himself baptized not, but his disciples.\'b8 John iv. 2. Self is used in the formation of innumerable compounds, usually of obvious signification, in most of which it denotes either the agent or the object of the action expressed by the word with which it is joined, or the person in behalf of whom it is performed, or the person or thing to, for, or towards whom or which a quality, attribute, or feeling expressed by the following word belongs, is directed, or is exerted, or from which it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of, or object affected by, such action, quality, attribute, feeling, or the like; as, self-abandoning, self-abnegation, self-abhorring, self-absorbed, self-accusing, self-adjusting, self-balanced, self-boasting, self-canceled, self-combating, self-commendation, self-condemned, self-conflict, self-conquest, self-constituted, self-consumed, self-contempt, self-controlled, self-deceiving, self-denying, self-destroyed, self-disclosure, self-display, self-dominion, self-doomed, self-elected, self-evolved, self-exalting, self-excusing, self-exile, self-fed, self-fulfillment, self-governed, self-harming, self-helpless, self-humiliation, self-idolized, self-inflicted, self-improvement, self-instruction, self-invited, self-judging, self-justification, self-loathing, self-loving, self-maintenance, self-mastered, self-nourishment, self-perfect, self-perpetuation, self-pleasing, self-praising, self-preserving, self-questioned, self-relying, self-restraining, self-revelation, self-ruined, self-satisfaction, self-support, self-sustained, self-sustaining, self-tormenting, self-troubling, self-trust, self-tuition, self-upbraiding, self-valuing, self-worshiping, and many others. Self`-a*based" (?), a. Humbled by consciousness of inferiority, unworthiness, guilt, or shame. Self`-a*base"ment (?), n. 1. Degradation of one's self by one's own act. 2. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame. Self`-a*bas"ing, a. Lowering or humbling one's self. Self`-ab*hor"rence (?), n. Abhorrence of one's self. Self`-ab`ne*ga"tion (?), n. Self-denial; self-renunciation; self-sacrifice. Self`-abuse" (?), n. 1. The abuse of one's own self, powers, or faculties. 2. Self-deception; delusion. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Masturbation; onanism; self-pollution. Self"-ac*cused" (?), a. Accused by one's self or by one's conscience. \'bdDie self-accused.\'b8 Cowper. Self`-act"ing (?), a. Acting of or by one's self or by itself; -- said especially of a machine or mechanism which is made to perform of or for itself what is usually done by human agency; automatic; as, a self-acting feed apparatus; a self-acting mule; a self-acting press. Self`-ac"tion (?), n. Action by, or originating in, one's self or itself. Self`-ac"tive (?), a. Acting of one's self or of itself; acting without depending on other agents. Self`-ac*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being self-active; self-action. Self`-ad*just"ing (?), a. (Mach.) Capable of assuming a desired position or condition with relation to other parts, under varying circumstances, without requiring to be adjusted by hand; -- said of a piece in machinery. Self-adjusting bearing (Shafting), a bearing which is supported in such a manner that it may tip to accomodate flexure or displacement of the shaft. Self`-ad`mi*ra"tion (?), n. Admiration of one's self. Self`-af*fairs" (?), n. pl. One's own affairs; one's private business. [Obs.] Shak. <-- p. 1306 --> Self`-af*fright"ed (?), a. Frightened at or by one's self. Shak. Self`-ag*gran"dize*ment (?), n. The aggrandizement of one's self. Self`-an*ni"hi*la`ted (?), a. Annihilated by one's self. Self`-an*ni`hi*la"tion (?), n. Annihilation by one's own acts; annihilation of one's desires. Addison. Self`-ap*plause" (?), n. Applause of one's self. Self`-ap*ply"ing (?), a. Applying to or by one's self. Self`-ap*prov"ing (?), a. Approving one's own action or character by one's own judgment. One self-approving hour whole years outweighs Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas. Pope. Self`-as*sert"ing (?), a. asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; hence, putting one's self forward in a confident or assuming manner. Self`-as*ser"tion (?), n. The act of asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; the quality of being self-asserting. Self`-as*sert"ive (?), a. Disposed to self-assertion; self-asserting. Self`-as*sumed` (?), a. Assumed by one's own act, or without authority. Self`-as*sured` (?), a. Assured by or of one's self; self-reliant; complacent. Self`-ban"ished (?), a. Exiled voluntarily. Self"-be*get"ten (?), a. Begotten by one's self, or one's own powers. Self"-bern` (?), a. Born or produced by one's self. { Self`-cen"tered, Self`-cen"tred } (?), a. Centered in itself, or in one's self.\'3c-- of people? --\'3e There hangs the ball of earth and water mixt, Self-centered and unmoved. Dryden. { Self`-cen"ter*ing (?), Self`-cen"tring (?) } a. Centering in one's self. Self`-cen*tra"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being self-centered. Self`-char"i*ty (?), n. Self-love. [Obs.] Shak. Self"-col`or (?), n. A color not mixed or variegated. Self`-cel"ored (?), a. Being of a single color; -- applied to flowers, animals, and textile fabrics. Self`-com*mand" (?), n. Control over one's own feelings, temper, etc.; self-control. Self`-com*mune" (?), n. Self-communion. [R.] Self`-com*mu"ni*ca*tive (?), a. Imparting or communicating by its own powers. Self`-com*mun"ion (?), n. Communion with one's self; thoughts about one's self. Self`-com*pla"cen*cy (?), n. The quality of being self-complacent. J. Foster. Self`0com*pla"cent (?), a. Satisfied with one's own character, capacity, and doings; self-satisfied. Self`-con*ceit" (?), n. Conceit of one's self; an overweening opinion of one's powers or endowments. Syn. -- See Egotism. Self`-con*ceit"ed, a. Having an overweening opinion of one's own powers, attainments; vain; conceited. -- Self`-con*ceit"ed*ness, n. Self`-con*cern" (?), n. Concern for one's self. Self`-con`dem*na"tion (?), n. Condemnation of one's self by one's own judgment. Self`-con"fi*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being self-confident; self-reliance. A feeling of self-confidence which supported and sustained him. Beaconsfield. Self`-con"fi*dent (?), a. Confident of one's own strength or powers; relying on one's judgment or ability; self-reliant. -- Self`-con"fi*dent*ly, adv. Self`-con"ju*gate (?), a. (Geom.) Having the two things that are conjugate parts of the same figure; as, self-conjugate triangles. Self`-con"scious (?), a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or state as belonging to, or originating in, one's self. \'bdMy self-conscious worth.\'b8 Dryden. 2. Conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of others; as, the speaker was too self-conscious. Self`-con"scious*ness, n. The quality or state of being self-conscious. Self`-con*sid"er*ing (?), a. Considering in one's own mind; deliberating. Pope. Self`-con*sist"en*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-consistent. Self`-ccon*sist"ent (?), a. Consistent with one's self or with itself; not deviation from the ordinary standard by which the conduct is guided; logically consistent throughout; having each part consistent with the rest. Self`-con*sum"ing (?), a. Consuming one's self or itself. Self`-con*tained" (?), a. 1. Having self-control; reserved; uncommunicative; wholly engrossed in one's self. 2. (Mach.) Having all the essential working parts connected by a bedplate or framework, or contained in a case, etc., so that mutual relations of the parts do not depend upon fastening outside of the machine itself. Self-contained steam engine. (a) A steam engine having both bearings for the crank shaft attached to the frame of the engine. (b) A steam engine and boiler combined and fastened together; a portable steam engine. Self`-con`tra*dic"tion (?), n. The act of contradicting one's self or itself; repugnancy in conceptions or in terms; a proposition consisting of two members, one of which contradicts the other; as, to be and not to be at the same time is a self-contradiction. Self`-con`tra*dict"o*ry (?), a. Contradicting one's self or itself. Self`-con*trol" (?), n. Control of one's self; restraint exercised over one's self; self-command. Self`-con*vict"ed (?), a. Convicted by one's own consciousness, knowledge, avowal, or acts. Self`-con*vic"tion (?), n. The act of convicting one's self, or the state of being self-convicted. Self`-cre*at"ed (?), a. Created by one's self; not formed or constituted by another. Self`-cul"ture (?), n. Culture, training, or education of one's self by one's own efforts. Self`-de*ceit" (?), n. The act of deceiving one's self, or the state of being self-deceived; self-deception. Self`-de*ceived" (?), a. Deceived or misled respecting one's self by one's own mistake or error. Self`-de*cep"tion (?), n. Self-deceit. Self`-de*fence" (?), n. See Self-defense. Self`-de*fense" (?), n. The act of defending one's own person, property, or reputation. In self-defense (Law), in protection of self, -- it being permitted in law to a party on whom a grave wrong is attempted to resist the wrong, even at the peril of the life of the assailiant. Wharton. Self`-de*fen"sive (?), a. Defending, or tending to defend, one's own person, property, or reputation. Self`-deg`ra*da"tion (?), n. The act of degrading one's self, or the state of being so degraded. Self`-de*la"tion (?), n. Accusation of one's self. [R.] Milman. Self`-de*lu"sion (?), n. The act of deluding one's self, or the state of being thus deluded. Self`-de*ni"al (?), n. The denial of one's self; forbearing to gratify one's own desires; self-sacrifice. Self`-de*ny"ing (?), a. Refusing to gratify one's self; self-sacrificing. -- Self`-de*ny"ing*ly, adv. Self`-de*pend"ent (?), a. Dependent on one's self; self-depending; self-reliant. Self`-de*pend"ing, a. Depending on one's self. Self`-de*praved" (?), a. Corrupted or depraved by one's self. Milton. Self`-de*stroy"er (?), n. One who destroys himself; a suicide. Self`-de*struc"tion (?), n. The destruction of one's self; self-murder; suicide. Milton. Self`-de*struc"tive (?), a. Destroying, or tending to destroy, one's self or itself; rucidal. Self`-de*ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. Determination by one's self; or, determination of one's acts or states without the necessitating force of motives; -- applied to the voluntary or activity. Self`-de*ter"min*ing (?), a. Capable of self-determination; as, the self-determining power of will. Self`-de*vised" (?), a. Devised by one's self. Self`-de*vot"ed (?), a. Devoted in person, or by one's own will. Hawthorne. Self`-de*vote"ment (?), n. Self-devotion. [R.] Self`-de*vo"tion (?), n. The act of devoting one's self, or the state of being self-devoted; willingness to sacrifice one's own advantage or happiness for the sake of others; self-sacrifice. Self`-de*vour"ing (?), a. Devouring one's self or itself. Danham. Self`-dif*fu"sive (?), a. Having power to diffuse itself; diffusing itself. Norris. Self`-dis"ci*pline (?), n. Correction or government of one's self for the sake of improvement. Self`-dis*trust" (?), n. Want of confidence in one' self; diffidence. Self`-ed"u*ca`ted (?), a. Educated by one's own efforts, without instruction, or without pecuniary assistance from others. Self`-e*lect"ive (?), a. Having the right of electing one's self, or, as a body, of electing its own members. Self`-en*joy"ment, (?) n. Enjoyment of one's self; self-satisfaction. Self`-es*teem" (?), n. The holding a good opinion of one's self; self-complacency. Self`-es`ti*ma"tion (?), n. The act of estimating one's self; self-esteem. Self`-ev"i*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being self-evident. Locke. Self`-ev"i*dent (?), a. Evident without proof or reasoning; producing certainty or conviction upon a bare presentation to the mind; as, a self-evident proposition or truth. -- Self`-ev"i*dent*ly, adv. Self`-ev`o*lu"tion (?), n. Evolution of one's self; development by inherent quality or power. Self`-ex`al*ta"tion (?), n. The act of exalting one's self, or the state of being so exalted. Self`-ex*am"i*nant (?), n. One who examines himself; one given to self-examination. The humiliated self-examinant feels that there is evil in our nature as well as good. Coleridge. Self`-ex*am`i*na"tion (?), n. An examination into one's own state, conduct, and motives, particularly in regard to religious feelings and duties. Self`-ex*ist"ence (?), n. Inherent existence; existence possessed by virtue of a being's own nature, and independent of any other being or cause; -- an attribute peculiar to God. Blackmore. Self`-ex*ist"ent (?), a. Existing of or by himself,independent of any other being or cause; -- as, God is the only self-existent being. self`-ex*plain"ing (?), a. Explaining itself; capable of being understood without explanation. Self`-ex*po"sure (?), n. The act of exposing one's self; the state of being so exposed. Self`-fer`ti*li*za"tion (?), n. (Bot.) The fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same flower and without outer aid; autogamy. Self`-fer"ti*lized (?), a. (Bot.) Fertilized by pollen from the same flower. Self`-glo"ri*ous (?), a. Springing from vainglory or vanity; vain; boastful. Dryden. Self`-gov"ern*ment (?), n. 1. The act of governing one's self, or the state of being governed by one's self; self-control; self-command. 2. Hence, government of a community, state, or nation by the joint action of the mass of people constituting such a civil body; also, the state of being so governed; democratic government; democracy. It is to self-government, the great principle of popular representation and administration, -- the system that lets in all to participate in the councels that are to assign the good or evil to all, -- that we may owe what we are and what we hope to be. D. Webster. Self`-grat`u*la"tion (?), n. Gratulation of one's self. Self`-heal" (?), n. (Bot.) A blue-flowered labiate plant (Brunella vulgaris); the healall. Self`-heal"ing (?), a. Having the power or property of healing itself. Self`-help" (?), n. The act of aiding one's self, without depending on the aid of others. Self`-hom"i*cide (?), n. The act of killing one's self; suicide. Hakewill. Self"hood (?), n. Existence as a separate self, or independent person; conscious personality; individuality. Bib. Sacra. Self`-ig"no*rance (?), n. Ignorance of one's own character, powers, and limitations. Self`-ig"no*rant (?), a. Ignorant of one's self. Self`-im*part"ing (?), a. Imparting by one's own, or by its own, powers and will. Norris. Self`-im*por"tance (?), n. An exaggerated estimate of one's own importance or merit, esp. as manifested by the conduct or manners; self-conceit. Self`-im*por"tant (?), a. Having or manifesting an exaggerated idea of one's own importance or merit. Self`-im*posed" (?), a. Voluntarily taken on one's self; as, self-imposed tasks. Self`-im*pos"ture (?), n. Imposture practiced on one's self; self-deceit. South. Self`-in`dig*na"tion (?), n. Indignation at one's own character or actions. Baxter. Self`-in*dul"gence (?), n. Indulgence of one's appetites, desires, or inclinations; -- the opposite of self-restraint, and self-denial. Self`-in*dul"gent (?), a. Indulging one's appetites, desires, etc., freely. Self`-in"ter*est (?), n. Private interest; the interest or advantage of one's self. Self`-in"ter*est*ed, a. Particularly concerned for one's own interest or happiness. Self`-in`vo*lu"tion (?), n. Involution in one's self; hence, abstraction of thought; reverie. Self"ish (?), a. 1. Caring supremely or unduly for one's self; regarding one's own comfort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of those of others. They judge of things according to their own private appetites and selfish passions. Cudworth. In that throng of selfish hearts untrue. Keble. 2. (Ethics) Believing or teaching that the chief motives of human action are derived from love of self. Hobbes and the selfish school of philosophers. Fleming. Self"ish*ly, adv. In a selfish manner; with regard to private interest only or chiefly. Self"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being selfish; exclusive regard to one's own interest or happiness; that supreme self-love or self-preference which leads a person to direct his purposes to the advancement of his own interest, power, or happiness, without regarding those of others. Selfishness,- a vice utterly at variance with the happiness of him who harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self-love. Sir J. Mackintosh. Syn. -- See Self-love. Self"ism (?), n. Concentration of one's interests on one's self; self-love; selfishness. Emerson. Self"ist, n. A selfish person. [R.] I. Taylor. Self`-jus"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who excuses or justifies himself. J. M. Mason. Self`-kin"dled (?), a. Kindled of itself, or without extraneous aid or power. Dryden. Self`-know"ing (?), a. 1. Knowing one's self, or one's own character, powers, and limitations. 2. Knowing of itself, without help from another. Self`-knowl"edge (?), n. Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc. Self"less, a. Having no regard to self; unselfish. Lo now, what hearts have men! they never mount As high as woman in her selfless mood. Tennyson. Self"less*ness, n. Quality or state of being selfless. Self"-life` (?), n. Life for one's self; living solely or chiefly for one's own pleasure or good. Self`-love` (?), n. The love of one's self; desire of personal happiness; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advantage. Shak. Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope. Syn. -- Selfishness. -- Self-love, Selfishness. The term self-love is used in a twofold sense: 1. It denotes that longing for good or for well-being which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characterizing every special desire. In this sense it has no moral quality, being, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evil. 2. It is applied to a voluntary regard for the gratification of special desires. In this sense it is morally good or bad according as these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfishness is always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard to our own interests, gratification, etc., which is sought or indulged at the expense, and to the injury, of others. \'bdSo long as self-love does not degenerate into selfishness, it is quite compatible with true benevolence.\'b8 Fleming. \'bdNot only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety, denotes a very different disposition of mind.\'b8 Slewart. Self`-lu"mi*nous (?), a. Possessing in itself the property of emitting light. Sir D. Brewster. <-- p. 1307 --> Self"-made` (?), a. Made by one's self. Self-made man, a man who has risen from poverty or obscurity by means of his own talentss or energies. Self"-met`tle (?), n Inborn mettle or courage; one's own temper. [Obs.] Shak. Self`-mo"tion (?), n. Motion given by inherent power, without external impulse; spontaneus or voluntary motion. Matter is not induced with self-motion. Cheyne. Self`-moved" (?), a. Moved by inherent power., without the aid of external impulse. Self`-mov"ing (?), a. Moving by inherent power, without the aid of external impulse. Self`-mur"der (?), a. Suicide. Self`-mur"der*er (?), n. A suicide. Self`-neg*lect"ing (?), n. A neglecting of one's self, or of one's own interests. Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin As self-neglecting. Shak. Self"ness, n. Selfishness. [Obs.] Sir. P. Sidney. Self`-one" (?), a. Secret. [Obs.] Marston. Self`-o*pin"ion (?), n. Opinion, especially high opinion, of one's self; an overweening estimate of one's self or of one's own opinion. Collier. Self`-o*pin"ioned (?), a. Having a high opinion of one's self; opinionated; conceited. South. Self`-o*pin"i*na`ting (?), a. Beginning wwith, or springing from, one's self. Self`-par`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. That partiality to himself by which a man overrates his own worth when compared with others. Kames. Self`-per*plexed" (?), a. Perplexed by doubts originating in one's own mind. Self`-pos"it*ed (?), a. Disposed or arranged by an action originating in one's self or in itself. These molecular blocks of salt are self-posited. Tyndall. Self`-pos"it*ing, a. The act of disposing or arranging one's self or itself. The self-positing of the molecules. R. Watts. Self"-pos*sessed" (?), a. Composed or tranquill in mind, manner, etc.; undisturbed. Self`-pos*ses"sion (?), n. The possession of one's powers; calmness; self-command; presence of mind; composure. Self"-praise` (?), n. Praise of one's self. Self`-pres`er*va"tion (?), n. The preservation of one's self from destruction or injury. Self`-prop"a*ga`ting (?), a. Propagating by one's self or by itself. Self`-reg"is*ter*ing (?), a. Registering itself; -- said of any instrument so contrived as to record its own indications of phenomena, whether continuously or at stated times, as at the maxima and minima of variations; as, a self-registering anemometer or barometer. Self`-reg"u*la`ted (?), a. Regulated by one's self or by itself. Self`-reg"u*la*tive (?), a. Tending or serving to regulate one's self or itself. Whewell. Self`-re*li"ance (?), n. Reliance on one's own powers or judgment; self-trust. Self`-re*li"ant (?), a. Reliant upon one's self; trusting to one's own powers or judgment. Self`-re*nun`ci*a"tion (?), n. The act of renouncing, or setting aside, one's own wishes, claims, etc.; self-sacrifice. Self`-re*pel"len*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-repelling. Self`-re*pel"ling, ( a. Made up of parts, as molecules or atoms, which mutually repel each other; as, gases are self-repelling. <-- gases aren't self-repelling! Like charges are. --> Self`-rep`e*ti"tion (?), n. Repetition of one's self or of one's acts; the saying or doing what one has already said or done. Self`-re*proach" (?), n. The act of reproaching one's self; censure by one's own conscience. Self`-re*proached" (?), a. Reproached by one's own conscience or judgment. Self`-re*proach"ing (?), a. Reproaching one's self. -- Self`-re*proach"ing*ly, adv. Self`-re*proof" (?), n. The act of reproving one's self; censure of one's conduct by one's own judgment. Self`-re*proved" (?), a. Reproved by one's own conscience or one's own sense of guilt. Self`-re*prov"ing (?), a. Reproving one's self; reproving by consciousness of guilt. Self`-re*prov"ing*ly, adv. In a self-reproving way. Self`-re*pug"nant (?), a. Self-contradictory; inconsistent. Brougham. Self`-re*pul"sive (?), a. Self-repelling. Self`-re*spect" (?), n. Respect for one's self; regard for one's character; laudable self-esteem. Self`-re*strained" (?), a. Restrained by one's self or itself; restrained by one's own power or will. Self`-re*straint" (?), n. Restraint over one's self; self-control; self-command. Self`-rev"er*ence (?), n. A reverent respect for one's self. Tennyson. Self`-right"eous (?), a. Righteous in one's own esteem; pharisaic. Self`-right"eous*ness, n. The quality or state of being self-righteous; pharisaism. Self`-sac"ri*fice (?), n. The act of sacrificing one's self, or one's interest, for others; self-devotion. Self`-sac"ri*fi`cing (?), a. Yielding up one's own interest, ffeelings, etc; sacrificing one's self. Self"same (?), a. [Self, a. + same.] Precisely the same; the very same; identical. His servant was healed in the selfsame hour. Matt. viii. 13. Self`-sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being self-satisfied. Self`-sat"is*fied (?), a. Satisfied with one's self or one's actions; self-complacent. Self`-sat"is*fy`ing (?), a. Giving satisfaction to one's self. Self"-seek`er, n. One who seeks only his own interest, advantage, or pleasure. Self"-seek`ing, a. Seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfish. Arbuthnot. Self"-seek`ing, n. The act or habit of seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfishness. Self`-slaugh"ter (?), n. Suicide. Shak. Self`-suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-sufficient. Self`-suf*fi"cient (?), a. 1. Sufficient for one's self without external aid or co\'94peration. Neglect of friends can never be proved rational till we prove the person using it omnipotent and self-sufficient, and such as can never need any mortal assistance. South. 2. Having an overweening confidence in one's own abilities or worth; hence, haughty; overbearing. \'bdA rash and self-sufficient manner.\'b8 I. Watts. Self`-suf*fi"cing (?), a. Sufficing for one's self or for itself, without needing external aid; self-sufficient. -- Self`-suf*fi"cing*ness, n. J. C. Shairp. Self`-sus*pend"ed (?), a. Suspended by one's self or by itself; balanced. Southey. Self`-sus*pi"cious (?), a. Suspicious or distrustful of one's self. Baxter. Self"-taught` (?), a. Taught by one's own efforts. Self`-tor*ment"or (?), n. One who torments himself. Self`-tor"ture (?), n. The act of inflicting pain on one's self; pain inflicted on one's self. Self"-trust`, n. Faith in one's self; self-reliance. Self`-uned" (?), a. [E. self + L. unus one.] One with itself; separate from others. [Obs.] Sylvester. Self"-view` (?), n. A view if one's self; specifically, carefulness or regard for one's own interests Self`-will" (?), n. [AS. selfwill.] One's own will, esp. when opposed to that of others; obstinacy. Self`-willed" (?), a. Governed by one's own will; not yielding to the wishes of others; obstinate. Self`-willed"ness, n. Obstinacy. Sir W. Scott. Self"-wor`ship (?), n. The idolizing of one's self; immoderate self-conceit. Self"-wrong` (?), n. Wrong done by a person himself. Shak. Sel"ion (?), n. [OF. seillon a measure of land, F. sillon a ridge, furrow, LL. selio a measure of land.] A short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of uncertain quantity; also, a ridge of land lying between two furrows. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sel*juk"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seljuk, a Tartar chief who embraced Mohammedanism, and began the subjection of Western Asia to that faith and rule; of or pertaining to the dynasty founded by him, or the empire maintained by his descendants from the 10th to the 13th century. J. H. Newman. Sel*juck"i*an, n. A member of the family of Seljuk; an adherent of that family, or subject of its government; (pl.) the dynasty of Turkish sultans sprung from Seljuk. Sell (?), n. Self. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson. Sell, n. A sill. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sell, n. A cell; a house. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sell, n. [F. selle, L. sella, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. A saddle for a horse. [Obs.] He left his lofty steed with golden self. Spenser. 2. A throne or lofty seat. [Obs.] Fairfax. Sell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sold (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Selling.] [OE. sellen, sillen, AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver; akin to OS. sellian, OFries. sella, OHG. sellen, Icel. selja to hand over, to sell, Sw. s\'84lja to sell, Dan. s, Goth. saljan to offer a sacrifice; all from a noun akin to E. sale. Cf. Sale.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to give up for a valuable consideration; to dispose of in return for something, especially for money. If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor. Matt. xix. 21. I am changed; I'll go sell all my land. Shak. Sell is corellative to buy, as one party buys what the other sells. It is distinguished usually from exchange or barter, in which one commodity is given for another; whereas in selling the consideration is usually money, or its representative in current notes. 2. To make a matter of bargain and sale of; to accept a price or reward for, as for a breach of duty, trust, or the like; to betray. You would have sold your king to slaughter. Shak. 3. To impose upon; to trick; to deceive; to make a fool of; to cheat. [Slang] Dickens. To sell one's life dearly, to cause much loss to those who take one's life, as by killing a number of one's assailants. -- To sell (anything) out, to dispose of it wholly or entirely; as, he had sold out his corn, or his interest in a business. Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling commodities. I will buy with you, sell with you; . . . but I will not eat with you. Shak. 2. To be sold; as, corn sells at a good price. To sell out, to sell one's whole stockk in trade or one's entire interest in a property or a business. Sell, n. An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. [Colloq.] { Sel"lan*ders (?), Sel"len*ders (?), } n. pl. (Far.) See Sallenders. Sell"er (?), n. One who sells. Chaucer. Sel"ters wa"ter (?). A mineral water from Sellers, in the district of Nassan, Germany, containing much free carbonic acid. Selt"zer wa"ter (?). See Selters water. Selt"zo-gene (?), n. [Seltzer water + the root of Gr. A gazogene. { Sel"vage, Sel"vedge } (?), n. [Self + edge, i. e., its own proper edge; cf. OD. selfegge.] 1. The edge of cloth which is woven in such a manner as to prevent raveling. 2. The edge plate of a lock, through which the bolt passes. Knight. 3. (Mining.) A layer of clay or decomposed rock along the wall of a vein. See Gouge, n., 4. Raymond. { Sel"vaged, Sel"vedged } (?), a. Having a selvage. Sel`va*gee" (?), n. (Naut.) A skein or hank of rope yarns wound round with yarns or marline, -- used for stoppers, straps, etc. Selve (?), a. Self; same. [Obs.] Chaucer. Selves (?), n., pl. of Self. Se"ly (?), a. Silly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif. \'d8Se*m\'91`o*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa. Sem"a*phore (?), n. [Gr. s\'82maphore.] A signal telegraph; an apparatus for giving signals by the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc. { Sem`a*phor"ic (?), Sem`a*phor"ic*al (?) } a. [Cf. F. s\'82maphorique.] Of or pertaining to a semaphore, or semaphores; telegraphic. Sem`a*phor"ic*al*ly, adv. By means a semaphore. Se*maph"o*rist (?), n. One who manages or operates a semaphore. Sem`a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. -logy.] The doctrine of signs as the expression of thought or reasoning; the science of indicating thought by signs. Smart. Sem"a*trope (?), n. [Gr. An instrument for signaling by reflecting the rays of the sun in different directions. Knight. Sem"bla*ble (?), a. [F., from sembler to seem, resemble, L. similare, simulare. See Simulate.] Like; similar; resembling. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sem"bla*ble, n. Likeness; representation. [Obs.] Sem"bla*bly, adv. In like manner. [Obs.] Shak. Sem"blance (?), n. [F. See Semblable, a.] 1. Seeming; appearance; show; figure; form. Thier semblance kind, and mild their gestures were. Fairfax. 2. Likeness; resemblance, actual or apparent; similitude; as, the semblance of worth; semblance of virtue. Only semblances or imitations of shells. Woodward. Sem"blant (?), a. [F. semblant, p. pr.] 1. Like; resembling. [Obs.] Prior. 2. Seeming, rather than real; apparent. [R.] Carlyle. Sem"blant, n. [F.] 1. Show; appearance; figure; semblance. [Obs.] Spenser. His flatterers made semblant of weeping. Chaucer. 2. The face. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xxiv. 5). Sem"bla*tive (?), a. Resembling. [Obs.] And all is semblative a woman's part. Shak. Sem"ble (?), v. i. [F. sembler. See Semblable, a.] 1. To imitate; to make a representation or likeness. [Obs.] Where sembling art may carve the fair effect. Prior. 2. (Law) It seems; -- chiefly used impersonally in reports and judgments to express an opinion in reference to the law on some point not necessary to be decided, and not intended to be definitely settled in the cause. Sem"ble, a. Like; resembling. [Obs.] T. Hudson. Sem"bling (?), n. [Cf. Assemble.] (Zo\'94l.) The practice of attracting the males of Lepidoptera or other insects by exposing the female confined in a cage. \'d8Se*m\'82" (?), a. [F. sem\'82, fr. semer to sow.] (Her.) Sprinkled or sown; -- said of field, or a charge, when strewed or covered with small charges. { Se`mei*og"ra*phy (?), Se`mi*og"ra*phy (?) }, n. [Gr. shmei^on sign + -graphy.] (Med.) A description of the signs of disease. { Se`mei*o*log"ic*al (?), Se`mi*o*log"io*al }, a. Of or pertaining to the science of signs, or the systematic use of signs; as, a semeiological classification of the signs or symptoms of disease; a semeiological arrangement of signs used as signals. { Se`mei*ol"o*gy (?), Se`mi*ol"o*gy }, n. [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign + -logy.] The science or art of signs. Specifically: (a) (Med.) The science of the signs or symptoms of disease; symptomatology. (b) The art of using signs in signaling. { Se`mei*ot"ic (?), Se`mi*ot"ic }, a. [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign.] 1. Relating to signs or indications; pertaining to the language of signs, or to language generally as indicating thought. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the signs or symptoms of diseases. { Se`mei*ot"ics (?), Se`mi*ot"ics }, n. Semeiology. Sem"e*le (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) A daughter of Cadmus, and by Zeus mother of Bacchus. \'d8Se"men (?), n.; pl. Semina (#). [L., from the root of serere, satum, to sow. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. (Bot.) The seed of plants. 2. (Physiol.) The seed or fecundating fluid of male animals; sperm. It is a white or whitish viscid fluid secreted by the testes, characterized by the presence of spermatozoids to which it owes its generative power. Semen contra, Semen cin\'91 or cyn\'91, a strong aromatic, bitter drug, imported from Aleppo and Barbary, said to consist of the leaves, peduncles, and unexpanded flowers of various species of Artemisia; wormseed. Sem`e*nif"er*ous (?), a. (Biol.) Seminiferous. <-- p. 1308 --> Se*mes"ter (?), n. [G., from L. semestris half-yearly; sex six + mensis a month.] A period of six months; especially, a term in a college or uneversity which divides the year into two terms. Sem"i- (?). [L. semi; akin to Gr. s\'bemi-, AS. s\'bem-, and prob. to E. same, from the division into two parts of the same size. Cf. Hemi-, Sandelend.] A prefix signifying half, and sometimes partly or imperfectly; as, semiannual, half yearly; semitransparent, imperfectly transparent. semi is joined to another word either with the hyphen or without it. In this book the hyphen is omitted except before a capital letter; as, semiacid, semiaquatic, semi-Arian, semiaxis, semicalcareous. Sem`i*ac"id (?), a. Slightly acid; subacid. Sem`i*a*cid"i*fied (?), a. Half acidified. Sem`i*ad*her"ent (?), a. Adherent part way. Sem`i*am*plex"i*caul (?), a. (Bot.) Partially amplexicaul; embracing the stem half round, as a leaf. Sem"i*an`gle (?), n. (Geom.) The half of a given, or measuring, angle. Semi`i*an"nu*al (?), a. Half-yearly. Sem`i*an"nu*al*ly, adv. Every half year. Sem`i*an"nu*lar (?), a. Having the figure of a half circle; forming a semicircle. Grew. Sem`i-A"ri*an (?), n. [See Arian.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a branch of the Arians which did not acknowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted him to be of a like substance with the Father, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege. Sem"i-A"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to Semi-Arianism. Sem`i-A"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Arians. Sem`i*ax"is (?), n. (Geom.) One half of the axis of an Sem`i*bar*ba"ri*an (?), a. Half barbarous; partially civilized. -- n. One partly civilized. Sem`i*bar*bar"ic (?), a. Half barbarous or uncivilized; as, semibarbaric display. Sem`i*bar"ba*rism (?), n. The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized. Sem`i*bar"ba*rous (?), a. Half barbarous. Sem"i*breve` (?), n. [Pref. semi- + breve: cf. F. semi-breve, It. semibreve.] [Formerly written semibref.] (Mus.) A note of half the time or duration of the breve; -- now usually called a whole note. It is the longest note in general use. Sem"i*brief` (?), n. (Mus.) A semibreve. [R.] Sem"i*bull` (?), n. (R.C.Ch.) A bull issued by a pope in the period between his election and coronation. Sem`i*cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. Half or partially calcareous; as, a semicalcareous plant. Sem`i*cal*cined" (?), a. Half calcined; as, semicalcined iron. Sem`i*cas"trate (?), v. t. To deprive of one testicle. -- Sem`i*cas*tra"tion (#),n. Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to half of a century, or a period of fifty years; as, a semicentennial commemoration. Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al, n. A fiftieth anniversary. Sem`i*cha*ot"ic (?), a. Partially chaotic. Sem"i*cho`rus, n. (Mus.) A half chorus; a passage to be sung by a selected portion of the voices, as the female voices only, in contrast with the full choir. Sem`i-Chris"tian*ized (?), a. Half Christianized. Sem"i*cir`cle (?), n. 1. (a) The half of a circle; the part of a circle bounded by its diameter and half of its circumference. (b) A semicircumference. 2. A body in the form of half of a circle, or half of a circumference. 3. An instrument for measuring angles. Sem"i*cir`cled (?), a. Semicircular. Shak. Sem`i*cir"cu*lar (?), a. Having the form of half of a circle. Addison. Semicircular canals (Anat.), certain canals of the inner ear. See under Ear. Sem`i cir*cum"fer*ence (?), n. Half of a circumference. Sem"i*cirque (?), n. A semicircular hollow or opening among trees or hills. Wordsworth. Sem"i*co`lon (?), n. The punctuation mark [;] indicating a separation between parts or members of a sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma. Sem"i*col`umn (?), n. A half column; a column bisected longitudinally, or along its axis. Sem`i*co*lum"nar (?), a. Like a semicolumn; flat on one side and round on the other; imperfectly columnar. Sem`i*com*pact" (?), a. Half compact; imperfectly indurated. Sem`i*con"scious (?), a. Half conscious; imperfectly conscious. De Quincey. Sem"i*cope` (?), n. A short cope, or an inferier kind of cope. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sem`i crus*ta"ceous (?), a. Half crustaceous; partially crustaceous. Sem`i*crys"tal*line (?), a. (Min.) Half crystalline; -- said of certain cruptive rocks composed partly of crystalline, partly of amorphous matter. Sem`i*cu"bic*al (?), a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to the square root of the cube of a quantity. Semicubical parabola, a curve in which the ordinates are proportional to the square roots of the cubes of the abscissas. { Sem`i*cu"bi*um (?), Sem`i*cu"pi*um (?), } n. [LL., fr. L. semi half + cupa tub, cask.] A half bath, or one that covers only the lewer extremities and the hips; a sitz-bath; a half bath, or hip bath. { Sem`i*cy*lin"dric (?), Sem`i*cy*lyn"dric*al (?) } a. Half cylindrical. Sem`i*de*is"tic*al (?), a. Half deisticsl; bordering on deism. S. Miller. Sem`i*dem"i*qua`ver (?), n. (Mus.) A demisemiquaver; a thirty-second note. Sem`i*de*tached" (?), a. Half detached; partly distinct or separate. Semidetached house, one of two tenements under a single roof, but separated by a party wall. [Eng.] Sem`i*di*am"e*ter (?), n. (Math.) Half of a diameter; a right line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, a sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery; a radius. Sem`i*di`a*pa"son (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect octave. Sem`i*di`a*pen"te (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fifth. Busby. Sem`i*di`a*pha*ne"i*ty (?), n. Half or imperfect transparency; translucency. [R.] Boyle. Sem`i*di*aph"a*nous (?), a. Half or imperfectly transparent; translucent. Woodward. Sem`i*di`a*tes"sa*ron (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fourth. [R.] Sem`i*di"tone` (?), n. [Pref. semi- + ditone: cf. It. semiditono. Cf. Hemiditone.] (Gr. Mus.) A lesser third, having its terms as 6 to 5; a hemiditone. [R.] Sem`i*di*ur"nal (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or accomplished in, half a day, or twelve hours; occurring twice every day. 2. Pertaining to, or traversed in, six hours, or in half the time between the rising and setting of a heavenly body; as, a semidiurnal arc. Sem"i*dome` (?), n. (Arch.) A roof or ceiling covering a semicircular room or recess, or one of nearly that shape, as the apse of a church, a niche, or the like. It is approximately the quarter of a hollow sphere. Sem"i*dou`ble (?), n. (Eccl.) An office or feast celebrated with less solemnity than the double ones. See Double, n., 8. Sem`i*dou"ble, a. (Bot.) Having the outermost stamens converted into petals, while the inner ones remain perfect; -- said of a flower. Sem"i*fa`ble (?), n. That which is part fable and part truth; a mixture of truth and fable. De Quincey. Sem"i*flexed` (?), a. Half bent. Sem"i*flo`ret (?), n. (Bot.) See Semifloscule. Sem`i*flos"cu*lar (?), a. Semiflosculous. Sem"i*flos`cule (?), n. (Bot.) A floscule, or florest, with its corolla prolonged into a strap-shaped petal; -- called also semifloret. Sem`i*flos"cu*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Having all the florets ligulate, as in the dandelion. Sem`i*flu"id (?), a. Imperfectly fluid. -- n. A semifluid substance. Sem"i*form` (?), n. A half form; an imperfect form. Sem"i*formed` (?), a. Half formed; imperfectly formed; as, semiformed crystals. Sem`i*glu"tin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A peptonelike body, insoluble in alcohol, formed by boiling collagen or gelatin for a long time in water. Hemicollin, a like body, is also formed at the same time, and differs from semiglutin by being partly soluble in alcohol. Sem`i*his*tor"i*cal (?), a. Half or party historical. Sir G. C. Lewis. Sem`i*ho"ral (?), a. Half-hourly. Sem`i*in"du*ra`ted (?), a. Imperfectly indurated or hardened. Sem`i*la*pid"i*fied (?), a. Imperfectly changed into stone. Kirwan. Sem"i*lens` (?), n. (Opt.) The half of a lens divided along a plane passing through its axis. Sem`i*len*tic"u*lar (?), a. Half lenticular or convex; imperfectly resembling a lens. Kirwan. Sem`i*lig"ne*ous (?), a. Half or partially ligneous, as a stem partly woody and partly herbaceous. Sem`i*liq"uid (?), a. Half liquid; semifluid. Sem`i*li*quid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being semiliquid; partial liquidity. Sem`i*log"ic*al (?), a. Half logical; partly logical; said of fallacies. Whately. Sem"i*lor (?), n. [Cf. G. similor, semilor.] A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc. See Simplor. Sem`i*lu"nar (?), a. Shaped like a half moon. Semilunar bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus; the lunar. See Lunar, n. -- Semilunar, Sigmoid, valves (Anat.), the valves at the beginning of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery which prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricle. Sem`i*lu"nar, n. (Anat.) The semilunar bone. Sem`i*lu"na*ry (?), a. Semilunar. Sem`i*lu"nate (?), a. Semilunar. Sem"i*lune` (?), n. (Geom.) The half of a lune. Sem"i*met`al (?), n. (Chem.) An element possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree and not malleable, as arsenic, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, uranium, etc. [Obs.] Sem`i*me*tal"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a semimetal; possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree; resembling metal. Sem`i*month"ly (?) a. Coming or made twice in a month; as, semimonthly magazine; a semimonthly payment. -- n. Something done or made every half month; esp., a semimonthly periodical. -- adv. In a semimonthly manner; at intervals of half a month. Semi`i*mute" (?), a. Having the faculty of speech but imperfectly developed or partially lost. Sem"i*mute` (?), n. A semimute person. Sem"i*nal (?), a. [L. seminalis, fr. semen, seminis, seed, akin to serere to sow: cf. F. seminal. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen; as, the seminal fluid. 2. Contained in seed; holding the relation of seed, source, or first principle; holding the first place in a series of developed results or consequents; germinal; radical; primary; original; as, seminal principles of generation; seminal virtue. The idea of God is, beyond all question or comparison, the one great seminal principle. Hare. Seminal leaf (Bot.), a seed leaf, or cotyleden. -- Seminal receptacle. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Spermatheca. Sem"i*nal (?), n. A seed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sem`i*nal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being seminal. Sir T. Browne. { Sem`i*na"ri*an (?), Sem"i*na*rist (?), } n. [Cf. F. s\'82minariste.] A member of, or one educated in, a seminary; specifically, an ecclesiastic educated for the priesthood in a seminary. Sem"i*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Seminaries (#). [L. seminarium, fr. seminarius belonging to seed, fr. semon, seminis, seed. See Seminal.] 1. A piece of ground where seed is sown for producing plants for transplantation; a nursery; a seed plat. [Obs.] Mortimer. But if you draw them [seedling] only for the thinning of your seminary, prick them into some empty beds. Evelyn. 2. Hence, the place or original stock whence anything is brought or produced. [Obs.] Woodward. 3. A place of education, as a scool of a high grade, an academy, college, or university. 4. Seminal state. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 5. Fig.: A seed bed; a source. [Obs.] Harvey. 6. A Roman Catholic priest educated in a foreign seminary; a seminarist. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Sem"i*na*ry, a. [L. seminarius.] Belonging to seed; seminal. [R.] Sem"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seminating.] [L. seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow, fr. semen, seminis, seed.] To sow; to spread; to propagate. [R.] Waterhouse. Sem`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. seminatio: cf. F. s\'82mination.] 1. The act of sowing or spreading. [R.] 2. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. Martyn. Sem"ined (?), a. [See Semen.] Thickly covered or sown, as with seeds. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Sem`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. semen, semenis, seed -ferous.] (Biol.) Seed-bearing; producing seed; pertaining to, or connected with, the formation of semen; as, seminiferous cells or vesicles. { Sem`i*nif"ic (?), Sem`*nif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. semen, seminis, seed + facere to make.] (Biol.) Forming or producing seed, or the male generative product of animals or of plants. Sem`i*ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. Propagation from seed. [R.] Sir M. Hale. Sem"i*nist (?), n. (Biol.) A believer in the old theory that the newly created being is formed by the admixture of the seed of the male with the supposed seed of the female. Sem"i*noles (?), n. pl.; sing. Seminole (. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Florida, where some of them still remain. They belonged to the Creek Confideration. Sem"i*nose` (?), n. [L. semen seed + glucose.] (Chem.) A carbohydrate of the glucose group found in the thickened endosperm of certain seeds, and extracted as yellow sirup having a sweetish-bitter taste. <-- same as D-mannose; C6H12O6, a hexose opticaly isomeric with glucose. --> Sem`i*nude" (?), a. Partially nude; half naked. Sem"i*nymph` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The pupa of insects which undergo only a slight change in passing to the imago state. Sem`i*oc*ca"sion*al*ly (?), adv. Once in a while; on rare occasions. [Colloq. U. S.] Sem`i*of*fi"cial (?), a. Half official; having some official authority or importance; as, a semiofficial statement. -- Sem`i*of*fi"cial*ly, adv. { Se`mi*og"ra*phy (?), Se`mi*ol"o*gy (?), Se`mi*o*log"ic*al (?) }. Same as Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiological. Sem`i*o*pa"cous (?), a. Semiopaque. Sem"i*o`pal (?), n. (Min.) A variety of opal not possessing opalescence. Sem`i*o*paque" (?), a. Half opaque; only half transparent. Sem`i*or*bic"u*lar (?), a. Having the shape of a half orb or sphere. Se`mi*ot"ic (?), a. Same as Semeiotic. Se`mi*ot"ics (?), n. Same as Semeiotics. Sem`i*o"val (?), a. Half oval. Sem`i*o"vate (?), a. Half ovate. Sem`i*ox"y*gen*a`ted (?), a. Combined with oxygen only in part. Kirwan. Sem`i*pa"gan (?), a. Half pagan. { Sem`i*pal"mate (?), Sem`i*pal"ma*ted (?), } a. (Zo\'94l.) Having the anterior toes joined only part way down with a web; half-webbed; as, a semipalmate bird or foot. See Illust. k under Aves. Sem`i*pa*rab"o*la (?), n. (Geom.) One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve. Sem"i*ped (?), n. [L. semipes, semipedis; pref. semi- half + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Pros.) A half foot in poetry. Se*mip"e*dal (?), a. (Pres.) Containing a half foot. Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Cassianus, a French monk (died about 448), who modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by denying human merit, and maintaining the necessity of the Spirit's influence, while, on the other hand, he rejected the Augustinian doctrines of election, the inability of man to do good, and the certain perseverance of the saints. Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Semi-Pelagians, or their tenets. <-- p. 1309 --> Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Pelagians. Sem`i*pel*lu"cid (?), a. Half clear, or imperfectly transparent; as, a semipellucid gem. Sem`i*pel`lu*cid"i*ty (?), n. The qualiti or state of being imperfectly transparent. Sem`i*pen"ni*form (?), a. (Anat.) Half or partially penniform; as, a semipenniform muscle. Sem`o*per"ma*nent, n. Half or partly permanent. Sem`i*per*spic"u*ous (?), a. Half transparent; imperfectly clear; semipellucid. Sem`i*phlo*gis"ti*ca`ted (?), a. (Old Chem.) Partially impregnated with phlogiston. Sem"i*plume` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A feather which has a plumelike web, with the shaft of an ordinary feather. Sem`i*pre"cious (?), a. Somewhat precious; as, semiprecious stones or metals. Sem"i*proof` (?), n. Half proof; evidence from the testimony of a single witness. [Obs.] Bailey. Sem`i pu"pa (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa. { Sem"i*quad`rate (?), Sem"i*quar"tile (?), } n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, or one sign and a half. Hutton. Sem"i*qua`ver (?), n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration of the quaver; -- now usually called a sixsteenth note. Sem"i*quin`tile (?), n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other half of the quintile, or thirty-six degrees. Sem`i*rec"on*dite (?), a. (Zool.) Half hidden or half covered; said of the head of an insect when half covered by the shield of the thorax. Sem"i*ring` (?), n. (Anat.) One of the incomplete rings of the upper part of the bronchial tubes of most birds. The semerings form an essential part of the syrinx, or musical organ, of singing birds. Sem`i*sav"age (?), a. Half savage. Sem"i*sav`age, n. One who is half savage. Sem`i-Sax"on (?), a. Half Saxon; -- specifically applied to the language intermediate between Saxon and English, belonging to the period 1150-1250. Sem"i*sex"tile (?), n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Hutton. Sem`i*sol"id (?), a. Partially solid. Sem"i*soun (-s, n. A half sound; a low tone. [Obs.] \'bdSoft he cougheth with a semisoun.\'b8 Chaucer. { Sem`i*spher"ic (?), Sem`i*spher"ic*al (?), } a. Having the figure of a half sphere. Kirwan. Sem`i*sphe*roid"al (?), a. Formed like a half spheroid. Sem"i*steel` (, n. Puddled steel. [U. S. ] \'d8Sem"i*ta (?), n.; pl. Semit\'91. [L., a path.] (Zo\'94l.) A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin. Sem"i*tan`gent (?), n. (Geom.) The tangent of half an arc. Sem"ite (?), n. One belonging to the Semitic race. Also used adjectively. [Written also Shemite.] Sem`i*te*rete" (?), a. (Nat. Hist.) Half terete. Sem`i*ter"tian (?), a. (Med.) Having the characteristics of both a tertian and a quotidian intermittent. -- n. An intermittent combining the characteristics of a tertian and a quotidian. Sem*it"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shem or his descendants; belonging to that division of the Caucasian race which includes the Arabs, Jews, and related races. [Written also Shemitic.] Semitic language, a name used to designate a group of Asiatic and African languages, some living and some dead, namely: Hebrew and Ph Encyc. Brit. Sem"i*tism (?), n. A Semitic idiom; a word of Semitic origin. [Written also Shemitism.] Sem"i*tone (?), n. [Pref. semi- + tone. CF. Hemitone.] (Mus.) Half a tone; -- the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale. half step is now preferred. See Tone. J. S. Dwight. Sem`i*ton"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a semitone; consisting of a semitone, or of semitones. Sem"i*tran`sept (?), n. (Arch.) The half of a transept; as, the north semitransept of a church. Sem`i*trans*lu"cent (?), a. Slightly clear; transmitting light in a slight degree. Sem`i*trans*par"en*cy (?), n. Imperfect or partial transparency. Sem`i*trans*par"ent (?), a. Half or imperfectly transparent. Sem`i*ver*tic"il*late, ( a. Partially verticillate. Sem"i*vif (?), a. [L. semivivus.] Only half alive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Sem`i*vit"re*ous (?), a. Partially vitreous. Sem`i*vit"ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being semivitrified. 2. A substance imperfectly vitrified. Sem`i*vit"ri*fied (?), a. Half or imperfectly vitrified; partially converted into glass. Sem`i*vo"cal (?), a. (Phon.) Of or pertaining to a semivowel; half cocal; imperfectly sounding. Sem"i*vow`el (?), n. (Phon.) (a) A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, as in the English w and y. (b) The sign or letter representing such a sound. Sem`i*week"ly (?), a. Coming, or made, or done, once every half week; as, a semiweekly newspaper; a semiweekly trip. -- n. That which comes or happens once every half week, esp. a semiweekly periodical. -- adv. At intervals of half a week each. \'d8Sem`o*lel"la (?), n. [It.] See Semolina. Sem`o*li"na (?), n. [It. semolino, from semola bran, L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semoule, Simnel.] The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, -- used in cookery. \'d8Sem`o*li"no (?), n. [It.] Same as Semolina. \'d8Se*moule" (?), n. [F.] Same as Semolina. Sem`per*vi"rent (?), a. [L. semper always + virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Always fresh; evergreen. [R.] Smart. Sem"per*vive (?), n. [L. semperviva, sempervivum, fr. sempervivus ever-living; semper always + vivus living.] (Bot.) The houseleek. \'d8Sem`per*vi"vum (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of fleshy-leaved plants, of which the houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) is the commonest species. Sem`pi*ter"nal (?), a. [L. sempiternus, fr. semper always: cf. F. sempiternel.] 1. Of neverending duration; everlasting; endless; having beginning, but no end. Sir M. Hale. 2. Without beginning or end; eternal. Blackmore. Sem"pi*terne (?), a. Sempiternal. [Obs.] Sem`pi*ter"ni*ty (?), n. [L. sempiternitas.] Future duration without end; the relation or state of being sempiternal. Sir M. Hale. Sem"pre (?), adv. [It., fr. L. semper.] (Mus.) Always; throughout; as, sempre piano, always soft. Semp"ster (?), n. A seamster. [Obs.] Semp"stress (?), n. A seamstress. Two hundred sepstress were employed to make me shirts. Swift. Semp"stress*y (?), n. Seamstressy. Sem"ster (?), n. A seamster. [Obs.] \'d8Se*mun"ci*a (?), n. [L., fr. semi half + uncia ounce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound. Sen (?), n. A Japanese coin, worth about one half of a cent. Sen, adv., prep., & conj. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.] Sen"a*ry (?), a. [L. senarius, fr. seni six each, fr. sex six. See Six.] Of six; belonging to six; containing six. Dr. H. More. Sen"ate (?), n. [OE. senat, F. s\'82nat, fr. L. senatus, fr. senex, gen. senis, old, an old man. See Senior, Sir.] 1. An assembly or council having the highest deliberative and legislative functions. Specifically: (a) (Anc. Rom.) A body of elders appointed or elected from among the nobles of the nation, and having supreme legislative authority. The senate was thus the medium through which all affairs of the whole government had to pass. Dr. W. Smith. (b) The upper and less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in France, in the United States, in most of the separate States of the United States, and in some Swiss cantons. (c) In general, a legislative body; a state council; the legislative department of government. 2. The governing body of the Universities of Cambridge and London. [Eng.] 3. In some American colleges, a council of elected students, presided over by the president of the college, to which are referred cases of discipline and matters of general concern affecting the students. [U. S.] Senate chamber, a room where a senate meets when it transacts business. -- Senate house, a house where a senate meets when it transacts business. Sen"a*tor (?), n. [OE. senatour, OF. senatour, F. s\'82nateur, fr. L. senator.] 1. A member of a senate. The duke and senators of Venice greet you. Shak. 2. (O.Eng.Law) A member of the king's council; a king's councilor. Burrill. Sen`a*to"ri*al (?), a. [F. s\'82natorial, or L. senatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a senator, or a senate; becoming to a senator, or a senate; as, senatorial duties; senatorial dignity. 2. Entitled to elect a senator, or by senators; as, the senatorial districts of a State. [U. S.] Sen`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In a senatorial manner. Sen`a*to"ri*an (?), a. Senatorial. [R.] De Quincey. Sen`a*to"ri*ous (?), a. Senatorial. [Obs.] Sen"a*tor*ship (?), n. The office or dignity of a senator. Carew. Se*na`tus*con*sult" (?), n. [L. senatus consultum.] A decree of the Roman senate. Send (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sent (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sending.] [AS. sendan; akin to OS. sendian, D. zenden, G. senden, OHG. senten, Icel. senda, Sw. s\'84nda, Dan. sende, Goth. sandjan, and to Goth. sinp a time (properly, a going), gasinpa companion, OHG. sind journey, AS. s\'c6, Icel. sinni a walk, journey, a time. W. hynt a way, journey, OIr. s. Cf. Sense.] 1. To cause to go in any manner; to dispatch; to commission or direct to go; as, to send a messenger. I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran. Jer. xxiii. 21. I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. John viii. 42. Servants, sent on messages, stay out somewhat longer than the message requires. Swift. 2. To give motion to; to cause to be borne or carried; to procure the going, transmission, or delivery of; as, to send a message. He . . . sent letters by posts on horseback. Esther viii. 10. O send out thy light an thy truth; let them lead me. Ps. xliii. 3. 3. To emit; to impel; to cast; to throw; to hurl; as, to send a ball, an arrow, or the like. 4. To cause to be or to happen; to bestow; to inflict; to grant; -- sometimes followed by a dependent proposition. \'bdGod send him well!\'b8 Shak. The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke. Deut. xxviii. 20. And sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust. Matt. v. 45. God send your mission may bring back peace. Sir W. Scott. Send (?), v. i. 1. To dispatch an agent or messenger to convey a message, or to do an errand. See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my head? 2 Kings vi. 32. 2. (Naut.) To pitch; as, the ship sends forward so violently as to endanger her masts. Totten. To send for, to request or require by message to come or be brought. Send, n. (Naut.) The impulse of a wave by which a vessel is carried bodily. [Written also scend.] W. C. Russell. \'bdThe send of the sea\'b8. Longfellow. Sen"dal (?), n. [OF. cendal (cf. Pr. & Sp. cendal, It. zendale), LL. cendallum, Gr. A light thin stuff of silk. [Written also cendal, and sendal.] Chaucer. Wore she not a veil of twisted sendal embroidered with silver? Sir W. Scott. Send"er (?), n. One who sends. Shak. Sen"e*cas (?), n. pl.; sing. Seneca (. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Western New York. This tribe was the most numerous and most warlike of the Five Nations. Seneca grass(Bot.), holy grass. See under Holy. -- Seneca eil, petroleum or naphtha. -- Seneca root, Seneca snakeroot (Bot.), the rootstock of an American species of milkworth (Polygala Senega) having an aromatic but bitter taste. It is often used medicinally as an expectorant and diuretic, and, in large doses, as an emetic and cathartic. [Written also Senega root, and Seneka root.] \'d8Se*ne"ci*o (?), n. [L., groundsel, lit., an old man. So called in allusion to the hoary appearance of the pappus.] (Bot.) A very large genus of composite plants including the groundsel and the golden ragwort. Se*nec"ti*tude (?), n. [L. senectus aged, old age, senex old.] Old age. [R.] \'bdSenectitude, weary of its toils.\'b8 H. Miller. Sen"e*ga (?), n. (Med.) Seneca root. Sen"e*gal (?), n. Gum senegal. See under Gum. Sen"e*gin (?), n. (Med. Chem.) A substance extracted from the rootstock of the Polygala Senega (Seneca root), and probably identical with polygalic acid. Se*nes"cence (?), n. [See Senescent.] The state of growing old; decay by time. Se*nes"cent (?), a. [L. senescent, p. pr. of senescere to grow old, incho. fr. senere to be old.] Growing old; decaying with the lapse of time. \'bdThe night was senescent.\'b8 Poe. \'bdWith too senescent air.\'b8 Lowell. Sen"es*chal (?), n. [OF. seneschal, LL. seniscalcus, of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. sineigs old, skalks, OHG. scalch, AS. scealc. Cf. Senior, Marshal.] An officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, in the Middle Ages, who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies; a steward. Sometimes the seneschal had the dispensing of justice, and was given high military commands. Then marshaled feast Served up in hall with sewers and seneschale. Milton. Philip Augustus, by a famous ordinance in 1190, first established royal courts of justice, held by the officers called baitiffs, or seneschals, who acted as the king's lieutenants in his demains. Hallam. Sen"es*chal*ship, n. The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a seneschal. Senge (?), v. t. To singe. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sen"green (?), n.[AS. singr, properly, evergreen, fr. sin (in composition) always + gr\'89ne green; akin to OHG. sin- ever, L. semper.] (Bot.) The houseleek. Se"nile (?), a. [L. senilis, from senex, gen. senis, old, an old man: cf. F. s\'82nile. See Senior.] Of or pertaining to old age; proceeding from, or characteristic of, old age; affected with the infirmities of old age; as, senile weakness. \'bdSenile maturity of judgment.\'b8 Boyle. Senile gangrene (Med.), a form of gangrene occuring particularly in old people, and caused usually by insufficient blood supply due to degeneration of the walls of the smaller arteries. Se*nil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. s\'82nilit\'82.] The quality or state of being senile; old age. Sen"ior (?), a. [L. senior, compar. of senex, gen. senis, old. See Sir.] 1. More advanced than another in age; prior in age; elder; hence, more advanced in dignity, rank, or office; superior; as, senior member; senior counsel. 2. Belonging to the final year of the regular course in American colleges, or in professional schools. Sen"ior, n. 1. A person who is older than another; one more advanced in life. 2. One older in office, or whose entrance upon office was anterior to that of another; one prior in grade. 3. An aged person; an older. Dryden. Each village senior paused to scan, And speak the lovely caravan. Emerson. 4. One in the fourth or final year of his collegiate course at an American college; -- originally called senior sophister; also, one in the last year of the course at a professional schools or at a seminary. Sen*ior"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being senior. Sen"ior*ize (?), v. i. To exercise authority; to rule; to lord it. [R.] Fairfax. Sen"ior*y (?), n. Seniority. [Obs.] Shak. Sen"na (?), n. [Cf. It. & Sp. sena, Pg. sene, F. s\'82n\'82; all fr. Ar. san\'be.] 1. (Med.) The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia. C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine. 2. (Bot.) The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies. Bladder senna. (Bot.) See under Bladder. -- Wild senna (Bot.), the Cassia Marilandica, growing in the United States, the leaves of which are used medicinally, like those of the officinal senna. <-- p. 1310 --> Sen"na*chy (?), n. See Seannachie. Sen"net (?), n. [Properly, a sign given for the entrance or exit of actors, from OF. sinet, signet, dim. of signe. See Signet.] A signal call on a trumpet or cornet for entrance or exit on the stage. [Obs.] Sen"net, n. (Zo\'94l.) The barracuda. Sen"night (?), n. [Contr. fr. sevennight.] The space of seven nights and days; a week. [Written also se'nnight.] [Archaic.] Shak. Tennyson. Sen"nit (?), n. [Seven + knit.] 1. (Naut.) A braided cord or fabric formed by plaiting together rope yarns or other small stuff. 2. Plaited straw or palm leaves for making hats. Se*noc"u*lar (?), a. [L. seni six each (fr. sex six) + oculus eye.] Having six eyes. [R.] Derham. Se*no"ni*an (?), a. [F. s\'82nonien, from the district of S\'82nonais, in France.] (Geol.) In european geology, a name given to the middle division of the Upper Cretaceous formation. \'d8Se*\'a4or" (?), n. [Sp. Cf. Senior.] A Spanish title of courtesy corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; also, a gentleman. \'d8Se*\'a4o"ra (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady. \'d8Se`\'a4o*ri"ta (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady. Sens (?), adv. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.] Spenser. Sen"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensating.] [See Sensated.] To feel or apprehend more or less distinctly through a sense, or the senses; as, to sensate light, or an odor. As those of the one are sensated by the ear, so those of the other are by the eye. R. Hooke. { Sen"sate (?), Sen"sa*ted (?), } a. [L. sensatus gifted with sense, intelligent, fr. sensus sense. See Sense.] Felt or apprehended through a sense, or the senses. [R.] Baxter. Sen*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sensation. See Sensate.] 1. (Physiol.) An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body. Perception is only a special kind of knowledge, and sensation a special kind of feeling. . . . Knowledge and feeling, perception and sensation, though always coexistent, are always in the inverse ratio of each other. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A purely spiritual or psychical affection; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned by objects that are not corporeal or material. 3. A state of excited interest or feeling, or that which causes it. The sensation caused by the appearance of that work is still remembered by many. Brougham. Syn. -- Perception. -- Sensation, Perseption. The distinction between these words, when used in mental philosophy, may be thus stated; if I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a perception. Thus, the former is mere feeling, without the idea of an object; the latter is the mind's apprehension of some external object as occasioning that feeling. \'bdSensation properly expresses that change in the state of the mind which is produced by an impression upon an organ of sense (of which change we can conceive the mind to be conscious, without any knowledge of external objects). Perception, on the other hand, expresses the knowledge or the intimations we obtain by means of our sensations concerning the qualities of matter, and consequently involves, in every instance, the notion of externality, or outness, which it is necessary to exclude in order to seize the precise import of the word sensation.\'b8 Fleming. Sen*sa"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to sensation; as, sensational nerves. 2. Of or pertaining to sensationalism, or the doctrine that sensation is the sole origin of knowledge. 3. Suited or intended to excite temporarily great interest or emotion; melodramatic; emotional; as, sensational plays or novels; sensational preaching; sensational journalism; a sensational report. Sen*sa"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. (Metaph.) The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed; sensualism; -- opposed to intuitionalism, and rationalism. 2. The practice or methods of sensational writing or speaking; as, the sensationalism of a novel. Sen*sa"tion*al*ist, n. 1. (Metaph.) An advocate of, or believer in, philosophical sensationalism. 2. One who practices sensational writing or speaking. Sense (?), n. [L. sensus, from sentire, sensum, to perceive, to feel, from the same root as E. send; cf. OHG. sin sense, mind, sinnan to go, to journey, G. sinnen to meditate, to think: cf. F. sens. For the change of meaning cf. See, v. t. See Send, and cf. Assent, Consent, Scent, v. t., Sentence, Sentient.] 1. (Physiol.) A faculty, possessed by animals, of perceiving external objects by means of impressions made upon certain organs (sensory or sense organs) of the body, or of perceiving changes in the condition of the body; as, the senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. See Muscular sense, under Muscular, and Temperature sense, under Temperature. Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep. Shak. What surmounts the reach Of human sense I shall delineate. Milton. The traitor Sense recalls The soaring soul from rest. Keble. 2. Perception by the sensory organs of the body; sensation; sensibility; feeling. In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and the affects of any one part of the body instantly make a transcursion through the whole. Bacon. 3. Perception through the intellect; apprehension; recognition; understanding; discernment; appreciation. This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover. Sir P. Sidney. High disdain from sense of injured merit. Milton. 4. Sound perception and reasoning; correct judgment; good mental capacity; understanding; also, that which is sound, true, or reasonable; rational meaning. \'bdHe speaks sense.\'b8 Shak. He raves; his words are loose As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense. Dryden. 5. That which is felt or is held as a sentiment, view, or opinion; judgment; notion; opinion. I speak my private but impartial sense With freedom. Roscommon. The municipal council of the city had ceased to speak the sense of the citizens. Macaulay. 6. Meaning; import; signification; as, the true sense of words or phrases; the sense of a remark. So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense. Neh. viii. 8. I think 't was in another sense. Shak. 7. Moral perception or appreciation. Some are so hardened in wickedness as to have no sense of the most friendly offices. L' Estrange. 8. (Geom.) One of two opposite directions in which a line, surface, or volume, may be supposed to be described by the motion of a point, line, or surface. Common sense, according to Sir W. Hamilton: (a) \'bdThe complement of those cognitions or convictions which we receive from nature, which all men possess in common, and by which they test the truth of knowledge and the morality of actions.\'b8 (b) \'bdThe faculty of first principles.\'b8 These two are the philosophical significations. (c) \'bdSuch ordinary complement of intelligence, that,if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or foolish.\'b8 (d) When the substantive is emphasized: \'bdNative practical intelligence, natural prudence, mother wit, tact in behavior, acuteness in the observation of character, in contrast to habits of acquired learning or of speculation.\'b8 -- Moral sense. See under Moral, (a). -- The inner, internal, sense, capacity of the mind to be aware of its own states; consciousness; reflection. \'bdThis source of ideas every man has wholly in himself, and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense.\'b8 Locke. -- Sense capsule (Anat.), one of the cartilaginous or bony cavities which inclose, more or less completely, the organs of smell, sight, and hearing. -- Sense organ (Physiol.), a specially irritable mechanism by which some one natural force or form of energy is enabled to excite sensory nerves; as the eye, ear, an end bulb or tactile corpuscle, etc. -- Sense organule (Anat.), one of the modified epithelial cells in or near which the fibers of the sensory nerves terminate. Syn. -- Understanding; reason. -- Sense, Understanding, Reason. Some philosophers have given a technical signification to these terms, which may here be stated. Sense is the mind's acting in the direct cognition either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the first case it is called the outer, in the second the inner, sense. Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of apprehending under general conceptions, or the power of classifying, arranging, and making deductions. Reason is the power of apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, but simply because they often occur in writers of the present day. Sense (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensing.] To perceive by the senses; to recognize. [Obs. or Colloq.] Is he sure that objects are not otherwise sensed by others than they are by him? Glanvill. Sense"ful (?), a. Full of sense, meaning, or reason; reasonable; judicious. [R.] \'bdSenseful speech.\'b8 Spenser. \'bdMen, otherwise senseful and ingenious.\'b8 Norris. Sense"less, a. Destitute of, deficient in, or contrary to, sense; without sensibility or feeling; unconscious; stupid; foolish; unwise; unreasonable. You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things. Shak. The ears are senseless that should give us hearing. Shak. The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows. Rowe. They were a senseless, stupid race. Swift. They would repent this their senseless perverseness when it would be too late. Clarendon. --- Sense"less*ly, adv. -- Sense"less*ness, n. Sen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sensibilities (#). [Cf. F. sensibilit\'82, LL. sensibilitas.] 1. (Physiol.) The quality or state of being sensible, or capable of sensation; capacity to feel or perceive. 2. The capacity of emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will; peculiar susceptibility of impression, pleasurable or painful; delicacy of feeling; quick emotion or sympathy; as, sensibility to pleasure or pain; sensibility to shame or praise; exquisite sensibility; -- often used in the plural. \'bdSensibilities so fine!\'b8 Cowper. The true lawgiver ought to have a heart full of sensibility. Burke. His sensibilities seem rather to have been those of patriotism than of wounded pride. Marshall. 3. Experience of sensation; actual feeling. This adds greatly to my sensibility. Burke. 4. That quality of an instrument which makes it indicate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; as, the sensibility of a balance, or of a thermometer.<-- usu. sensitivity --> Syn. -- Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste. Sen"si*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. sensibilis, fr. sensus sense.] 1. Capable of being perceived by the senses; apprehensible through the bodily organs; hence, also, perceptible to the mind; making an impression upon the sense, reason, or understanding; sensible resistance. Air is sensible to the touch by its motion. Arbuthnot. The disgrace was more sensible than the pain. Sir W. Temple. Any very sensible effect upon the prices of things. A. Smith. 2. Having the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; capable of perceiving by the instrumentality of the proper organs; liable to be affected physsically or mentally; impressible. Would your cambric were sensible as your finger. Shak. 3. Hence: Liable to impression from without; easily affected; having nice perception or acute feeling; sensitive; also, readily moved or affected by natural agents; delicate; as, a sensible thermometer. \'bdWith affection wondrous sensible.\'b8 Shak. 4. Perceiving or having perception, either by the senses or the mind; cognizant; perceiving so clearly as to be convinced; satisfied; persuaded. He [man] can not think at any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it. Locke. They are now sensible it would have been better to comply than to refuse. Addison. 5. Having moral perception; capable of being affected by moral good or evil. 6. Possessing or containing sense or reason; giftedwith, or characterized by, good or common sense; intelligent; wise. Now a sensible man, by and by a fool. Shak. Sensible note tone (Mus.), the major seventh note of any scale; -- so called because, being but a half step below the octave, or key tone, and naturally leading up to that, it makes the ear sensible of its approaching sound. Called also the leading tone. -- Sensible horizon. See Horizon, n., 2. (a). Syn. -- Intelligent; wise. -- Sensible, Intelligent. We call a man sensible whose judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound judgment or good common semse. We call one intelligent who is quick and clear in his understanding, i. e., who discriminates readily and nicely in respect to difficult and important distinction. The sphere of the sensible man lies in matters of practical concern; of the intelligent man, in subjects of intellectual interest. \'bdI have been tired with accounts from sensible men, furnished with matters of fact which have happened within their own knowledge.\'b8 Addison. \'bdTrace out numerous footsteps . . . of a most wise and intelligent architect throughout all this stupendous fabric.\'b8 Woodward. Sen"si*ble (?), n. 1. Sensation; sensibility. [R.] \'b8Our temper changed . . . which must needs remove the sensible of pain.\'b8 Milton. 2. That which impresses itself on the sense; anything perceptible. Aristotle distinguished sensibles into common and proper. Krauth-Fleming. 3. That which has sensibility; a sensitive being. [R.] This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. Burton. Sen"si*ble*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being sensible; sensibility; appreciation; capacity of perception; susceptibility. \'bdThe sensibleness of the eye.\'b8 Sharp. \'bdSensibleness and sorrow for sin.\'b8 Hammond. The sensibleness of the divine presence. Hallywell. 2. Intelligence; reasonableness; good sense. Sen"si*bly, adv. 1. In a sensible manner; so as to be perceptible to the senses or to the mind; appreciably; with perception; susceptibly; sensitively. What remains past cure, Bear not too sensibly. Milton. 2. With intelligence or good sense; judiciously. Sen`si*fa"cient (?), a. [L. sensus sense + facere to make.] Converting into sensation. Huxley. Sen*sif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sensifer; sensus sense + ferre to bear.] Exciting sensation; conveying sensation. Huxley. Sen*sif"ic (?), a. [L. sensificus; sensus sense + facere to make.] Exciting sensation. Sen*sif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. Susceptible of, or converting into, sensation; as, the sensificatory part of a nervous system. Huxley. Sen*sig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sensus sense + -genous.] Causing or exciting sensation. Huxley. Sens"ism (?), n. Same as Sensualism, 2 & 3. Sens"ist, n. One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism. Sen"si*tive (?), a. [F. sensitif. See Sense.] 1. Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as, a sensitive soul. 2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected. She was too sensitive to abuse and calumny. Macaulay. 3. (a) (Mech.) Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as, a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales. (b) (Chem. & Photog.) Readily affected or changed by certain appropriate agents; as, silver chloride or bromide, when in contact with certain organic substances, is extremely sensitive to actinic rays. 4. Serving to affect the sense; sensible. [R.] A sensitive love of some sensitive objects. Hammond. 5. Of or pertaining to sensation; depending on sensation; as, sensitive motions; sensitive muscular motions excited by irritation. E. Darwin. Sensitive fern (Bot.), an American fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the leaves of which, when plucked, show a slight tendency to fold together. -- Sensitive flame (Physics), a gas flame so arranged that under a suitable adjustment of pressure it is exceedingly sensitive to sounds, being caused to roar, flare, or become suddenly shortened or extinguished, by slight sounds of the proper pitch. -- Sensitive joint vetch (Bot.), an annual leguminous herb (\'92schynomene hispida), with sensitive foliage. -- Sensitive paper, paper prepared for photographic purpose by being rendered sensitive to the effect of light. -- Sensitive plant. (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Mimosa pudica, or M. sensitiva, and other allied species), the leaves of which close at the slightest touch. (b) Any plant showing motions after irritation, as the sensitive brier (Schrankia) of the Southern States, two common American species of Cassia (C. nictitans, and C. Cham\'91crista), a kind of sorrel (Oxalis sensitiva), etc. <-- p. 1311 --> -- Sen"si*tive*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"si*tive*ness, n. Sen`si*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensitive; -- used chiefly in science and the arts; as, the sensitivity of iodized silver. Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the scientific term for the capacity of feeling. Hickok. Sen"si*tize (?), v. t. (Photog.) To render sensitive, or susceptible of being easily acted on by the actinic rays of the sun; as, sensitized paper or plate. Sen"si*ti`zer (?), n. (Photog.) An agent that sensitizes. The sensitizer should be poured on the middle of the sheet. Wilis & Clements (The Platinotype). Sen"si*to*ry (?), n. See Sensory. Sens"ive (?), a. Having sense or sensibility; sensitive. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Sen"sor (?), a. Sensory; as, the sensor nerves. Sen*so"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sensorial. See Sensorium.] Of or pertaining to the sensorium; as, sensorial faculties, motions, powers. A. Tucker. Sen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Sensoriums (#), L. Sensoria (#). [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to discern or perceive by the senses.] (Physiol.) The seat of sensation; the nervous center or centers to which impressions from the external world must be conveyed before they can be perceived; the place where external impressions are localized, and transformed into sensations, prior to being reflected to other parts of the organism; hence, the whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations. Sen*so`ri-vo*li"tion*al (?), a. (Physiol.) Concerned both in sensation and volition; -- applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebro-spinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition. Dunglison. Sen"se*ry (?), n.; pl. Sensories (. (Physiol.) Same as Sensorium. Sen"so*ry, a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the sensorium or sensation; as, sensory impulses; -- especially applied to those nerves and nerve fibers which convey to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation; also sometimes loosely employed in the sense of afferent, to indicate nerve fibers which convey impressions of any kind to a nerve center. Sen"su*al (?), a. [L. sensualis, from sensus sense: cf. F. sensuel.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the sense, or bodily organs of perception; relating to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the spirit. Pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies. Bacon. Far as creation's ample range extends, The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends. Pope. 2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification of the senses, or the indulgence of appetites; wordly. These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit. Jude 19. The greatest part of men are such as prefer . . . that good which is sensual before whatsoever is most divine. Hooker. 3. Devoted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxurious; voluptuous; lewd; libidinous. No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that wherein sensual men place their felicity. Atterbury. 4. Pertaining or peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism. Sen"su*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sensualisme.] 1. The condition or character of one who is sensual; subjection to sensual feelings and appetite; sensuality. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism; sensism. 3. (Ethics) The regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest good. Krauth-Fleming. Sen"su*al*ist, n. [CF. F. sensualiste.] 1. One who is sensual; one given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses as the means of happiness. 2. One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism. Sen`su*al*is"tic (?), a. 1. Sensual. 2. Adopting or teaching the doctrines of sensualism. Sen`su*al"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sensualit\'82, L. sensualitas sensibility, capacity for sensation.] The quality or state of being sensual; devotedness to the gratification of the bodily appetites; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures; luxuriousness; voluptuousness; lewdness. Those pampered animals That rage in savage sensuality. Shak. They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted by any sensuality. Addison. Sen`su*al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of sensualizing, or the state of being sensualized. Sen"su*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensualized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing (?).] To make sensual; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure; to debase by carnal gratifications; to carnalize; as, sensualized by pleasure. Pope. By the neglect of prayer, the thoughts are sensualized. T. H. Skinner. Sen"su*al*ly, adv. In a sensual manner. Sen"su*al*ness, n. Sensuality; fleshliness. Sen"su*ism (?), n. Sensualism. Sen`su*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensuous; sensuousness. [R.] Sen"su*ous (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the senses, or sensible objects; addressing the senses; suggesting pictures or images of sense. To this poetry would be made precedent, as being less subtle and fine, but more simple, sensuous, and passionate. Milton. 2. Highly susceptible to influence through the senses. -- Sen"su*ous*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"su*ous*ness, n. Sent (?), v. & n. See Scent, v. & n. [Obs.] Spenser. Sent, obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Send, for sendeth. Sent, imp. & p. p. of Send. Sen"tence (?), n. [F., from L. sententia, for sentientia, from sentire to discern by the senses and the mind, to feel, to think. See Sense, n., and cf. Sentiensi.] 1. Sense; meaning; significance. [Obs.] Tales of best sentence and most solace. Chaucer. The discourse itself, voluble enough, and full of sentence. Milton. 2. (a) An opinion; a decision; a determination; a judgment, especially one of an unfavorable nature. My sentence is for open war. Milton. That by them [Luther's works] we may pass sentence upon his doctrines. Atterbury. (b) A philosophical or theological opinion; a dogma; as, Summary of the Sentences; Book of the Sentences. 3. (Law) In civil and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced in a cause; in criminal and ecclesiastical courts, a judgment passed on a criminal by a court or judge; condemnation pronounced by a judgical tribunal; doom. In common law, the term is exclusively used to denote the judgment in criminal cases. Received the sentence of the law. Shak. 4. A short saying, usually containing moral instruction; a maxim; an axiom; a saw. Broome. 5. (Gram.) A combination of words which is complete as expressing a thought, and in writing is marked at the close by a period, or full point. See Proposition, 4. Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb; as, \'bdThe Lord reigns.\'b8 A compound sentence contains two or more subjects and finite verbs, as in this verse: - He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all. Pope. Dark sentence, a saving not easily explained. A king . . . understanding dark sentences. Dan. vii. 23. Sen"tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sentencing (?).] 1. To pass or pronounce judgment upon; to doom; to condemn to punishment; to prescribe the punishment of. Nature herself is sentenced in your doom. Dryden. 2. To decree or announce as a sentence. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To utter sentenciously. [Obs.] Feltham. Sen"ten*cer (?), n. One who pronounced a sentence or condemnation. sen*ten"tial (?), a. 1. Comprising sentences; as, a sentential translation. Abp. Newcome. 2. Of or pertaining to a sentence, or full period; as, a sentential pause. Sen*ten"tial*ly, adv. In a sentential manner. Sen*ten"ti*a*rist (?), n. A sententiary. Barnas Sears (Life of Luther). Sen*ten"ti*ary (?), n. [LL. sententiarius.] One who read lectures, or commented, on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris (1159-1160), a school divine. R. Henry. Sen*ten`ti*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sententious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sen*ten"tious (?), a.[L. sentenciosus: cf. F. sentencieux.] 1. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims; full of meaning; terse and energetic in expression; pithy; as, a sententious style or discourse; sententious truth. How he apes his sire, Ambitiously sententious! Addison. 2. Comprising or representing sentences; sentential. [Obs.] \'bdSententious marks.\'b8 Grew. --- Sen*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Sen*ten"tious*ness, n. Sen"ter*y (?), n. A sentry. [Obs.] Milton. Sen"teur (?), n. [F.] Scent. [Obs.] Holland. { Sen"ti*ence (?), Sen"ti*en*cy (?), } n. [See Sentient, Sentence.] The quality or state of being sentient; esp., the quality or state of having sensation. G. H. Lewes An example of harmonious action between the intelligence and the sentieny of the mind. Earle. Sen"ti*ent (?), a. [L. sentiens, -entis, p. pr. of sentire to discern or perceive by the senses. See Sense.] Having a faculty, or faculties, of sensation and perception. Specif. (Physiol.), especially sensitive; as, the sentient extremities of nerves, which terminate in the various organs or tissues. Sen"ti*ent, n. One who has the faculty of perception; a sentient being. Sen"ti*ent*ly, adv. In a sentient or perceptive way. Sen"ti*ment (?), n. [OE. sentement, OF. sentement, F. sentiment, fr. L. sentire to perceive by the senses and mind, to feel, to think. See Sentient, a.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; a state of mind in view of some subject; feeling toward or respecting some person or thing; disposition prompting to action or expression. The word sentiment, agreeably to the use made of it by our best English writers, expresses, in my own opinion very happily, those complex determinations of the mind which result from the co\'94peration of our rational powers and of our moral feelings. Stewart. Alike to council or the assembly came, With equal souls and sentiments the same. Pope. 2. Hence, generally, a decision of the mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; thought; opinion; notion; judgment; as, to express one's sentiments on a subject. Sentiments of philosophers about the perception of external objects. Reid. Sentiment, as here and elsewhere employed by Reid in the meaning of opinion (sententia), is not to be imitated. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; a saying; a toast. 4. Sensibility; feeling; tender susceptibility. Mr. Hume sometimes employs (after the manner of the French metaphysicians) sentiment as synonymous with feeling; a use of the word quite unprecedented in our tongue. Stewart. Less of sentiment than sense. Tennyson. Syn. -- Thought; opinion; notion; sensibility; feeling. -- Sentiment, Opinion, Feeling. An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleasure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence, it is more appropriate to speak of our religious sentiments than opinions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subjects affecting the heart. \'bdOn questions of feeling, taste, observation, or report, we define our sentiments. On questions of science, argument, or metaphysical abstraction, we define our opinions. The sentiments of the heart. The opinions of the mind . . . There is more of instinct in sentiment, and more of definition in opinion. The admiration of a work of art which results from first impressions is classed with our sentiments; and, when we have accounted to ourselves for the approbation, it is classed with our opinions.\'b8 W. Taylor. Sen`ti*men"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. sentimental.] 1. Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments; abounding with moral reflections; containing a moral reflection; didactic. [Obsoles.] Nay, ev'n each moral sentimental stroke, Where not the character, but poet, spoke, He lopped, as foreign to his chaste design, Nor spared a useless, though a golden line. Whitehead. 2. Inclined to sentiment; having an excess of sentiment or sensibility; indulging the sensibilities for their own sake; artificially or affectedly tender; -- often in a reproachful sense. A sentimental mind is rather prone to overwrought feeling and exaggerated tenderness. Whately. 3. Addressed or pleasing to the emotions only, usually to the weaker and the unregulated emotions. Syn. -- Romantic. -- Sentimental, Romantic. Sentimental usually describes an error or excess of the sensibilities; romantic, a vice of the imagination. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensibilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of creating scenes of ideal enjoiment. \'bdPerhaps there is no less danger in works called sentimental. They attack the heart more successfully, because more cautiously.\'b8 V. Knox. \'bdI can not but look on an indifferency of mind, as to the good or evil things of this life, as a mere romantic fancy of such who would be thought to be much wiser than they ever were, or could be.\'b8 Bp. Stillingfleet. Sen`ti*men"tal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sentimentalisme.] The quality of being sentimental; the character or behavior of a sentimentalist; sentimentality. Sen`ti*men"tal*ist, n. [Cf. F. sentimentaliste.] One who has, or affects, sentiment or fine feeling. Sen`ti*men*tal"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sentimentalit\'82.] The quality or state of being sentimental. Sen`ti*men"tal*ize (?), v. t. To regard in a sentimental manner; as, to sentimentalize a subject. Sen`ti*men"tal*ize, v. i. To think or act in a sentimental manner, or like a sentimentalist; to affect exquisite sensibility. C. Kingsley. Sen`ti*men"tal*ly, adv. In a sentimental manner. Sen"tine (?), n. [L. sentina bilge water, hold of a ship, dregs: cf. F. sentine.] A place for dregs and dirt; a sink; a sewer. [Obs.] Latimer. Sen"ti*nel, n. [F. sentinelle (cf. It. sentinella); probably originally, a litle path, the sentinel's beat,, and a dim. of a word meaning, path; cf. F. sente path. L. semita; and OF. sentine, sentele, senteret, diminutive words. Cf. Sentry.] 1. One who watches or guards; specifically (Mil.), a soldier set to guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to observe the approach of danger, and give notice of it; a sentry. The sentinels who paced the ramparts. Macaulay. 2. Watch; guard. [Obs.] \'bdThat princes do keep due sentinel.\'b8 Bacon. 3. (Zo\'94l.) A marine crab (Podophthalmus vigil) native of the Indian Ocean, remarkable for the great length of its eyestalks; -- called also sentinel crab. Sen"ti*nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentineled (?) or Sentinelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentineling or Sentinelling.] 1. To watch over like a sentinel. \'bdTo sentinel enchanted land.\'b8 [R.] Sir W. Scott. 2. To furnish with a sentinel; to place under the guard of a sentinel or sentinels. Sen`ti*sec"tion (?), n. [L. sentire to feel + E. section.] Painful vivisection; -- opposed to callisection. B. G. Wilder. Sen"try (?), n.; pl. Sentires (#). [Probably from OF. senteret a little patch; cf. F. sentier path, and OF. sente. See Sentinel.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier placed on guard; a sentinel. 2. Guard; watch, as by a sentinel. Here toils, and death, and death's half-brother, sleep, Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep. Dryden. Sentry box, a small house or box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather. \'d8Sen"za (?), prep. [It.] (Mus.) Without; as, senza stromenti, without instruments. Se"pal (?), n. [NL. sepalum, formed in imitation of NL. petalum, petal, to denote one of the divisions of the calyx: cf. F. s\'82pale.] (Bot.) A leaf or division of the calyx. monosepalous; when of two parts, it is said to be disepalous; when of a variable and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be polysepalous; when of several parts united, it is properly called gamosepalous. <-- p. 1312 --> Se"paled (?), a. (Bot.) Having one or more sepals. Sep"al*ine (?), a. (Bot.) Relating to, or having the nature of, sepals. Se*pal"o*dy (?), n. [Sepal + Gr. (Bot.) The metamorphosis of other floral organs into sepals or sepaloid bodies. Sep"al*oid (?), a. [Sepal + -oid.] (Bot.) Like a sepal, or a division of a calyx. Sep"al*ous (?), a. (Bot.) Having, or relating to, sepals; -- used mostly in composition. See under Sepal. Sep`a*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being separable or divisible; divisibility; separableness. Sep"a*ra*ble (?), a. [L. separabilis: cf. F. s\'82parable.] Capable of being separated, disjoined, disunited, or divided; as, the separable parts of plants; qualities not separable from the substance in which they exist. -- Sep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Sep"a*ra*bly, adv. Trials permit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow tincture from gold. Boyle. Sep"a*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Separated (; p. pr. & vb. n. Separating.] [L. separatus, p. p. of separare to separate; pfref. se- aside + parare to make ready, prepare. See Parade, and cf. Sever.] 1. To disunite; to divide; to disconnect; to sever; to part in any manner. From the fine gold I separate the alloy. Dryden. Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me. Gen. xiii. 9. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Rom. viii. 35. 2. To come between; to keep apart by occupying the space between; to lie between; as, the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa. 3. To set apart; to select from among others, as for a special use or service. Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called thaem. Acts xiii. 2. Separated flowers (Bot.), flowers which have stamens and pistils in separate flowers; diclinous flowers. Gray. Sep"a*rate, v. i. To part; to become disunited; to be disconnected; to withdraw from one another; as, the family separated. Sep"a*rate (?), p. a. [L. separatus, p. p. ] 1. Divided from another or others; disjoined; disconnected; separated; -- said of things once connected. Him that was separate from his brethren. Gen. xlix. 26. 2. Unconnected; not united or associated; distinct; -- said of things that have not been connected. For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinnere. Heb. vii. 26. 3. Disunited from the body; disembodied; as, a separate spirit; the separate state of souls. Separate estate (Law), an estate limited to a married woman independent of her husband. -- Separate maintenance (Law), an allowance made to a wife by her husband under deed of separation. -- Sep"a*rate*ly, adv. -- Sep"a*rate*ness, n. Sep`a*rat"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatism in religion; schismatical. [R.] Dr. T. Dwight. Sep"a*ra`ting (?), a. Designed or employed to separate. Separating funnel (Chem.), a funnel, often globe-shaped, provided with a stopcock for the separate drawing off of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities. Sep`a*ra"tion (?), n. [L. separatio: cf. F. s\'82paration.] The act of separating, or the state of being separated, or separate. Specifically: (a) Chemical analysis. (b) Divorce. (c) (Steam Boilers) The operation of removing water from steam. Judicial separation (Law), a form of divorce; a separation of man and wife which has the effect of making each a single person for all legal purposes but without ability to contract a new marriage. Mozley & W. Sep"a*ra*tism (?), n. [CF. F. s\'82paratisme.] The character or act of a separatist; disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing. Sep`a*ra*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. s\'82paratiste.] One who withdraws or separates himself; especially, one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged; a seceder from an established church; a dissenter; a nonconformist; a schismatic; a sectary. Heavy fines on divines who should preach in any meeting of separatist . Macaulay. Sep`a*ra*tis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatists; characterizing separatists; schismatical. Sep"a*ra*tive (?), a. [L. separativus.] Causing, or being to cause, separation. \'bdSeparative virtue of extreme cold.\'b8 Boyle. Sep"a*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, separates. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) A device for depriving steam of particles of water mixed with it. (b) (Mining) An apparatus for sorting pulverized ores into grades, or separating them from gangue. (c) (Weaving) An instrument used for spreading apart the threads of the warp in the loom, etc. Sep"a*ra*to*ry (?), a. Separative. Cheyne. Sep"a*ra*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. s\'82paratoire.] 1. (Chem.) An apparatus used in separating, as a separating funnel. 2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument for separating the pericranium from the cranium. [Obs.] Sep`a*ra"trix (?), n.; pl. L. -trices (#), E. -trixes (#). [L., she that separates.] (Arith.) The decimal point; the dot placed at the left of a decimal fraction, to separate it from the whole number which it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other marks of separation. Se*pawn" (?), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.] Sep"e*li*ble (?), a. [L. sepelibilis, fr. sepelire to bury.] Admitting of burial. [Obs.] Bailey. Sep`e*li"tion (?), n. Burial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Se"phen (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A large sting ray of the genus Trygon, especially T. sephen of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. The skin is an article of commerce. Se"pi*a (?), n.; pl. E. Sepias (#), L. Sepi\'91 (#). [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The common European cuttlefish. (b) A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish. 2. A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India. Sepia drawing picture, a drawing in monochrome, made in sepia alone, or in sepia with other brown pigments. Se"pi*a, a. Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia. Se"pic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sepia; done in sepia; as, a sepic drawing. Sep`i*da"ceous (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Like or pertaining to the cuttlefishes of the genus Sepia. Sep"i*ment (?), n. [L. sepimentum, saepimentum, from sepire, saepire, to hedge in.] Something that separates; a hedge; a fence. [R.] Bailey. Se"pi*o*lite` (?), n. [Septa + -lite.] (Min.) Meerschaum. See Meerschaum. Se"pi*o*stare` (?), n. [Sepia + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) The bone or shell of cuttlefish. See Illust. under Cuttlefish. Se*pon" (#), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.] Se*pose" (?), v. t. [L. pref se- aside + E. pose.] To set apart. [Obs.] Donne. Se*pos"it (?), v. t. [L. sepositus, p. p. of seponere to set aside.] To set aside; to give up. [Obs.] Sep`o*si"tion (, n. [L. sepositio.] The act of setting aside, or of giving up. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Se"poy (?), n. [Per. sip\'beh\'c6, fr. sip\'beh an army. Cf. Spahi.] A native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, esp. of Great Britain; an Oriental soldier disciplined in the European manner. \'d8Sep*pu"ku (?), n. Same as Hara-kiri. Seppuku, or hara-kiri, also came into vogue. W. E. Griffis. Sep"sin (?), n. [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble poison (ptomaine) present in putrid blood. It is also formed in the putrefaction of proteid matter in general. \'d8Sep"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) The poisoning of the system by the introduction of putrescent material into the blood. Sept (?), n. [A corruption of sect, n.] A clan, tribe, or family, proceeding from a common progenitor; -- used especially of the ancient clans in Ireland. The chief, struck by the illustration, asked at once to be baptized, and all his sept followed his example. S. Lover. \'d8Sep*t\'91"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Septic\'91mia. Sep"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a septum or septa, as of a coral or a shell. Sep"tane (?), n. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptane. [R.] Sep"tan`gle (?), n. [Septi- + angle.] (Geom.) A figure which has seven angles; a heptagon. [R.] Sep*tan"gu*lar (?), a. Heptagonal. \'d8Sep*ta"ri*um (?), n.;pl. Septaria (#). [NL., fr. L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, a partition, fr. sepire, saepire, to inclose.] (Geol.) A flattened concretionary nodule, usually of limestone, intersected within by cracks which are often filled with calcite, barite, or other minerals. Sep"tate (?), a. [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] Divided by partition or partitions; having septa; as, a septate pod or shell. Sep*tem"ber (?), n. [L., fr. septem seven, as being the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with March: cf. F. septembre. See Seven.] The ninth month of the year, containing thurty days. Sep*tem"ber*er (?), n. A Setembrist. Carlyle. Sep*tem"brist (?), n. [F. septembriste.] An agent in the massacres in Paris, committed in patriotic frenzy, on the 22d of September, 1792. Sep*tem"flu*ous (?), a.[L. septemfluus; septem seven + fluere to flow.] Flowing sevenfold; divided into seven streams or currents. [R.] Fuller. Sep*tem"par*tite (?), a. [L. septem seven + E. partite.] Divided nearly to the base into seven parts; as, a septempartite leaf. Sep*tem"tri*oun (?), n. Septentrion. [Obs.] \'d8Sep*tem"vir (?), n.; pl. E. Septemvirs (#), L. Septemviri (#). [L. septemviri, pl.; septem seven + viri, pl. of vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a board of seven men associated in some office. Sep*tem"vi*rate (?), n.[L. septemviratus.] The office of septemvir; a government by septimvirs. Sep"ten*a*ry (?), a. [L. septenairus, from septeni seven each, septem seven: cf. F. sept\'82naire. See Seven. ] 1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven; as, a septenary number. I. Watts. 2. Lasting seven years; continuing seven years. \'bdSeptenary penance.\'b8 Fuller. Sep"ten*a*ry, n. The number seven. [R.] Holinshed. Sep"ten*ate (?), a. [L. septeni seven each.] (Bot.) Having parts in sevens; heptamerous. Sep*ten"nate (?), n. [F. septennat.] A period of seven years; as, the septennate during which the President of the French Republic holds office. Sep*ten"ni*al (?), a. [L. septennium a period of seven years; septem seven + annus year. See Seven, and Annual.] 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as, septennial parliaments. 2. Happening or returning once in every seven years; as, septennial elections in England. Sep*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in seven years. Sep*ten"tri*al (?), a. Septentrional. Drayton. \'d8Sep*ten"tri*o (?), n. [L. See Septentrion.] (Astron.) The constellation Ursa Major. Sep*ten"tri*on (?), n. [L. septentrio the northern regions, the north, fr. septentriones the seven stars near the north pole, called Charles's Wain, or the Great Bear, also those called the Little Bear; properly, the seven plow oxen; septem seven + trio, orig., a plow ox: cf. F. septentrion.] The north or northern regions. Shak. Both East West, South and Septentrioun. Chaucer. { Sep*ten"tri*on (?), Sep*ten"tri*on*al (?), } a. [L. septentrionalis: cf. F. septentrional.] Of or pertaining to the north; northern. \'bdFrom cold septentrion blasts.\'b8 Milton. Sep*ten`tri*on*al"i*ty (?), n. Northerliness. Sep*ten"tri*on*al*ly (?), adv. Northerly. Sep*ten"tri*on*ate (?), v. i. To tend or point toward the north; to north. Sir T. Browne. { Sep*tet", Sep*tette" } (?), n. [From L. septem seven, like duet, from L. duo.] 1. A set of seven persons or objects; as, a septet of singers. 2. (Mus.) A musical composition for seven instruments or seven voices; -- called also septuor. Sept"foil (?), n. [F. sept seven (L. septem) + E. foil leaf: cf. L. septifolium.] 1. (Bot.) A European herb, the tormentil. See Tormentil. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having seven lobes. Cf. Cinquefoil, Quarterfoil, and Trefoil. 3. (Eccl.Art.) A typical figure, consisting of seven equal segments of a circle, used to denote the gifts of the Holy Chost, the seven sacraments as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, etc. [R.] Sep"ti- (?), [L. septem seven.] A combining form meaning seven; as, septifolious, seven-leaved; septi-lateral, seven-sided. Sep"tic (?), a. [Septi- + -ic.] (Math.) Of the seventh degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the seventh degree. { Sep"tic (?), Sep"tic*al (?), } a. [L. septicus, Gr. septique.] Having power to promote putrefaction. Sep"tic, n. A substance that promotes putrefaction. \'d8Sep`ti*c\'91"mi*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. (Med.) A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs. <-- Now septicemia. A condition caused by bacterial infection, the effects being mediated by the release of toxins by bacteria, within the circulation. (local infection is sepsis) Also septemia, septic fever, hematosepsis, sapremia --> Sep"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a septic manner; in a manner tending to promote putrefaction. Sep"ti*ci`dal (?), a. [Septum + L. caedere to cut: cf. F. septicide.] (Bot.) Dividing the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which a pod splits through the partitions and is divided into its component carpels. Sep*tic"i*ty (?), n. [See Septic.] Tendency to putrefaction; septic quality. Sep`ti*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. septifariam sevenfold. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Turned in seven different ways. Sep*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Septum + -ferous: cf. F. septif\'8are.] (Bot.) Bearing a partition; -- said of the valves of a capsule. Sep*tif"er*ous, a. [Gr. -ferous.] Conveying putrid poison; as, the virulence of septiferous matter. Sep*tif"lu*ous (?), a. [CF. Septemfluous.] Flowing in seven streams; septemfluous. Sep`ti*fo"li*ous (?), a. [Septi- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves. Sep"ti*form (?), a. [Septum + -form.] Having the form of a septum. Sep*tif"ra*gal (?), a. [Septum + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] (Bot.) Breaking from the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which the valves of a pod break away from the partitions, and these remain attached to the common axis. Sep`ti*lat"er*al (?), a. [Septi- + lateral.] Having seven sides; as, a septilateral figure. Sep*til"lion (?), n. [F. septilion, formed fr. L. septem seven, in imitation of million.] According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration. Sep"ti*mole (?), n. [L. septem seven.] (Mus.) A group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six. Sep*tin"su*lar (?), a. [Septi- + insular.] Consisting of seven islands; as, the septinsular republic of the Ionian Isles. Sep"ti*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Septi- + syllable.] A word of seven syllables. Sep*to"ic (?), a. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptoic. [R.] Sep`to*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nasal septum and the maxilla; situated in the region of these parts. -- n. A small bone between the nasal septum and the maxilla in many reptiles and amphibians. Sep`tu*a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. A person who is seventy years of age; a septuagenary. Sep`tu*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. septuagenarius, fr. septuageny seventy each; akin to septuaginta seventy, septem seven. See Seven.] Consisting of seventy; also, seventy years old. -- n. A septuagenarian. \'d8Sep`tu*a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. L. septuagesimus the seventieth, fr. septuaginta seventy.] (Eccl.) The third Sunday before Lent; -- so called because it is about seventy days before Easter. <-- p. 1313 --> Sep`tu*a*ges"i*mal (?), a. Consisting of seventy days, years, etc.; reckoned by seventies. Our abridged and septuagesimal age. Sir T. Browne. Sep"tu*a*gint (?), n. [From L. septuaginta seventy.] A Greek version of the Old Testament; -- so called because it was believed to be the work of seventy (or rather of seventy-two) translators. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) Septuagint chronology, the chronology founded upon the dates of the Septuagint, which makes 1500 years more from the creation to Abraham than the Hebrew Bible. Sep"tu*a*ry (?), n. [L. septem seven.] Something composed of seven; a week. [R.] Ash. Sep"tu*late (?), a. [Dim. fr. septum.] (Bot.) Having imperfect or spurious septa. \'d8Sep"tu*lum (?), n.; pl. Septula (#). [NL., dim. of L. septum septum.] (Anat.) A little septum; a division between small cavities or parts. \'d8Sep"tum (?), n.; pl. Septa (#). [L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, hedge, fence, fr. sepire, saepire, to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A wall separating two cavities; a partition; as, the nasal septum. 2. (Bot.) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit. 3. (Zo\'94l.) (a) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral. (b) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers. See Illust. under Nautilus. (c) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid. Sep"tu*or (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A septet. Sep"tu*ple (?), a. [LL. septuplus; cf. Gr. septuple. Cf. Double, Quadruple.] Seven times as much; multiplied by seven; sevenfold. Sep"tu*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Septupled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Septupling (?).] To multiply by seven; to make sevenfold. Sir J. Herschel. { Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre } (?), n. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. s\'82pulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.] The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb. The stony entrance of this sepulcher. Shak. The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulcher. John xx. 1. A whited sepulcher. Fig.: Any person who is fair outwardly but unclean or vile within. See Matt. xxiii.27. { Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre } (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sepulchered (?) or Sepulchred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sepulchering (?) or Sepulchring (.] To bury; to inter; to entomb; as, obscurely sepulchered. And so sepulchered in such pomp dost lie That kings for such a tomb would wish to die. Milton. Se*pul"chral (?), a. [L. sepulcralis: cf. F. s\'82pulcral.] 1. Of or pertaining to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; as, a sepulchral stone; a sepulchral inscription. 2. Unnaturally low and grave; hollow in tone; -- said of sound, especially of the voice. This exaggerated dulling of the voice . . . giving what is commonly called a sepulchral tone. H. Sweet. Sep"ul*ture (?), n. [F. s\'82pulture, L. sepultura, fr. sepelire, sepultum, to bury.] 1. The act of depositing the dead body of a human being in the grave; burial; interment. Where we may royal sepulture prepare. Dryden. 2. A sepulcher; a grave; a place of burial. Drunkeness that the horrible sepulture of man's reason. Chaucer. Se*qua"cious (?), a. [L. sequax, -acis, fr. suquit to follow. See Sue to follow. ] 1. Inclined to follow a leader; following; attendant. Trees uprooted left their place, Sequacious of the lyre. Dryden. 2. Hence, ductile; malleable; pliant; manageable. In the greater bodies the forge was easy, the matter being ductile and sequacious. Ray. 3. Having or observing logical sequence; logically consistent and rigorous; consecutive in development or transition of thought. The scheme of pantheistic omniscience so prevalent among the sequacious thinkers of the day. Sir W. Hamilton. Milton was not an extensive or discursive thinker, as Shakespeare was; for the motions of his mind were slow, solemn, and sequacious, like those of the planets. De Quincey. Se*qua"cious*ness, n. Quality of being sequacious. Se*quac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sequacitas.] Quality or state of being sequacious; sequaciousness. Bacon. Se"quel (?), n. [L. sequela, fr. sequit to follow: cf. F. s\'82quelle a following. See Sue to follow.] 1. That which follows; a succeeding part; continuation; as, the sequel of a man's advantures or history. O, let me say no more! Gather the sequel by that went before. Shak. 2. Consequence; event; effect; result; as, let the sun cease, fail, or swerve, and the sequel would be ruin. 3. Conclusion; inference. [R.] Whitgift. \'d8Se*que"la (?), n.; pl. Sequel\'91 (#). [L., a follower, a result, from sequit to follow.] One who, or that which, follows. Specifically: (a) An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents. \'bdColeridge and his sequela.\'b8 G. P. Marsh. (b) That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion. Sequel\'91, or thoughts suggested by the preceding aphorisms. Coleridge. (c) (Med.) A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another. Se"quence (?), n. [F. s\'82quence, L. sequentia, fr. sequens. See Sequent.] 1. The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement. How art thou a king But by fair sequence and succession? Shak. Sequence and series of the seasons of the year. Bacon. 2. That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result. The inevitable sequences of sin and punishment. Bp. Hall. 3. (Philos.) Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences. 4. (Mus.) (a) Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps. (b) A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia. 5. (R.C.Ch.) A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name. Bp. Fitzpatrick. Originally the sequence was called a Prose, because its early form was rhythmical prose. Shipley. 6. (Card Playing) (a) (Whist) Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as, ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight. (b) (Poker) All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush. <-- sequence is usu. called a run, and five are now called straight and straight flush --> Se"quent (?), a. [L. sequens, -entis, p. pr. of sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following; succeeding; in continuance. What to this was sequent Thou knowest already. Shak. 2. Following as an effect; consequent. Se"quent, n. 1. A follower. [R.] Shak. 2. That which follows as a result; a sequence. Se*quen"tial (?), a. Succeeding or following in order. -- Se*quen"tial*ly, adv. Se*ques"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestering.] [F. s\'82questrer, L. sequestrare to give up for safe keeping, from sequester a depositary or trustee in whose hands the thing contested was placed until the dispute was settled. Cf. Sequestrate.] 1. (Law) To separate from the owner for a time; to take from parties in controversy and put into the possession of an indifferent person; to seize or take possession of, as property belonging to another, and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for which it is taken, or till the owner has performed the decree of court, or clears himself of contempt; in international law, to confiscate. Formerly the goods of a defendant in chancery were, in the last resort, sequestered and detained to enforce the decrees of the court. And now the profits of a benefice are sequestered to pay the debts of ecclesiastics. Blackstone. 2. To cause (one) to submit to the process of sequestration; to deprive (one) of one's estate, property, etc. It was his tailor and his cook, his fine fashions and his French ragouts, which sequestered him. South. 3. To set apart; to put aside; to remove; to separate from other things. I had wholly sequestered my civil affairss. Bacon. 4. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity; to seclude; to withdraw; -- often used reflexively. When men most sequester themselves from action. Hooker. A love and desire to sequester a man's self for a higher conversation. Bacon. <-- 5. (Chem.) To bind, so as to make [a metal ion] unavailable in its normal form; -- said of chelating agents, such as EDTA, which, in a solution, bind tightly to multivalent metal cations, thereby lowering their effective concentration in solution. Compounds employed particularly for this purpose are called sequestering agents, or chelating agents. In biochemistry, sequestration is one means of reversibly inhibiting enzymes which depend on divalent metal cations (such as Magnesium) for their activity. Such agents are used, for example, to help preserve blood for storage and subsequent use in transfusion. --> Se*ques"ter, v. i. 1. To withdraw; to retire. [Obs.] To sequester out of the world into Atlantic and Utopian politics. Milton. 2. (Law) To renounce (as a widow may) any concern with the estate of her husband. Se*ques"ter, n. 1. Sequestration; separation. [R.] 2. (Law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a mediator; an umpire or referee. Bouvier. 3. (Med.) Same as Sequestrum. Se*ques"tered (?), a. Retired; secluded. \'bdSequestered scenes.\'b8 Cowper. Along the cool, sequestered vale of life. Gray. Se*ques"tra*ble (?), a. Capable of being sequestered; subject or liable to sequestration. Se*ques"tral (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a sequestrum. Quian. Se*ques"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestrating.] To sequester. Seg`ues*tra"tion (?), n. [L. sequestratio: cf. F. s\'82questration.] 1. (a) (Civil & Com. Law) The act of separating, or setting aside, a thing in controversy from the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. It may be voluntary or involuntary. (b) (Chancery) A prerogative process empowering certain commissioners to take and hold a defendant's property and receive the rents and profits thereof, until he clears himself of a contempt or performs a decree of the court. (c) (Eccl. Law) A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have satisfied some debt established by decree; the gathering up of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy, for the use of the next incumbent; the disposing of the goods, by the ordinary, of one who is dead, whose estate no man will meddle with. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. (d) (Intrnat. Law) The seizure of the property of an individual for the use of the state; particularly applied to the seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due from its subjects to the enemy. Burrill. 2. The state of being separated or set aside; separation; retirement; seclusion from society. Since Henry Monmouth first began to reign, . . . This loathsome sequestration have I had. Shak. 3. Disunion; disjunction. [Obs.] Boyle. <-- 4. (Chem.) the act or process of sequestering (v. t. sense 5) --> Seq"ues*tra`tor (?), n. [L., one that hinders or impedes.] (Law) (a) One who sequesters property, or takes the possession of it for a time, to satisfy a demand out of its rents or profits. (b) One to whom the keeping of sequestered property is committed. \'d8Se*ques"trum (?), n.; pl. Sequestra (#). [NL. See Sequester.] (Med.) A portion of dead bone which becomes separated from the sound portion, as in necrosis. Se"quin (?), n. [F. sequin, It. zecchino, from zecca the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, a die, a stamp. Cf. Zechin.] An old gold coin of Italy and Turkey. It was first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, and afterward in the other Italian cities, and by the Levant trade was introduced into Turkey. It is worth about 9s. 3d. sterling, or about $2.25. The different kinds vary somewhat in value. [Written also chequin, and zequin.] Se*quoi"a (?), n. [NL. So called by Dr. Endlicher in honor of Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the \'bdbig tree\'b8 of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height. Se*quoi"\'89ne (?), n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (C13H10) obtained in white fluorescent crystals, in the distillation products of the needles of the California \'bdbig tree\'b8 (Sequoia gigantea). Se*ragl"io (?), n. [It. serraglio, originally, an inclosure of palisades, afterwards also, a palace, seraglio (by confusion with Per. ser\'be\'8ba a palace, an entirely different word), fr. serrare to shut, fr. LL. serra a bar for fastening doors, L. sera. See Serry, Series.] 1. An inclosure; a place of separation. [Obs.] I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell as in a suburb, by themselves. I passed by the piazza Judea, where their seraglio begins. Evelyn. 2. The palace of the Grand Seignior, or Turkish sultan, at Constantinople, inhabited by the sultan himself, and all the officers and dependents of his court. In it are also kept the females of the harem. 3. A harem; a place for keeping wives or concubines; sometimes, loosely, a place of licentious pleasure; a house of debauchery. \'d8Se*ra"i (?), n. [Per. ser\'be\'8b, or sar\'be\'8b, a palace, a king's court, a seraglio, an inn. Cf. Caravansary.] A palace; a seraglio; also, in the East, a place for the accommodation of travelers; a caravansary, or rest house. Ser`al*bu"men (?), n. (Physiol. CHem.) Serum albumin. \'d8Se*rang" (?), n. [Per. sarhang a commander.] The boatswain of a Lascar or East Ondian crew. \'d8Se*ra"pe (?), n. [Sp. Amer. sarape.] A blanket or shawl worn as an outer garment by the Spanish Americans, as in Mexico. Ser"aph (?), n.; pl. E. Seraphs (#), Heb. Seraphim (#). [Heb. ser\'bephim, pl.] One of an order of celestial beings, each having three pairs of wings. In ecclesiastical art and in poetry, a seraph is represented as one of a class of angels. Isa. vi. 2. As full, as perfect, in vile man that mourns, As the rapt seraph that adores and burns. Pope. Seraph moth (Zo\'94l.), any one of numerous species of geometrid moths of the genus Lobophora, having the hind wings deeply bilobed, so that they seem to have six wings. { Se*raph"ic (?), Se*raph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. s\'82raphique.] Of or pertaining to a seraph; becoming, or suitable to, a seraph; angelic; sublime; pure; refined. \'bdSeraphic arms and trophies.\'b8 Milton. \'bdSeraphical fervor.\'b8 Jer. Taylor. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ness, n. Se*raph"i*cism (?), n. The character, quality, or state of a seraph; seraphicalness. [R.] Cudworth. Ser"a*phim (?), n. The Hebrew plural of Seraph. Cf. Cherubim. seraphims is sometimes used, as in the King James version of the Bible, Isa. vi. 2 and 6. <-- p. 1314 --> Ser`a*phi"na (?), n. [NL.] A seraphine. Ser"a*phine (?), n. [From Seraph.] (Mus.) A wind instrument whose sounding parts are reeds, consisting of a thin tongue of brass playing freely through a slot in a plate. It has a case, like a piano, and is played by means of a similar keybord, the bellows being worked by the foot. The melodeon is a portable variety of this instrument. \'d8Se*ra"pis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, at first a symbol of the Nile, and so of fertility; later, one of the divinities of the lower world. His worship was introduced into Greece and Rome. Se*ras"kier (?), n. [Turk., fr. Per. ser head, chief + Ar. 'asker an army.] A general or commander of land forces in the Turkish empire; especially, the commander-in-chief of minister of war. Se*ras"kier*ate (?), n. The office or authority of a seraskier. Ser*bo"ni*an (?), a. Relating to the lake of Serbonis in Egypt, which by reason of the sand blowing into it had a deceptive appearance of being solid land, but was a bog. A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog . . . Where armies whole have sunk. Milton. Sere (?), a. Dry; withered. Same as Sear. But with its sound it shook the sails That were so thin and sere. Coleridge. Sere, n. [F. serre.] Claw; talon. [Obs.] Chapman. \'d8Se*rein" (?), n. [F. Cf. Serenade, n.] (Meteorol.) A mist, or very fine rain, which sometimes falls from a clear sky a few moments after sunset. Tyndall. Ser`*enade" (?), n. [F. s\'82r\'82nade, It. serenata, probably fr. L. serenus serene (cf. Serene), misunderstood as a derivative fr. L. serus late. Cf. Soir\'82e.] (Mus.) (a) Music sung or performed in the open air at nights; -- usually applied to musical entertainments given in the open air at night, especially by gentlemen, in a spirit of gallantry, under the windows of ladies. (b) A piece of music suitable to be performed at such times. Ser`e*nade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Serenading.] To entertain with a serenade. Ser`e*nade", v. i. To perform a serenade. Ser`e*nad"er (?), n. One who serenades. { Ser`e*na"ta (?), Ser"e*nate (?), } n. [It. serenata. See Serenade.] (Mus.) A piece of vocal music, especially one on an amoreus subject; a serenade. Or serenate, which the starved lover sings To his pround fair. Milton. serenata was given by Italian composers in the time of Handel, and by Handel himself, to a cantata of a pastoreal of dramatic character, to a secular ode, etc.; also by Mozart and others to an orchectral composition, in several movements, midway between the suite of an earlier period and the modern symphony. Grove. Se*rene" (?), a. [L. serenus to grow dry, Gr. 1. Bright; clear; unabscured; as, a serene sky. The moon serene in glory mounts the sky. Pope. Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. Gray. 2. Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as, a serene aspect; a serene soul. Milton. Serene is given as a tittle to princes and the members of their families; as, His Serene Highness. Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis. Milton. Se*rene", n. 1. Serenity; clearness; calmness. [Poetic.] \'bdThe serene of heaven.\'b8 Southey. To their master is denied To share their sweet serene. Young. 2. [F. serein evening dew or damp. See Serein.] Evening air; night chill. [Obs.] \'bdSome serene blast me.\'b8 B. Jonson. Se*rene", v. t. [L. serenare.] To make serene. Heaven and earth, as if contending, vie To raise his being, and serene his soul. Thomson. Se*rene"ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; clearly. Now setting Phserenely bright. Pope. 2. With unruffled temper; coolly; calmly. Prior. Se*rene"ness, n. Serenity. Feltham. Se*ren"i*tude (?), n. Serenity. [Obs.] Se*ren"i*ty (?), n. [L. serenuas: cf. F. s\'82r\'82nit\'82.] 1. The quality or state of being serene; clearness and calmness; quietness; stillness; peace. A general peace and serenity newly succeeded a general trouble. Sir W. Temple. 2. Calmness of mind; eveness of temper; undisturbed state; coolness; composure. I can not see how any men should ever transgress those moral rules with confidence and serenity. Locke. Serenity is given as a title to the members of certain princely families in Europe; as, Your Serenity. Serf (?), n. [F., fr. L. serus servant, slave; akin to servare to protect, preserve, observe, and perhaps originally, a client, a man under one's protection. Cf. Serve, v. t.] A servant or slave employed in husbandry, and in some countries attached to the soil and transferred with it, as formerly in Russia. In England, at least from the reign of Henry II, one only, and that the inferior species [of villeins], existed . . . But by the customs of France and Germany, persons in this abject state seem to have been called serfs, and distinguished from villeins, who were only bound to fixed payments and duties in respect of their lord, though, as it seems, without any legal redress if injured by him. Hallam. Syn. -- Serf, Slave. A slave is the absolute property of his master, and may be sold in any way. A serf, according to the strict sense of the term, is one bound to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, and sold with it into the service of whoever purchases the land. { Serf"age (?), Serf"dom (?) }, n. The state or condition of a serf. Serf"hood (?), Serf"ism (, n. Serfage. Serge (?), n. [F. serge, sarge, originally, a silken stuff, fr. L. serica, f. or neut. pl. of sericus silken. See Sericeous, Silk.] A woolen twilled stuff, much used as material for clothing for both sexes. Silk serge, a twilled silk fabric used mostly by tailors for lining parts of gentlemen's coats. Serge, n. [F. cierge.] A large wax candle used in the ceremonies of various churches. Ser"gean*cy (?), n.; pl. Sergeancies (#). [Cf. Sergeanty.] The office of a sergeant; sergeantship. [Written also serjeancy.] Ser"geant (?), n. [F. sergent, fr. L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. of servire to serve. See Serve, and cf. Servant.] [Written also serjeant. Both spellings are authorized. In England serjeant is usually preferred, except for military officers. In the United States sergeant is common for civil officers also.] 1. Formerly, in England, an officer nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the hundred; also, an officer whose duty was to attend on the king, and on the lord high steward in court, to arrest traitors and other offenders. He is now called sergeant-at-arms, and two of these officers, by allowance of the sovereign, attend on the houses of Parliament (one for each house) to execute their commands, and another attends the Court Chancery. The sergeant of the town of Rome them sought. Chaucer. The magistrates sent the serjeant, saying, Let those men go. Acts xvi. 35. This fell sergeant, Death, Is strict in his arrest. Shak. 2. (Mil.) In a company, battery, or troop, a noncommissioned officer next in rank above a corporal, whose duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc. sergeants belonging to the companies there are, in each regiment, a sergeant major, who is the chief noncommissioned officer, and has important duties as the assistant to the adjutant; a quartermaster sergeant, who assists the quartermaster; a color sergeant, who carries the colors; and a commissary sergeant, who assists in the care and distribution of the stores. Ordnance sergeants have charge of the ammunition at military posts. 3. (Law) A lawyer of the highest rank, answering to the doctor of the civil law; -- called also serjeant at law. [Eng.] Blackstone. 4. A title sometimes given to the servants of the sovereign; as, sergeant surgeon, that is, a servant, or attendant, surgeon. [Eng.] 5. (Zo\'94l.) The cobia. Drill sergeant. (Mil.) See under Drill. -- Sergeant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body, or of a deliberative or judicial assembly, who executes commands in preserving order and arresting offenders. See Sergeant, 1. -- Sergeant major. (a) (Mil.) See the Note under def. 2, above. (b) (Zo\'94l.) The cow pilot. Ser"geant*cy (?), n. Same as Sergeancy. Ser"geant*ry (?), n. [CF. OF. sergenteric.] See Sergeanty. [R.] [Written also serjeantry.] Ser"geant*ship, n. The office of sergeant. Ser"geant*y (?), n. [Cf. OF. sergentie, LL. sergentia. See Sergeant.] (Eng. Law) Tenure of lands of the crown by an honorary kind of service not due to any lord, but to the king only. [Written also serjeanty.] Grand sergeanty, a particular kind of tenure by which the tenant was bound to do some special honorary service to the king in person, as to carry his banner, his sword, or the like. Tomlins. Cowell. Blackstone. -- Petit sergeanty. See under Petit. Se"ri*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a series; consisting of a series; appearing in successive parts or numbers; as, a serial work or publication. \'bdClassification . . . may be more or less serial.\'b8 H. Spencer. 2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to rows. Gray. Serial homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Serial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry. Se"ri*al, n. A publication appearing in a series or succession of part; a tale, or other writing, published in successive numbers of a periodical. Se`ri*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of succession in a series; sequence. H. Spenser. Se"ri*al*ly, adv. In a series, or regular order; in a serial manner; as, arranged serially; published serially. Se"ri*ate (?), a. Arranged in a series or succession; pertaining to a series. -- Se"ri*ate*ly, adv. Se`ri*a"tim (?), adv. [NL.] In regular order; one after the other; severally. Se`ri*a"tion (?), n. (Chem.) Arrangement or position in a series. Se*ri"ceous (?), a. [L. sericus silken, sericum Seric stuff, silk, fr. Sericus belonging to the Seres, Gr. Silk, Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; consisting of silk; silky. 2. (Bot.) Covered with very soft hairs pressed close to the surface; as, a sericeous leaf. 3. (Zo\'94l.) Having a silklike luster, usually due to fine, close hairs. Ser"i*cin (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A gelatinous nitrogenous material extracted from crude silk and other similar fiber by boiling water; -- called also silk gelatin. Ser"i*cite (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Min.) A kind of muscovite occuring in silky scales having a fibrous structure. It is characteristic of sericite schist. \'d8Ser`ic*te"ri*um (?), n. [See Sericeous.] (Zo\'94l.) A silk gland, as in the silkworms. Ser"i*cul`ture (?), n. [See Sericeous, and Culture.] The raising of silkworms. Se"rie (?), n. [Cf. F. s\'82rie.] Series. [Obs.] \'d8Ser`i*e"ma (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo\'94l.) A large South American bird (Dicholophus, ) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama. Se"ries (?), n. [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or bind together; cf. Gr. sarit thread. Cf. Assert, Desert a solitude, Exert, Insert, Seraglio.] 1. A number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like relation; sequence; order; course; a succession of things; as, a continuous series of calamitous events. During some years his life a series of triumphs. Macaulay. 2. (Biol.) Any comprehensive group of animals or plants including several subordinate related groups. 3. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms succeeding one another, each of which is derived from one or more of the preceding by a fixed law, called the law of the series; as, an arithmetical series; a geometrical series. Ser"in (?), n. [F. serin.] (Zo\'94l.) A European finch (Serinus hortulanus) closely related to the canary. Ser"ine (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on silk gelatin<-- an amino acid -->. { Se`ri*o-com"ic (?), Se`ri*o-com"ic*al (?), } a. Having a mixture of seriousness and sport; serious and comical. Se"ri*ous (?), a. [L. serius: cf. F. s\'82rieux, LL. seriosus.] 1. Grave in manner or disposition; earnest; thoughtful; solemn; not light, gay, or volatile. He is always serious, yet there is about his manner a graceful ease. Macaulay. 2. Really intending what is said; being in earnest; not jesting or deceiving. Beaconsfield. 3. Important; weighty; not trifling; grave. The holy Scriptures bring to our ears the most serious things in the world. Young. 4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension; attended with danger; as, a serious injury. Syn. -- Grave; solemn; earnest; sedate; important; weighty. See Grave. -- Se"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Se"ri*ous*ness, n. Ser"iph (?), n. (Type Founding) See Ceriph. { Ser"jeant (?), Ser"jeant*cy, etc. }See Sergeant, Sergeantcy, etc. Serjeant-at-arms. See Sergeant-at-arms, under Sergeant. Ser*moc`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. sermocinatio. See Sermon.] The making of speeches or sermons; sermonizing. [Obs.] Peacham. Ser*moc"i*na`tor (?), n. [L.] One who makes sermons or speeches. [Obs.] Howell. Ser"mon (?), n. [OE. sermoun, sermun, F. sermon, fr. L. sermo, -onis, a speaking, discourse, probably fr. serer, sertum, to join, connect; hence, a connected speech. See Series.] 1. A discourse or address; a talk; a writing; as, the sermens of Chaucer. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Specifically, a discourse delivered in public, usually by a clergyman, for the purpose of religious instruction and grounded on some text or passage of Scripture. This our life exempt from public haunts Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones and good in everything. Shak. His preaching much, but more his practice, wrought, A living sermon of the truths he taught. Dryden. 3. Hence, a serious address; a lecture on one's conduct or duty; an exhortation or reproof; a homily; -- often in a depreciatory sense. Ser"mon, v. i. [Cf. OF. sermoner, F. sermonner to lecture one.] To speak; to discourse; to compose or deliver a sermon. [Obs.] Holinshed. What needeth it to sermon of it more? Chaucer. Ser"mon, v. t. 1. To discourse to or of, as in a sermon. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To tutor; to lecture. [Poetic] Shak. Ser`mon*eer" (?), n. A sermonizer. B. Jonson. Ser"mon*er (?), n. A preacher; a sermonizer. [Derogative or Jocose.] Thackeray. Ser`mon*et" (?), n. A short sermon. [Written also sermonette.] { Ser*mon"ic (?), Ser*mon"ic*al (?), } a. Like, or appropriate to, a sermon; grave and didactic. [R.] \'bdConversation . . . satirical or sermonic.\'b8 Prof. Wilson. \'bdSermonical style.\'b8 V. Knox. Ser"mon*ing (?), n. The act of discoursing; discourse; instruction; preaching. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ser"mon*ish, a. Resembling a sermon. [R.] Ser"mon*ist, n. See Sermonizer. Ser"mon*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sermonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sermonizing (?).] 1. To compose or write a sermon or sermons; to preach. 2. To inculcate rigid rules. [R.] Chesterfield. Ser"mon*ize, v. t. To preach or discourse to; to affect or influence by means of a sermon or of sermons. [R.] Which of us shall sing or sermonize the other fast asleep? Landor. Ser"mon*i`zer (?), n. One who sermonizes. Ser"o*lin (?), n. [Serum + L. oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A peculiar fatty substance found in the blood, probably a mixture of fats, cholesterin, etc. (b) A body found in fecal matter and thought to be formed in the intestines from the cholesterin of the bile; -- called also stercorin, and stercolin. <-- p. 1315 --> { Se*ron" (?), Se*roon" (?), } n. [Sp. seron a kind of hamper or pannier, aug. of sera a large pannier or basket.] Same as Ceroon. McElrath. Se"rose` (?), a. Serous. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Se*ros"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. serosit\'82. See Serous.] 1. The quality or state of being serous. 2. (Physiol.) A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid. Ser"o*tine (?), n. [F. s\'82rotine, fr. L. serotinus that comes or happens late.] (Zo\'94l.) The European long-eared bat (Vesperugo serotinus). Se*rot"i*nous (?), a. [L. serotinus, fr. serus late.] (Biol.) Appearing or blossoming later in the season than is customary with allied species. Se"rous (?), a. [Cf. F. s\'82reux. See Serum.] (Physiol.) (a) Thin; watery; like serum; as the serous fluids. (b) Of or pertaining to serum; as, the serous glands, membranes, layers. See Serum. Serous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane. { Ser"ow (?), Sur"row (?), } n. (Zo\'94l.) The thar. \'d8Ser"pens (?), n. [L. See Serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation represented as a serpent held by Serpentarius. Ser"pent (?), n. [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis (sc. bestia), fr. serpens, p. pr. of serpere to creep; akin to Gr. sarp, and perhaps to L. repere, E. reptile. Cf. Herpes.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any reptile of the order Ophidia; a snake, especially a large snake. See Illust. under Ophidia. Ophidia, and Fang. 2. Fig.: A subtle, treacherous, malicious person. 3. A species of firework having a serpentine motion as it passess through the air or along the ground. 4. (Astron.) The constellation Serpens. 5. (Mus.) A bass wind instrument, of a loud and coarse tone, formerly much used in military bands, and sometimes introduced into the orchestra; -- so called from its form. Pharaoh's serpent (Chem.), mercuric sulphocyanate, a combustible white substance which in burning gives off a poisonous vapor and leaves a peculiar brown voluminous residue which is expelled in a serpentine from. It is employed as a scientific toy. -- Serpent cucumber (Bot.), the long, slender, serpentine fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Trichosanthes colubrina; also, the plant itself. -- Serpent eage (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of raptorial birds of the genera Circa\'89tus and Spilornis, which prey on serpents. They inhabit Africa, Southern Europe, and India. The European serpent eagle is Circa\'89tus Gallicus. -- Serpent eater. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) An Asiatic antelope; the markhoor. -- Serpent fish (Zo\'94l.), a fish (Cepola rubescens) with a long, thin, compressed body, and a band of red running lengthwise. -- Serpent star (Zo\'94l.), an ophiuran; a brittle star. -- Serpent's tongue (Paleon.), the fossil tooth of a shark; -- so called from its resemblance to a tongue with its root. -- Serpent withe (Bot.), a West Indian climbing plant (Aristolochia odoratissima). -- Tree serpent (Zo\'94l.), any species of African serpents belonging to the family Dendrophid\'91. Ser"pent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Serpented; p. pr. & vb. n. Serpenting.] To wind like a serpent; to crook about; to meander. [R.] \'bdThe serpenting of the Thames.\'b8 Evelyn. Ser"pent, v. t. To wind; to encircle. [R.] Evelyn. \'d8Ser`pen*ta"ri*a (?), a.[L. (sc. herba), fr. serpens serpent.] (Med.) The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria). \'d8Ser`pen*ta"ri*us (?), n.[NL., fr. L. serpens serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation on the equator, lying between Scorpio and Hercules; -- called also Ophiuchus. Ser*pen"ti*form (?), a. [L. serpens a serpent + -form.] Having the form of a serpent. Ser`pen*tig"e*nous (?), a. [L. serpens, -entis, a serpent + -genous: cf. L. serpentigena.] Bred of a serpent. Ser"pen*tine (?), a. [L. serpentinus: cf. F. serpentin.] Resembling a serpent; having the shape or qualities of a serpent; subtle; winding or turning one way and the other, like a moving serpent; anfractuous; meandering; sinuous; zigzag; as, serpentine braid. Thy shape Like his, and color serpentine. Milton. Ser"pen*tine, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. serpentine, (for sense 2) serpentin.] 1. (Min.) A mineral or rock consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia. It is usually of an obscure green color, often with a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a serpent's skin. Precious, or noble, serpentine is translucent and of a rich oil-green color. 2. (Ordnance) A kind of ancient cannon. Ser"pen*tine, v. i. To serpentize. [R.] Lyttleton. Ser"pen*tine*ly, adv. In a serpentine manner. Ser`pen*tin"i*an (?), n. (Eccl.) See 2d Ophite. Ser"pen*tin*ize (?), v. t. (Min.) To convert (a magnesian silicate) into serpentine. -- Ser`pen*tin`i*za"tion (#), n. Ser"pen*ti`nous (?), a. Relating to, or like, serpentine; as, a rock serpentinous in character. Ser"pent*ize (?), v. i. To turn or bend like a serpent, first in one direction and then in the opposite; to meander; to wind; to serpentine. [R.] The river runs before the door, and serpentizes more than you can conceive. Walpole. Ser"pent*ry (?), n. 1. A winding like a serpent's. 2. A place inhabited or infested by serpents. Ser"pent-tongued` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a forked tongue, like a serpent. Ser"pet (?), n. [L. sirpus, scirpus, a rush, bulrush.] A basket. [Obs.] Ainsworth. \'d8Ser*pette" (?), n. [F.] A pruning knife with a curved blade. Knight. Ser*pig"i*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. serpigineux.] (Med.) Creeping; -- said of lesions which heal over one portion while continuing to advance at another. \'d8Ser*pi"go (?), n. [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] (Med.) A dry, scaly eruption on the skin; especially, a ringworm. Ser"po*let (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Wild thyme. \'d8Ser"pu*la (?), n.; pl. Serpul\'91 (#), E. Serpulas (#). [L., a little snake. See Serpent.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulid\'91. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts. { Ser*pu"li*an (?), Ser*pu"li*dan (?), } n. (Zo\'94l.) A serpula. Ser"pu*lite (?), n. A fossil serpula shell. Serr (?), v. t. [F. serrer. See Serry.] To crowd, press, or drive together. [Obs.] Bacon. Ser*ra"noid (?), n. [NL. Serranus, a typical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Any fish of the family Serranid\'91, which includes the striped bass, the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. -- a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Serranid\'91. { Ser"rate (?), Ser"ra*ted (?), } a. [L. serratus, fr. serra a saw; perhaps akin to secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument. Cf. Sierra.] 1. Notched on the edge, like a saw. 2. (Bot.) Beset with teeth pointing forwards or upwards; as, serrate leaves. Doubly serrate, having small serratures upon the large ones, as the leaves of the elm. -- Serrate-ciliate, having fine hairs, like the eyelashes, on the serratures; -- said of a leaf. -- Serrate-dentate, having the serratures toothed. Ser*ra"tion (?), n. 1. Condition of being serrate; formation in the shape of a saw. 2. One of the teeth in a serrate or serrulate margin. Ser*ra`ti*ros"tral (?), a. [Serrate + rostral.] (Zo\'94l.) Having a toothed bill, like that of a toucan. Ser*ra"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) The ivory gull (Larus eburneus). Ser"ra*ture (?), n. [L. serratura a sawing, fr. serrare to saw.] 1. A notching, like that between the teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. Martyn. 2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge; a serration. Ser"ri*ca`ted (?), a. [See Sericeous.] Covered with fine silky down. Ser"ri*corn (?), a. [L. serra saw + cornu horn.] (Zo\'94l.) Having serrated antenn Ser"ri*corn, n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of a numerous tribe of beetles (Serricornia). The joints of the antenn\'91 are prominent, thus producing a serrate appearance. See Illust. under Antenna. Ser"ried (?), a. [See Serry.] Crowded; compact; dense; pressed together. Nor seemed it to relax their serried files. Milton. \'d8Ser*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. serra saw + ferre to bear.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies. \'d8Ser`ri*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL. fr. L. serra saw + rostrum beak.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Lamellirostres. Ser"rous (?), a. [L. serra a saw.] Like the teeth off a saw; jagged. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ser"ru*la (?), n. [L., a little saw.] (Zo\'94l.) The red-breasted merganser. { Ser"rulate (?), Ser"ru*la`ted (?), } a. [L. serrula a lttle saw, dim. of serra a saw.] Finely serrate; having very minute teeth. Ser`ru*la"tion (?), n. 1. The state of being notched minutely, like a fine saw. Wright. 2. One of the teeth in a serrulate margin. Ser"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Serrying.] [F. serrer, LL. serrare, serare, from L. sera a bar, bolt; akin to serere to join or bind together. See Serries.] To crowd; to press together. [Now perhaps only in the form serried, p. p. or a.] \'d8Ser`tu*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL., dim. fr. L. serta a garland.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothec\'91 along the sides of the branches. Ser`tu*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of Sertularia, or of Sertularid\'91, a family of hydroids having branched chitinous stems and simple sessile hydrothec\'91. Also used adjectively. Se"rum (?), n. [L., akin to Gr. s\'bera curd.] (Physiol.) (a) The watery portion of certain animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (b) A thin watery fluid, containing more or less albumin, secreted by the serous membranes of the body, such as the pericardium and peritoneum. Blood serum, the pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the loquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. -- Muscle serum, the thin watery fluid which separates from the muscles after coagulation of the muscle plasma; the watery portion of the plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. -- Serum albumin (Physiol. Chem.), an albuminous body, closely related to egg albumin, present in nearly all serous fluids; esp., the albumin of blood serum. -- Serum globulin (Physiol. Chem.), paraglobulin. -- Serum of milk (Physiol. Chem.), the whey, or fluid portion of milk, remaining after removal of the casein and fat. Serv"a*ble (?), a. [See Serve.] 1. Capable of being served. 2. [L. servabilis.] Capable of being preserved. [R.] Serv"age (?), n. [Cf. F. servage.] Serfage; slavery; servitude. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ser"val (?), n. [Cf. F. serval.] (Zo\'94l.) An African wild cat (Felis serval) of moderate size. It has rather long legs and a tail of moderate length. Its color is tawny, with black spots on the body and rings of black on the tail. Ser"val*ine (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Related to, or resembling, the serval. Serv"ant (?), n. [OE. servant, servaunt, F. servant, a & p. pr. of servir to serve, L. servire. See Serve, and cf. Sergeant.] 1. One who serves, or does services, voluntarily or on compulsion; a person who is employed by another for menial offices, or for other labor, and is subject to his command; a person who labors or exerts himself for the benefit of another, his master or employer; a subordinate helper. \'bdA yearly hired servant.\'b8 Lev. xxv. 53. Men in office have begun to think themselves mere agents and servants of the appointing power, and not agents of the government or the country. D. Webster. servants for the time they are employed in such character, as they act in subordination to others. So any person may be legally the servant of another, in whose business, and under whose order, direction, and control, he is acting for the time being. Chitty. 2. One in a state of subjection or bondage. Thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt. Deut. v. 15. 3. A professed lover or suitor; a gallant. [Obs.] In my time a servant was I one. Chaucer. Servant of servants, one debased to the lowest condition of servitude. -- Your humble servant, Your obedient servant, phrases of civility often used in closing a letter. Our betters tell us they are our humble servants, but understand us to be their slaves. Swift. Serv"ant, v. t. To subject. [Obs.] Shak. Serv"ant*ess, n. A maidservant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Serv"ant*ry (?), n. A body of servants; servants, collectively. [R.] Serve (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Served (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Serving.] [OE. serven, servien, OF. & F. servir, fr. L. servire; akin to servus a servant or slave, servare to protect, preserve, observe; cf. Zend har to protect, haurva protecting. Cf. Conserve, Desert merit, Dessert, Observe, Serf, Sergeant.] 1. To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert one's self continuously or statedly for the benefit of; to do service for; to be in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, slave, hired assistant, official helper, etc.; specifically, in a religious sense, to obey and worship. God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit. Rom. i. 9. Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter. Gen. xxix. 18. No man can serve two masters. Matt. vi. 24. Had I but served my God with half the zeal I served my king, he would not in mine age Have left me naked to mine enemies. Shak. 2. To be subordinate to; to act a secondary part under; to appear as the inferior of; to minister to. Bodies bright and greater should not serve The less not bright. Milton. 3. To be suitor to; to profess love to. [Obs.] To serve a lady in his beste wise. Chaucer. 4. To wait upon; to supply the wants of; to attend; specifically, to wait upon at table; to attend at meals; to supply with food; as, to serve customers in a shop. Others, pampered in their shameless pride, Are served in plate and in their chariots ride. Dryden. 5. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, deal, or distribute, as a portion of anything, especially of food prepared for eating; -- often with up; formerly with in. Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will come in to dinner. Shak. Some part he roasts, then serves it up so dressed. Dryde. <-- p. 1316 --> 6. To perform the duties belonging to, or required in or for; hence, to be of use to; as, a curate may serve two churches; to serve one's country. 7. To contribute or conduce to; to promote; to be sufficient for; to satisfy; as, to serve one's turn. Turn it into some advantage, by observing where it can serve another end. Jer. Taylor. 8. To answer or be (in the place of something) to; as, a sofa serves one for a seat and a couch. 9. To treat; to behave one's self to; to requite; to act toward; as, he served me very ill. 10. To work; to operate; as, to serve the guns. 11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as, to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as, to serve a witness with a subp. 12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as, to serve a term in prison. 13. To copulate with; to cover; as, a horse serves a mare; -- said of the male. 14. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering (the ball). 15. (Naut.) To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving. To serve an attachment a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. -- To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. -- To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. -- To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. -- To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. -- To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. -- To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. \'bdI'll serve you out for this.\'b8 C. Kingsley. -- To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; -- used commonly of ill deserts; as, it serves the scoundrel right; -- To serve one's self of, to avail one's self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism] I will serve myself of this concession. Chillingworth. -- To serve out, to distribute; as, to serve out rations. -- To serve the time the hour, to regulate one's actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one's duty; to be a timeserver. [Obs.] They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment. Hooker. Syn. -- To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor. Serve (?), v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service. The Lord shall give thee rest . . . from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve. Isa. xiv. 3. 2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc. But Martha . . . said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone? Luke x. 40. 3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc. Many . . . who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay. Knolles. 4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable. This little brand will serve to light your fire. Dryden. As occasion serves, this noble queen And prince shall follow with a fresh supply. Shak. 5. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering the ball. Serv"er (?), n. 1. One who serves. 2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph. Ser"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Servia. <-- modern spelling, Serbia --> { Serv"ice (?), n., Serv"ice (?) }. [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad). They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries. Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree. In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.) Serv"ice, n. [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper. slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also, spiritual obedience and love. \'bdO God . . . whose service is perfect freedom.\'b8 Bk. of Com. Prayer. Madam, I entreat true peace of you, Which I will purchase with my duteous service. Shak. God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms. Tillotson. 2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office. I have served him from the hour of my nativity, . . . and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows. Shak. This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles. Dryden. To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor? Macaulay. 3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as, a burial service. The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law. Coleridge. 4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches. 5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier. When he cometh to experience of service abroad . . . ne maketh a worthy soldier. Spenser. 6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail. The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures. L'Estrange. 7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. \'bdPray, do my service to his majesty.\'b8 Shak. 8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also, a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as, the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass. There was no extraordinary service seen on the board. Hakewill. 9. (Law) The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as, the service of a subp. 10. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc. 11. (Tennis) The act of serving the ball. 12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13. Service book, a prayer book or missal. -- Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. -- Service of a writ, process, etc. (Law), personal delivery or communication of the writ or process, etc., to the party to be affected by it, so as to subject him to its operation; the reading of it to the person to whom notice is intended to be given, or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. -- Service of an attachment (Law), the seizing of the person or goods according to the direction. -- Service of an execution (Law), the levying of it upon the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. -- Service pipe, a pipe connecting mains with a dwelling, as in gas pipes, and the like. Tomlinson. -- To accept service. (Law) See under Accept. -- To see service (Mil.), to do duty in the presence of the enemy, or in actual war. Serv"ice*a*ble (?), a. 1. Doing service; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or any good; useful to any end; adapted to any good end use; beneficial; advantageous. \'bdServiceable to religion and learning\'b8. Atterbury. \'bdServiceable tools.\'b8 Macaulay. I know thee well, a serviceable villain. Shak. 2. Prepared for rendering service; capable of, or fit for, the performance of duty; hence, active; diligent. Courteous he was, lowly, and servysable. Chaucer. Bright-hearnessed angels sit in order serviceable. Milton. Seeing her so sweet and serviceable. Tennnyson. -- Serv"ice*a*ble*ness, n. -- Serv"ice*a*bly, adv. Serv"ice*age (?), n. Servitude. [Obs.] Fairfax. Serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. See Serve.] Subordinate. [Obs. except in law.] Dyer. Servient tenement estate (Law), that on which the burden of a servitude or an easement is imposed. Cf. Dominant estate, under Dominant. Gale & Whately. \'d8Ser`viette" (?), n. [F.] A table napkin. Serv"ile (?), a. [L. servile, fr. servus a servant or slave: cf. F. servile. See Serve.] 1. Of or pertaining to a servant or slave; befitting a servant or a slave; proceeding from dependence; hence, meanly submissive; slavish; mean; cringing; fawning; as, servile flattery; servile fear; servile obedience. She must bend the servile knee. Thomson. Fearing dying pays death servile breath. Shak. 2. Held in subjection; dependent; enslaved. Even fortune rules no more, O servile land! Pope. 3. (Gram.) (a) Not belonging to the original root; as, a servile letter. (b) Not itself sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceeding vowel, as e in tune. Serv"ile, n. (Gram.) An element which forms no part of the original root; -- opposed to radical. Serv"ile*ly, adv. In a servile manner; slavishly. Serv"ile*ness, n. Quality of being servile; servility. Ser*vil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. servilit\'82.] The quality or state of being servile; servileness. To be a queen in bondage is more vile Than is a slave in base servility. Shak. Serv"ing, a & n. from Serve. Serving board (Naut.), a flat piece of wood used in serving ropes. -- Serving maid, a female servant; a maidservant. -- Serving mallet (Naut.), a wooden instrument shaped like a mallet, used in serving ropes. -- Serving man, a male servant, or attendant; a manservant. -- Serving stuff (Naut.), small lines for serving ropes. Serv"ite (?), n. [It. servita.] (R.C.Ch.) One of the order of the Religious Servants of the Holy Virgin, founded in Florence in 1223. Serv"i*for (?), n. [L., fr. servire to serve: cf. F. serviteur.] 1. One who serves; a servant; an attendant; one who acts under another; a follower or adherent. Your trusty and most valiant servitor. Shak. 2. (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) An undergraduate, partly supported by the college funds, whose duty it formerly was to wait at table. A servitor corresponded to a sizar in Cambridge and Dublin universities. Serv"i*tor*ship, n. The office, rank, or condition of a servitor. Boswell. Serv"i*tude (?), n. [L. servitudo: cf. F. servitude.] 1. The state of voluntary or compulsory subjection to a master; the condition of being bound to service; the condition of a slave; slavery; bondage; hence, a state of slavish dependence. You would have sold your king to slaughter, His princes and his peers to servitude. Shak. A splendid servitude; . . . for he that rises up early, and goe South. 2. Servants, collectively. [Obs.] After him a cumbrous train Of herds and flocks, and numerous servitude. Milton. 3. (Law) A right whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person for use or convenience, contrary to the common right. servitude is either to suffer something to be done by another, or to omit to do something, with respect to a thing. The easements of the English correspond in some respects with the servitudes of the Roman law. Both terms are used by common law writers, and often indiscriminately. The former, however, rather indicates the right enjoyed, and the latter the burden imposed. Ayliffe. Erskine. E. Washburn. Penal servitude. See under Penal. -- Personal servitude (Law), that which arises when the use of a thing is granted as a real right to a particular individual other than the proprietor. -- Predial servitude (Law), that which one estate owes to another estate. When it related to lands, vineyards, gardens, or the like, it is called rural; when it related to houses and buildings, it is called urban. Serv"i*ture (?), n. Servants, collectively. [Obs.] Serv"i*tute (?), n. [L. servitus.] Servitude. [Obs.] Se"rye (?), n. A series. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ses"a*me (?), n. [L. sesamum, sesama, Gr. s\'82same.] (Bot.) Either of two annual herbaceous plants of the genus Sesamum (S. Indicum, and S. orientale), from the seeds of which an oil is expressed; also, the small obovate, flattish seeds of these plants, sometimes used as food. See Benne. Open Sesame, the magical command which opened the door of the robber's den in the Arabian Nights' tale of \'bdThe Forty Thieves;\'b8 hence, a magical password. -- Sesame grass. (Bot.) Same as Gama grass. Ses"a*moid (?), a. [Gr. s\'82samo\'8bde.] 1. Resembling in shape the seeds of sesame. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sesamoid bones or cartilages; sesamoidal. Sesamoid bones, Sesamoid cartilages (Anat.), small bones or cartilages formed in tendons, like the patella and pisiform in man. Ses"a*moid, n. (Anat.) A sesamoid bone or cartilage. Ses`a*moid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Sesamoid. Ses"ban (?), n. [F., fr. Ar. saisab\'ben, seiseb\'ben, a kind of tree, fr. Per. s\'c6sab\'ben seed of cinquefoil.] (Bot.) A leguminous shrub (Sesbania aculeata) which furnishes a fiber used for making ropes. Sesbania \'92gyptiaca, and other species of the same genus. \'d8Ses`qui- (?). [L., one half more, one and a half.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting that three atoms or equivalents of the substance to the name of which it is prefixed are combined with two of some other element or radical; as, sesquibromide, sesquicarbonate, sesquichloride, sesquioxide. Sesquidupli- is sometimes, but rarely, used in the same manner to denote the proportions of two and a half to one, or rather of five to two. Ses`qui*al"ter (?), a. Sesquialteral. { Ses`qui*al"ter (?), Ses`qui*al"ter*a (?), } n. [NL. sesquialtera.] (Mus.) A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which re\'89nforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant. { Ses`qui*al"ter*al (?), Ses`qui*al"ter*ate (?), } a. [L. sesquialter once and a half; sesqui- + alter other: cf. F. sesquialt\'82re.] Once and a half times as great as another; having the ratio of one and a half to one. Sesquialteral ratio (Math.), the ratio of one and a half to one; thus, 9 and 6 are in a sequialteral ratio. Ses`qui*al"ter*ous (?), a. Sesquialteral. Ses`qui*ba"sic (?), a. [Sesqui- + basic.] (Chem.) Containing, or acting as, a base in the proportions of a sesqui compound. Ses`qui*du"pli*cate (?), a. [Sesqui- + duplicate.] Twice and a half as great (as another thing); having the ratio of two and a half to one. Sesquiduplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of two and a half to one, or one in which the greater term contains the lesser twice and a half, as that of 50 to 20. Ses`qui*ox"ide (?), n. [Sesqui- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen with two atoms (or radicals) of some other substance; thus, alumina, Al2O3 is a sesquioxide. { Ses*quip"e*dal (?), Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an (?), } a. [Sesqui- + pedal: cf. F. sesquip\'82dal, L. sesquipedalis.] Measuring or containing a foot and a half; as, a sesquipedalian pygmy; -- sometimes humorously applied to long words. <-- 2. having a tendency to use long words. --> { Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an*ism (?), Ses*quip"e*dal*ism (?), } n. Sesquipedality. Ses`qyi*pe*dal"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or condition of being sesquipedal. Sterne. 2. The use of sesquipedalian words; style characterized by the use of long words; sesquipedalism. Ses*quip"li*cate (?), a. [Sesqui- + plicate.] (Math.) Subduplicate of the triplicate; -- a term applied to ratios; thus, a and a\'b7 are in the sesquiplicate ratio of b and b\'b7, when a is to a\'b7 as the square root of the cube of b is to the square root of the cube of b\'b7, or a:a\'b7::3:3. The periodic times of the planets are in the sesquiplicate ratio of their mean distances. Sir I. Newton. Ses"qui*salt (?), n. [Sesqui- + salt.] (Chem.) A salt derived from a sesquioxide base, or made up on the proportions of a sesqui compound. <-- p. 1317 --> Ses`qui*sul"phide (?), n. [Sesqui- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide, analogous to a sesquioxide, containing three atoms of sulphur to two of the other ingredient; -- formerly called also sesquisulphuret; as, orpiment, As2S3 is arsenic sesquisulphide. Ses`qui*ter"tial (?), a. Sesquitertian. { Ses`qui*ter"tian (?), Ses`qui*ter"tian*al (?), } a. [Sesqui- + L. tertianus belonging to the third. Cf. Tertian.] (Math.) Having the ratio of one and one third to one (as 4 : 3). Ses"qui*tone (?), n. [Sesqui- + tone.] (Mus.) A minor third, or interval of three semitones. Sess (?), v. t. [Aphetic form of assess. See Assess, Cess.] To lay a tax upon; to assess. [Obs.] Sess, n. A tax; an assessment. See Cess. [Obs.] Ses"sa (?), interj. Hurry; run. [Obs.] Shak. Ses"sile (?), a. [L. sessilis low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. sessile.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting support. 2. (Bot.) Resting directly upon the main stem or branch, without a petiole or footstalk; as, a sessile leaf or blossom. 3. (Zo\'94l.) Permanently attached; -- said of the gonophores of certain hydroids which never became detached. Ses"sile-eyed` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having eyes which are not elevated on a stalk; -- opposed to stalk-eyed. Sessile-eyed Crustacea, the Arthrostraca. Ses"sion (?), n. [L. sessio, fr. sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. session. See Sit.] 1. The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. [Archaic] So much his ascension into heaven and his session at the right hand of God do import. Hooker. But Viven, gathering somewhat of his mood, . . . Leaped from her session on his lap, and stood. Tennyson. 2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, etc., or the actual assembly of the members of such a body, for the transaction of business. It's fit this royal session do proceed. Shak. 3. Hence, also, the time, period, or term during which a court, council, legislature, etc., meets daily for business; or, the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment; thus, a session of Parliaments is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorogation. The session of a judicial court is called a term. It was resolved that the convocation should meet at the beginning of the next session of Parliament. Macaulay. Sessions, in some of the States, is particularly used as a title for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to innkeepers, etc., and for laying out highways, and the like; it is also the title of several courts of criminal jurisdiction in England and the United States. Church session, the lowest court in the Presbyterian Church, composed of the pastor and a body of elders elected by the members of a particular church, and having the care of matters pertaining to the religious interests of that church, as the admission and dismission of members, discipline, etc. -- Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. -- Quarter sessions. (Eng.Law) See under Quarter. -- Sessions of the peace, sittings held by justices of the peace. [Eng.] Ses"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a session or sessions. Sess"pool` (?), n. [Prov. E. suss hogwash, soss a dirty mess, a puddle + E. pool a puddle; cf. Gael. ses a coarse mess.] Same as Cesspool. Ses"terce (?), n. [L. sestertius (sc. nummus), fr. sestertius two and a half; semis half + tertius third: cf. F. sesterce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin or denomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally containing two asses and a half, afterward four asses, -- equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents. Ses*tet" (?), n. [It. sestetto, fr. sesto sixth, L. sextus, fr. sex six.] 1. (Mus.) A piece of music composed for six voices or six instruments; a sextet; -- called also sestuor. [Written also sestett, sestette.] 2. (Poet.) The last six lines of a sonnet. \'d8Ses*tet"to (?), n.[It.] (Mus.) A sestet. Ses"tine (?), n. See Sextain. Ses"tu*or (?), n. [F.] A sestet. Set (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Set; p. pr. & vb. n. Setting.] [OE. setten, AS. setton; akin to OS. settian, OFries. setta, D. zetten, OHG. sezzen, G. setzen, Icel. setja, Sw. s\'84tta, Dan. s, Goth. satjan; causative from the root of E. sit. Sit, and cf. Seize.] 1. To cause to sit; to make to assume a specified position or attitude; to give site or place to; to place; to put; to fix; as, to set a house on a stone foundation; to set a book on a shelf; to set a dish on a table; to set a chest or trunk on its bottom or on end. I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13. 2. Hence, to attach or affix (something) to something else, or in or upon a certain place. Set your affection on things above. Col. iii. 2. The Lord set a mark upon Cain. Gen. iv. 15. 3. To make to assume specified place, condition, or occupation; to put in a certain condition or state (described by the accompanying words); to cause to be. The Lord thy God will set thee on hihg. Deut. xxviii. 1. I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother. Matt. x. 35. Every incident sets him thinking. Coleridge. 4. To fix firmly; to make fast, permanent, or stable; to render motionless; to give an unchanging place, form, or condition to. Specifically: -- (a) To cause to stop or stick; to obstruct; to fsten to a spot; hence, to occasion difficulty to; to embarrass; as, to set a coach in the mud. They show how hard they are set in this particular. Addison. (b) To fix beforehand; to determine; hence, to make unyielding or obstinate; to render stiff, unpliant, or rigid; as, to set one's countenance. His eyes were set by reason of his age. 1 Kings xiv. 4. On these three objects his heart was set. Macaulay. Make my heart as a millstone, set my face as a flint. Tennyson. (c) To fix in the ground, as a post or a tree; to plant; as, to set pear trees in an orchard. (d) To fix, as a precious stone, in a border of metal; to place in a setting; hence, to place in or amid something which serves as a setting; as, to set glass in a sash. And him too rich a jewel to be set In vulgar metal for a vulgar use. Dryden. (e) To render stiff or solid; especially, to convert into curd; to curdle; as, to set milk for cheese. 5. To put into a desired position or condition; to adjust; to regulate; to adapt. Specifically: -- <-- to set a table --> (a) To put in order in a particular manner; to prepare; as, to set (that is, to hone) a razor; to set a saw. Tables for to sette, and beddes make. Chaucer. (b) To extend and bring into position; to spread; as, to set the sails of a ship. (c) To give a pitch to, as a tune; to start by fixing the keynote; as, to set a psalm. Fielding. (d) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state; to replace; as, to set a broken bone. (e) To make to agree with some standard; as, to set a watch or a clock. (f) (Masonry) To lower into place and fix silidly, as the blocks of cut stone in a structure. 6. To stake at play; to wager; to risk. I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak. 7. To fit with music; to adapt, as words to notes; to prepare for singing. Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute. Dryden. 8. To determine; to appoint; to assign; to fix; as, to set a time for a meeting; to set a price on a horse. 9. To adorn with something infixed or affixed; to stud; to variegate with objects placed here and there. High on their heads, with jewels richly set, Each lady wore a radiant coronet. Dryden. Pastoral dales thin set with modern farms. Wordsworth. 10. To value; to rate; -- with at. Be you contented, wearing now the garland, To have a son set your decrees at naught. Shak. I do not set my life at a pin's fee. Shak. 11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, or other game; -- said of hunting dogs. 12. To establish as a rule; to furnish; to prescribe; to assign; as, to set an example; to set lessons to be learned. 13. To suit; to become; as, it sets him ill. [Scot.] 14. (Print.) To compose; to arrange in words, lines, etc.; as, to set type; to set a page. To set abroach. See Abroach. [Obs.] Shak. -- To set against, to oppose; to set in comparison with, or to oppose to, as an equivalent in exchange; as, to set one thing against another. -- To set agoing, to cause to move. -- To set apart, to separate to a particular use; to separate from the rest; to reserve. -- To set a saw, to bend each tooth a little, every alternate one being bent to one side, and the intermediate ones to the other side, so that the opening made by the saw may be a little wider than the thickness of the back, to prevent the saw from sticking. -- To set aside. (a) To leave out of account; to pass by; to omit; to neglect; to reject; to annul. Setting aside all other considerations, I will endeavor to know the truth, and yield to that. Tillotson. (b) To set apart; to reserve; as, to set aside part of one's income. (c) (Law) See under Aside. -- To set at defiance, to defy. -- To set at ease, to quiet; to tranquilize; as, to set the heart at ease. -- To set at naught, to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. \'bdYe have set at naught all my counsel.\'b8 Prov. i. 25. -- To set a trap, snare, gin, to put it in a proper condition or position to catch prey; hence, to lay a plan to deceive and draw another into one's power. -- To set at work, To set to work. (a) To cause to enter on work or action, or to direct how tu enter on work. (b) To apply one's self; -- used reflexively. -- To set before. (a) To bring out to view before; to exhibit. (b) To propose for choice to; to offer to. -- To set by. (a) To set apart or on one side; to reject. (b) To attach the value of (anything) to. \'bdI set not a straw by thy dreamings.\'b8 Chaucer. -- To set by the compass, to observe and note the bearing or situation of by the compass. -- To set case, to suppose; to assume. Cf. Put case, under Put, v. t. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To set down. (a) To enter in writing; to register. Some rules were to be set down for the government of the army. Clarendon. (b) To fix; to establish; to ordain. This law we may name eternal, being that order which God . . . hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by. Hooker. (c) To humiliate. -- To set eyes on, to see; to behold; to fasten the eyes on. -- To set fire to, To set on fire, to communicate fire to; fig., to inflame; to enkindle the passions of; to irritate. -- To set flying (Naut.), to hook to halyards, sheets, etc., instead of extending with rings or the like on a stay; -- said of a sail. -- To set forth. (a) To manifest; to offer or present to view; to exhibt; to display. (b) To publish; to promulgate; to make appear. Waller. (c) To send out; to prepare and send. [Obs.] The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by the Venetians. Knolles. -- To set forward. (a) To cause to advance. (b) To promote. -- To set free, to release from confinement, imprisonment, or bondage; to liberate; to emancipate. -- To set in, to put in the way; to begin; to give a start to. [Obs.] If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself. Collier. -- To set in order, to adjust or arrange; to reduce to method. \'bdThe rest will I set in order when I come.\'b8 1 Cor. xi. 34. -- To set milk. (a) To expose it in open dishes in order that the cream may rise to the surface. (b) To cause it to become curdled as by the action of rennet. See 4 (e). -- To set much, little, by, to care much, or little, for. -- To set of, to value; to set by. [Obs.] \'bdI set not an haw of his proverbs.\'b8 Chaucer. -- To set off. (a) To separate from a whole; to assign to a particular purpose; to portion off; as, to set off a portion of an estate. (b) To adorn; to decorate; to embellish. They . . . set off the worst faces with the best airs. Addison. (c) To give a flattering description of. -- To set off against, to place against as an equivalent; as, to set off one man's services against another's. -- To set on upon. (a) To incite; to instigate. \'bdThou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this.\'b8 Shak. (b) To employ, as in a task. \'bd Set on thy wife to observe.\'b8 Shak. (c) To fix upon; to attach strongly to; as, to set one's heart or affections on some object. See definition 2, above. -- To set one's cap for. See under Cap, n. -- To set one's self against, to place one's self in a state of enmity or opposition to. -- To set one's teeth, to press them together tightly. -- To set on foot, to set going; to put in motion; to start. -- To set out. (a) To assign; to allot; to mark off; to limit; as, to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow's thirds. (b) To publish, as a proclamation. [Obs.] (c) To adorn; to embellish. An ugly woman, in rich habit set out with jewels, nothing can become. Dryden. (d) To raise, equip, and send forth; to furnish. [R.] The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great necessity, thirty men-of-war. Addison. (e) To show; to display; to recommend; to set off. I could set out that best side of Luther. Atterbury. (f) To show; to prove. [R.] \'bdThose very reasons set out how heinous his sin was.\'b8 Atterbury. (g) (Law) To recite; to state at large. -- To set over. (a) To appoint or constitute as supervisor, inspector, ruler, or commander. (b) To assign; to transfer; to convey. -- To set right, to correct; to put in order. -- To set sail. (Naut.) See under Sail, n. -- To set store by, to consider valuable. -- To set the fashion, to determine what shall be the fashion; to establish the mode. -- To set the teeth on edge, to affect the teeth with a disagreeable sensation, as when acids are brought in contact with them. -- To set the watch (Naut.), to place the starboard or port watch on duty. -- To set to, to attach to; to affix to. \'bdHe . . . hath set to his seal that God is true.\'b8 John iii. 33. -- To set up. (a) To erect; to raise; to elevate; as, to set up a building, or a machine; to set up a post, a wall, a pillar. (b) Hence, to exalt; to put in power. \'bdI will . . . set up the throne of David over Israel.\'b8 2 Sam. iii. 10. (c) To begin, as a new institution; to institute; to establish; to found; as, to set up a manufactory; to set up a school. (d) To enable to commence a new business; as, to set up a son in trade. (e) To place in view; as, to set up a mark. (f) To raise; to utter loudly; as, to set up the voice. I'll set up such a note as she shall hear. Dryden. (g) To advance; to propose as truth or for reception; as, to set up a new opinion or doctrine. T. Burnet. (h) To raise from depression, or to a sufficient fortune; as, this good fortune quite set him up. (i) To intoxicate. [Slang] (j) (Print.) To put in type; as, to set up copy; to arrange in words, lines, etc., ready for printing; as, to set up type. -- To set up the rigging (Naut.), to make it taut by means of tackles. R. H. Dana, Jr. Syn. -- See Put. Set (?), v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon; to go down; to decline; to sink out of sight; to come to an end. Ere the weary sun set in the west. Shak. Thus this century sets with little mirth, and the next is likely to arise with more mourning. Fuller. 2. To fit music to words. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant. \'bdTo sow dry, and set wet.\'b8 Old Proverb. 4. To be fixed for growth; to strike root; to begin to germinate or form; as, cuttings set well; the fruit has set well (i. e., not blasted in the blossom). 5. To become fixed or rigid; to be fastened. A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist, maketh the teeth to set hard one against another. Bacon. 6. To congeal; to concrete; to solidify. That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set. Boyle. 7. To have a certain direction in motion; to flow; to move on; to tend; as, the current sets to the north; the tide sets to the windward. 8. To begin to move; to go out or forth; to start; -- now followed by out. The king is set from London. Shak. 9. To indicate the position of game; -- said of a dog; as, the dog sets well; also, to hunt game by the aid of a setter. 10. To apply one's self; to undertake earnestly; -- now followed by out. If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him. Hammond. 11. To fit or suit one; to sit; as, the coat sets well. [Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.] set for sit in such expressions as, the hen is setting on thirteen eggs; a setting hen, etc., although colloquially common, and sometimes tolerated in serious writing, is not to be approved. To set about, to commence; to begin. -- To set forward, to move or march; to begin to march; to advance. -- To set forth, to begin a journey. -- To set in. (a) To begin; to enter upon a particular state; as, winter set in early. (b) To settle one's self; to become established. \'bdWhen the weather was set in to be very bad.\'b8 Addyson. (c) To flow toward the shore; -- said of the tide. -- To set off. (a) To enter upon a journey; to start. (b) (Typog.) To deface or soil the next sheet; -- said of the ink on a freshly printed sheet, when another sheet comes in contract with it before it has had time to dry. -- To set on upon. (a) To begin, as a journey or enterprise; to set about. He that would seriously set upon the search of truth. Locke. (b) To assault; to make an attack. Bacon. Cassio hath here been set on in the dark. Shak. -- To set out, to begin a journey or course; as, to set out for London, or from London; to set out in business;to set out in life or the world. -- To set to, to apply one's self to. -- To set up. (a) To begin business or a scheme of life; as, to set up in trade; to set up for one's self. (b) To profess openly; to make pretensions. Those men who set up for mortality without regard to religion, are generally but virtuous in part. Swift. <-- p. 1318 --> Set (?), a. 1. Fixed in position; immovable; rigid; as, a set line; a set countenance. 2. Firm; unchanging; obstinate; as, set opinions or prejudices. 3. Regular; uniform; formal; as, a set discourse; a set battle. \'bdThe set phrase of peace.\'b8 Shak. 4. Established; prescribed; as, set forms of prayer. 5. Adjusted; arranged; formed; adapted. Set hammer. (a) A hammer the head of which is not tightly fastened upon the handle, but may be reversed. Knight. (b) A hammer with a concave face which forms a die for shaping anything, as the end of a bolt, rivet, etc. -- Set line, a line to which a number of baited hooks are attached, and which, supported by floats and properly secured, may be left unguarded during the absence of the fisherman. -- Set nut, a jam nut or lock nut. See under Nut. -- Set screw (Mach.), a screw, sometimes cupped or printed at one end, and screwed through one part, as of a machine, tightly upon another part, to prevent the one from slipping upon the other. -- Set speech, a speech carefully prepared before it is delivered in public; a formal or methodical speech. Set, n. 1. The act of setting, as of the sun or other heavenly body; descent; hence, the close; termination. \'bdLocking at the set of day.\'b8 Tennyson. The weary sun hath made a golden set. Shak. 2. That which is set, placed, or fixed. Specifically: -- (a) A young plant for growth; as, a set of white thorn. (b) That which is staked; a wager; a venture; a stake; hence, a game at venture. [Obs. or R.] We will in France, by God's grace, play a set Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard. Shak. That was but civil war, an equal set. Dryden. (c) (Mech.) Permanent change of figure in consequence of excessive strain, as from compression, tension, bending, twisting, etc.; as, the set of a spring. (d) A kind of punch used for bending, indenting, or giving shape to, metal; as, a saw set. (e) (Pile Driving) A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter cannot be reached by the weight, or hammer, except by means of such an intervening piece. [Often incorrectly written sett.] (f) (Carp.) A short steel spike used for driving the head of a nail below the surface. 3. [Perhaps due to confusion with sect, sept.] A number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used or classed together; a collection of articles which naturally complement each other, and usually go together; an assortment; a suit; as, a set of chairs, of china, of surgical or mathematical instruments, of books, etc. [In this sense, sometimes incorrectly written sett.] 4. A number of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, or the like; a division; a group; a clique. \'bdOthers of our set.\'b8 Tennyson. This falls into different divisions, or sets, of nations connected under particular religions. R. P. Ward. 5. Direction or course; as, the set of the wind, or of a current. 6. In dancing, the number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; also, the series of figures or movements executed. 7. The deflection of a tooth, or of the teeth, of a saw, which causes the the saw to cut a kerf, or make an opening, wider than the blade. 8. (a) A young oyster when first attached. (b) Collectively, the crop of young oysters in any locality. 9. (Tennis) A series of as many games as may be necessary to enable one side to win six. If at the end of the tenth game the score is a tie, the set is usually called a deuce set, and decided by an application of the rules for playing off deuce in a game. See Deuce. 10. (Type Founding) That dimension of the body of a type called by printers the width. Dead set. (a) The act of a setter dog when it discovers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out. (b) A fixed or stationary condition arising from obstacle or hindrance; a deadlock; as, to be at a dead set. (c) A concerted scheme to defraud by gaming; a determined onset. -- To make a dead set, to make a determined onset, literally or figuratively. Syn. -- Collection; series; group. See Pair. \'d8Se"ta (?), n.; pl. Set\'91. [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.] 1. (Biol.) Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form. (b) One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds. Se*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. seta a bristle: cf. F. s\'82tac\'82.] 1. Set with, or consisting of, bristles; bristly; as, a stiff, setaceous tail. 2. Bristelike in form or texture; as, a setaceous feather; a setaceous leaf. Set"back` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) Offset, n., 4. 2. A backset; a countercurrent; an eddy. [U. S.] 3. A backset; a check; a repulse; a reverse; a relapse. [Colloq. U.S.] Set"bolt` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) 1. An iron pin, or bolt, for fitting planks closely together. Craig. 2. A bolt used for forcing another bolt out of its hole. Set"down` (?), n. The humbling of a person by act or words, especially by a retort or a reproof; the retort or the reproof which has such effect. Set*ee" (?), n. (Naut.) See 2d Settee. Set"en (?), obs. imp. pl. of Sit. Sat. Chaucer. Set"e*wale (?), n. See Cetewale. [Obs.] Set"-fair` (?), n. In plastering, a particularly good troweled surface. Knight. Set"foil` (?), n. See Septfoil. Seth"en (?), adv. & conj. See Since. [Obs.] Seth"ic (?), a. See Sothic. Se*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. seta a bristle + -ferous.] Producing, or having one or more, bristles. Se"ti*form (?), a. [Seta + -form: cf. F. s\'82tiforme.] Having the form or structure of set\'91. Se"ti*ger (?), n. [NL. See Setigerous.] (Zo\'94l.) An annelid having set\'91; a ch\'91topod. Se*tig"er*ous (?), a. [Seta + -gerous.] Covered with bristles; having or bearing a seta or set\'91; setiferous; as, setigerous glands; a setigerous segment of an annelid; specifically (Bot.), tipped with a bristle. Se"tim (?), n. See Shittim. Se*tip"a*rous (?), a. [Seta + L. papere to produce.] (Zo\'94l.) Producing set\'91; -- said of the organs from which the set\'91 of annelids arise. Se"ti*reme (?), n. [Seta + L. remus an oar.] (Zo\'94l.) A swimming leg (of an insect) having a fringe of hairs on the margin. Set"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being set; formality; obstinacy. \'bdThe starched setness of a sententious writer.\'b8 R. Masters. Set"-off` (?), n. [Set + off.] 1. That which is set off against another thing; an offset. I do not contemplate such a heroine as a set-off to the many sins imputed to me as committed against woman. D. Jerrold. 2. That which is used to improve the appearance of anything; a decoration; an ornament. 3. (Law) A counterclaim; a cross debt or demand; a distinct claim filed or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff's demand. Set-off differs from recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the former grows out of distinct matter, and does not of itself deny the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Offset is sometimes improperly used for the legal term set-off. See Recoupment. 4. (Arch.) Same as Offset, n., 4. 5. (Print.) See Offset, 7. Syn. -- Set-off, Offset. -- Offset originally denoted that which branches off or projects, as a shoot from a tree, but the term has long been used in America in the sense of set-off. This use is beginning to obtain in England; though Macaulay uses set-off, and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers. Se"ton (?), n. [F. s\'82ton (cf. It. setone), from L. seta a thick, stiff hair, a bristle.] (Med. & Far.) A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin by a knife or needle, so as to form an issue; also, the issue so formed. { Se*tose" (?), Se"tous (?), } a. [L. setosus, saetosus, from seta, saeta, bristle: cf. F. s\'82teux.] Thickly set with bristles or bristly hairs. Set"out` (?), n. A display, as of plate, equipage, etc.; that which is displayed. [Coloq.] Dickens. Set"-stitched` (?), a. Stitched according to a formal pattern. \'bdAn old set-stiched chair, valanced, and fringed with party-colored worsted bobs.\'b8 Sterne. Sett (?), n. See Set, n., 2 (e) and 3. Set*tee" (?), n. [From Set; cf. Settle a seat.] A long seat with a back, -- made to accommodate several persons at once. Set*tee", n. [F. sc\'82tie, scitie.] (Naut.) A vessel with a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails, -- used in the Mediterranean. [Written also setee.] Set"ter (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sets; -- used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A hunting dog of a special breed originally derived from a cross between the spaniel and the pointer. Modern setters are usually trained to indicate the position of game birds by standing in a fixed position, but originally they indicated it by sitting or crouching. Irish, or red, setter; the Gordon setter, which is usually red or tan varied with black; and the English setter, which is variously colored, but usually white and tawny red, with or without black. 3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. Shak. 4. One who adapts words to music in composition. 5. An adornment; a decoration; -- with off. [Obs.] They come as . . . setters off of thy graces. Whitlock. 6. (Pottery) A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure. Set"ter, v. t. To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.] Set"ter*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The bear's-foot (Helleborus f); -- so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots. Dr. Prior. Set"ting (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as, the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current. 2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also, hunting with a setter. Boyle. 3. Something set in, or inserted. Thou shalt set in it settings of stones. Ex. xxviii. 17. 4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as, the gold setting of a jeweled pin. Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. -- Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. -- Setting pole, a pole, often iron-pointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. -- Setting rule. (Print.) A composing rule. Set"tle (?), n. [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. Sit.] 1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.] \'bdUpon the settle of his majesty\'b8 Hampole. 2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back. 3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part. And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit. Ezek. xliii. 14. Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.] Set"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Settling (?).] [OE. setlen, AS. setlan. Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like. And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed. 2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.) The father thought the time drew on Of setting in the world his only son. Dryden. 2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. [U. S.] 3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose. God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake. Chapman. Hoping that sleep might settle his brains. Bunyan. 4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; -- said of a liquid; as, to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee. 5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; -- said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as, clear weather settles the roads. 6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also, to render close or compact; as, to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it. 7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as, to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance. It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful. Swift. 8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as, to settle a quarrel. 9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as, to settle an account. 10. Hence, to pay; as, to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott. 11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as, the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620. To settle on upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. \'bdI . . . have settled upon him a good annuity.\'b8 Addison. -- To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it. Syn. -- To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide. Set"tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one's self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state. The wind came about and settled in the west. Bacon. Chyle . . . runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red. Arbuthnot. 2. To fix one's residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as, the Saxons who settled in Britain. 3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder. As people marry now and settle. Prior. 4. To be established in an employment or profession; as, to settle in the practice of law. 5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as, the roads settled late in the spring. 6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as, the weather settled; wine settles by standing. A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles. Addison. 7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir. 8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc. 9. To become calm; to cease from agitation. Till the fury of his highness settle, Come not before him. Shak. 10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as, he has settled with his creditors. 11. To make a jointure for a wife. He sighs with most success that settles well. Garth. Set"tled*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall. Set"tle*ment (?), n. 1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: -- (a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor. Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world. L'Estrange. (b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as, the settlement of a new country. <-- p. 1319 --> (c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as, settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc. (d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner. My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take, With settlement as good as law can make. Dryden. (e) (Law) A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it. 2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed. Specifically: -- (a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.] Fuller's earth left a thick settlement. Mortimer. (b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as, settlement in the West. (c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary. 3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl. Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement. 4. (Law) A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone. Bouvier. Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone. Set"tler (?), n. 1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc. 2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as, the first settlers of New England. 3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.] 4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle. Set"tling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one's self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc. 2. pl. That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton. Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market. Set"-to` (?), n. A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like. [Colloq.] Halliwell. \'d8Set"u*la (?), n.; pl. Setul\'91 (#). [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.] A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta. Set"ule (?), n. [See Setula.] A setula. Set"u*lose` (?), a. Having small bristles or set\'91. Set"wall` (?), n. [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.) A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer. Sev"en (?), a. [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS. seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sj\'94, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. saptan. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.] One more than six; six and one added; as, seven days make one week. Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. -- Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. -- Seven wonders of the world. See under Wonders. -- Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also, its edible fruit. -- Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipom) related to the morning-glory. Sev"en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects. Of every beast, and bird, and insect small, Game sevens and pairs. Milton. 2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii. Sev"en*fold` (?), a. Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. \'bdSevenfold rage.\'b8 Milton. Sev"en*fold`, adv. Seven times as much or as often. Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. Gen. iv. 15. Seven"night (?), n. A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight. Sev"en*score` (?), n. & a. Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty. The old Countess of Desmond . . . lived sevenscore years. Bacon. Sev"en-shoot`er (?), n. A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.] Sev"en*teen` (?), a. [OE. seventene, AS. seofont, i. e., seven-ten. Cf. Seventy.] One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as, seventeen years. Sev"en*teen`, n. 1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects. 2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii. Sev"en*teenth` (?), a. [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonte\'a2, seofonteoge.] 1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others. In . . . the seventeenth day of the month . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up. Gen. vii. 11. 2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided. Sev"en*teenth` (?), n. 1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole. 3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a third. Sev"enth (?), a. [From Seven: cf. AS. seofo.] 1. Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others. On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. Gen. ii. 2. 2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the seventh part. Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. -- Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist. Sev"enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided. 3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished. Sev`en-thir"ties (?), n. pl. A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded. Sev"enth*ly (?), adv. In the seventh place. Sev"en*ti*eth (?), a. [AS. hund-seofontigo.] 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age. 2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts. Sev"en*ti*eth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions. Sev"en*ty (?), a. [AS. hund-seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.] Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine. Sev"en*ty, n.; pl. Seventies (. 1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects. 2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx. The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint. Sev`en*ty-four" (?), n. (Naut.) A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns. Sev"en-up`, n. The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.] Sev"er (?), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.] 1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as, to sever the head from the body. The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just. Matt. xiii. 49. 2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as, to sever the arm or leg. Our state can not be severed; we are one. Milton. 3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt. I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there. Ex. viii. 22. 4. (Law) To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as, to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone. Sev"er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak. 2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish. The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt. Ex. ix. 4. They claimed the right of severing in their challenge. Macaulay. Sev"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict. Sev"er*al (?), a. [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; single. Each several ship a victory did gain. Dryden. Each might his several province well command, Would all but stoop to what they understand. Pope. 2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser. Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished. Bacon. Four several armies to the field are led. Dryden. 3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place. Sev"er*al, adv. By itself; severally. [Obs.] Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses. Robynson (More's Utopia). Sev"er*al, n. 1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.] There was not time enough to hear . . . The severals. Shak. 2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many. Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them. Addison. 3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.] They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the people of their own nation. Hooker. In several, in a state of separation. [R.] \'bdWhere pastures in several be.\'b8 Tusser. Sev`er*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severalities (. Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Sev"er*al*ize (?), v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.] Sev"er*al*ly, adv. Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually. There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by itself. De Quincey. Sev"er*al*ty (?), n. A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right. Forests which had never been owned in severalty. Bancroft. Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; -- distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone. Sev"er*ance (?), n. 1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman. 2. (Law) The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier. Se*vere" (?), a. [Compar. Severer (?); superl. Severest.] [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. s\'82v\'8are. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.] 1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful. Your looks alter, as your subject does, From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe. Waller. 2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as, severe criticism; severe punishment. \'bdCustody severe.\'b8 Milton. Come! you are too severe a moraler. Shak. Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more severe against thyself than against others. Jer. Taylor. 3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; -- said of style, argument, etc. \'bdRestrained by reason and severe principles.\'b8 Jer. Taylor. The Latin, a most severe and compendious language. Dryden. 4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold. 5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test. Syn. -- Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict. -- Se*vere"ly, adv. -- Se*vere"ness, n. Se*ver"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severities (#). [L. severitas: cf. F. s\'82v\'82rit\'82.] The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: -- (a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. \'bdStrict age, and sour severity.\'b8 Milton. (b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter. (c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war. (d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test. Confining myself to the severity of truth. Dryden. Sev"er*y (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.] Sev`o*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.] A calling aside. [Obs.] S\'8a"vres blue` (?). A very light blue. S\'8a"vres ware` (?). Porcelain manufactured at S\'8avres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there. Sew (?), n.[OE. See Sewer household officer.] Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower. I will not tell of their strange sewes. Chaucer. Sew, v. t. [See Sue to follow.] To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. Sew (?), v. t. [imp. Sewed (?); p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. si\'a2wian, s\'c6wian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. s, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. siv. Seam a suture, Suture.] 1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread. No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment. Mark ii. 21. 2. To close or stop by ssewing; -- often with up; as, to sew up a rip. 3. To inclose by sewing; -- sometimes with up; as, to sew money in a bag. Sew, v. i. To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread. Sew (?), v. t. [b. See Sewer a drain.] To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser. Sew"age (?), n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers 2. Sewerage, 2. Sewe (?), v. i. To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.] Sew"el (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell. Se*wel"lel (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Zo\'94l.) A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontid\'91. Called also boomer, showt'l, and mountain beaver. <-- p. 1320 --> Sew"en (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout. Sew"er (?), n. 1. One who sews, or stitches. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as, the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana) Sew"er (?), n. [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.] A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities. Sew"er, n. [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. se\'a0w juice, Skr. su to press out.] Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests. Then the sewer Poured water from a great and golden ewer, That from their hands to a silver caldron ran. Chapman. Sew"er*age (?), n. 1. The construction of a sewer or sewers. 2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers. 3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.] Sew"in (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sewen. Sew"ing (?), n. 1. The act or occupation of one who sews. 2. That which is sewed with the needle. Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. -- Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. -- Sewing press, Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book. Sew"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Sex- (?). [L. sex six. See Six.] A combining form meaning six; as, sexdigitism; sexennial. Sex, n. [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female. 2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female. 3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as, staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction. The sex, the female sex; women, in general. Sex`a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. [See Sexagenary.] A person who is sixty years old. Sex*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexag\'82naire. See Six.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old. Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. -- Sexagenary, Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle. Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions. 2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott. \'d8Sex`a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter. Sex`a*ges"i*mal (?), a. [Cf. F. sexag\'82simal.] Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty. Sexagesimal fractions numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as, astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. -- Sexagesimal, Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. -- Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale. Sex`a*ges"i*mal, n. A sexagesimal fraction. Sex"an`gle (?), n. [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.) A hexagon. [R.] Hutton. { Sex"an`gled (?), Sex*an"gu*lar (?) } a. [Cf. F. sexangulaire.] Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden. Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Hexagonally. [R.] Sex*av"a*lent (?), a. See Sexivalent. [R.] Sex*dig"it*ism (?), n. [Sex- + digit.] The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot. Sex*dig"it*ist, n. One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot. Sexed (?), a. Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition. Sex"e*na*ry (?), a. Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; -- applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six. Sex*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. -- n. A sexennial event. Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in six years. { Sex"fid (?), Sex"i*fid (?), } a. [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary. Sex`i*syl*lab"ic (?), a. [Sex- + syllabic.] Having six syllables. Emerson. Sex"i*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Sex- + syllable.] A word of six syllables. Sex*iv"a*lent (?), a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.] Sex"less (?), a. Having no sex. Sex`loc"u*lar (?), a. [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.) Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp. Sex"ly (?), a. Pertaining to sex. [R.] Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live. Queen Elizabeth. Sex*ra"di*ate (?), a. [Sex- + radiate.] (Zo\'94l.) Having six rays; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule. Sext (?), n. [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII. Sex"tain, n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.) A stanza of six lines; a sestine. \'d8Sex"tans (?), n. [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as. 2. (Astron.) A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant. Sex"tant (?), n. [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.) The sixth part of a circle. 2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, -- used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant. 3. (Astron.) The constellation Sextans. Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable. Sex"ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Sextaries (#). [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint. Sex"ta*ry (?), n. [For sextonry.] A sacristy. [Obs.] { Sex*tet" (?), Sex*tet"to (?), } n. (Mus.) See Sestet. Sex"teyn (?), n. A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sex"tic (?), a. [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Of the sixth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the sixth degree. Sex"tile (?), a. [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill. Sex"tile, n. [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: <8star/. Hutton. Sex*til"lion (?), n. [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.] According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration. Sex"to (?), n.; pl. Sextos (#). [L. sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves. Sex`to*dec"i*mo (?), a. [L. sextus-decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See -mo.] Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume. Sex`to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (. A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 16mo, or 16 Sex"to*let (?), n. (Mus.) A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four. Sex"ton (?), n. [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc. Sexton beetle (Zo\'94l.), a burying beetle. Sex"ton*ess, n. A female sexton; a sexton's wife. Sex"ton*ry (?), n. Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes. Sex"ton*ship, n. The office of a sexton. Swift. Sex"try (?), n. See Sacristy. [Obs.] Sex"tu*ple (?), a. [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.] 1. Six times as much; sixfold. 2. (Mus.) Divisible by six; having six beats; as, sixtuple measure. Sex"u*al (?), a. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.] Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation. Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. -- Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linn\'91us, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. -- Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin. In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted independently of sexual selection. A. R. Wallace. Sex"u*al*ist, n. (Bot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linn\'91us. Sex`u*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley. Sex"u*al*ize (?), v. t. To attribute sex to. Sex"u*al*ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation. { Sey (?), Seyh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. of See. Chaucer. { Seye (?), Seyen (?) }, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of See. Seynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer. Seynt (?), n. A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.] { \'d8Sfor*zan"do (?), \'d8Sfor*za"to (?), } a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Forcing or forced; -- a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; -- marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or \'d8Sfu*ma"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a painting. \'d8Sgraf*fi"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Scratched; -- said of decorative painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground underneath. Shab (?), n. [OE. shabbe, AS. sc. See Scab.] The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Shab, v. t. To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar. Shab"bed (?), a. Shabby. [Obs.] Wood. Shab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a shabby manner. Shab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being sghabby. { Shab"ble (?), Shab"ble }, n.[Cf. D. sabel, and G. s\'84bel.] A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.] Shab"by (?), a. [Compar. Shabbier (?); superl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged. Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts. Macaulay. 2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. \'bdThe dean was so shabby.\'b8 Swift. 3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. \'bdVery shabby fellows.\'b8 Clarendon. \'d8Shab"rack (?), n. [Turk. tsh\'bepr\'bek, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] (Mil.) The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse. Shack (?), v. t. [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. 2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.] Shack, n. [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble. H. W. Beecher. Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell. Shack"a*to*ry (?), n. A hound. [Obs.] Shac"kle (?), n. Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge. Shac"kle, n. [Generally used in the plural.] [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. sk\'94kull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter. His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean. Spenser. 2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action. His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles. South. 3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament. Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms. Dampier. 4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis. 5. A link for connecting railroad cars; -- called also drawlink, draglink, etc. 6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight. Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes. <-- p. 1321 --> Shac"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain. To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn Of gathering crowds, the Britons' boasted chief. J. Philips. 2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber. Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object. Walpole. 3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.] Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] -- Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott. Shack"lock` (?), n. A sort of shackle. [Obs.] Shack"ly, a. Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.] Shad (?), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.] Gizzard), called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter shad. Hardboaded, Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. -- Hickory, Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. -- Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. -- Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. -- Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); -- so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. -- Trout shad, the squeteague. -- White shad,the common shad. Shad"bird` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.] Shadd (?), n. (Mining.) Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond. Shad"de (?), obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer. Shad"dock (?), n. [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; -- called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous. Shade (?), n. [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light. Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent. 2. Darkness; obscurity; -- often in the plural. The shades of night were falling fast. Longfellow. 3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat. Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms empty. Shak. 4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade. The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand. Ps. cxxi. 5. Sleep under a fresh tree's shade. Shak. Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables. J. Philips. 5. Shadow. [Poetic.] Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue. Pope. 6. The soul after its separation from the body; -- so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes. Swift as thought the flitting shade Thro' air his momentary journey made. Dryden. 7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above. 8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink. White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes. Locke. 9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms. New shades and combinations of thought. De Quincey. Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters. Macaulay. The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body. Shade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton. I went to crop the sylvan scenes, And shade our altars with their leafy greens. Dryden. 2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes. Ere in our own house I do shade my head. Shak. 3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of. Thou shad'st The full blaze of thy beams. Milton. 4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken. 5. To mark with gradations of light or color. 6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.] [The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade That part of Justice which is Equity. Spenser. Shade"ful (?), a. Full of shade; shady. Shade"less, a. Being without shade; not shaded. Shad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shades. Shad"i*ly (?), adv. In a shady manner. Shad"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being shady. Shad"ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade. 2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing. \'d8Sha*doof" (?), n. [Ar. sh\'bed.] A machine, resembling a well sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation. Shad"ow (?), n. [Originally the same word as shade. Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1. 2. Darkness; shade; obscurity. Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise. Denham. 3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security. In secret shadow from the sunny ray, On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid. Spenser. 4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak. 5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower. Sin and her shadow Death. Milton. 6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. \'bdHence, horrible shadow!\'b8 Shak. 7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical reprresentation; type. The law having a shadow of good things to come. Heb. x. 1. [Types] and shadows of that destined seed. Milton. 8. A small degree; a shade. \'bdNo variableness, neither shadow of turning.\'b8 James i. 17. 9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares. I must not have my board pastered with shadows That under other men's protection break in Without invitement. Massinger. Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4. Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity. The warlike elf much wondered at this tree, So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground. Spenser. 2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.] Let every soldier hew him down a bough. And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow The numbers of our host. Shak. 3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud. Shadoving their right under your wings of war. Shak. 4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade. 5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically. Augustus is shadowed in the person of Dryden. 6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over. The shadowed livery of the burnished sun. Shak. Why sad? I must not see the face O love thus shadowed. Beau & Fl. 7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal. Shad"ow*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shadowy. Shad"ow*ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham. 2. A faint representation; an adumbration. There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity. Tylor. Shad"ow*ish, a. Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker. Shad"ow*less, a. Having no shadow. Shad"ow*y (?), a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. \'bdShadowy verdure.\'b8 Fenton. This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods. Shak. 2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. \'bdThe shadowy past.\'b8 Longfellow. 3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light. The moon . . . with more pleasing light, Shadowy sets off the face things. Milton. 4. Faintly representative; hence, typical. From sshadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit. Milton. 5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor. Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death. Addison. Sha"drach (?), n. (Metal.) A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; -- so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.) Shad"-spir`it (?), n. See Shadbird (a) Shad"-wait`er (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish. Shad"y (?), a. [Compar. Shadier (?); superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade. The shady trees cover him with their shadow. Job. xl. 22. And Amaryllis fills the shady groves. Dryden. 2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter. Bacon. 3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] \'bdA shady business.\'b8 London Sat. Rev. Shady characters, disreputable, criminal. London Spectator. On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] -- To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang] Shaf"fle (?), v. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Shaf"fler (?), n. A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Sha"fi*ite (?), n. A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; -- so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafe\'8b. Shaft (?), n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow. His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft. Chaucer. A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head. Ascham. 2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light. And the thunder, Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage, Perhaps hath spent his shafts. Milton. Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule. V. Knox. 3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zo\'94l.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches. Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same. Ex. xxv. 31. (e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument. Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to thee. Emerson. (i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft. 4. (Zo\'94l.) A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; -- called also cora humming bird. 5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc. 6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft. 7. The chamber of a blast furnace. Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; -- called also line, or main line. -- Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. -- Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom. Shaft"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch. 2. (Her.) Having a shaft; -- applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures. Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.) Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion. { Shaft"man (?), Shaft"ment (?), } n. [AS. sceaftmund.] A measure of about six inches. [Obs.] <-- p. 1322 --> Shag (?), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. sk\'84gg, Dan. skj. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair. True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn. Gay. 2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. 3. (Com.) A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine. 4. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of cormorant. Shag, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak. Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough. Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies. J. Barlow. <-- (Sport) To chase, as (a) to chase and return balls hit out of bounds. (b) (Baseball) to catch fly balls for practise. --> Shag"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod. Shage"bush` (?), n. A sackbut. [Obs.] Shag"ged (?), a. Shaggy; rough. Milton. -- Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More. Shag"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness. Shag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Shaggier (?); superl. Shaggiest.] [From Shag, n.] Rough with long hair or wool. About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin. Dryden. 2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton. [A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell. Keble. Shag"-haired` (?), a. Having shaggy hair. Shak. Shag"-rag` (?), n. The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning. Sha*green" (?), v. t. To chagrin. [Obs.] Sha*green", n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes. 2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts. { Sha*green" (?), Sha*greened" (?) } a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. \'bdA shagreen case of lancets.\'b8 T. Hook. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen. Shah (?), n. [Per. sh\'beh a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.] Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C. \'d8Sha*hin" (?), n. [Ar. sh\'beh\'c6n.] (Zo\'94l.) A large and swift Asiatic falcon (Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry. Shaik (?), n. See Sheik. Shail (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skj\'begr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange. Shake (?), obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer. Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook (?); p. p. Shaken (?), (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate. As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. Rev. vi. 13. Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels That shake heaven's basis. Milton. 2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of. When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation. Atterbury. Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced. Milton. 3. (Mus.) To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music. 4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; -- generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree. Shake off the golden slumber of repose. Shak. 'Tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age. Shak. I could scarcely shake him out of my company. Bunyan. To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. -- To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. -- To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. -- To shake the bells. See under Bell. -- To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter. Under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout, All but the throne itself of God. Milton. What danger? Who 's that that shakes behind there? Beau & FL. Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef. Shake (?), n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation. The great soldier's honor was composed Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake. Herbert. Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand. Addison. 2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt. 3. A fissure in rock or earth. 4. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill. 5. (Naut.) One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten. 6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight. 7. (Zo\'94l.) The redshank; -- so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.] No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. -- The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.] Shake"down` (?), n. A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; -- perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott. <-- shake down, v. t. subject to extortion. --> Shake"fork` (?), n. A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.] Shak"en (?), a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough. 2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2. Nor is the wood shaken or twisted. Barroe. 3. Impaired, as by a shock. Shak"er (?), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken. 2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship. Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the \'bdUnited Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.\'b8 The sect is now confined in the United States. 3. (Zo\'94l.) A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby. Shak"er*ess, n. A female Shaker. Shak"er*ism (?), n. Doctrines of the Shakers. Shake*spear"e*an (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.] Shak"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being shaky. Shak"ings (?), n. pl. (Naut.) Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Shak"o (?), n. [Hung. cs\'a0k\'a2: cf. F. shako, schako.] A kind of military cap or headress. Shak"y (?), a. [Compar. Shakier (?); superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray. 2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt. 3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.] Shale (?), n. [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. \'bdThe green shales of a bean.\'b8 Chapman. 2. [G. shale.] (Geol.) A fine-grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure. Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous. Shale, v. t. To take off the shell or coat of; to shell. Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk. I. Taylor. Shall (?), v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should (?).] [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] \'bdBy the faith I shall to God\'b8 Court of Love. 2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] \'bdMe athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her.\'b8 Chaucer. 3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, \'bdthe day shall come when . . . , \'b8 since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. \'bdI shall go\'b8 implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic \'bdI will go.\'b8 In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, \'bdShall you go?\'b8 (answer, \'bdI shall go\'b8); \'bdShall he go?\'b8 i. e., \'bdDo you require or promise his going?\'b8 (answer, \'bdHe shall go\'b8.) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as \'bdYou say, or think, you shall go;\'b8 \'bdHe says, or thinks, he shall go.\'b8 After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. \'bdHe to England shall along with you.\'b8 Shak. Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this? Shall I help you? (not Will I do this?) See Will. Shal"li (?), n. See Challis. Shal"lon (?), n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry. Shal*loon" (?), n. [F. chalon, from Ch\'83lons, in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff. In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad. Swift. Shal"lop (?), n. [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat. [She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand. Spenser. shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails. Shal*lot" (?), n. [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. \'82chalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.) A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot. Shal"low (?), a. [Compar. Shallower (?); superl. Shallowest.] [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skj\'belgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. \'bdShallow brooks, and rivers wide.\'b8 Milton. 2. Not deep in tone. [R.] The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring. Bacon. 3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning. The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king. Bacon. Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself. Milton. Shal"low, n. 1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf. A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel. Bacon. Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The rudd. [Prov. Eng.] Shal"low, v. t. To make shallow. Sir T. Browne. Shal"low, v. i. To become shallow, as water. Shal"low-bod`ied (?), a. (Naut.) Having a moderate depth of hold; -- said of a vessel. Shal"low-brained` (?), a. Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South. Shal"low-heart`ed (?), a. Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson. Shal"low*ly, adv. In a shallow manner. Shal"low*ness, n. Quality or state of being shallow. Shal"low-pat`ed (?), a. Shallow-brained. Shal"low-waist`ed (?), a. (Naut.) Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; -- said of a vessel. Shalm (?), n. See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles. Shalt (?), 2d per. sing. of Shall. Shal"y (?), a. Resembling shale in structure. Sham (?), n. [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.] 1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. \'bdA mere sham.\'b8 Bp. Stillingfleet. Believe who will the solemn sham, not I. Addison. 2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering. Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow. Sham, a. False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight. They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians. Jowett (Thucyd) Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses. Fooled and shammed into a conviction. L'Estrange. 2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.] We must have a care that we do not . . . sham fallacies upon the world for current reason. L'Estrange. 3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign. To sham Abram Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors' cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham. Sham, v. i. To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose. Wondering . . . whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming. Macaulay. \'d8Sha"ma (?), n. [Hind. sh\'bem\'be.] (Zo\'94l.) A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut. Sha"man (?), n. [From the native name.] A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists. <-- p. 1323 --> Sha*man"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shamanism. Sha"man*ism (?), n. The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural-Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit. Sha"man*ist, n. An adherent of Shamanism. Sham"ble (?), n. [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.] 1. (Mining) One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level. 2. pl. A place where butcher's meat is sold. As summer flies are in the shambles. Shak. 3. pl. A place for slaughtering animals for meat. To make a shambles of the parliament house. Shak. Sham"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling (?).] [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along. Sham"bling (?), a. Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs. Sham"bling, n. An awkward, irregular gait. Shame (?), n. [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. sk\'94mm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal. HIde, for shame, Romans, your grandsires' images, That blush at their degenerate progeny. Dryden. Have you no modesty, no maiden shame? Shak. 2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt. Ye have borne the shame of the heathen. Ezek. xxxvi. 6. Honor and shame from no condition rise. Pope. And every woe a tear can claim Except an erring sister's shame. Byron. 3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace. O Cshame is this! Shak. Guides who are the shame of religion. Shak. 4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3. For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! -- To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. \'bdLet them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil.\'b8 Ps. xl. 14. Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame. Were there but one righteous in the world, he would . . . shame the world, and not the world him. South. 2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace. And with foul cowardice his carcass shame. Spenser. 3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.] Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor. Ps. xiv. 6. Shame, v. i. [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.] To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.] I do shame To think of what a noble strain you are. Shak. Shame"faced` (?), a. [For shamefast; AS. scamf. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest. Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people's prise. Dryden. Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench. -- Shame"faced, adv. -- Shame"faced`ness, n. Shame"fast (?), a. [AS. scamf.] Modest; shamefaced. -- Shame"fast*ly, adv. -- Shame"fast*ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced. Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness. Chaucer. [Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit. Shak. Modest apparel with shamefastness. 1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.). Shame"ful (?), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful. His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat. Arbuthnot. 2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as, a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser. Syn. -- Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous. -- Shame"ful*ly, adv. -- Shame"ful*ness, n. Shame"less, a. [AS. scamle\'a0s.] 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. \'bdSuch shameless bards we have.\'b8 Pope. Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless. Shak. 2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as, a shameless picture or poem. Syn. -- Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate. -- Shame"less*ly, adv. -- Shame"less*ness, n. Shame"-proof` (?), n. Shameless. Shak. Sham"er (?), n. One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau & Fl. Sham"mer (?), n. One who shams; an impostor. Johnson. Sham"my (?), n. [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) The chamois. 2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.] { Sham"ois, Sham"oy } (?), n. See Shammy. Sha*moy"ing (?), n. [See Shammy.] A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning. Sham*poo" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] [Hind. ch\'bempn\'be to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.] 1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath. 2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing. Sham*poo", n. The act of shampooing. Sham*poo"er (?), n. One who shampoos. Sham"rock (?), n. [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.) A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity. Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina). Shan"dry*dan (?), n. A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland] Shan"dy*gaff (, n. A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.] Shang`hai" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.] To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.] Shang`hai" (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A large and tall breed of domestic fowl. Shank (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) See Chank. Shank, n. [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. Skink, v.] 1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also, the whole leg. His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank. Shak. 2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button. 3. (Arch.) The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt. 4. (Founding) A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it. 5. (Print.) The body of a type. 6. (Shoemaking) The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel. 7. (Zo\'94l.) A wading bird with long legs; as, the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; -- called also shanks. 8. pl. Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round. Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. -- To ride shank's mare, to go on foot; to walk. Shank, v. i. To fall off, as a leaf, flower, or capsule, on account of disease affecting the supporting footstalk; -- usually followed by off. Darwin. Shank"beer` (?), n. See Schenkbeer. Shanked (?), a. Having a shank. Shank"er (?), n. (Med.) See Chancre. Shan"ny (?), n.; pl. Shannies (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zo\'94l.) The European smooth blenny (Blennius pholis). It is olive-green with irregular black spots, and without appendages on the head. Shan't (?). A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.] Shan"ty (?), a. Jaunty; showy. [Prov. Eng.] Shan"ty, n.;pl. Shanties (#). [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old + tig. a house.] A small, mean dwelling; a rough, slight building for temporary use; a hut. Shan"ty, v. i. To inhabit a shanty. S. H. Hammond. Shap"a*ble (?), a. 1. That may be shaped. 2. Shapely. [R.] \'bdRound and shapable.\'b8 De Foe. Shape (?), v. t. [imp. Shaped (#); p. p. Shaped or Shapen (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] [OE. shapen, schapen, AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen. See Shape, n.] 1. To form or create; especially, to mold or make into a particular form; to give proper form or figure to. I was shapen in iniquity. Ps. li. 5. Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face. Prior. 2. To adapt to a purpose; to regulate; to adjust; to direct; as, to shape the course of a vessel. To the stream, when neither friends, nor force, Nor spead nor art avail, he shapes his course. Denham. Charmed by their eyes, their manners I acqire, And shape my foolishness to their desire. Prior. 3. To image; to conceive; to body forth. Oft my jealousy Shapes faults that are not. Shak. 4. To design; to prepare; to plan; to arrange. When shapen was all this conspiracy, From point to point. Chaucer. Shaping machine. (Mach.) Same as Shaper. -- To shape one's self, to prepare; to make ready. [Obs.] I will early shape me therefor. Chaucer. Shape (?), v. i. To suit; to be adjusted or conformable. [R.] Shak. Shape, n. [OE. shap, schap, AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature, fr. the root of scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, to shape, to do, to effect; akin to OS. giskeppian, OFries. skeppa, D. scheppen, G. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, scepfen, skeffen, Icer. skapa, skepja, Dan. skabe, skaffe, Sw. skapa, skaffa, Goth. gaskapjan, and perhaps to E. shave, v. Cf. -ship.] 1. Character or construction of a thing as determining its external appearance; outward aspect; make; figure; form; guise; as, the shape of a tree; the shape of the head; an elegant shape. He beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman. Shak. 2. That which has form or figure; a figure; an appearance; a being. Before the gates three sat, On either side, a formidable shape. Milton. 3. A model; a pattern; a mold. 4. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality. Milton. 5. Dress for disguise; guise. [Obs.] Look better on this virgin, and consider This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing In a Greekish dress. Messinger. 6. (Iron Manuf.) (a) A rolled or hammered piece, as a bar, beam, angle iron, etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar. (b) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will receive when completely forged or fitted. To take shape, to assume a definite form. <-- in shape, having a good muscle tone; healthy. Get into shape, to exercise so as to acquire a good muscle tone. --> Shape"less, a. Destitute of shape or regular form; wanting symmetry of dimensions; misshapen; -- opposed to shapely. -- Shape"less*ness, n. The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice. Pope. Shape"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shapely. Shape"ly, a. [Compar. Shapelier (?); superl. Shapeliest.] 1. Well-formed; having a regular shape; comely; symmetrical. T. Warton. Waste sandy valleys, once perplexed with thorn, The spiry fir and shapely box adorn. Pope. Where the shapely column stood. Couper. 2. Fit; suitable. [Obs.] Shaply for to be an alderman. Chaucer. Shap"er (?), n. 1. One who shapes; as, the shaper of one's fortunes. The secret of those old shapers died with them. Lowell. 2. That which shapes; a machine for giving a particular form or outline to an object. Specifically; (a) (Metal Working) A kind of planer in which the tool, instead of the work, receives a reciprocating motion, usually from a crank. (b) (Wood Working) A machine with a vertically revolving cutter projecting above a flat table top, for cutting irregular outlines, moldings, etc. Sha"poo (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The o\'94rial. Shard (?), n. A plant; chard. [Obs.] Dryden. Shard, n. [AS. sceard, properly a p. p. from the root of scearn to shear, to cut; akin to D. schaard a fragment, G. scharte a notch, Icel. skar. See Shear, and cf. Sherd.] [Written also sheard, and sherd.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or a like brittle substance, as the shell of an egg or snail. Shak. The precious dish Broke into shards of beauty on the board. E. Arnold. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The hard wing case of a beetle. They are his shards, and he their beetle. Shak. 3. A gap in a fence. [Obs.] Stanyhurst. 4. A boundary; a division. [Obs. & R.] Spenser. Shard"-borne` (?), a. Borne on shards or scaly wing cases. \'bdThe shard-borne beetle.\'b8 Shak. Shard"ed, a. (Zo\'94l.) Having elytra, as a beetle. Shard"y (?), a. Having, or consisting of, shards. Share (?), n. [OE. schar, AS. scear; akin to OHG. scaro, G. schar, pflugshar, and E. shear, v. See Shear.] 1. The part (usually an iron or steel plate) of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of a furrow; a plowshare. 2. The part which opens the ground for the reception of the seed, in a machine for sowing seed. Knight. Share, n. [OE. share, AS. scearu, scaru, fr. sceran to shear, cut. See Shear, v.] 1. A certain quantity; a portion; a part; a division; as, a small share of prudence. 2. Especially, the part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a number; a portion among others; an apportioned lot; an allotment; a dividend. \'bdMy share of fame.\'b8 Dryden. 3. Hence, one of a certain number of equal portions into which any property or invested capital is divided; as, a ship owned in ten shares. 4. The pubes; the sharebone. [Obs.] Holland. To go shares, to partake; to be equally concerned. -- Share and share alike, in equal shares. Share, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharing.] 1. To part among two or more; to distribute in portions; to divide. Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children and a stranger. Swift. <-- p. 1324 --> 2. To partake of, use, or experience, with others; to have a portion of; to take and possess in common; as, to share a shelter with another. While avarice and rapine share the land. Milton. 3. To cut; to shear; to cleave; to divide. [Obs.] The shared visage hangs on equal sides. Dryden. Share (?), v. i. To have part; to receive a portion; to partake, enjoy, or suffer with others. A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the goods of his father. Locke. Share"beam` (?), n. The part of the plow to which the share is attached. Share"bone` (?), n. (Anat.) The public bone. Share"bro`ker (?), n. A broker who deals in railway or other shares and securities. Share"hold`er (?), n. One who holds or owns a share or shares in a joint fund or property. Shar"er (?), n. One who shares; a participator; a partaker; also, a divider; a distributer. Share"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Aster Tripolium) growing along the seacoast of Europe. Shark (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps through OF. fr. carcharus a kind of dogfish, Gr. Shark, v. t.&i.); cf. Corn. scarceas.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes of the order Plagiostomi, found in all seas. Carcharhinus, Carcharodon, and related genera. They have several rows of large sharp teeth with serrated edges, as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, ) of tropical seas, and the great blue shark (Carcharhinus glaucus) of all tropical and temperate seas. The former sometimes becomes thirty-six feet long, and is the most voracious and dangerous species known. The rare man-eating shark of the United States coast (Charcarodon Atwoodi) is thought by some to be a variety, or the young, of C. carcharias. The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and the smaller blue shark (C. caudatus), both common species on the coast of the United States, are of moderate size and not dangerous. They feed on shellfish and bottom fishes. 2. A rapacious, artful person; a sharper. [Colloq.] 3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine; as, to live upon the shark. [Obs.] South. Baskin shark, Liver shark, Nurse shark, Oil shark, Sand shark, Tiger shark, etc. See under Basking, Liver, etc. See also Dogfish, Houndfish, Notidanian, and Tope. -- Gray shark, the sand shark. -- Hammer-headed shark. See Hammerhead. -- Port Jackson shark. See Cestraciont. -- Shark barrow, the eggcase of a shark; a sea purse. -- Shark ray. Same as Angel fish (a), under Angel. -- Thrasher shark, Thresher shark, a large, voracious shark. See Thrasher. -- Whale shark, a huge harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) of the Indian Ocean. It becomes sixty feet or more in length, but has very small teeth. Shark, v. t. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. shark, n., or perhaps related to E. shear (as hearken to hear), and originally meaning, to clip off. Cf. Shirk.] To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.] Shak. Shark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sharked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle. Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning. Bp. Earle. 2. To live by shifts and stratagems. Beau & Fl. Shark"er (?), n. One who lives by sharking. Shark"ing, n. Petty rapine; trick; also, seeking a livelihood by shifts and dishonest devices. Shar"ock (?), n. An East Indian coin of the value of 12 Sharp (?), a. [Compar. Sharper (?); superl. Sharpest.] [OE. sharp, scharp, scarp, AS. scearp; akin to OS. skarp, LG. scharp, D. scherp, G. scharf, Dan. & Sw. skarp, Icel. skarpr. Cf. Escarp, Scrape, Scorpion.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; of a nature to cut or pierce easily; not blunt or dull; keen. He dies upon my scimeter's sharp point. Shak. 2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse or rounded; somewhat pointed or edged; peaked or ridged; as, a sharp hill; sharp features. 3. Affecting the sense as if pointed or cutting, keen, penetrating, acute: to the taste or smell, pungent, acid, sour, as ammonia has a sharp taste and odor; to the hearing, piercing, shrill, as a sharp sound or voice; to the eye, instantaneously brilliant, dazzling, as a sharp flash. 4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; acute; as, a sharp note or tone. (b) Raised a semitone in pitch; as, C sharp (C. (c) So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch; as, the tone is sharp; that instrument is sharp. Opposed in all these senses to flat. 5. Very trying to the feelings; pierching; keen; severe; painful; distressing; as, sharp pain, weather; a sharp and frosty air. Sharp misery had worn him to the bones. Shak. The morning sharp and clear. Cowper. In sharpest perils faithful proved. Keble. 6. Cutting in language or import; biting; sarcastic; cruel; harsh; rigorous; severe; as, a sharp rebuke. \'bdThat sharp look.\'b8 Tennyson. To that place the sharp Athenian law Can not pursue us. Shak. Be thy words severe, Sharp as merits but the sword forbear. Dryden. 7. Of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; having nice discrimination; acute; penetrating; sagacious; clever; as, a sharp eye; sharp sight, hearing, or judgment. Nothing makes men sharper . . . than want. Addison. Many other things belong to the material world, wherein the sharpest philosophers have never ye L. Watts. 8. Eager in pursuit; keen in quest; impatient for gratification; keen; as, a sharp appetite. 9. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous. \'bdIn sharp contest of battle.\'b8 Milton. A sharp assault already is begun. Dryden. 10. Keenly or unduly attentive to one's own interest; close and exact in dealing; shrewd; as, a sharp dealer; a sharp customer. The necessity of being so sharp and exacting. Swift. 11. Composed of hard, angular grains; gritty; as, sharp sand. Moxon. 12. Steep; precipitous; abrupt; as, a sharp ascent or descent; a sharp turn or curve. 13. (Phonetics) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, without voice, as certain consonants, such as p, k, t, f; surd; nonvocal; aspirated. Sharp is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sharp-cornered, sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp-tasted, sharp-visaged, etc. Sharp practice, the getting of an advantage, or the attempt to do so, by a tricky expedient. -- To brace sharp, To sharp up (Naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible, that the ship may lie well up to the wind. Syn. -- Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pungent; acrid; severe; poignant; biting; acrimonious; sarcastic; cutting; bitter; painful; afflictive; violent; harsh; fierce; ardent; fiery. Sharp (?), adv. 1. To a point or edge; piercingly; eagerly; sharply. M. Arnold. The head [of a spear] full sharp yground. Chaucer. You bite so sharp at reasons. Shak. 2. Precisely; exactly; as, we shall start at ten o'clock sharp. [Colloq.] Look sharp, attend; be alert. [Colloq.] Sharp, n. 1. A sharp tool or weapon. [Obs.] If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen would be contented with a rubber at cuffs. Collier. 2. (Mus.) (a) The character [ (b) A sharp tone or note. Shak. 3. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. 4. A sewing needle having a very slender point; a needle of the most pointed of the three grades, blunts, betweens, and sharps. 5. pl. Same as Middlings, 1. 6. An expert. [Slang] Sharp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sharped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharping.] 1. To sharpen. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Mus.) To raise above the proper pitch; to elevate the tone of; especially, to raise a half step, or semitone, above the natural tone. Sharp, v. i. 1. To play tricks in bargaining; to act the sharper. L'Estrange. 2. (Mus.) To sing above the proper pitch. Sharp-cut` (?), a. Cut sharply or definitely, or so as to make a clear, well-defined impression, as the lines of an engraved plate, and the like; clear-cut; hence, having great distinctness; well-defined; clear. Sharp"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sarpened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharpening.] [See Sharp, a.] To make sharp. Specifically: (a) To give a keen edge or fine point to; to make sharper; as, to sharpen an ax, or the teeth of a saw. (b) To render more quick or acute in perception; to make more ready or ingenious. The air . . . sharpened his visual ray To objects distant far. Milton. He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill. Burke. (c) To make more eager; as, to sharpen men's desires. Epicurean cooks Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shak. (d) To make more pungent and intense; as, to sharpen a pain or disease. (e) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. \'bdSharpen each word.\'b8 E. Smith. (f) To render more shrill or piercing. Inclosures not only preserve sound, but increase and sharpen it. Bacon. (g) To make more tart or acid; to make sour; as, the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar. (h) (Mus.) To raise, as a sound, by means of a sharp; to apply a sharp to. Sharp"en, v. i. To grow or become sharp. Sharp"er (?), n. A person who bargains closely, especially, one who cheats in bargains; a swinder; also, a cheating gamester. Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind. L'Estrange. Syn. -- Swindler; cheat; deceiver; trickster; rogue. See Swindler. Sharp"ie (?), n. (Naut.) A long, sharp, flat-bottomed boat, with one or two masts carrying a triangular sail. They are often called Fair Haven sharpies, after the place on the coast of Connecticut where they originated. [Local, U.S.] Sharp"ling (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A stickleback. [Prov. Eng.] Sharp"ly, adv. In a sharp manner,; keenly; acutely. They are more sharply to be chastised and reformed than the rude Irish. Spenser. The soldiers were sharply assailed with wants. Hayward. You contract your eye when you would see sharply. Bacon. Sharp"ness, n. [AS. scearpness.] The quality or condition of being sharp; keenness; acuteness. Sharp"saw` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The great titmouse; -- so called from its harsh call notes. [Prov. Eng.] Sharp"-set` (?), a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; affected by keen hunger; ravenous; as, an eagle or a lion sharp-set. The town is sharp-set on new plays. Pope. Sharp"shoot`er (?), n. One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; a good marksman. Sharp"shoot`ing, n. A shooting with great precision and effect; hence, a keen contest of wit or argument. Sharp"-sight`ed (?), a. Having quick or acute sight; -- used literally and figuratively. -- Sharp`-sight`ed*ness, n. Sharp"tail` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The pintail grouse, or prairie chicken. Sharp"-wit`ted (?), a. Having an acute or nicely discerning mind. Shash (?), n. [See Sash.] 1. The scarf of a turban. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A sash. [Obs.] { \'d8Shas"ter (?), \'d8Shas"tra (?), } n. [Skr. c\'bestra an order or command, a sacred book, fr. c\'bes to order, instruct, govern. Cf. Sastra.] A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas. [Written also sastra.] Shath"mont (, n. A shaftment. [Scot.] Shat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shattering.] [OE. schateren, scateren, to scatter, to dash, AS. scateran; cf. D. schateren to crack, to make a great noise, OD. schetteren to scatter, to burst, to crack. Cf. Scatter.] 1. To break at once into many pieces; to dash, burst, or part violently into fragments; to rend into splinters; as, an explosion shatters a rock or a bomb; too much steam shatters a boiler; an oak is shattered by lightning. A monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects. Locke. 2. To disorder; to derange; to render unsound; as, to be shattered in intellect; his constitution was shattered; his hopes were shattered. A man of a loose, volatile, and shattered humor. Norris. 3. To scatter about. [Obs.] Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year. Milton. Shat"ter, v. i. To be broken into fragments; to fal Some fragile bodies break but where the force is; some shatter and fly in many places. Bacon. Shat"ter, n. A fragment of anything shattered; -- used chiefly or soley in the phrase into shatters; as, to break a glass into shatters. Swift. { Shat"ter-brained` (?), Shat"ter-pat`ed (?), } a. Disordered or wandering in intellect; hence, heedless; wild. J. Goodman. Shat"ter*y (?), a. Easily breaking into pieces; not compact; loose of texture; brittle; as, shattery spar. Shave (?), obs. p. p. of Shave. Chaucer. His beard was shave as nigh as ever he can. Chaucer. Shave, v. t. [imp. Shaved (?);p. p. Shaved or Shaven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaving.] [OE. shaven, schaven, AS. scafan, sceafan; akin to D. schaven, G. schaben, Icel. skafa, Sw. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. scaban, Russ. kopate to dig, Gr. scabere to scratch, to scrape. Cf. Scab, Shaft, Shape.] 1. To cut or pare off from the surface of a body with a razor or other edged instrument; to cut off closely, as with a razor; as, to shave the beard. 2. To make bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface, or surface covering, of; especially, to remove the hair from with a razor or other sharp instrument; to take off the beard or hair of; as, to shave the face or the crown of the head; he shaved himself. I'll shave your crown for this. Shak. The laborer with the bending scythe is seen Shaving the surface of the waving green. Gay. 3. To cut off thin slices from; to cut in thin slices. Plants bruised or shaven in leaf or root. Bacon. 4. To skim along or near the surface of; to pass close to, or touch lightly, in passing. Now shaves with level wing the deep. Milton. 5. To strip; to plunder; to fleece. [Colloq.] To shave a note, to buy it at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest, or to deduct in discounting it more than the legal rate allows. [Cant, U.S.] <-- p. 1325 --> Shave (?), v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard; to cut closely; hence, to be hard and severe in a bargain; to practice extortion; to cheat. Shave (?), n. [AS. scafa, sceafa, a sort of knife. See Shave, v. t.] 1. A thin slice; a shaving. Wright. 2. A cutting of the beard; the operation of shaving. 3. (a) An exorbitant discount on a note. [Cant, U.S.] (b) A premium paid for an extension of the time of delivery or payment, or for the right to vary a stock contract in any particular. [Cant, U.S.] N. Biddle. 4. A hand tool consisting of a sharp blade with a handle at each end; a drawing knife; a spokeshave. 5. The act of passing very near to, so as almost to graze; as, the bullet missed by a close shave. [Colloq.] Shave grass (Bot.), the scouring rush. See the Note under Equisetum. -- Shave hook, a tool for scraping metals, consisting of a sharp-edged triangular steel plate attached to a shank and handle. Shave"ling (?), n. A man shaved; hence, a monk, or other religious; -- used in contempt. I am no longer a shaveling than while my frock is on my back. Sir W. Scott. Shav"er (?), n. 1. One who shaves; one whose occupation is to shave. 2. One who is close in bargains; a sharper. Swift. 3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a plunderer. By these shavers the Turks were stripped. Knolles. 4. A boy; a lad; a little fellow. [Colloq.] \'bdThese unlucky little shavers.\'b8 <-- often little shaver --> Salmagundi. As I have mentioned at the door to this young shaver, I am on a chase in the name of the king. Dickens. 5. (Mech.) A tool or machine for shaving. A note shaver, a person who buys notes at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest. [Cant, U.S.] Shav"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shaves; specifically, the act of cutting off the beard with a razor. 2. That which is shaved off; a thin slice or strip pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other cutting instrument. \'bdShaving of silver.\'b8 Chaucer. Shaving brush, a brush used in lathering the face preparatory to shaving it. Shaw (?), n. [OE. schawe, scha, thicket, grove, AS. scaga; akin to Dan. skov, Sw. skog, Icel. sk.] 1. A thicket; a small wood or grove. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Burns. Gaillard he was as goldfinch in the shaw. Chaucer. The green shaws, the merry green woods. Howitt. 2. pl. The leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson. Shaw"fowl`, n. [Scot. schaw, shaw, show + fowl.] The representation or image of a fowl made by fowlers to shoot at. Johnson. Shawl (?), n. [Per. & Hind. sh\'bel: cf. F. ch\'83le.] A square or oblong cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or other textile or netted fabric, used, especially by women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. India shawl, a kind of rich shawl made in India from the wool of the Cashmere goat. It is woven in pieces, which are sewed together. -- Shawl goat (Zo\'94l.), the Cashmere goat. Shawl, v. t. To wrap in a shawl. Thackeray. Shawm (?), n. [OE. shalmie, OF. chalemie; cf. F. chalumeau shawm, chaume haulm, stalk; all fr. L. calamus a reed, reed pipe. See Haulm, and cf. Calumet.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of music, formerly in use, supposed to have resembled either the clarinet or the hautboy in form. [Written also shalm, shaum.] Otway. Even from the shrillest shaum unto the cornamute. Drayton. Shaw`nees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Shawnee (. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians who occupied Western New York and part of Ohio, but were driven away and widely dispersed by the Iroquois. Shay (?), n. A chaise. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] She (?), pron. [sing. nom. She; poss. Her. ( or Hers (; obj. Her; pl. nom. They (?); poss. Their (?) or Theirs (; obj. Them (?).] [OE. she, sche, scheo, scho, AS. se\'a2, fem. of the definite article, originally a demonstrative pronoun; cf. OS. siu, D. zij, G. sie, OHG. siu, s\'c6, si, Icel. s, sj\'be, Goth. si she, s, fem. article, Russ. siia, fem., this, Gr. s\'be, sy\'be. The possessive her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different root. See Her.] 1. This or that female; the woman understood or referred to; the animal of the female sex, or object personified as feminine, which was spoken of. She loved her children best in every wise. Chaucer. Then Sarah denied, . . . for she was afraid. Gen. xviii. 15. 2. A woman; a female; -- used substantively. [R.] Lady, you are the cruelest she alive. Shak. She is used in composition with nouns of common gender, for female, to denote an animal of the female sex; as, a she-bear; a she-cat. Shead"ing (?), n. [From AS. sc\'bedan, sce\'a0dan, to separate, divide. See Shed, v. t.] A tithing, or division, in the Isle of Man, in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. The island is divided into six sheadings. Sheaf (?), n. (Mech.) A sheave. [R.] Sheaf, n.; pl. Sheaves (#). [OE. sheef, shef, schef, AS. sce\'a0f; akin to D. schoof, OHG. scoub, G. schaub, Icel. skauf a fox's brush, and E. shove. See Shove.] 1. A quantity of the stalks and ears of wheat, rye, or other grain, bound together; a bundle of grain or straw. The reaper fills his greedy hands, And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands. Dryden. 2. Any collection of things bound together; a bundle; specifically, a bundle of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver, or the allowance of each archer, -- usually twenty-four. The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case. Dryden. Sheaf, v. t. To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves; as, to sheaf wheat. Sheaf (?), v. i. To collect and bind cut grain, or the like; to make sheaves. They that reap must sheaf and bind. Shak. Sheaf"y (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a sheaf or sheaves; resembling a sheaf. Sheal (?), n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.] Sheal, v. t. To put under a sheal or shelter. [Scot.] Sheal, v. t. [See Shell.] To take the husks or pods off from; to shell; to empty of its contents, as a husk or a pod. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. That's a shealed peascod. Shak. Sheal, n. A shell or pod. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Sheal"ing, n. The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sheal"ing, n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.] Shear (?), v. t. [imp. Sheared (?) or Shore (;p. p. Sheared or Shorn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Shearing.] [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to D. & G. scheren, Icel. skera, Dan. ski, Gr. Jeer, Score, Shard, Share, Sheer to turn aside.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever anything from with shears or a like instrument; as, to shear sheep; to shear cloth. 2. To separate or sever with shears or a similar instrument; to cut off; to clip (something) from a surface; as, to shear a fleece. Before the golden tresses . . . were shorn away. Shak. 3. To reap, as grain. [Scot.] Jamieson. 4. Fig.: To deprive of property; to fleece. 5. (Mech.) To produce a change of shape in by a shear. See Shear, n., 4. Shear, n. [AS. sceara. See Shear, v. t.] 1. A pair of shears; -- now always used in the plural, but formerly also in the singular. See Shears. On his head came razor none, nor shear. Chaucer. Short of the wool, and naked from the shear. Dryden. 2. A shearing; -- used in designating the age of sheep. After the second shearing, he is a two-sher ram; . . . at the expiration of another year, he is a three-shear ram; the name always taking its date from the time of shearing. Youatt. 3. (Engin.) An action, resulting from applied forces, which tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact; -- also called shearing stress, and tangential stress. 4. (Mech.) A strain, or change of shape, of an elastic body, consisting of an extension in one direction, an equal compression in a perpendicular direction, with an unchanged magnitude in the third direction. Shear blade, one of the blades of shears or a shearing machine. -- Shear hulk. See under Hulk. -- Shear steel, a steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments, prepared from fagots of blistered steel by repeated heating, rolling, and tilting, to increase its malleability and fineness of texture. Shear, v. i. 1. To deviate. See Sheer. 2. (Engin.) To become more or less completely divided, as a body under the action of forces, by the sliding of two contiguous parts relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. Shear"bill`, n. (Zo\'94l.) The black skimmer. See Skimmer. Sheard (?), n. See Shard. [Obs.] Shear"er (?), n. 1. One who shears. Like a lamb dumb before his shearer. Acts viii. 32. 2. A reaper. [Scot.] Jamieson. Shear"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine, as the wool from sheep, or the nap from cloth. 2. The product of the act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine; as, the whole shearing of a flock; the shearings from cloth. 3. Same as Shearling. Youatt. 4. The act or operation of reaping. [Scot.] 5. The act or operation of dividing with shears; as, the shearing of metal plates. 6. The process of preparing shear steel; tilting. 7. (Mining) The process of making a vertical side cutting in working into a face of coal. Shearing machine. (a) A machine with blades, or rotary disks, for dividing plates or bars of metal. (b) A machine for shearing cloth. Shear"ling (?), n. A sheep but once sheared. Shear"man (?), n.; pl. Shearmen (. One whose occupation is to shear cloth. Shearn (?), n. [AS. scearn. Cf. Scarn.] Dung; excrement. [Obs.] [Written also shern.] Holland. Shears (?), n. pl. [Formerly used also in the singular. See Shear, n.,1.] 1. A cutting instrument. Specifically: (a) An instrument consisting of two blades, commonly with bevel edges, connected by a pivot, and working on both sides of the material to be cut, -- used for cutting cloth and other substances. Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain. Pope. (b) A similar instrument the blades of which are extensions of a curved spring, -- used for shearing sheep or skins. (c) A shearing machine; a blade, or a set of blades, working against a resisting edge. 2. Anything in the form of shears. Specifically: (a) A pair of wings. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) An apparatus for raising heavy weights, and especially for stepping and unstepping the lower masts of ships. It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, steadied by a guy or guys, and furnished with the necessary tackle. [Written also sheers.] 3. (Mach.) The bedpiece of a machine tool, upon which a table or slide rest is secured; as, the shears of a lathe or planer. See Illust. under Lathe. Rotary shears. See under Rotary. Shear"tail` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The common tern. (b) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Thaumastura having a long forked tail. Shear"wa`ter (?), n. [Shear + water; cf. G. wassersherer; -- so called from its running lightly along the surface of the water.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged oceanic birds of the genus Puffinus and related genera. They are allied to the petrels, but are larger. The Manx shearwater (P. Anglorum), the dusky shearwater (P. obscurus), and the greater shearwater (P. major), are well-known species of the North Atlantic. See Hagdon. Sheat"fish` (?), n. [Cf. dial. G. scheid, schaid, schaiden.] (Zo\'94l.) A European siluroid fish (Silurus glanis) allied to the cat-fishes. It is the largest fresh-water fish of Europe, sometimes becoming six feet or more in length. See Siluroid. Sheath (?), n. [OE. schethe, AS. sc, sce\'a0, sc; akin to OS. sk, D. scheede, G. scheide, OHG. sceida, Sw. skida, Dan. skede, Icel. skei, pl., and to E. shed, v.t., originally meaning, to separate, to part. See Shed.] 1. A case for the reception of a sword, hunting knife, or other long and slender instrument; a scabbard. The dead knight's sword out of his sheath he drew. Spenser. 2. Any sheathlike covering, organ, or part. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a stem or branch, as in grasses. (b) (Zo\'94l.) One of the elytra of an insect. Medullary sheath. (Anat.) See under Medullary. -- Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. -- Sheath knife, a knife with a fixed blade, carried in a sheath. -- Sheath of Schwann. (Anat.) See Schwann's sheath. Sheath"bill` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Either one of two species of birds composing the genus Chionis, and family Chionid\'91, native of the islands of the Antarctic.seas. Sheathe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheating.] [Written also sheath.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard; to inclose or cover with, or as with, a sheath or case. The leopard . . . keeps the claws of his fore feet turned up from the ground, and sheathed in the skin of his toes. Grew. 'T is in my breast she sheathes her dagger now. Dryden. 2. To fit or furnish, as with a sheath. Shak. 3. To case or cover with something which protects, as thin boards, sheets of metal, and the like; as, to sheathe a ship with copper. 4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious substances, or sharp particles. [R.] Arbuthnot. To sheathe the sword, to make peace. Sheathed (?), a. 1. Povided with, or inclosed in, sheath. 2. (Bot.) Invested by a sheath, or cylindrical membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses; vaginate. Sheath"er (?), n. One who sheathes. Sheath"fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sheatfish. Sheath"ing (?), p. pr. & a. from Sheathe. Inclosing with a sheath; as, the sheathing leaves of grasses; the sheathing stipules of many polygonaceous plants. Sheath"ing, n. That which sheathes. Specifically: (a) The casing or covering of a ship's bottom and sides; the materials for such covering; as, copper sheathing. (b) (Arch.) The first covering of boards on the outside wall of a frame house or on a timber roof; also, the material used for covering; ceiling boards in general. Sheath"less (?), a. Without a sheath or case for covering; unsheathed. Sheath"-winged` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having elytra, or wing cases, as a beetle. Sheath"y (?), a. Forming or resembling a sheath or case. Sir T. Browne. She"a tree` (?). (Bot.) An African sapotaceous tree (Bassia, ), from the seeds of which a substance resembling butter is obtained; the African butter tree. <-- p. 1326 --> Sheave (?), n. [Akin to OD. schijve orb, disk, wheel, D. schiff, G. scheibe, Icel. sk\'c6fa a shaving, slice; cf. Gr. Shift, v., Shive.] A wheel having a groove in the rim for a rope to work in, and set in a block, mast, or the like; the wheel of a pulley. Sheave hole, a channel cut in a mast, yard, rail, or other timber, in which to fix a sheave. Sheave, v. t. [See Sheaf of straw.] To gather and bind into a sheaf or sheaves; hence, to collect. Ashmole. Sheaved (?), a. Made of straw. [Obs.] Shak. Sheb"an*der (?), n. [Per. sh\'behbandar.] A harbor master, or ruler of a port, in the East Indies. [Written also shebunder.] She*bang" (?), n. [Cf. Shebeen.] A jocosely depreciative name for a dwelling or shop. [Slang,U.S.] She*been" (?), n. [Of Irish origin; cf. Ir. seapa a shop.] A low public house; especially, a place where spirits and other excisable liquors are illegally and privately sold. [Ireland]<-- in the 1920's, termed a speakeasy --> She*chi"nah (?), n. See Shekinah. Sheck"la*ton (?), n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A kind of gilt leather. See Checklaton. [Obs.] Spenser. Shed (?), n. [The same word as shade. See Shade.] A slight or temporary structure built to shade or shelter something; a structure usually open in front; an outbuilding; a hut; as, a wagon shed; a wood shed. The first Aletes born in lowly shed. Fairfax. Sheds of reeds which summer's heat repel. Sandys. Shed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shedding.] [OE. scheden, sch, to pour, to part, AS. sc\'bedan, sce\'a0dan, to pert, to separate; akin to OS. sk, OFries. skscheiden, OHG. sceidan, Goth. skaidan, and probably to Lith. sk\'89du I part, separate, L. scindere to cleave, to split, Gr. chid, and perch. also to L. caedere to cut. Chisel, Concise, Schism, Sheading, Sheath, Shide.] 1. To separate; to divide. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Robert of Brunne. 2. To part with; to throw off or give forth from one's self; to emit; to diffuse; to cause to emanate or flow; to pour forth or out; to spill; as, the sun sheds light; she shed tears; the clouds shed rain. Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood? Shak. Twice seven consenting years have shed Their utmost bounty on thy head. Wordsworth. 3. To let fall; to throw off, as a natural covering of hair, feathers, shell; to cast; as, fowls shed their feathers; serpents shed their skins; trees shed leaves. 4. To cause to flow off without penetrating; as, a tight roof, or covering of oiled cloth, sheeds water. 5. To sprinkle; to intersperse; to cover. [R.] \'bdHer hair . . . is shed with gray.\'b8 B. Jonson. 6. (Weaving) To divide, as the warp threads, so as to form a shed, or passageway, for the shuttle. Shed, v. i. 1. To fall in drops; to pour. [Obs.] Such a rain down from the welkin shadde. Chaucer. 2. To let fall the parts, as seeds or fruit; to throw off a covering or envelope. White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they stand. Mortimer. Shed, n. 1. A parting; a separation; a division. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] They say also that the manner of making the shed of newwedded wives' hair with the iron head of a javelin came up then likewise. Sir T. North. 2. The act of shedding or spilling; -- used only in composition, as in bloodshed. 3. That which parts, divides, or sheds; -- used in composition, as in watershed. 4. (Weaving) The passageway between the threads of the warp through which the shuttle is thrown, having a sloping top and bottom made by raising and lowering the alternate threads. Shed"der (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds; as, a shedder of blood; a shedder of tears. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A crab in the act of casting its shell, or immediately afterwards while still soft; -- applied especially to the edible crabs, which are most prized while in this state. Shed"ding (?), n. 1. The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or out; as, the shedding of blood. 2. That which is shed, or cast off. [R.] Wordsworth. { Shel"fa (?), Shil"fa (?) }, n. (Zo\'94l.) The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] Sheel"ing (?), n. [Icel. skj a shelter, a cover; akin to Dan. & Sw. skjul.] A hut or small cottage in an expessed or a retired place (as on a mountain or at the seaside) such as is used by shepherds, fishermen, sportsmen, etc.; a summer cottage; also, a shed. [Written also sheel, shealing, sheiling, etc.] [Scot.] Sheel"y (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sheelfa. Sheen (?), a. [OE. sehene, AS. sci\'82ne, sc, sc, splendid, beautiful; akin to OFries. sk, sk, OS. sc, D. schoon, G. sch\'94n, OHG. sc, Goth, skanus, and E. shew; the original meaning being probably, visible, worth seeing. It is not akin to E. shine. See Shew, v. t.] Bright; glittering; radiant; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.] This holy maiden, that is so bright and sheen. Chaucer. Up rose each warrier bold and brave, Glistening in filed steel and armor sheen. Fairfax. Sheen, v. i. To shine; to glisten. [Poetic] This town, That, sheening far, celestial seems to be. Byron. Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. \'bdThroned in celestial sheen.\'b8 Milton. Sheen""ly, adv. Brightly. [R.] Mrs. Browning. Sheen"y (?), a. Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. \'bdA sheeny summer morn.\'b8 Tennyson. Sheep (?), n. sing. & pl. [OE. shep, scheep, AS. sc, sce\'a0p; akin to OFries. sk, LG. & D. schaap, G. schaf, OHG. sc\'bef, Skr. ch\'bega. Sheepherd.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia. Ovis aries) varies much in size, in the length and texture of its wool, the form and size of its horns, the length of its tail, etc. It was domesticated in prehistoric ages, and many distinct breeds have been produced; as the merinos, celebrated for their fine wool; the Cretan sheep, noted for their long horns; the fat-tailed, or Turkish, sheep, remarkable for the size and fatness of the tail, which often has to be supported on trucks; the Southdowns, in which the horns are lacking; and an Asiatic breed which always has four horns. 2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. Ainsworth. 3. pl. Fig.: The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shepherd. Rocky mountain sheep.(Zo\'94l.) See Bighorn. -- Maned sheep. (Zo\'94l.) See Aoudad. -- Sheep bot (Zo\'94l.), the larva of the sheep botfly. See Estrus. -- Sheep dog (Zo\'94l.), a shepherd dog, or collie. -- Sheep laurel (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Kalmia angustifolia) with deep rose-colored flowers in corymbs. -- Sheep pest (Bot.), an Australian plant (Ac\'91na ovina) related to the burnet. The fruit is covered with barbed spines, by which it adheres to the wool of sheep. -- Sheep run, an extensive tract of country where sheep range and graze. -- Sheep's beard (Bot.), a cichoraceous herb (Urospermum Dalechampii) of Southern Europe; -- so called from the conspicuous pappus of the achenes. -- Sheep's bit (Bot.), a European herb (Jasione montana) having much the appearance of scabious. -- Sheep pox (Med.), a contagious disease of sheep, characterixed by the development of vesicles or pocks upon the skin. -- Sheep scabious. (Bot.) Same as Sheep's bit. -- Sheep shears, shears in which the blades form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand in cutting; -- so called because used to cut off the wool of sheep. -- Sheep sorrel. (Bot.), a prerennial herb (Rumex Acetosella) growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. Its leaves have a pleasant acid taste like sorrel. -- Sheep's-wool (Zo\'94l.), the highest grade of Florida commercial sponges (Spongia equina, variety gossypina). -- Sheep tick (Zo\'94l.), a wingless parasitic insect (Melophagus ovinus) belonging to the Diptera. It fixes its proboscis in the skin of the sheep and sucks the blood, leaving a swelling. Called also sheep pest, and sheep louse. -- Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep; a sheep run. -- Wild sheep. (Zo\'94l.) See Argali, Mouflon, and O\'94rial. Sheep"back` (?), n. (Geol.) A rounded knoll of rock resembling the back of a sheep. -- produced by glacial action. Called also roche moutonn\'82e; -- usually in the plural. Sheep"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a small North American tree of the genus Viburnum (V. Lentago), having white flowers in flat cymes; also, the tree itself. Called also nannyberry. Sheep"bite` (?), v. i. To bite or nibble like a sheep; hence, to practice petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak. Sheep"bit`er (?), n. One who practices petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak. There are political sheepbiters as well as pastoral; betrayers of public trusts as well as of private. L'Estrange. { Sheep"cot` (?), Sheep"cote` (?), } n. A small inclosure for sheep; a pen; a fold. Sheep"-faced` (?), a. Over-bashful; sheepish. Sheep"fold` (?), n. A fold or pen for sheep; a place where sheep are collected or confined. Sheep"-head`ed (?), a. Silly; simple-minded; stupid. Taylor (1630) Sheep"hook` (?), n. A hook fastened to pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs or necks of their sheep; a shepherd's crook. Dryden. Sheep"ish, a. 1. Of or pertaining to sheep. [Obs.] 2. Like a sheep; bashful; over-modest; meanly or foolishly diffident; timorous to excess. Wanting change of company, he will, when he comes abroad, be a sheepish or conceited creature. Locke. -- Sheep"ish*ly, adv. -- Sheep"ish*ness, n. Sheep"mas`ter (?), n. A keeper or feeder of sheep; also, an owner of sheep. 2 Kings iii. 4. Sheep"rack` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The starling. Sheep's"-eye` (?), n. A modest, diffident look; a loving glance; -- commonly in the plural. I saw her just now give him the languishing eye, as they call it; . . . of old called the sheep's-eye. Wycherley. Sheep's-foot` (?), n. A printer's tool consisting of a metal bar formed into a hammer head at one end and a claw at the other, -- used as a lever and hammer. Sheep"shank` (?), n. (Naut.) A hitch by which a rope may be temporarily shortened. Sheeps"head` (, n. [So called because of the fancied resemblance of its head and front teeth to those of a sheep.] (Zo\'94l.) A large and valuable sparoid food fish (Archosargus, ) found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It often weighs from ten to twelve pounds. Sheep"-shear`er (?), n. One who shears, or cuts off the wool from, sheep. Sheep"-shear`ing (?), n. 1. Act of shearing sheep. 2. A feast at the time of sheep-shearing. Shak. Sheep"skin` (?), n. 1. The skin of a sheep; or, leather prepared from it. 2. A diploma; -- so called because usually written or printed on parchment prepared from the skin of the sheep. [College Cant] Sheep"split` (?), n. A split of a sheepskin; one of the thin sections made by splitting a sheepskin with a cutting knife or machine. Sheep"y (?), a. Resembling sheep; sheepish. Testament of Love. Sheer (?), a. [OE. shere, skere, pure, bright, Icel. sk; akin to sk\'c6rr, AS. sc\'c6r, OS. sk\'c6ri, MHG. sch\'c6r, G. schier, Dan. sk, Sw. sk\'84r, Goth. skeirs clear, and E. shine. Shine, v. i.] 1. Bright; clear; pure; unmixed. \'bdSheer ale.\'b8 Shak. Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain. Shak. 2. Very thin or transparent; -- applied to fabrics; as, sheer muslin. 3. Being only what it seems to be; obvious; simple; mere; downright; as, sheer folly; sheer nonsense. \'bdA sheer impossibility.\'b8 De Quincey. It is not a sheer advantage to have several strings to one's bow. M. Arnold. 4. Stright up and down; vertical; prpendicular. A sheer precipice of a thousand feet. J. D. Hooker. It was at least Nine roods of sheer ascent. Wordsworth. Sheer, adv. Clean; quite; at once. [Obs.] Milton. Sheer, v. t. [See Shear.] To shear. [Obs.] Dryden. Sheer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sheered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheering.] [D. sheren to shear, cut, withdraw, warp. See Shear.] To decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; to turn aside; to swerve; as, a ship sheers from her course; a horse sheers at a bicycle. To sheer off, to turn or move aside to a distance; to move away. -- To sheer up, to approach obliquely. Sheer, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The longitudinal upward curvature of the deck, gunwale, and lines of a vessel, as when viewed from the side. (b) The position of a vessel riding at single anchor and swinging clear of it. 2. A turn or change in a course. Give the canoe a sheer and get nearer to the shore. Cooper. 3. pl. Shears See Shear. Sheer batten (Shipbuilding), a long strip of wood to guide the carpenters in following the sheer plan. -- Sheer boom, a boom slanting across a stream to direct floating logs to one side. -- Sheer hulk. See Shear hulk, under Hulk. -- Sheer plan, Sheer draught (Shipbuilding), a projection of the lines of a vessel on a vertical longitudinal plane passing through the middle line of the vessel. -- Sheer pole (Naut.), an iron rod lashed to the shrouds just above the dead-eyes and parallel to the ratlines. -- Sheer strake (Shipbuilding), the strake under the gunwale on the top side. Totten. -- To break sheer (Naut.), to deviate from sheer, and risk fouling the anchor. Sheer"ly (?), adv. At once; absolutely. [Obs.] Sheer"wa`ter (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The shearwater. Sheet (?), n. [OE. shete, schete, AS. sc, sc, fr. sce\'a0t a projecting corner, a fold in a garment (akin to D. schoot sheet, bosom, lap, G. schoss bosom, lap, flap of a coat, Icel. skaut, Goth. skauts the hem of a garment); originally, that which shoots out, from the root of AS. sce\'a2tan to shoot. Shoot, v. t.] In general, a large, broad piece of anything thin, as paper, cloth, etc.; a broad, thin portion of any substance; an expanded superficies. Specifically: (a) A broad piece of cloth, usually linen or cotton, used for wrapping the body or for a covering; especially, one used as an article of bedding next to the body. He fell into a trance, and saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending unto him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners. Acts x. 10, 11. If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me In one of those same sheets. Shak. (b) A broad piece of paper, whether folded or unfolded, whether blank or written or printed upon; hence, a letter; a newspaper, etc. (c) A single signature of a book or a pamphlet; in pl., the book itself. To this the following sheets are intended for a full and distinct answer. Waterland. (d) A broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other substance; as, a sheet of copper, of glass, or the like; a plate; a leaf. (e) A broad expanse of water, or the like. \'bdThe two beautiful sheets of water.\'b8 Macaulay. (f) A sail. Dryden. (g) (Geol.) An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata. 2. [AS. sce\'a0ta. See the Etymology above.] (Naut.) (a) A rope or chain which regulates the angle of adjustment of a sail in relation in relation to the wind; -- usually attached to the lower corner of a sail, or to a yard or a boom. (b) pl. The space in the forward or the after part of a boat where there are no rowers; as, fore sheets; stern sheets. Sheet is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote that the substance to the name of which it is prefixed is in the form of sheets, or thin plates or leaves; as, sheet brass, or sheet-brass; sheet glass, or sheet-glass; sheet gold, or sheet-gold; sheet iron, or sheet-iron, etc. A sheet in the wind, half drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- Both sheets in the wind, very drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- In sheets, lying flat or expanded; not folded, or folded but not bound; -- said especially of printed sheets. -- Sheet bend (Naut.), a bend or hitch used for temporarily fastening a rope to the bight of another rope or to an eye. -- Sheet lightning, Sheet piling, etc. See under Lightning, Piling, etc. <-- Three sheets to the wind, very drunk (now more common than "both sheets in the wind" --> Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheeting.] 1. To furnish with a sheet or sheets; to wrap in, or cover with, a sheet, or as with a sheet. \'bdThe sheeted dead.\'b8 \'bdWhen snow the pasture sheets.\'b8 Shak. <-- p. 1327 --> 2. To expand, as a sheet. The star shot flew from the welkin blue, As it fell from the sheeted sky. J. R. Drake. To sheet home (Naut.), to haul upon a sheet until the sail is as flat, and the clew as near the wind, as possible. Sheet" an"chor (?). [OE. scheten to shoot, AS. sce\'a2tan; cf. OE. shoot anchor. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Naut.) A large anchor stowed on shores outside the waist of a vessel; -- called also waist anchor. See the Note under Anchor. 2. Anything regarded as a sure support or dependence in danger; the best hope or refuge. Sheet" ca"ble (?). (Naut.) The cable belonging to the sheet anchor. Sheet" chain" (?). (Naut.) A chain sheet cable. Sheet"ful (?), n.; pl. Sheetfuls (. Enough to fill a sheet; as much as a sheet can hold. Sheet"ing, n. 1. Cotton or linen cloth suitable for bed sheets. It is sometimes made of double width. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A lining of planks or boards (rarely of metal) for protecting an embankment. 3. The act or process of forming into sheets, or flat pieces; also, material made into sheets. \'d8Sheik (?), n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old man, a chief, fr. sh\'bekha to grow or be old.] The head of an Arab family, or of a clan or a tribe; also, the chief magistrate of an Arab village. The name is also applied to Mohammedan ecclesiastics of a high grade. [Written also scheik, shaik, sheikh.] { Shell (?), Shell"ing, } n. See Sheeling. Shek"el (?), n. [Heb. shegel, fr. sh\'begal to weigh.] 1. An ancient weight and coin used by the Jews and by other nations of the same stock. 2. pl. A jocose term for money. She*ki"nah (?), n. [Heb Talmud shek\'c6n\'beh, fr. sh\'bekan to inhabit.] The visible majesty of the Divine Presence, especially when resting or dwelling between the cherubim on the mercy seat, in the Tabernacle, or in the Temple of Solomon; -- a term used in the Targums and by the later Jews, and adopted by Christians. [Written also Shechinah.] Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) Sheld (?), a. [OE., fr. sheld a shield, probably in allusion to the ornamentation of shields. See Shield.] Variegated; spotted; speckled; piebald. [Prov. Eng.] { Sheld"a*fle (?), Sheld"a*ple (?), } n. [Perhaps for sheld dapple. Cf. Sheldrake.] (Zo\'94l.) A chaffinch. [Written also sheldapple, and shellapple.] Sheld"fowl` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The common sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.] Shel"drake` (?), n. [Sheld + drake.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of large Old World ducks of the genus Tadorna and allied genera, especially the European and Asiatic species. (T. cornuta, ), which somewhat resembles a goose in form and habit, but breeds in burrows. shelduck, shellduck, sheldfowl, skeelduck, bergander, burrow duck, and links goose. Tadorna radja) has the head, neck, breast, flanks, and wing coverts white, the upper part of the back and a band on the breast deep chestnut, and the back and tail black. The chestnut sheldrake of Australia (Casarca tadornoides) is varied with black and chestnut, and has a dark green head and neck. The ruddy sheldrake, or Braminy duck (C. rutila), and the white-winged sheldrake (C. leucoptera), are related Asiatic species. 2. Any one of the American mergansers. Shel"duck` (?), n. [Sheld variegated + duck.] (Zo\'94l.) The sheldrake. [Written also shellduck.] Shelf (?), n.; pl. Shelves (#). [OE. shelfe, schelfe, AS. scylfe; akin to G. schelfe, Icel. skj\'belf. In senses 2 & 3, perhaps a different word (cf. Shelve, v. i.).] 1. (Arch.) A flat tablet or ledge of any material set horizontally at a distance from the floor, to hold objects of use or ornament. 2. A sand bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow, and dangerous to ships. On the tawny sands and shelves. Milton. On the secret shelves with fury cast. Dryden. 3. (Mining) A stratum lying in a very even manner; a flat, projecting layer of rock. 4. (Naut.) A piece of timber running the whole length of a vessel inside the timberheads. D. Kemp. To lay on the shelf, to lay aside as unnecessary or useless; to dismiss; to discard. Shelf"y (?), a. 1. Abounding in shelves; full of dangerous shallows. \'bdA shelfy coast.\'b8 Dryden. 2. Full of strata of rock. [Obs.] The tillable fields are in some places . . . so shelfy that the corn hath much ado to fasten its root. Carew. Shell (?), n. [OE. shelle, schelle, AS. scell, scyll; akin to D. shel, Icel. skel, Goth. skalja a tile, and E. skill. Cf. Scale of fishes, Shale, Skill.] 1. A hard outside covering, as of a fruit or an animal. Specifically: (a) The covering, or outside part, of a nut; as, a hazelnut shell. (b) A pod. (c) The hard covering of an egg. Think him as a serpent's egg, . . . And kill him in the shell. Shak. (d) (Zo\'94l.) The hard calcareous or chitinous external covering of mollusks, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates. In some mollusks, as the cuttlefishes, it is internal, or concealed by the mantle. Also, the hard covering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, the tortoise, and the like. (e) (Zo\'94l.) Hence, by extension, any mollusks having such a covering. 2. (Mil.) A hollow projectile, of various shapes, adapted for a mortar or a cannon, and containing an explosive substance, ignited with a fuse or by percussion, by means of which the projectile is burst and its fragments scattered. See Bomb. 3. The case which holds the powder, or charge of powder and shot, used with breechloading small arms. 4. Any slight hollow structure; a framework, or exterior structure, regarded as not complete or filled in; as, the shell of a house. 5. A coarse kind of coffin; also, a thin interior coffin inclosed in a more substantial one. Knight. 6. An instrument of music, as a lyre, -- the first lyre having been made, it is said, by drawing strings over a tortoise shell. When Jubal struck the chorded shell. Dryden. 7. An engraved copper roller used in print works. 8. pl. The husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is often used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc. 9. (Naut.) The outer frame or case of a block within which the sheaves revolve. 10. A light boat the frame of which is covered with thin wood or with paper; as, a racing shell. Message shell, a bombshell inside of which papers may be put, in order to convey messages. -- Shell bit, a tool shaped like a gouge, used with a brace in boring wood. See Bit, n., 3. -- Shell button. (a) A button made of shell. (b) A hollow button made of two pieces, as of metal, one for the front and the other for the back, -- often covered with cloth, silk, etc. -- Shell cameo, a cameo cut in shell instead of stone. -- Shell flower. (Bot.) Same as Turtlehead. -- Shell gland. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A glandular organ in which the rudimentary shell is formed in embryonic mollusks. (b) A glandular organ which secretes the eggshells of various worms, crustacea, mollusks, etc. -- Shell gun, a cannon suitable for throwing shells. -- Shell ibis (Zo\'94l.), the openbill of India. -- Shell jacket, an undress military jacket. -- Shell lime, lime made by burning the shells of shellfish. -- Shell marl (Min.), a kind of marl characterized by an abundance of shells, or fragments of shells. -- Shell meat, food consisting of shellfish, or testaceous mollusks. Fuller. -- Shell mound. See under Mound. -- Shell of a boiler, the exterior of a steam boiler, forming a case to contain the water and steam, often inclosing also flues and the furnace; the barrel of a cylindrical, or locomotive, boiler. -- Shell road, a road of which the surface or bed is made of shells, as oyster shells. -- Shell sand, minute fragments of shells constituting a considerable part of the seabeach in some places. Shell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelling.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as, to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters. 2. To separate the kernels of (an ear of Indian corn, wheat, oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk. 3. To throw shells or bombs upon or into; to bombard; as, to shell a town. To shell out, to distribute freely; to bring out or pay, as money. [Colloq.] Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc. 2. To cast the shell, or exterior covering; to fall out of the pod or husk; as, nuts shell in falling. 3. To be disengaged from the ear or husk; as, wheat or rye shells in reaping. { Shell"-lac`, Shel"lac` } (?), n. [Shell + lac a resinous substance; cf. D. shellak, G. schellack.] See the Note under 2d Lac. Shell"ap`ple, n. (Zo\'94l.) See Sheldafle. Shell"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A species of hickory (Carya alba) whose outer bark is loose and peeling; a shagbark; also, its nut. Shelled (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a shell. Shell"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shells; as, an oyster sheller; a corn sheller. Shell"fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any aquatic animal whose external covering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, and other mollusks, or crustaceous, as in lobsters and crabs. Shell"ing, n. Groats; hulled oats. Simmonds. Shell"-less, a. Having no shell. J. Burroughs. Shell"proof` (?), a. Capable of resisting bombs or other shells; bombproof. Shell"work` (?), n. Work composed of shells, or adorned with them. Cotgrave. Shell"y (?), a. Abounding with shells; consisting of shells, or of a shell. \'bdThe shelly shore.\'b8 Prior. Shrinks backward in his shelly cave. Shak. Shel"ter (?), n. [Cf. OE. scheltrun, shiltroun, schelltrome, scheldtrome, a guard, squadron, AS. scildtruma a troop of men with shields; scild shield + truma a band of men. See Shield, n.] 1. That which covers or defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen. The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid, From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade. Pope. 2. One who protects; a guardian; a defender. Thou [God] hast been a shelter for me. Ps. lxi. 3. 3. The state of being covered and protected; protection; security. Who into shelter takes their tender bloom. Young. Shelter tent,a small tent made of pieces of cotton duck arranged to button together. In field service the soldiers carry the pieces. Syn. -- Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert; sanctuary; protection; defense; security. Shel"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheltering.] 1. To be a shelter for; to provide with a shelter; to cover from injury or annoyance; to shield; to protect. Those ruins sheltered once his sacred head. Dryden. You have no convents . . . in which such persons may be received and sheltered. Southey. 2. To screen or cover from notice; to disguise. In vain I strove to cheek my growing flame, Or shelter passion under friendship's name. Prior. 3. To betake to cover, or to a safe place; -- used reflexively. They sheltered themselves under a rock. Abp. Abbot. Shel"ter, v. i. To take shelter. There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat, Shelters in cool. Milton. Shel"ter*less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection. Now sad and shelterless perhaps she lies. Rowe. Shel"ter*y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.] { Shel"tie (?), Shel"ty (?) }, n. A Shetland pony. Shelve (?), v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves; as, to shelve a closet or a library. 2. To place on a shelf. Hence: To lay on the shelf; to put aside; to dismiss from service; to put off indefinitely; as, to shelve an officer; to shelve a claim. Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shelved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelving.] [Perhapss originally from the same source as shallow, but influenced by shelf a ledge, a platform.] To incline gradually; to be slopping; as, the bottom shelves from the shore. Shelv"ing, a. Sloping gradually; inclining; as, a shelving shore. Shak. \'bdShelving arches.\'b8 Addison. Shelv"ing, n. 1. The act of fitting up shelves; as, the job of shelving a closet. 2. The act of laying on a shelf, or on the shelf; putting off or aside; as, the shelving of a claim. 3. Material for shelves; shelves, collectively. Shelv"y (?), a. Sloping gradually; shelving. The shore was shelving and shallow. Shak. Shem"ite (?), n. A descendant of Shem. { Shem*it"ic (?), Shem"i*tish (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Shem, the son of Noah, or his descendants. See Semitic. Shem"i*tism (?), n. See Semitism. Shend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shent (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shending.] [AS. scendan to disgrace, bring to shame, from sceand, sceond, disgrace, dishonor, shame; akin to G. schande, Goth. skanda. See Shame, n.] 1. To injure, mar, spoil, or harm. [Obs.] \'bdLoss of time shendeth us.\'b8 Chaucer. I fear my body will be shent. Dryden. 2. To blame, reproach, or revile; to degrade, disgrace, or put to shame. [Archaic] R. Browning. The famous name of knighthood foully shend. Spenser. She passed the rest as Cynthia doth shend The lesser stars. Spenser. Shend"ful (?), a. Destructive; ruinous; disgraceful. [Obs.] -- Shend"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan. Shend"ship, n. Harm; ruin; also, reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shent (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Shend, for shendeth. Chaucer. Shent, v. t. To shend. [Obs.] Chaucer. She"ol (?), n. [Heb. sh.] The place of departed spirits; Hades; also, the grave. For thou wilt not leave my soul to sheel. Ps. xvi. 10. (Rev. Ver.) Shep"en (?), n. A stable; a shippen. [Obs.] The shepne brenning with the blacke smoke. Chaucer. Shep"herd (?), n. [OE. schepherde, schephirde, AS. sce\'a0phyrde; sce\'a0p sheep + hyrde, hirde, heorde, a herd, a guardian. See Sheep, and Herd.] 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a flock grazing at large. 2. The pastor of a church; one with the religious guidance of others. Shepherd bird (Zo\'94l.), the crested screamer. See Screamer. -- Shepherd dog (Zo\'94l.), a breed of dogs used largely for the herding and care of sheep. There are several kinds, as the collie, or Scotch shepherd dog, and the English shepherd dog. Called also shepherd's dog. -- Shepherd dog, a name of Pan. Keats. -- Shepherd kings, the chiefs of a nomadic people who invaded Egypt from the East in the traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. They were expelled after about five hundred years, and attempts have been made to connect their expulsion with narrative in the book of Exodus. -- Shepherd's club (Bot.), the common mullein. See Mullein. -- Shepherd's crook, a long staff having the end curved so as to form a large hook, -- used by shepherds. -- Shepherd's needle (Bot.), the lady's comb. -- Shepherd's plaid, a kind of woolen cloth of a checkered black and white pattern. -- Shephered spider (Zo\'94l.), a daddy longlegs, or harvestman. -- Shepherd's pouch, Shepherd's purse (Bot.), an annual cruciferous plant (Capsella Bursapastoris) bearing small white flowers and pouchlike pods. See Illust. of Silicle. -- Shepherd's rod, Shepherd's staff (Bot.), the small teasel. Shep"herd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shepherded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shepherding.] To tend as a shepherd; to guard, herd, lead, or drive, as a shepherd. [Poetic] White, fleecy clouds . . . Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind. Shelley. Shep"herd*ess, n. A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass. She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess. Sir P. Sidney. Shep*her"di*a (?), n.; pl. Shepherdias (#). [NL. So called from John Shepherd, an English botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as El\'91agnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo. <-- p. 1328 --> Shep"herd*ish (?), n. Resembling a shepherd; suiting a shepherd; pastoral. Sir T. Sidney. Shep"herd*ism (?), n. Pastoral life or occupation. Shep"herd*ling (?), n. A little shepherd. Shep"herd*ly (?), a. Resembling, or becoming to, a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. [R.] Jer. Taylor. Shep"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] Caxton. Sher"bet (?), n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly, one drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba to drink. Cf. Sorbet, Sirup, Shrub a drink.] 1. A refreshing drink, common in the East, made of the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored in various ways; as, orange sherbet; lemon sherbet; raspberry sherbet, etc. 2. A flavored water ice. 3. A preparation of bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, sugar, etc., variously flavored, for making an effervescing drink; -- called also sherbet powder. Sherd (?), n. A fragment; -- now used only in composition, as in potsherd. See Shard. The thigh . . . which all in sherds it drove. Chapman. { \'d8Sher"eef (?), \'d8Sher"if (?), } n. [Ar. sher\'c6f noble, holy, n., a prince.] A member of an Arab princely family descended from Mohammed through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima. The Grand Shereef is the governor of Mecca. \'d8Sher"i*at (?), n. [Turk. sher\'c6 'at] The sacred law of the Turkish empire. Sher"iff, n. [OE. shereve, AS. sc\'c6r-ger; sc\'c6r a shire + ger a reeve. See Shire, and Reeve, and cf. Shrievalty.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, the serving of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace. Sheriff, in Scotland, called sheriff depute, is properly a judge, having also certain ministerial powers. Sheriff clerk is the clerk of the Sheriff's Court in Scotland. Sheriff's Court in London is a tribunal having cognizance of certain personal actions in that city. Wharton, Tomlins. Erskine. { Sher"iff*al*ty (?), Sher"iff*dom (?), Sher"iff*ry (?), Sher"iff*ship (?), Sher"iff*wick (?), n. } The office or jurisdiction of sheriff. See Shrievalty. Shern (?), n. See Shearn. [Obs.] Sher"ris (?), n. Sherry. [Obs.] Shak. Sher"ry (?), n. [So called from Xeres, a Spanish town near Cadiz, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced like sh in English.] A Spanish light-colored dry wine, made in Andalusia. As prepared for commerce it is colored a straw color or a deep amber by mixing with it cheap wine boiled down. Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc., and usually imbided through a straw or a glass tube. Sher"ry*val`lies (?), n. pl. [Cf. Sp. zaraquelles wide breeches or overalls.] Trousers or overalls of thick cloth or leather, buttoned on the outside of each leg, and generally worn to protect other trousers when riding on horseback. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. Shet (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Shet. (Obs. Shette (); p. pr. Shet; p. pr. & vb. n. Shetting.] To shut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shete (?), v. t. & i. To shoot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sheth (?), n. The part of a plow which projects downward beneath the beam, for holding the share and other working parts; -- also called standard, or post. Shet"land po"ny (?). One of a small, hardy breed of horses, with long mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands; a sheltie. Shew (?), v. t. & i. See Show. Shew, n. Show. [Obs. except in shewbread.] Shew"bread` (?). See Showbread. Shew"el (?), n. A scarecrow. [Obs.] Trench. Shew"er (?), n. One who shews. See Shower. Shewn (?), p. p. of Shew. Shi"ah (?), n. Same as Shiite. Shib"bo*leth (?), n. [Heb. shibb an ear of corn, or a stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the criterion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce sh, called the word sibboleth. See Judges xii. Without reprieve, adjudged to death, For want of well pronouncing shibboleth. Milton. Also in an extended sense. The th, with its twofold value, is . . . the shibboleth of foreigners. Earle. 2. Hence, the criterion, test, or watchword of a party; a party cry or pet phrase. Shide (?), n. [OE. shide, schide, AS. sc\'c6de; akin to OHG. sc\'c6t, G. scheit, Icel. sk\'c6, and E. shed, v.t.] A thin board; a billet of wood; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] Shie (?), v. t. See Shy, to throw. Shied (?), imp. & p. p. of Shy. Shiel, n. A sheeling. [Scot.] Burns. Shield (?), n. [OE. sheld, scheld, AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld; akin to OS. scild, OFries. skeld, D. & G. schild, OHG. scilt, Icel. skj\'94ldr, Sw. sk\'94ld, Dan. skiold, Goth. skildus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Sheldrake.] 1. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, -- formerly in general use in war, for the protection of the body. See Buckler. Now put your shields before your hearts and fight, With hearts more proof than shields. Shak. 2. Anything which protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection. \'bdMy council is my shield.\'b8 Shak. 3. Figuratively, one who protects or defends. Fear not, Abram; I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward. Gen. xv. 1. 4. (Bot.) In lichens, a Hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci. 5. (Her.) The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. Cf. Lozenge. See Illust. of Escutcheon. 6. (Mining & Tunneling) A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses. 7. A spot resembling, or having the form of, a shield. \'bdBespotted as with shields of red and black.\'b8 Spenser. 8. A coin, the old French crown, or \'82cu, having on one side the figure of a shield. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shield fern (Bot.), any fern of the genus Aspidium, in which the fructifications are covered with shield-shaped indusia; -- called also wood fern. See Illust. of Indusium. Shield (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shielding.] [AS. scidan, scyldan. See Shield, n.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a shield; to cover from danger; to defend; to protect from assault or injury. Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field, To see the son the vanquished father shield. Dryden. A woman's shape doth shield thee. Shak. 2. To ward off; to keep off or out. They brought with them their usual weeds, fit to shield the cold to which they had been inured. Spenser. 3. To avert, as a misfortune; hence, as a supplicatory exclamation, forbid! [Obs.] God shield that it should so befall. Chaucer. God shield I should disturb devotion! Shak. Shield"-bear`er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, carries a shield. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any small moth of the genus Aspidisca, whose larva makes a shieldlike covering for itself out of bits of leaves. Shield"drake` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A sheldrake. Shield"less, a. Destitute of a shield, or of protection. -- Shield"less*ly, adv. -- Shield"less*ness, n. Shield"tail` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of small burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltid\'91, native of Ceylon and Southern Asia. They have a small mouth which can not be dilated. Shiel"ing (?), n. A hut or shelter for shepherds of fishers. See Sheeling. [Scot.] Shift (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shifting.] [OE. shiften, schiften, to divide, change, remove. AS. sciftan to divide; akin to LG. & D. schiften to divide, distinguish, part Icel. skipta to divide, to part, to shift, to change, Dan skifte, Sw. skifta, and probably to Icel. sk\'c6fa to cut into slices, as n., a slice, and to E. shive, sheave, n., shiver, n.] 1. To divide; to distribute; to apportion. [Obs.] To which God of his bounty would shift Crowns two of flowers well smelling. Chaucer. 2. To change the place of; to move or remove from one place to another; as, to shift a burden from one shoulder to another; to shift the blame. Hastily he schifte him[self]. Piers Plowman. Pare saffron between the two St. Mary's days, Or set or go shift it that knowest the ways. Tusser. 3. To change the position of; to alter the bearings of; to turn; as, to shift the helm or sails. Carrying the oar loose, [they] shift it hither and thither at pleasure. Sir W. Raleigh. 4. To exchange for another of the same class; to remove and to put some similar thing in its place; to change; as, to shift the clothes; to shift the scenes. I would advise you to shift a shirt. Shak. 5. To change the clothing of; -- used reflexively. [Obs.] As it were to ride day and night; and . . . not to have patience to shift me. Shak. 6. To put off or out of the way by some expedient. \'bdI shifted him away.\'b8 Shak. To shift off, to delay; to defer; to put off; to lay aside. -- To shift the scene, to change the locality or the surroundings, as in a play or a story. Shift the scene for half an hour; Time and place are in thy power. Swift. Shiff, v. i. 1. To divide; to distribute. [Obs.] Some this, some that, as that him liketh shift. Chaucer. 2. To make a change or changes; to change position; to move; to veer; to substitute one thing for another; -- used in the various senses of the transitive verb. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered pantaloon. Shak. Here the Baillie shifted and fidgeted about in his seat. Sir W. Scott. 3. To resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose; to contrive; to manage. Men in distress will look to themselves, and leave their companions to schift as well as they can. L'Estrange. 4. To practice indirect or evasive methods. All those schoolmen, though they were exceeding witty, yet better teach all their followers to shift, than to resolve by their distinctions. Sir W. Raleigh. 5. (Naut.) To slip to one side of a ship, so as to destroy the equilibrum; -- said of ballast or cargo; as, the cargo shifted. Shift (?), n. [Cf. Icel skipti. See Shift, v. t.] 1. The act of shifting. Specifically: (a) The act of putting one thing in the place of another, or of changing the place of a thing; change; substitution. My going to Oxford was not merely for shift of air. Sir H. Wotton. (b) A turning from one thing to another; hence, an expedient tried in difficalty; often, an evasion; a trick; a fraud. \'bdReduced to pitiable shifts.\'b8 Macaulay. I 'll find a thousand shifts to get away. Shak. Little souls on little shifts rely. Dryden. 2. Something frequently shifted; especially, a woman's under-garment; a chemise. 3. The change of one set of workmen for another; hence, a spell, or turn, of work; also, a set of workmen who work in turn with other sets; as, a night shift. 4. In building, the extent, or arrangement, of the overlapping of plank, brick, stones, etc., that are placed in courses so as to break joints. 5. (Mining) A breaking off and dislocation of a seam; a fault. 6. (Mus.) A change of the position of the hand on the finger board, in playing the violin. To make shift, to contrive or manage in an exigency. \'bdI shall make shift to go without him.\'b8 Shak. [They] made a shift to keep their own in Ireland. Milton. Shift"a*ble (?), a. Admitting of being shifted. Shift"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, shifts; one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener. 'T was such a shifter that, if truth were known, Death was half glad when he had got him down. Milton. 2. (Naut.) An assistant to the ship's cook in washing, steeping, and shifting the salt provisions. 3. (Mach.) (a) An arrangement for shifting a belt sidewise from one pulley to another. (b) (Knitting Mach.) A wire for changing a loop from one needle to another, as in narrowing, etc. Shift"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being shifty. Diplomatic shiftiness and political versatility. J. A. Syminds. Shift"ing, a. 1. Changing in place, position, or direction; varying; variable; fickle; as, shifting winds; shifting opinions or principles. 2. Adapted or used for shifting anything. Shifting backstays (Naut.), temporary stays that have to be let go whenever the vessel tacks or jibes. -- Shifting ballast, ballast which may be moved from one side of a vessel to another as safety requires. -- Shifting center. See Metacenter. -- Shifting locomotive. See Switching engine, under Switch. Shift"ing*ly, adv. In a shifting manner. Shift"less, a. Destitute of expedients, or not using successful expedients; characterized by failure, especially by failure to provide for one's own support, through negligence or incapacity; hence, lazy; improvident; thriftless; as, a shiftless fellow; shiftless management. -- Shift"less*ly, adv. -- Shift"less*ness, n. Shift"y (?), a. Full of, or ready with, shifts; fertile in expedients or contrivance. Wright. Shifty and thrifty as old Greek or modern Scot, there were few things he could not invent, and perhaps nothing he could not endure. C. Kingsley. { Shi"ite (?), Shi"ah (?) }, n. [Ar. sh\'c6'a\'c6a follower of the sect of Ali, fr. sh\'c6'at, sh\'c6'ah, a multitude following one another in pursuit of the same object, the sect of Ali, fr. sh\'be'a to follow.] A member of that branch of the Mohammedans to which the Persians belong. They reject the first three caliphs, and consider Ali as being the first and only rightful successor of Mohammed. They do not acknowledge the Sunna, or body of traditions respecting Mohammed, as any part of the law, and on these accounts are treated as heretics by the Sunnites, or orthodox Mohammedans. { Shi*ka"ree, \'d8Shi*ka"ri } (?) n. [Hind.] A sportsman; esp., a native hunter. [India] Shilf (?), n. [CF. G. shilf sedge.] Straw. [Obs.] Shill (?), v. t. To shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shill, v. t. [Cf. Sheal.] To put under cover; to sheal. [Prov.ng.] Brockett. { Shil*la"lah, Shil*le"lah } (?), n. An oaken sapling or cudgel; any cudgel; -- so called from Shillelagh, a place in Ireland of that name famous for its oaks. [Irish] [Written also shillaly, and shillely.] Shil"ling (?), n. [OE. shilling, schilling, AS. scilling; akin to D. schelling, OS. & OHG. scilling, G. schilling, Sw. & Dan. skilling, Icel. skillingr, Goth. skilliggs, and perh. to OHG. scellan to sound, G. schallen.] 1. A silver coin, and money of account, of Great Britain and its dependencies, equal to twelve pence, or the twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about twenty-four cents of the United States currency. 2. In the United States, a denomination of money, differing in value in different States. It is not now legally recognized. Am. Cyc. <-- p. 1329 --> 3. The Spanish real, of the value of one eight of a dollar, or 12 York shilling. Same as Shilling, 3. { Shill"-I-shall`-I (?), Shil"ly-shal`ly, } adv. [A reduplication of shall I.] In an irresolute, undecided, or hesitating manner. I am somewhat dainty in making a resolution, because when I make it, I keep it; I don't stand shill-I-shall-I then; if I say 't, I'll do 't. Congreve. Shil"ly-shal`ly, v. i. To hesitate; to act in an irresolute manner; hence, to occupy one's self with trifles. Shil"ly-shal`ly, n. Irresolution; hesitation; also, occupation with trifles. She lost not one of her forty-five minutes in picking and choosing, -- no shilly-shally in Kate. De Quincey. Shi"loh (sh\'c6\'b6l\'d3), n. [Heb. sh\'c6l\'d3h, literally, quiet, rest, fr. sh\'bel\'beh to rest.] (Script.) A word used by Jacob on his deathbed, and interpreted variously, as \'bdthe Messiah,\'b8 or as the city \'bdShiloh,\'b8 or as \'bdRest.\'b8 Shi"ly (?), adv. See Shyly. Shim (?), n. 1. A kind of shallow plow used in tillage to break the ground, and clear it of weeds. 2. (Mach.) A thin piece of metal placed between two parts to make a fit. Shim"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shimmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shimmering.] [OE. schimeren, AS. scimerian; akin to sc\'c6mian, sc\'c6man, to glitter, D. schemeren, G. schimmern, Dan. skimre, Sw. skimra, AS. sc\'c6ma a light, brightness, Icel. sk\'c6ma, Goth. skeima a torch, a lantern, and E. shine. Shine, v. i.] To shine with a tremulous or intermittent light; to shine faintly; to gleam; to glisten; to glimmer. The shimmering glimpses of a stream. Tennyson. Shim"mer, n. A faint, tremulous light; a gleaming; a glimmer. TWo silver lamps, fed with perfumed oil, diffused . . . a trembling twilight-seeming shimmer through the quiet apartment. Sir W. Scott. Shim"mer*ing, n. A gleam or glimmering. \'bdA little shimmering of a light.\'b8 Chaucer. Shim"my (?), n. A chemise. [Colloq.] Shin (?), n. [OE. shine, schine, AS. scina; akin to D. scheen, OHG. scina, G. schiene, schienbein, Dan. skinnebeen, Sw. skenben. Cf. Chine.] 1. The front part of the leg below the knee; the front edge of the shin bone; the lower part of the leg; the shank. \'bdOn his shin.\'b8 Chaucer. 2. (Railbroad) A fish plate for rails. Knight. Shin bone (Anat.), the tibia. -- Shin leaf (Bot.), a perennial ericaceous herb (Pyrola elliptica) with a cluster of radical leaves and a raceme of greenish white flowers. Shin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shinning.] 1. To climb a mast, tree, rope, or the like, by embracing it alternately with the arms and legs, without help of steps, spurs, or the like; -- used with up; as, to shin up a mast. [Slang] <-- now usu. shinny --> 2. To run about borrowing money hastily and temporarily, as for the payment of one's notes at the bank. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. Shin, v. t. To climb (a pole, etc.) by shinning up. [Slang] Shin"dle (?), n. [See 2d Shingle.] A shingle; also, a slate for roofing. [Obs.] Holland. Shin"dle, v. t. To cover or roof with shindles. [Obs.] Shin"dy (?), n.; pl. Shindies (#). [Etymol. uncertain; cf. Shinney, Shinty.] 1. An uproar or disturbance; a spree; a row; a riot. [Slang] Thackeray. 2. Hockey; shinney. Bartlett. 3. A fancy or liking. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. Shine (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shone ( (archaic Shined (); p. pr. & vb. n. Shining.] [OE. shinen, schinen, AS. sc\'c6nan; akin to D. schijnen, OFries. sk\'c6na, OS. & OHG. sc\'c6nan, G. scheinen, Icel.sk\'c6na, Sw. skina, Dan. skinne, Goth. skeinan, and perh. to Gr. Sheer pure, and Shimmer.] 1. To emit rays of light; to give light; to beam with steady radiance; to exhibit brightness or splendor; as, the sun shines by day; the moon shines by night. Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine. Shak. God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Cghrist. 2 Cor. iv. 6. Let thine eyes shine forth in their full luster. Denham. 2. To be bright by reflection of light; to gleam; to be glossy; as, to shine like polished silver. 3. To be effulgent in splendor or beauty. \'bdSo proud she shined in her princely state.\'b8 Spenser. Once brightest shined this child of heat and air. Pope. 4. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished; to exhibit brilliant intellectual powers; as, to shine in courts; to shine in conversation. Few are qualified to shine in company; but it in most men's power to be agreeable. Swift. To make, cause, the face to shine upon, to be propitious to; to be gracious to. Num. vi. 25. Shine, v. t. 1. To cause to shine, as a light. [Obs.] He [God] doth not rain wealth, nor shine honor and virtues, upon men equally. Bacon. 2. To make bright; to cause to shine by reflected light; as, in hunting, to shine the eyes of a deer at night by throwing a light on them. [U. S.] Bartlett. Shine, n. 1. The quality or state of shining; brightness; luster, gloss; polish; sheen. Now sits not girt with taper's holy shine. Milton. Fair opening to some court's propitious shine. Pope. The distant shine of the celestial city. Hawthorne. 2. Sunshine; fair weather. Be it fair or foul, or rain or shine. Dryden. 3. A liking for a person; a fancy. [Slang, U.S.] 4. Caper; antic; row. [Slang] To cut up shines, to play pranks. [Slang, U.S.] Shine (?), a. [AS. sc\'c6n. See Shine, v. i.] Shining; sheen. [Obs.] Spenser. Shin"er (?), n. That which shines. Specifically: (a) A luminary. (b) A bright piece of money. [Slang] Has she the shiners, d' ye think? Foote. <-- [Colloq.] A bruised eye; a black eye. --> (c) (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of small freshwater American cyprinoid fishes, belonging to Notropis, or Minnilus, and allied genera; as the redfin (Notropis megalops), and the golden shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucus) of the Eastern United States; also loosely applied to various other silvery fishes, as the dollar fish, or horsefish, menhaden, moonfish, sailor's choice, and the sparada. (d) (Zo\'94l.) The common Lepisma, or furniture bug. Blunt-nosed shiner (Zo\'94l.), the silver moonfish. Shi"ness (?), n. See Shyness. Shin"gle (?), n. [Prob. from Norw. singl, singling, coarse gravel, small round stones.] (Geol.) Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, or a collection of roundish stones, such as are common on the seashore and elsewhere. Shin"gle, n. [OE. shingle, shindle, fr. L. scindula, scandula; cf. scindere to cleave, to split, E. shed, v.t., Gr. 1. A piece of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end thinner than the other, -- used in covering buildings, especially roofs, the thick ends of one row overlapping the thin ends of the row below. I reached St. Asaph, . . . where there is a very poor cathedral church covered with shingles or tiles. Ray. 2. A sign for an office or a shop; as, to hang out one's shingle. [Jocose, U. S.] Shingle oak (Bot.), a kind of oak (Quercus imbricaria) used in the Western States for making shingles. Shin"gle, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Shingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shingling (?).] 1. To cover with shingles; as, to shingle a roof. They shingle their houses with it. Evelyn. 2. To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, as shingles on a roof. Shin"gle, v. t. To subject to the process of shindling, as a mass of iron from the pudding furnace. Shin"gler (?), n. 1. One who shingles. 2. A machine for shingling puddled iron. Shin"gles (?), n. [OF. cengle a girth, F. sangle, fr. L. cingulum a girdle, fr. cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture, Cingle, Surcingle.] (Med.) A kind of herpes (Herpes zoster) which spreads half way around the body like a girdle, and is usually attended with violent neuralgic pain. Shin"gling (?), n. 1. The act of covering with shingles; shingles, collectively; a covering made of shingles. 2. (Metal) The process of expelling scori\'91 and other impurities by hammering and squeezing, in the production of wrought iron. Shingling hammer, a ponderous hammer moved by machinery, used in shingling puddled iron. -- Shingling mill, a mill or forge where puddled iron is shingled. Shin"gly (?), a. Abounding with shingle, or gravel. Shin"hop`ple (?), n. The hobblebush. Shin"ing (?), a. 1. Emitting light, esp. in a continuous manner; radiant; as, shining lamps; also, bright by the reflection of light; as, shining armor. \'bdFish . . . with their fins and shining scales.\'b8 Milton. 2. Splendid; illustrious; brilliant; distinguished; conspicious; as, a shining example of charity. 3. Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc. Syn. -- Glistening; bright; radiant; resplendent; effulgent; lustrous; brilliant; glittering; splendid; illustrious. -- Shining, Brilliant, Sparking. Shining describes the steady emission of a strong light, or the steady reflection of light from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant denotes a shining of great brightness, but with gleams or flashes. Sparkling implies a fitful, intense shining from radiant points or sparks, by which the eye is dazzled. The same distinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. A man of shining talents is made conspicious by possessing them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking effect, we call them brilliant; if his brilliancy is marked by great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling. True paradise . . . inclosed with shining rock. Milton. Some in a brilliant buckle bind her waist, Some round her neck a circling light display. Gay. His sparkling blade about his head he blest. Spenser. Shin"ing, n. Emission or reflection of light. Shin"ing*ness, n. Brightness. J. Spence. Shin"ney (?), n. [CF. Shindy.] The game of hockey; -- so called because of the liability of the players to receive blows on the shin. Halliwell. <-- shinny. Same as shin, to climb with hands and feet --> Shin"plas`ter (?), n. Formerly, a jocose term for a bank note greatly depreciated in value; also, for paper money of a denomination less than a dollar. [U. S.] { Shin"to (?), Shin"ti*ism (?), } n. [Chin. shin god + tao way, doctrine.] One of the two great systems of religious belief in Japan. Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. [Written also Sintu, and Sintuism.] Shin"to*ist (?), n. An adherent of Shintoism. Shin"ty (?), n. [Cf. Gael. sinteag a skip, a bound.] A Scotch game resembling hockey; also, the club used in the game. Jamieson. Shin"y (?), a. [Compar. Shinier (?); superl. Shiniest.] Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. Like distant thunder on a shiny day. Dryden. -ship (?). [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe; akin to OFries. -skipe, OLG. -skepi, D. -schap, OHG. -scaf, G. -schaft. Cf. Shape, n., and Landscape.] A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art; as in lordship, friendship, chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship. Ship (?), n. [AS. scipe.] Pay; reward. [Obs.] In withholding or abridging of the ship or the hire or the wages of servants. Chaucer. Ship, n. [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip; akin to OFries. skip, OS. scip, D. schip, G. schiff, OHG. scif, Dan. skib, Sw. skeep, Icel. & Goth. skip; of unknown origin. Cf. Equip, Skiff, Skipper.] 1. Any large seagoing vessel. Like a stately ship . . . With all her bravery on, and tackle trim, Sails filled, and streamers waving. Milton. Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! Longfellow. 2. Specifically, a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts (a mainmast, a foremast, and a mizzenmast), each of which is composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged on all masts. See Illustation in Appendix. <-- illustration: Deck plan of a ship --> l Port or Larboard Side; s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or Deck House; 2 Tiller; 3 Grating; 4 Wheel; 5 Wheel Chains; 6 Binnacle; 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan; 10 Mainmast; 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 14 Windlass; 15 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 17 Bitts; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Head Rail; 20 Boomkins; 21 Catheads on Port Bow and Starboard Bow; 22 Fore Chains; 23 Main Chains; 24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern. <--illustration: Outline of a ship --> 1 Fore Royal Stay; 2 Flying Jib Stay; 3 Fore Topgallant Stay;4 Jib Stay; 5 Fore Topmast Stays; 6 Fore Tacks; 8 Flying Martingale; 9 Martingale Stay, shackled to Dolphin Striker; 10 Jib Guys; 11 Jumper Guys; 12 Back Ropes; 13 Robstays; 14 Flying Jib Boom; 15 Flying Jib Footropes; 16 Jib Boom; 17 Jib Foottropes; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Fore Truck; 20 Fore Royal Mast; 21 Fore Royal Lift; 22 Fore Royal Yard; 23 Fore Royal Backstays; 24 Fore Royal Braces; 25 Fore Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 26 Fore Topgallant Lift; 27 Fore Topgallant Yard; 28 Fore Topgallant Backstays; 29 Fore Topgallant Braces; 30 Fore Topmast and Rigging; 31 Fore Topsail Lift; 32 Fore Topsail Yard; 33 Fore Topsail Footropes; 34 Fore Topsail Braces; 35 Fore Yard; 36 Fore Brace; 37 Fore Lift; 38 Fore Gaff; 39 Fore Trysail Vangs; 40 Fore Topmast Studding-sail Boom; 41 Foremast and Rigging; 42 Fore Topmast Backstays; 43 Fore Sheets; 44 Main Truck and Pennant; 45 Main Royal Mast and Backstay; 46 Main Royal Stay; 47 Main Royal Lift; 48 Main Royal Yard; 49 Main Royal Braces; 50 Main Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 51 Main Topgallant Lift; 52 Main Topgallant Backstays; 53 Main Topgallant Yard; 54 Main Topgallant Stay; 55 Main Topgallant Braces; 56 Main Topmast and Rigging; 57 Topsail Lift; 58 Topsail Yard; 59 Topsail Footropes; 60 Topsail Braces; 61 Topmast Stays; 62 Main Topgallant Studding-sail Boom; 63 Main Topmast Backstay; 64 Main Yard; 65 Main Footropes; 66 Mainmast and Rigging; 67 Main Lift; 68 Main Braces; 69 Main Tacks; 70 Main Sheets; 71 Main Trysail Gaff; 72 Main Trysail Vangs; 73 Main Stays; 74 Mizzen Truck; 75 Mizzen Royal Mast and Rigging; 76 Mizzen Royal Stay; 77 Mizzen Royal Lift; 78 Mizzen Royal Yard; 79 Mizzen Royal Braces; 80 Mizzen Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 81 Mizzen Topgallant Lift; 82 Mizzen Topgallant Backstays; 83 Mizzen Topgallant Braces; 84 Mizzen Topgallant Yard; 85 Mizzen Topgallant Stay; 86 Mizzen Topmast and Rigging; 87 Mizzen Topmast Stay; 88 Mizzen Topsail Lift; 89 Mizzen Topmast Backstays; 90 Mizzen Topsail Braces; 91 Mizzen Topsail Yard; 92 Mizzen Topsail Footropes; 93 Crossjack Yard; 94 Crossjack Footropes; 95 Crossjack Lift; 96 Crossjack Braces; 97 Mizzenmast and Rigging; 98 Mizzen Stay; 99 Spanker Gaff; 100 Peak Halyards; 101 Spanker Vangs; 102 Spanker Boom; 103 Spanker Boom Topping Lift; 104 Jacob's Ladder, or Stern Ladder; 105 Spanker Sheet; 106 Cutwater; 107 Starboard Bow; 108 Starboard Beam; 109 Water Line; 110 Starboard Quarter; 111 Rudder. <-- p. 1330 --> 3. A dish or utensil (originally fashioned like the hull of a ship) used to hold incense. [Obs.] Tyndale. Armed ship, a private ship taken into the service of the government in time of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of war. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- General ship. See under General. -- Ship biscuit, hard biscuit prepared for use on shipboard; -- called also ship bread. See Hardtack. -- Ship boy, a boy who serves in a ship. \'bdSeal up the ship boy's eyes.\'b8 Shak. -- Ship breaker, one who breaks up vessels when unfit for further use. -- Ship broker, a mercantile agent employed in buying and selling ships, procuring cargoes, etc., and generally in transacting the business of a ship or ships when in port. -- Ship canal, a canal suitable for the passage of seagoing vessels. -- Ship carpenter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; a shipwright. -- Ship chandler, one who deals in cordage, canvas, and other, furniture of vessels. -- Ship chandlery, the commodities in which a ship chandler deals; also, the business of a ship chandler. -- Ship fever (Med.), a form of typhus fever; -- called also putrid, jail, . -- Ship joiner, a joiner who works upon ships. -- Ship letter, a letter conveyed by a ship not a mail packet. -- Ship money (Eng. Hist.), an imposition formerly charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties, of England, for providing and furnishing certain ships for the king's service. The attempt made by Charles I. to revive and enforce this tax was resisted by John Hampden, and was one of the causes which led to the death of Charles. It was finally abolished. -- Ship of the line. See under Line. -- Ship pendulum, a pendulum hung amidships to show the extent of the rolling and pitching of a vessel. -- Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway with a cradelike car, by means of which a ship may be drawn out of water, as for repairs. (b) A railway arranged for the transportation of vessels overland between two water courses or harbors. -- Ship's company, the crew of a ship or other vessel. -- Ship's days, the days allowed a vessel for loading or unloading. -- Ship's husband. See under Husband. -- Ship's papers (Mar. Law), papers with which a vessel is required by law to be provided, and the production of which may be required on certain occasions. Among these papers are the register, passport or sea letter, charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log book, muster roll, bill of health, etc. Bouvier. Kent. -- To make ship, to embark in a ship or other vessel. Ship (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipping.] 1. To put on board of a ship, or vessel of any kind, for transportation; to send by water. The timber was . . . shipped in the bay of Attalia, from whence it was by sea transported to Pelusium. Knolles. 2. By extension, in commercial usage, to commit to any conveyance for transportation to a distance; as, to ship freight by railroad. 3. Hence, to send away; to get rid of. [Colloq.] 4. To engage or secure for service on board of a ship; as, to ship seamen. 5. To receive on board ship; as, to ship a sea. 6. To put in its place; as, to ship the tiller or rudder. Ship, v. i. 1. To engage to serve on board of a vessel; as, to ship on a man-of-war. 2. To embark on a ship. Wyclif (Acts xxviii. 11) Ship"board` (?), n. [Ship + board. See Board, n., 8] A ship's side; hence, by extension, a ship; -- found chiefly in adverbial phrases; as, on shipboard; a shipboard. Ship"build`er (?), n. A person whose occupation is to construct ships and other vessels; a naval architect; a shipwright. Ship"build`ing, n. Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels. Ship"ful (?), n.; pl. Shipfuls (. As much or as many as a ship will hold; enough to fill a ship. Ship"hold`er (?), n. A shipowner. Ship"less, a. Destitute of ships. Gray. Ship"let (?), n. A little ship. [R.] Holinshed. Ship"load` (?), n. The load, or cargo, of a ship. Ship"man (?), n.; pl. Shipmen (. A seaman, or sailor. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer. R. Browning. About midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country. Acts xxvii. 27. Shipman's card, the mariner's compass. [Obs.] Shak. Ship"mas`ter (?), n. The captain, master, or commander of a ship. Jonah i. 6. Ship"mate` (?), n. One who serves on board of the same ship with another; a fellow sailor. Ship"ment (?), n. 1. The act or process of shipping; as, he was engaged in the shipment of coal for London; an active shipment of wheat from the West. 2. That which is shipped. The question is, whether the share of M. in the shipment is exempted from condemnation by reason of his neutral domicle. Story. Ship"own`er (?), n. Owner of a ship or ships. Ship"pen (?), n. [AS. scypen. Cf. Shop, Shepen.] A stable; a cowhouse. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Ship"per (?), n. [See Ship, n., and cf. Skipper.] One who sends goods from one place to another not in the same city or town, esp. one who sends goods by water. Ship"ping (?), a. 1. Relating to ships, their ownership, transfer, or employment; as, shiping concerns. 2. Relating to, or concerned in, the forwarding of goods; as, a shipping clerk. Ship"ping, n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, ships; as, the shipping of flour to Liverpool. 2. The collective body of ships in one place, or belonging to one port, country, etc.; vessels, generally; tonnage. 3. Navigation. \'bdGod send 'em good shipping.\'b8 Shak. Shipping articles, articles of agreement between the captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipping, etc. Bouvier. -- To take shipping, to embark; to take ship. [Obs.] John vi.24. Shak. Ship"pon (?), n. A cowhouse; a shippen. [Prov. Eng.] Bessy would either do fieldwork, or attend to the cows, the shippon, or churn, or make cheese. Dickens. Ship"-rigged` (?), a. (Naut.) Rigged like a ship, that is, having three masts, each with square sails. Ship"shape` (?), a. Arranged in a manner befitting a ship; hence, trim; tidy; orderly. Even then she expressed her scorn for the lubbery executioner's mode of tying a knot, and did it herself in a shipshape orthodox manner. De Quincey. Keep everything shipshape, for I must go Tennyson. Ship"shape` (?), adv. In a shipshape or seamanlike manner. Ship"worm` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any long, slender, worm-shaped bivalve mollusk of Teredo and allied genera. The shipworms burrow in wood, and are destructive to wooden ships, piles of wharves, etc. See Teredo. Ship"wreck` (?), n. 1. The breaking in pieces, or shattering, of a ship or other vessel by being cast ashore or driven against rocks, shoals, etc., by the violence of the winds and waves. 2. A ship wrecked or destroyed upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; wreckage. Dryden. 3. Fig.: Destruction; ruin; irretrievable loss. Holding faith and a good conscience, which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck. 1 Tim. 1. 19. It was upon an Indian bill that the late ministry had made shipwreck. J. Morley. Ship"wreck`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipwrecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sandbanks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest. Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break. Shak. 2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or passengers. Hence, to cause to suffer some disaster or loss; to destroy or ruin, as if by shipwreck; to wreck; as, to shipwreck a business. Addison. Ship"wright` (?), n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of ships or other vessels. Ship"yard` (?), n. A yard, place, or inclosure where ships are built or repaired. Shi*raz" (?), n. A kind of Persian wine; -- so called from the place whence it is brought. Shire (?), n. [AS. sc\'c6re, sc\'c6r, a division, province, county. Cf. Sheriff.] 1. A portion of Great Britain originally under the supervision of an earl; a territorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes limited to a smaller district; as, Wiltshire, Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Hallamshire. An indefinite number of these hundreds make up a county or shire. Blackstone. 2. A division of a State, embracing several contiguous townships; a county. [U. S.] Shire is commonly added to the specific designation of a county as a part of its name; as, Yorkshire instead of York shire, or the shire of York; Berkshire instead of Berks shire. Such expressions as the county of Yorkshire, which in a strict sense are tautological, are used in England. In the United States the composite word is sometimes the only name of a county; as, Berkshire county, as it is called in Massachusetts, instead of Berks county, as in Pensylvania. The Tyne, Tees, Humber, Wash, Yare, Stour, and Thames separate the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, etc. Encyc. Brit. Knight of the shire. See under Knight. -- Shire clerk, an officer of a county court; also, an under sheriff. [Eng.] -- Shire mote (Old. Eng. Law), the county court; sheriff's turn, or court. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. -- Shire reeve (Old Eng. Law), the reeve, or bailiff, of a shire; a sheriff. Burrill. -- Shire town, the capital town of a county; a county town. -- Shire wick, a county; a shire. [Obs.] Holland. Shirk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shirked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shirking.] [Probably the same word as shark. See Shark, v. t.] 1. To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation. You that never heard the call of any vocation, . . . that shirk living from others, but time from Yourselves. Bp. Rainbow. 2. To avoid; to escape; to neglect; -- implying unfaithfulness or fraud; as, to shirk duty. The usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties. Hare. Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud; to shark. 2. To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away. One of the cities shirked from the league. Byron. Shirk, n. One who lives by shifts and tricks; one who avoids the performance of duty or labor. Shirk"er (?), n. One who shirks. Macaulay. Shirk"y (?), a. Disposed to shirk. [Colloq.] Shirl (?), a. Shrill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Shirl, n. (Min.) See Schorl. Shir"ley (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The bullfinch. Shirr (?), n. (Sewing) A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; -- called also shirring, and gauging. Shirred (?), a. 1. (Sewing) Made or gathered into a shirr; as, a shirred bonnet. 2. (Cookery) Broken into an earthen dish and baked over the fire; -- said of eggs. Shirt (?), n. [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte; akin to Icel. skyrta, Dan. skiorte, Sw. skjorta, Dan. ski\'94rt a petticoat, D. schort a petticoat, an argon, G. schurz, sch\'81rze, an argon; all probably from the root of E. short, as being originally a short garment. See Short, and cf. Skirt.] A loose under-garment for the upper part of the body, made of cotton, linen, or other material; -- formerly used of the under-garment of either sex, now commonly restricted to that worn by men and boys. Several persons in December had nothing over their shoulders but their shirts. Addison. She had her shirts and girdles of hair. Bp. Fisher. Shirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shirting.] To cover or clothe with a shirt, or as with a shirt. Dryden. Shirt"ing, n. Cloth, specifically cotton cloth, suitable for making shirts. Shirt"less, a. Not having or wearing a shirt. Pope. -- Shirt"less*ness, n. { Shist (?), Shis*tose" (?) }. See Shist, Schistose. { Shit"tah (?), Shit"tah tree` }, n. [Heb. shitt\'beh, pl. shitt\'c6m.] A tree that furnished the precious wood of which the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made; -- now believed to have been the wood of the Acacia Seyal, which is hard, fine grained, and yellowish brown in color. { Shit"tim (?), Shit"tim wood` }, n. The wood of the shittah tree. Shit"tle (?), n. [See Shuttle.] A shuttle. [Obs.] Chapman. Shit"tle, a. Wavering; unsettled; inconstant. [Obs.] Holland. Shit"tle*cock` (?), n. A shuttlecock. [Obs.] Shit"tle*ness, n. Instability; inconstancy. [Obs.] The vain shittlenesse of an unconstant head. Baret. Shive (?), n. [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice; as, a shive of bread. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. 2. A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking. 3. A thin, flat cork used for stopping a wide-mouthed bottle; also, a thin wooden bung for casks. Shiv"er (?), n. [OE. schivere, fr. shive; cf. G. schifer a splinter, slate, OHG. scivere a splinter, Dan. & Sw. skifer a slate. See Shive, and cf. Skever.] 1. One of the small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is broken by sudden violence; -- generally used in the plural. \'bdAll to shivers dashed.\'b8 Milton. 2. A thin slice; a shive. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] \'bdA shiver of their own loaf.\'b8 Fuller. Of your soft bread, not but a shiver. Chaucer. 3. (Geol.) A variety of blue slate. 4. (Naut.) A sheave or small wheel in a pulley. 5. A small wedge, as for fastening the bolt of a window shutter. 6. A spindle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shiv"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shivered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shivering.] [OE. schiveren, scheveren; cf. OD. scheveren. See Shiver a fragment.] To break into many small pieces, or splinters; to shatter; to dash to pieces by a blow; as, to shiver a glass goblet. All the ground With shivered armor strown. Milton. Shiv"er, v. i. To separate suddenly into many small pieces or parts; to be shattered. There shiver shafts upon shields thick. Chaucer The natural world, should gravity once cease, . . . would instantly shiver into millions of atoms. Woodward. Shiv"er, v. i. [OE. chiveren, cheveren; of uncertain origin. This word seems to have been confused with shiver to shatter.] To tremble; to vibrate; to quiver; to shake, as from cold or fear. Prometheus is laid On icy Caucasus to shiver. Swift. The man that shivered on the brink of sin, Thus steeled and hardened, ventures boldly in. Creech. Shiv"er, v. t. (Naut.) To cause to shake or tremble, as a sail, by steering close to the wind. Shiv"er, n. The act of shivering or trembling. Shiv"er*ing*ly, adv. In a shivering manner. Shiv"er-spar` (?), n. [Cf. G. schiefer-spath.] (Min.) A variety of calcite, so called from its slaty structure; -- called also slate spar. Shiv"er*y (?), a. 1. Tremulous; shivering. Mallet. 2. Easily broken; brittle; shattery. Shoad (?), n. [Cf. G. schutt rubbish.] (Mining) A train of vein material mixed with rubbish; fragments of ore which have become separated by the action of water or the weather, and serve to direct in the discovery of mines. [Written also shode.] Shoad"ing, n. (Mining) The tracing of veins of metal by shoads. [Written also shoding.] Pryce. Shoal (?), n. [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, multitude, crowd, akin to OS. skola; probably originally, a division, and akin to Icel. skilja to part, divide. See Skill, and cf. School. of fishes.] A great multitude assembled; a crowd; a throng; -- said especially of fish; as, a shoal of bass. \'bdGreat shoals of people.\'b8 Bacon. Beneath, a shoal of silver fishes glides. Waller. Shoal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shoaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoaling.] To assemble in a multitude; to throng; as, the fishes shoaled about the place. Chapman. Shoal, a. [Cf. Shallow; or cf. G. scholle a clod, glebe, OHG. scollo, scolla, prob. akin to E. shoal a multitude.] Having little depth; shallow; as, shoal water. Shoal, n. 1. A place where the water of a sea, lake, river, pond, etc., is shallow; a shallow. The depth of your pond should be six feet; and on the sides some shoals for the fish to lay their span. Mortimer. Wolsey, that once trod the ways of glory, And sounded all the depths and shoals of honor. Shak. 2. A sandbank or bar which makes the water shoal. The god himself with ready trident stands, And opes the deep, and spreads the moving sands, Then heaves them off the shoals. Dryden. Shoal, v. i. To become shallow; as, the color of the water shows where it shoals. Shoal, v. t. To cause to become more shallow; to come to a more shallow part of; as, a ship shoals her water by advancing into that which is less deep. Marryat. Shoal"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shoaly; little depth of water; shallowness. Shoal"ing, a. Becoming shallow gradually. \'bdA shoaling estuary.\'b8 Lyell. Shoal"y (?), a. Full of shoals, or shallow places. The tossing vessel sailed on shoaly ground. Dryden. Shoar (sh, n. A prop. See 3d Shore. Shoat (sh, n. A young hog. Same as Shote. <-- p. 1331 --> Shock (?), n. [OE. schokke; cf. OD schocke, G. schock a heap, quantity, threescore, MHG. schoc, Sw. skok, and also G. hocke a heap of hay, Lith. kugis.] 1. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of grain, as wheat, rye, or the like, set up in a field, the sheaves varying in number from twelve to sixteen; a stook. And cause it on shocks to be by and by set. Tusser. Behind the master walks, builds up the shocks. Thomson. 2. [G. schock.] (Com.) A lot consisting of sixty pieces; -- a term applied in some Baltic ports to loose goods. Shock, v. t. To collect, or make up, into a shock or shocks; to stook; as, to shock rye. Shock, v. i. To be occupied with making shocks. Reap well, scatter not, gather clean that is shorn, Bind fast, shock apace. Tusser. Shock, n. [Cf. D. schok a bounce, jolt, or leap, OHG. scoc a swing, MHG. schoc, Icel. skykkjun tremuously, F. choc a shock, collision, a dashing or striking against, Sp. choque, It. ciocco a log. Shock to shake.] 1. A quivering or shaking which is the effect of a blow, collision, or violent impulse; a blow, impact, or collision; a concussion; a sudden violent impulse or onset. These strong, unshaken mounds resist the shocks Of tides and seas tempestuous. Blackmore. He stood the shock of a whole host of foes. Addison. 2. A sudden agitation of the mind or feelings; a sensation of pleasure or pain caused by something unexpected or overpowering; also, a sudden agitating or overpowering event. \'bdA shock of pleasure.\'b8 Talfourd. 3. (Med.) A sudden depression of the vital forces of the entire body, or of a port of it, marking some profound impression produced upon the nervous system, as by severe injury, overpowering emotion, or the like. 4. (Elec.) The sudden convulsion or contraction of the muscles, with the feeling of a concussion, caused by the discharge, through the animal system, of electricity from a charged body. Syn. -- Concussion, Shock. Both words signify a sudden violent shaking caused by impact or colision; but concussion is restricted in use to matter, while shock is used also of mental states. Shock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shocked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shocking.] [OE. schokken; cf. D. schokken, F. choquer, Sp. chocar. Chuck to strike, Jog, Shake, Shock a striking, Shog, n. & v.] 1. To give a shock to; to cause to shake or waver; hence, to strike against suddenly; to encounter with violence. Come the three corners of the world in arms, And we shall shock them. Shak. A shall never forget the force with which he shocked De Vipont. Sir W. Scott. 2. To strike with surprise, terror, horror, or disgust; to cause to recoil; as, his violence shocked his associates. Advise him not to shock a father's will. Dryden. Shock, v. i. To meet with a shock; to meet in violent encounter. \'bdThey saw the moment approach when the two parties would shock together.\'b8 De Quincey. Shock, n. [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) A dog with long hair or shag; -- called also shockdog. 2. A thick mass of bushy hair; as, a head covered with a shock of sandy hair. Shock, a. Bushy; shaggy; as, a shock hair. His red shock peruke . . . was laid aside. Sir W. Scott. Shock"dog` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) See 7th Shock, 1. Shock"-head` (?), a. Shock-headed. Tennyson. Shock"-head`ed, a. Having a thick and bushy head of hair. Shock"ing, a. Causing to shake or tremble, as by a blow; especially, causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting. The grossest and most shocking villainies. Secker. -- Shock"ing*ly, adv. -- Shock"ing*ness, n. <-- Shock troops, a highly trained or seasoned group within an army used to spearhead a strong offensive action. --> Shod (?), imp. & p. p. f Shoe. Shod"dy (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shedor thrown off.] 1. A fibrous material obtained by \'bddeviling,\'b8 or tearing into fibers, refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. See Mungo. 2. A fabric of inferior quality made of, or containing a large amount of, shoddy. Shod"dy, a. Made wholly or in part of shoddy; containing shoddy; as, shoddy cloth; shoddy blankets; hence, colloquially, not genuine; sham; pretentious; as, shoddy aristocracy. Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride. Compton Reade. Shod"dy*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being shoddy. [Colloq.] See the Note under Shoddy, n. Shode (?), n. [AS. sc\'bede, fr. sce\'a0dan. See Shed, v. t.] 1. The parting of the hair on the head. [Obs.] Full straight and even lay his jolly shode. Chaucer. 2. The top of the head; the head. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Shode, Shod"ing }. See Shoad, Shoading. Sho"der (?), n. A package of gold beater's skins in which gold is subjected to the second process of beating. Shoe (?), n.; pl. Shoes (#), formerly Shoon (#), now provincial. [OE. sho, scho, AS. sc, sce\'a2h; akin to OFries. sk, OS. sk, D. schoe, schoen, G. schuh, OHG. scuoh, Icel. sk, Dan. & Sw. sko, Goth. sk; of unknown origin.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually made of leather, having a thick and somewhat stiff sole and a lighter top. It differs from a boot on not extending so far up the leg. Your hose should be ungartered, . . . yourshoe untied. Shak. Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon. Shak. 2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, position, or use. Specifically: (a) A plate or rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury. (b) A band of iron or steel, or a ship of wood, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle which slides on the snow. (c) A drag, or sliding piece of wood or iron, placed under the wheel of a loaded vehicle, to retard its motion in going down a hill. (d) The part of a railroad car brake which presses upon the wheel to retard its motion. (e) (Arch.) A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building. (f) (Milling.) The trough or spout for conveying the grain from the hopper to the eye of the millstone. (g) An inclined trough in an ore-crushing mill. (h) An iron socket or plate to take the thrust of a strut or rafter. (i) An iron socket to protect the point of a wooden pile. (j) (Mach.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; -- called also slipper, and gib. Shoe is often used adjectively, or in composition; as, shoe buckle, or shoe-buckle; shoe latchet, or shoe-latchet; shoe leathet, or shoe-leather; shoe string, shoe-string, or shoestring. Shoe of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) A small block of wood, convex on the back, with a hole to receive the point of the anchor fluke, -- used to prevent the anchor from tearing the planks of the vessel when raised or lowered. (b) A broad, triangular piece of plank placed upon the fluke to give it a better hold in soft ground. -- Shoe block (Naut.), a block with two sheaves, one above the other, and at right angles to each other. -- Shoe bolt, a bolt with a flaring head, for fastening shoes on sleigh runners. -- Shoe pac, a kind of moccasin. See Pac. -- Shoe stone, a sharpening stone used by shoemakers and other workers in leather. <-- brake shoe. the movable portion of a drum brake on a vehicle which is pressed against the rotating drum to slow or stop the vehicle by the friction of the brakeshoe against the drum. --> Shoe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoeing.] [AS. sc, sce. See Shoe, n.] 1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes; to put a shoe or shoes on; as, to shoe a horse, a sled, an anchor. 2. To protect or ornament with something which serves the purpose of a shoe; to tip. The sharp and small end of the billiard stick, which is shod with brass or silver. Evelyn. Shoe"bill` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A large African wading bird (Bal\'91niceps rex) allied to the storks and herons, and remarkable for its enormous broad swollen bill. It inhabits the valley of the White Nile. See Illust. (l.) of Beak. Shoe"black` (?), n. One who polishes shoes.<-- = bootblack --> { Shoe"horn`, Shoe"ing-horn` } (?), n. 1. A curved piece of polished horn, wood, or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe. 2. Figuratively: (a) Anything by which a transaction is facilitated; a medium; -- by way of contempt. Spectator. (b) Anything which draws on or allures; an inducement. [Low] Beau & Fl. <-- verb shoehorn = squeeze into a tight-fitting place, as with a shoehorn. Also fig. --> Shoe"less, a. Destitute of shoes. Addison. Shoe"mak`er (?), n. 1. One whose occupation it is to make shoes and boots. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The threadfish. (b) The runner, 12. Shoe"mak`ing, n. The business of a shoemaker. Sho"er (?), n. One who fits shoes to the feet; one who furnishes or puts on shoes; as, a shoer of horses. Shog (?), n. [See Shock a striking.] A shock; a jog; a violent concussion or impulse. [R. or Scot.] Shog, v. t. To shake; to shock. [R. or Scot.] Shog, v. i. [Cf. W. ysgogi to wag, to stir. Cf. Jog.] To jog; to move on. [R. or Scot.] Beau & Fl. Shog"gle (?), v. t. [See Shog, Joggle.] To joggle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Pegge. Sho"gun (?), n. [Chin. tsiang ki\'9an commander in chief.] A title originally conferred by the Mikado on the military governor of the eastern provinces of Japan. By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to foreigners as Tycoons) became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title was abolished in 1867. [Written variously, Shiogun, Shiogoon, etc.] <-- Jap. Shogun = military general --> Sho*gun"ate (?), n. The office or dignity of a Shogun. [Written also Siogoonate.] Sho"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sola. Shole (?), n. A plank fixed beneath an object, as beneath the rudder of a vessel, to protect it from injury; a plank on the ground under the end of a shore or the like. Shole, n. See Shoal. [Obs.] Shonde (?), n. [AS. sceond. Cf. Shend.] Harm; disgrace; shame. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shone (?), imp. & p. p. of Shine. Shoo (?), interj. [Cf. G. scheuchen to scare, drive away.] Begone; away; -- an expression used in frightening away animals, especially fowls. Sho"oi, n. (Zo\'94l.) The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus);- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.] Shook (?), imp. & obs. or poet. p. p. of Shake. Shook, n. [Cf. Shock a bundle of sheaves.] (Com.) (a) A set of staves and headings sufficient in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, or the like, trimmed, and bound together in compact form. (b) A set of boards for a sugar box. (c) The parts of a piece of house furniture, as a bedstead, packed together. Shook, v. t. To pack, as staves, in a shook. Shoon (?), n., pl. of Shoe. [Archaic] Chaucer. They shook the snow from hats and shoon. Emerson. Shoop (?), obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer. Shoot (?), n. [F. chute. See Chute. Confused with shoot to let fly.] An inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide; also, a narrow passage, either natural or artificial, in a stream, where the water rushes rapidly; esp., a channel, having a swift current, connecting the ends of a bend in the stream, so as to shorten the course. [Written also chute, and shute.] [U. S.] To take a shoot, to pass through a shoot instead of the main channel; to take the most direct course. [U.S.] Shoot (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shot (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shooting. The old participle Shotten is obsolete. See Shotten.] [OE. shotien, schotien, AS. scotian, v. i., sce\'a2tan; akin to D. schieten, G. schie, OHG. sciozan, Icel. skj, Sw. skjuta, Dan. skyde; cf. Skr. skund to jump. Scot a contribution, Scout to reject, Scud, Scuttle, v. i., Shot, Sheet, Shut, Shuttle, Skittish, Skittles.] 1. To let fly, or cause to be driven, with force, as an arrow or a bullet; -- followed by a word denoting the missile, as an object. If you please To shoot an arrow that self way. Shak. 2. To discharge, causing a missile to be driven forth; -- followed by a word denoting the weapon or instrument, as an object; -- often with off; as, to shoot a gun. The two ends od a bow, shot off, fly from one another. Boyle. 3. To strike with anything shot; to hit with a missile; often, to kill or wound with a firearm; -- followed by a word denoting the person or thing hit, as an object. When Roger shot the hawk hovering over his master's dove house. A. Tucker. 4. To send out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden motion; to cast with the hand; to hurl; to discharge; to emit. An honest weaver as ever shot shuttle. Beau & Fl. A pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by scores. Macaulay. 5. To push or thrust forward; to project; to protrude; -- often with out; as, a plant shoots out a bud. They shoot out the lip, they shake the head. Ps. xxii. 7. Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting. Dryden. 6. (Carp.) To plane straight; to fit by planing. Two pieces of wood that are shot, that is, planed or else pared with a paring chisel. Moxon. 7. To pass rapidly through, over, or under; as, to shoot a rapid or a bridge; to shoot a sand bar. She . . . shoots the Stygian sound. Dryden. 8. To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling; to color in spots or patches. The tangled water courses slept, Shot over with purple, and green, and yellow. Tennyson. To be shot of, to be discharged, cleared, or rid of. [Colloq.] \'bdAre you not glad to be shot of him?\'b8 Sir W. Scott. Shoot, v. i. 1. To cause an engine or weapon to discharge a missile; -- said of a person or an agent; as, they shot at a target; he shoots better than he rides. The archers have . . . shot at him. Gen. xlix. 23. 2. To discharge a missile; -- said of an engine or instrument; as, the gun shoots well. 3. To be shot or propelled forcibly; -- said of a missile; to be emitted or driven; to move or extend swiftly, as if propelled; as, a shooting star. There shot a streaming lamp along the sky. Dryden. 4. To penetrate, as a missile; to dart with a piercing sensation; as, shooting pains. Thy words shoot through my heart. Addison. 5. To feel a quick, darting pain; to throb in pain. These preachers make His head to shoot and ache. Herbert. 6. To germinate; to bud; to sprout. Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth. Bacon. But the wild olive shoots, and shades the ungrateful plain. Dryden. 7. To grow; to advance; as, to shoot up rapidly. Well shot in years he seemed. Spenser. Delightful task! to rear the tender thought, To teach the young idea how to shoot. Thomson. 8. To change form suddenly; especially, to solidify. If the menstruum be overcharged, metals will shoot into crystals. Bacon. 9. To protrude; to jut; to project; to extend; as, the land shoots into a promontory. There shot up against the dark sky, tall, gaunt, straggling houses. Dickens. 10. (Naut.) To move ahead by force of momentum, as a sailing vessel when the helm is put hard alee. To shoot ahead, to pass or move quickly forward; to outstrip others. Shoot, n. 1. The act of shooting; the discharge of a missile; a shot; as, the shoot of a shuttle. The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot. Bacon. One underneath his horse to get a shoot doth stalk. Drayton. 2. A young branch or growth. Superfluous branches and shoots of this second spring. Evelyn. 3. A rush of water; a rapid. 4. (Min.) A vein of ore running in the same general direction as the lode. Knight. 5. (Weaving) A weft thread shot through the shed by the shuttle; a pick. 6. [Perh. a different word.] A shoat; a young hog. Shoot"er (?), n. 1. One who shoots, as an archer or a gunner. 2. That which shoots. Specifically: (a) A firearm; as, a five-shooter. [Colloq. U.S.] (b) A shooting star. [R.] Shoot"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shoots; as, the shooting of an archery club; the shooting of rays of light. 2. A wounding or killing with a firearm; specifically (Sporting), the killing of game; as, a week of shooting. 3. A sensation of darting pain; as, a shooting in one's head. Shoot"ing, a. Of or pertaining to shooting; for shooting; darting. Shooting board (Joinery), a fixture used in planing or shooting the edge of a board, by means of which the plane is guided and the board held true. -- Shooting box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season. Prof. Wilson. -- Shooting gallery, a range, usually covered, with targets for practice with firearms.<-- [Slang] a place, often a building or neighborhood, where addicts "shoot up" drugs. --> -- Shooting iron, a firearm. [Slang, U.S.] -- Shooting star. (a) (Astron.) A starlike, luminous meteor, that, appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky, and then as suddenly disappears, leaving sometimes, for a few seconds, a luminous train, -- called also falling star. Shooting stars are small cosmical bodies which encounter the earth in its annual revolution, and which become visible by coming with planetary velocity into the upper regions of the atmosphere. At certain periods, as on the 13th of November and 10th of August, they appear for a few hours in great numbers, apparently diverging from some point in the heavens, such displays being known as meteoric showers, or star showers. These bodies, before encountering the earth, were moving in orbits closely allied to the orbits of comets. See Leonids, Perseids. (b) (Bot.) The American cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). See under Cowslip. -- Shooting stick (Print.), a tapering piece of wood or iron, used by printers to drive up the quoins in the chase. Hansard. <-- p. 1332 --> Shoot"y (?), a. Sprouting or coming up freely and regularly. [Prev. Eng.] Grose. Shop (?), obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer. Shop, n. [OE. shoppe, schoppe, AS. sceoppa a treasury, a storehouse, stall, booth; akin to scypen a shed, LG. schup a shed, G. schoppen, schuppen, a shed, a coachhouse, OHG. scopf.] 1. A building or an apartment in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by retail. From shop to shop Wandering, and littering with unfolded silks The polished counter. Cowper. 2. A building in which mechanics or artisans work; as, a shoe shop; a car shop. A tailor called me in his shop. Shak. Shop is often used adjectively or in composition; as, shop rent, or shop-rent; shop thief, or shop-thief; shop window, or shop-window, etc. To smell of the shop, to indicate too distinctively one's occupation or profession. -- To talk shop, to make one's business the topic of social conversation; also, to use the phrases peculiar to one's employment. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Store; warehouse. See Store. Shop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shopping.] To visit shops for the purpose of purchasing goods. He was engaged with his mother and some ladies to go shopping. Byron. Shop"board` (?), n. A bench or board on which work is performed; a workbench. South. Shop"book` (?), n. A book in which a tradesman keeps his accounts. Locke. Shop"boy` (?), n. A boy employed in a shop. Sho"pen (?), obs. p. p. of Shape. Chaucer. Shop"girl` (?), n. A girl employed in a shop. Shop"keep`er (?), n. A trader who sells goods in a shop, or by retail; -- in distinction from one who sells by wholesale. Addison. Shop"lift`er (?), n. [Shop + lift. See Lift to steal.] One who steals anything in a shop, or takes goods privately from a shop; one who, under pretense of buying goods, takes occasion to steal. Shop"lift`ing, n. Larceny committed in a shop; the stealing of anything from a shop. Shop"like`, a. Suiting a shop; vulgar. B. Jonson. Shop"maid` (?), n. A shopgirl. Shop"man (?), n.; pl. Shopmen (. 1. A shopkeeper; a retailer. Dryden. 2. One who serves in a shop; a salesman. 3. One who works in a shop or a factory. Shop"per (?), n. One who shops. Shop"pish (?), a. Having the appearance or qualities of a shopkeeper, or shopman. Shop"py (?), a. 1. Abounding with shops. [Colloq.] 2. Of or pertaining to shops, or one's own shop or business; as, shoppy talk. [Colloq.] Mrs. Gaskell. Shop"shift` (?), n. The trick of a shopkeeper; deception. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Shop"walk`er (?), n. One who walks about in a shop as an overseer and director. Cf. Floorwalker. Shop"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Shopwomen (. A woman employed in a shop. Shop"worn` (?), a. Somewhat worn or damaged by having been kept for a time in a shop. Shor"age (?), n. Duty paid for goods brought on shore. Grabb. Shore (?), imp. of Shear. Chaucer. Shore, n. A sewer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shore, n. [OE. schore; akin to LG. schore, D. schoor, OD. schoore, Icel. skor, and perhaps to E. shear, as being a piece cut off.] A prop, as a timber, placed as a brace or support against the side of a building or other structure; a prop placed beneath anything, as a beam, to prevent it from sinking or sagging. [Written also shoar.] Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoring.] [OE. schoren. See Shore a prop.] To support by a shore or shores; to prop; -- usually with up; as, to shore up a building. Shore, n. [OE. schore, AS. score, probably fr. scieran, and so meaning properly, that which is shorn off, edge; akin to OD. schoore, schoor. See Shear, v. t.] The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water, as an ocean, lake, or large river. Michael Cassio, Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello, Is come shore. Shak. The fruitful shore of muddy Nile. Spenser. In shore, near the shore. Marryat. -- On shore. See under On. -- Shore birds (Zo\'94l.), a collective name for the various limicoline birds found on the seashore. -- Shore crab (Zo\'94l.), any crab found on the beaches, or between tides, especially any one of various species of grapsoid crabs, as Heterograpsus nudus of California. -- Shore lark (Zo\'94l.), a small American lark (Otocoris alpestris) found in winter, both on the seacoast and on the Western plains. Its upper parts are varied with dark brown and light brown. It has a yellow throat, yellow local streaks, a black crescent on its breast, a black streak below each eye, and two small black erectile ear tufts. Called also horned lark. -- Shore plover (Zo\'94l.), a large-billed Australian plover (Esacus magnirostris). It lives on the seashore, and feeds on crustaceans, etc. -- Shore teetan (Zo\'94l.), the rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). [Prov. Eng.] Shore (?), v. t. To set on shore. [Obs.] Shak. Shore"less, a. Having no shore or coast; of indefinite or unlimited extent; as, a shoreless ocean. Young. Shore"ling (?), n. See Shorling. Shor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shores or props; a prop; a shore. Shore"ward (?), adv. Toward the shore. Shor"ing, n. 1. The act of supporting or strengthening with a prop or shore. 2. A system of props; props, collectively. Shorl (?), n., Shor*la"ceous (,a. (Min.) See Schorl, Schorlaceous. Shor"ling (?), n. 1. The skin of a sheen after the fleece is shorn off, as distinct from the morling, or skin taken from the dead sheep; also, a sheep of the first year's shearing. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A person who is shorn; a shaveling; hence, in contempt, a priest. [Obs.] Halliwell. Shorn (, p. p. of Shear. Short (?), a. [Compar. Shorter (?); superl. Shortest.] [OE. short, schort, AS. scort, sceort; akin to OHG. scurz, Icel. skorta to be short of, to lack, and perhaps to E. shear, v. t. Cf. Shirt.] 1. Not long; having brief length or linear extension; as, a short distance; a short piece of timber; a short flight. The bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it. Isa. xxviii. 20. 2. Not extended in time; having very limited duration; not protracted; as, short breath. The life so short, the craft so long to learn. Chaucer. To short absense I could yield. Milton. 3. Limited in quantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty; as, a short supply of provisions, or of water. 4. Insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; scantily furnished; lacking; not coming up to a resonable, or the ordinary, standard; -- usually with of; as, to be short of money. We shall be short in our provision. Shak. 5. Deficient; defective; imperfect; not coming up, as to a measure or standard; as, an account which is short of the trith. 6. Not distant in time; near at hand. Marinell was sore offended That his departure thence should be so short. Spenser. He commanded those who were appointed to attend him to be ready by a short day. Clarendon. 7. Limited in intellectual power or grasp; not comprehensive; narrow; not tenacious, as memory. Their own short understandings reach No farther than the present. Rowe. 8. Less important, efficaceous, or powerful; not equal or equivalent; less (than); -- with of. Hardly anything short of an invasion could rouse them again to war. Landor. 9. Abrupt; brief; pointed; petulant; as, he gave a short answer to the question. 10. (Cookery) Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth; crisp; as, short pastry. 11. (Metal) Brittle. ; as, cast iron may be hot-short, owing to the presence of sulphur. Those that are brittle when cold are called cold-short; as, cast iron may be cold-short, on account of the presence of phosphorus. 12. (Stock Exchange) Engaging or engaged to deliver what is not possessed; as, short contracts; to be short of stock. See The shorts, under Short, n., and To sell short, under Short, adv. at short sight, that is, in a little time after being presented to the payer. 13. (Phon.) Not prolonged, or relatively less prolonged, in utterance; -- opposed to long, and applied to vowels or to syllables. In English, the long and short of the same letter are not, in most cases, the long and short of the same sound; thus, the i in ill is the short sound, not of i in isle, but of ee in eel, and the e in pet is the short sound of a in pate, etc. See Quantity, and Guide to Pronunciation, Short is much used with participles to form numerous self-explaining compounds; as, short-armed, short-billed, short-fingered, short-haired, short-necked, short-sleeved, short-tailed, short-winged, short-wooled, etc. At short notice, in a brief time; promptly. -- Short rib (Anat.), one of the false ribs. -- Short suit (Whist), any suit having only three cards, or less than three. R. A. Proctor. -- To come short, To cut short, To fall short, etc. See under Come, Cut, etc. Short, n. 1. A summary account. The short and the long is, our play is preferred. Shak. 2. pl. The part of milled grain sifted out which is next finer than the bran. The first remove above bran is shorts. Halliwell. 3. pl. Short, inferior hemp. 4. pl. Breeches; shortclothes. [Slang] Dickens. 5. (Phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel. If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in \'bdbit\'b8 and \'bdbeat,\'b8 \'bdnot\'b8 and \'bdnaught,\'b8 we find that the short vowels are generally wide, the long narrow, besides being generally diphthongic as well. Hence, originally short vowels can be lengthened and yet kept quite distinct from the original longs. H. Sweet. In short, in few words; in brief; briefly. -- The long and the short, the whole; a brief summing up. -- The shorts (Stock Exchange), those who are unsupplied with stocks which they contracted to deliver. Short (?), adv. In a short manner; briefly; limitedly; abruptly; quickly; as, to stop short in one's course; to turn short. He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language. Howell. To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future delivery, what the party selling does not own, but hopes to buy at a lower rate. Short, v. t. [AS. sceortian.] To shorten. [Obs.] Short, v. i. To fail; to decrease. [Obs.] Short"age (?), n. Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as, a shortage in money accounts. Short"-breathed` (?), a. 1. Having short-breath, or quick respiration. 2. Having short life. Short"cake` (?), n. An unsweetened breakfast cake shortened with butter or lard, rolled thin, and baked. Short" cir"cuit (?). (Elec.) A circuit formed or closed by a conductor of relatively low resistance because shorter or of relatively great conductivity. Short"-cir`cuit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Short-circuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Short-circuiting.] (Elec.) To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance. Short"clothes` (?), n. Coverings for the legs of men or boys, consisting of trousers which reach only to the knees, -- worn with long stockings. Short"com`ing (?), n. The act of falling, or coming short; as: (a) The failure of a crop, or the like. (b) Neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty. Short"-dat`ed (?), a. Having little time to run from the date. \'bdThy short-dated life.\'b8 Sandys. Short"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] [See Short, a.] 1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as, to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity. 2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as, to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc. Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain. Dryden. 3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; -- with of. Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears. Dryden. 4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like. To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in. Short"en, v. i. To become short or shorter; as, the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold. Short"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, shortens. Short"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter. 2. (Cookery) That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc. Short"hand` (?), n. A compendious and rapid method or writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for letters, words, etc.; short writing; stenography. See Illust. under Phonography. Short`-hand"ed, a. Short of, or lacking the regular number of, servants or helpers. Short"head` (?), n. A sucking whale less than one year old; -- so called by sailors. Short"horn` (?), a. One of a breed of large, heavy domestic cattle having short horns. The breed was developed in England. Short"-joint`ed (?), a. Having short intervals between the joints; -- said of a plant or an animal, especially of a horse whose pastern is too short. Short"-lived` (?), a. Not living or lasting long; being of short continuance; as, a short-lived race of beings; short-lived pleasure; short-lived passion. Short"ly, adv. [AS. sceortlice.] 1. In a short or brief time or manner; soon; quickly. Chaucer. I shall grow jealous of you shortly. Shak. The armies came shortly in view of each other. Clarendon. 2. In few words; briefly; abruptly; curtly; as, to express ideas more shortly in verse than in prose. Short"ness, n. The quality or state of being short; want of reach or extension; brevity; deficiency; as, the shortness of a journey; the shortness of the days in winter; the shortness of an essay; the shortness of the memory; a shortness of provisions; shortness of breath. Short"sight`ed (?), a. 1. Not able to see far; nearsighted; myopic. See Myopic, and Myopia. 2. Fig.: Not able to look far into futurity; unable to understand things deep; of limited intellect. 3. Having little regard for the future; heedless. -- Short"sight`ed*ly, adv. -- Short"sight`ed*ness, n. Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness. Addison. Short"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.] Short"stop` (?), n. (Baseball) The player stationed in the field bewtween the second and third bases. Short"-waist`ed (?), a. Having a short waist. Short"-wind`ed (?), a. Affected with shortness of breath; having a quick, difficult respiration, as dyspnoic and asthmatic persons. May. Short"wing` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of small wrenlike Asiatic birds having short wings and a short tail. They belong to Brachypterix, Callene, and allied genera. <-- p. 1333 --> Short"-wit`ed (?), a. Having little wit; not wise; having scanty intellect or judgment. Shor"y (?), a. Lying near the shore. [Obs.] Sho*sho"nes (?), n. pl.; sing. Shoshone (. (Ethnol.) A linguistic family or stock of North American Indians, comprising many tribes, which extends from Montana and Idaho into Mexico. In a restricted sense the name is applied especially to the Snakes, the most northern of the tribes. Shot (?), imp. & p. p. Shoot. Shot, a. Woven in such a way as to produce an effect of variegation, of changeable tints, or of being figured; as, shot silks. See Shoot, v. t., 8. Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sce\'a2tan to shoot; akin to D. sschot, Icel. skot. Scot a share, Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shot a shooting.] A share or proportion; a reckoning; a scot. Here no shots are where all shares be. Chapman. A man is never . . . welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid and the hostess say \'bdWelcome.\'b8 Shak. Shot, n.; pl. Shotor Shots (#). [OE. shot, schot, AS. gesceot a missile; akin to D. schot a shot, shoot, G. schuss, geschoss a missile, Icel. skot a throwing, a javelin, and E. shoot, v.t. Shoot, and cf. Shot a share.] 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a firearm or other weapon which throws a missile. He caused twenty shot of his greatest cannon to be made at the king's army. Clarendon. 2. A missile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet; specifically, whatever is discharged as a projectile from firearms or cannon by the force of an explosive. Shot used in war is of various kinds, classified according to the material of which it is composed, into lead, wrought-iron, and cast-iron; according to form, into spherical and oblong; according to structure and modes of operation, into solid, hollow, and case. See Bar shot, Chain shot, etc., under Bar, Chain, etc. 3. Small globular masses of lead, of various sizes, -- used chiefly for killing game; as, bird shot; buckshot. 4. The flight of a missile, or the distance which it is, or can be, thrown; as, the vessel was distant more than a cannon shot. 5. A marksman; one who practices shooting; as, an exellent shot. Shot belt, a belt having a pouch or compartment for carrying shot. -- Shot cartridge, a cartridge containing powder and small shot, forming a charge for a shotgun. -- Shot garland (Naut.), a wooden frame to contain shot, secured to the coamings and ledges round the hatchways of a ship. -- Shot gauge, an instrument for measuring the diameter of round shot. Totten. -- shot hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet discharged. -- Shot locker (Naut.), a strongly framed compartment in the hold of a vessel, for containing shot. -- Shot of a cable (Naut.), the splicing of two or more cables together, or the whole length of the cables thus united. -- Shot prop (Naut.), a wooden prop covered with tarred hemp, to stop a hole made by the shot of an enemy in a ship's side. -- Shot tower, a lofty tower for making shot, by dropping from its summit melted lead in slender streams. The lead forms spherical drops which cool in the descent, and are received in water or other liquid. -- Shot window, a window projecting from the wall. Ritson, quoted by Halliwell, explains it as a window that opens and shuts; and Wodrow describes it as a window of shutters made of timber and a few inches of glass above them. Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shotting.] To load with shot, as a gun. Totten. Shot"-clog` (?), n. A person tolerated only because he pays the shot, or reckoning, for the rest of the company, otherwise a mere clog on them. [Old Slang] Thou common shot-clog, gull of all companies. Chapman. Shote (?), n. [AS. sce\'a2ta a darting fish, a trout, fr. sce\'a2tan. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) A fish resembling the trout. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Garew. 2. [Perh. a different word.] A young hog; a shoat. Shot"-free` (?), a. Not to be injured by shot; shot-proof. [Obs.] Feltham. Shot"-free`, a. Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free. [Obs.] Shak. Shot"gun` (?), n. A light, smooth-bored gun, often double-barreled, especially designed for firing small shot at short range, and killing small game. Shot"-proof` (?), a. Impenetrable by shot. Shots (?), n. pl. The refuse of cattle taken from a drove. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Shot"ted (?), a. 1. Loaded with shot. 2. (Med.) Having a shot attached; as, a shotten suture. Shot"ten (?), n. [Properly p. p. of shoot; AS. scoten, sceoten, p. p. of sce\'a2tan.] 1. Having ejected the spawn; as, a shotten herring. Shak. 2. Shot out of its socket; dislocated, as a bone. Shough (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A shockdog. Shough (?), interj. See Shoo. Beau & Fl. Should (?), imp. of Shall. [OE. sholde, shulde, scholde, schulde, AS. scolde, sceolde. See Shall.] Used as an auxiliary verb, to express a conditional or contingent act or state, or as a supposition of an actual fact; also, to express moral obligation (see Shall); e. g.: they should have come last week; if I should go; I should think you could go. \'bdYou have done that you should be sorry for.\'b8 Shak. Syn. -- See Ought. Shoul"der (?), n. [OE. shulder, shuldre, schutder, AS. sculdor; akin to D. schoulder, G. schulter, OHG. scultarra, Dan. skulder, Sw. skuldra.] 1. (Anat.) The joint, or the region of the joint, by which the fore limb is connected with the body or with the shoulder girdle; the projection formed by the bones and muscles about that joint. 2. The flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder joint; the upper part of the back; that part of the human frame on which it is most easy to carry a heavy burden; -- often used in the plural. Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore The gates of Azza. Milton. Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryden. 3. Fig.: That which supports or sustains; support. In thy shoulder do I build my seat. Shak. 4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any protuberance or projection from the body of a thing. The north western shoulder of the mountain. Sir W. Scott. 5. The upper joint of the fore leg and adjacent parts of an animal, dressed for market; as, a shoulder of mutton. 6. (Fort.) The angle of a bastion included between the face and flank. See Illust. of Bastion. 7. An abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object, or limits motion, etc., as the projection around a tenon at the end of a piece of timber, the part of the top of a type which projects beyond the base of the raised character, etc. Shoulder belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder. -- Shoulder blade (Anat.), the flat bone of the shoulder, to which the humerus is articulated; the scapula. -- Shoulder block (Naut.), a block with a projection, or shoulder, near the upper end, so that it can rest against a spar without jamming the rope. -- Shoulder clapper, one who claps another on the shoulder, or who uses great familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. -- Shoulder girdle. (Anat.) See Pectoral girdle, under Pectoral. -- Shoulder knot, an ornamental knot of ribbon or lace worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet or braided ornament worn as part of a military uniform. -- Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail carried on a boat's mast; -- so called from its shape. -- Shoulder slip, dislocation of the shoulder, or of the humerous. Swift. -- Shoulder strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder. Specifically (Mil. & Naval), a narrow strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating, by a suitable device, the rank he holds in the service. See Illust. in App. Shoul"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shouldered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with the shoulder; to push with violence; to jostle. As they the earth would shoulder from her seat. Spenser. Around her numberless the rabble flowed, Shouldering each other, crowding for a view. Rowe. 2. To take upon the shoulder or shoulders; as, to shoulder a basket; hence, to assume the burden or responsibility of; as, to shoulder blame; to shoulder a debt. As if Hercules Or burly Atlas shouldered up their state. Marston. Right shoulder arms (Mil.), a position in the Manual of Arms which the piece is placed on the right shoulder, with the lock plate up, and the muzzle elevated and inclined to the left, and held as in the illustration. Shoul"dered (?), a. Having shoulders; -- used in composition; as, a broad-shouldered man. \'bdHe was short-shouldered.\'b8 Chaucer. Shoul"der-shot`ten (?), a. Sprained in the shoulder, as a horse. Shak. Shout (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouting.] [OE. shouten, of unknown origin; perhaps akin to shoot; cf. Icel. sk, sk, a taunt.] To utter a sudden and loud outcry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract attention, to animate soldiers, etc. Shouting of the men and women eke. Chaucer. They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for? Shak. To shout at, to utter shouts at; to deride or revile with shouts. Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry; -- sometimes with out; as, to shout, or to shout out, a man's name. 2. To treat with shouts or clamor. Bp. Hall. Shout, n. A loud burst of voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, especially of a multitudes expressing joy, triumph, exultation, or animated courage. The Rhodians, seeing the enemy turn their backs, gave a great shout in derision. Knolles. Shout"er (?), n. One who shouts. Shove (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoving.] [OE. shoven, AS. scofian, fr. sc; akin to OFries. sk, D. schuiven, G. schieben, OHG. scioban, Icel. sk, sk, Sw. skuffa, Dan. skuffe, Goth. afskiuban to put away, cast away; cf. Skr. kshubh to become agitated, to quake, Lith. skubrus quick, skubinti to hasten. Sheaf a bundle of stalks, Scoop, Scuffle.] 1. To drive along by the direct and continuous application of strength; to push; especially, to push (a body) so as to make it move along the surface of another body; as, to shove a boat on the water; to shove a table across the floor. 2. To push along, aside, or away, in a careless or rude manner; to jostle. And shove away the worthy bidden guest. Milton. He used to shove and elbow his fellow servants. Arbuthnot. Shove, v. i. 1. To push or drive forward; to move onward by pushing or jostling. 2. To move off or along by an act pushing, as with an oar a pole used by one in a boat; sometimes with off. He grasped the oar,< eceived his guests on board, and shoved from shore. Garth. Shove (?), n. The act of shoving; a forcible push. I rested . . . and then gave the boat another shove. Swift. Syn. -- See Thrust. Shove, obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer. { Shove"board` (?), Shove"groat` (?) }, n. The same as Shovelboard. Shov"el (?), n. [OE. shovele, schovele, AS. scoft, sceoft; akin to D. schoffel, G. schaufel, OHG. sc, Dan. skovl, Sw. skofvel, skyffel, and to E. shove. Shove, v. t.] An implement consisting of a broad scoop, or more or less hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing earth, coal, grain, or other loose substances. Shovel hat, a broad-brimmed hat, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front like a shovel, -- worn by some clergy of the English Church. [Colloq.] -- Shovelspur (Zo\'94l.), a flat, horny process on the tarsus of some toads, -- used in burrowing. -- Steam shovel, a machine with a scoop or scoops, operated by a steam engine, for excavating earth, as in making railway cuttings. Shov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoveled (?) or Shovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoveling or Shovelling.] 1. To take up and throw with a shovel; as, to shovel earth into a heap, or into a cart, or out of a pit. 2. To gather up as with a shovel. Shov"el*ard (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] Shov"el*bill` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The shoveler. Shov"el*board` (?), n. 1. A board on which a game is played, by pushing or driving pieces of metal or money to reach certain marks; also, the game itself. Called also shuffleboard, shoveboard, shovegroat, shovelpenny.<-- now usu. shuffleboard. --> 2. A game played on board ship in which the aim is to shove or drive with a cue wooden disks into divisions chalked on the deck; -- called also shuffleboard. Shov"el*er (?), n. [Also shoveller.] 1. One who, or that which, shovels. 2. (Zo\'94l.) A river duck (Spatula clypeata), native of Europe and America. It has a large bill, broadest towards the tip. The male is handsomely variegated with green, blue, brown, black, and white on the body; the head and neck are dark green. Called also broadbill, spoonbill, shovelbill, and maiden duck. The Australian shoveler, or shovel-nosed duck (S. rhynchotis), is a similar species. Shov"el*ful (?), n.; pl. Shovelfuls (. As much as a shovel will hold; enough to fill a shovel. Shov"el*head` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A shark (Sphryna tiburio) allied to the hammerhead, and native of the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonnet shark. Shov"el*nose` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The common sand shark. See under Snad. (b) A small California shark (Heptranchias maculatus), which is taken for its oil. (c) A Pacific Ocean shark (Hexanchus corinus). (d) A ganoid fish of the Sturgeon family (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers; -- called also white sturgeon. Shov"el-nosed` (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a broad, flat nose; as, the shovel-nosed duck, or shoveler. Shov"en (?), obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer. Show (?), v. t. [imp. Showed (?); p. p. Shown (?) or Showed; p. pr. & vb. n. Showing. It is sometimes written shew, shewed, shewn, shewing.] [OE. schowen, shewen, schewen, shawen, AS. sce\'a0wian, to look, see, view; akin to OS. scaw, OFries. skawia, D. schouwen, OHG. scouw, G. schauen, Dan. skue, Sw. sk, Icel. sko, Goth. usskawjan to waken, skuggwa a mirror, Icel. skuggy shade, shadow, L. cavere to be on one's guard, Gr. kavi wise. Cf. Caution, Scavenger, Sheen.] 1. To exhibit or present to view; to place in sight; to display; -- the thing exhibited being the object, and often with an indirect object denoting the person or thing seeing or beholding; as, to show a house; show your colors; shopkeepers show customers goods (show goods to customers). Go thy way, shew thyself to the priest. Matt. viii. 4. Nor want we skill or art from whence to raise Magnificence; and what can heaven show more? Milton. 2. To exhibit to the mental view; to tell; to disclose; to reveal; to make known; as, to show one's designs. Shew them the way wherein they must walk. Ex. xviii. 20. If it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away. 1 Sam. xx. 13. 3. Specifically, to make known the way to (a person); hence, to direct; to guide; to asher; to conduct; as, to show a person into a parlor; to show one to the door. 4. To make apparent or clear, as by evidence, testimony, or reasoning; to prove; to explain; also, to manifest; to evince; as, to show the truth of a statement; to show the causes of an event. I 'll show my duty by my timely care. Dryden. 5. To bestow; to confer; to afford; as, to show favor. Shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me. Ex. xx. 6. To show forth, to manifest; to publish; to proclaim. -- To show his paces, to exhibit the gait, speed, or the like; -- said especially of a horse. -- To show off, to exhibit ostentatiously. -- To show up, to expose. [Colloq.] Show, v. i. [Written also shew.] 1. To exhibit or manifest one's self or itself; to appear; to look; to be in appearance; to seem. Just such she shows before a rising storm. Dryden. All round a hedge upshoots, and shows At distance like a little wood. Tennyson. <-- p. 1334 --> 2. To have a certain appearance, as well or ill, fit or unfit; to become or suit; to appear. My lord of York, it better showed with you. Shak. To show off, to make a show; to display one's self. Show (?), n. [Formerly written also shew.] 1. The act of showing, or bringing to view; exposure to sight; exhibition. 2. That which os shown, or brought to view; that which is arranged to be seen; a spectacle; an exhibition; as, a traveling show; a cattle show. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shows. Bacon. 3. Proud or ostentatious display; parade; pomp. I envy none their pageantry and show. Young. 4. Semblance; likeness; appearance. He through the midst unmarked, In show plebeian angel militant Of lowest order, passed. Milton. 5. False semblance; deceitful appearance; pretense. Beware of the scribes, . . . which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers. Luke xx. 46. 47. 6. (Med.) A discharge, from the vagina, of mucus streaked with blood, occuring a short time before labor. 7. (Mining) A pale blue flame, at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of fire damp. Raymond. Show bill, a broad sheet containing an advertisement in large letters. -- Show box, a box xontaining some object of curiosity carried round as a show. -- Show card, an advertising placard; also, a card for displaying samples. -- Show case, a gla -- Show glass, a glass which displays objects; a mirror. -- Show of hands, a raising of hands to indicate judgment; as, the vote was taken by a show of hands. -- Show stone, a piece of glass or crystal supposed to have the property of exhibiting images of persons or things not present, indicating in that way future events. Show"bread` (?), n. (Jewish Antiq.) Bread of exhibition; loaves to set before God; -- the term used in translating the various phrases used in the Hebrew and Greek to designate the loaves of bread which the priest of the week placed before the Lord on the golden table in the sanctuary. They were made of fine flour unleavened, and were changed every Sabbath. The loaves, twelve in number, represented the twelve tribes of Israel. They were to be eaten by the priests only, and in the Holy Place. [Written also shewbread.] Mark ii. 26. Show"er (?), n. 1. One who shows or exhibits. 2. That which shows; a mirror. [Obs.] Wyclif. Show"er (?), n. [OE. shour, schour, AS. se; akin to D. schoer, G. schauer, OHG. sc, Icel. sk, Sw. skur, Goth. sk a storm of wind; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fall or rain or hail of short duration; sometimes, but rarely, a like fall of snow. In drought or else showers. Chaucer. Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers. Milton. 2. That which resembles a shower in falling or passing through the air copiously and rapidly. With showers of stones he drives them far away. Pope. 3. A copious supply bestowed. [R.] He and myself Have travail'd in the great shower of your gifts. Shak. Shower bath, a bath in which water is showered from above, and sometimes from the sides also. Show"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Showered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Showering.] 1. To water with a shower; to Lest it again dissolve and shower the earth. Milton. 2. To bestow liberally; to destribute or scatter in Shak. Cshowers down greatness on his friends. Addison. Show"er, v. i. To rain in showers; to fall, as in a hower or showers. Shak. Show"er*ful (?), a. Full of showers. Tennyson. Show"er*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being showery. Show"er*less, a. Rainless; freo from showers. Show"er*y (?), a. 1. Raining in showers; abounding with frequent showers of rain. 2. Of or pertaining to a shower or showers. \'bdColors of the showery arch.\'b8 Milton. Show"i*ly (?), adv. In a showy manner; pompously; with parade. Show"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being showy; pompousness; great parade; ostentation. Show"ing, n. 1. Appearance; display; exhibition. 2. Presentation of facts; statement. J. S. Mill. Show"ish, a. Showy; ostentatious. Swift. Show"man (?), n.; pl. Showmen (#). One who exhibits a show; a proprietor of a show. <-- 1 (b) esp. a producer of an entertainment . 2. One who has a knack for dramatic or entertaining presentation. --> Shown (?), p. p. of Show. Show"room` (?), n. A room or apartment where a show is exhibited. 2. A room where merchandise is exposed for sale, or where samples are displayed. Show"y (?), a. [Compar. Showier (; superl. Showiest.] Making a show; attracting attention; presenting a marked appearance; ostentatious; gay; gaudy. A present of everything that was rich and showy. Addison. Syn. -- Splendid; gay; gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous. Shrag (?), n. [CF. Scrag.] A twig of a tree cut off. [Obs.] Shrag, v. t. To trim, as trees; to lop. [Obs.] Shrag"ger (?), n. One who lops; one who trims trees. [Obs.] Huloet. Shram (?), v. t. [Cf. Shrink.] To cause to shrink or shrivel with cold; to benumb. [Prov. Eng.] Shrank (?), imp. of Shrink. { Shrap (?), Shrape (?), } n. [Cf. Scrap, and Scrape.] A place baited with chaff to entice birds. [Written also scrap.] [Obs.] Bp. Bedell. Shrap"nel (?), a. Applied as an appellation to a kind of shell invented by Gen. H. Shrapnel of the British army. -- n. A shrapnel shell; shrapnel shells, collectively. Shrapnel shell (Gunnery), a projectile for a cannon, consisting of a shell filled with bullets and a small bursting charge to scatter them at any given point while in flight. See the Note under Case shot. Shred (?), n. [OE. shrede, schrede, AS. scre\'a0de; akin to OD. schroode, G. schrot a piece cut off, Icel. skrjo\'ebr a shred, and to E. shroud. Cf. Screed, Scroll, Scrutiny.] 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a strip. \'bdShreds of tanned leather.\'b8 Bacon. 2. In general, a fragment; a piece; a particle. Shak. Shred, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shred or Shredded (; p. pr. & vb. n. Shredding.] [OE. shreden, schreden, AS. scre\'a0dian; akin to OD. schrooden, OHG. scr, G. schroten. See Shred, n.] 1. To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. Chaucer. 2. To lop; to prune; to trim. [Obs.] Shred"cook` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. [Prov. Eng.] Shred"ding (?), n. 1. The act of cutting or tearing into shreds. 2. That which is cut or torn off; a piece. Hooker. Shred"dy (?), a. Consisting of shreds. Shred"less, a. Having no shreds; without a shred. And those which waved are shredless dust ere now. Byron. Shrew (?), a. [OE. shrewe, schrewe. Cf. Shrewd.] Wicked; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shrew, n. [See Shrew, a.] 1. Originally, a brawling, turbulent, vexatious person of either sex, but now restricted in use to females; a brawler; a scold. A man . . . grudgeth that shrews [i. e., bad men] have prosperity, or else that good men have adversity. Chaucer. A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house for her. L'Estrange. 2. [AS. scre\'a0wa; -- so called because supposed to be venomous. ] (Zo\'94l.) Any small insectivore of the genus Sorex and several allied genera of the family Sorecid\'91. In form and color they resemble mice, but they have a longer and more pointed nose. Some of them are the smallest of all mammals. Crocidura araneus), and the erd shrew (Sorex vulgaris) (see under Erd.). In the United States several species of Sorex and Blarina are common, as the broadnosed shrew (S. platyrhinus), Cooper's shrew (S. Cooperi), and the short-tailed, or mole, shrew (Blarina brevicauda). Th American water, or marsh, shrew (Neosorex palustris), with fringed feet, is less common. The common European water shrews are Crossopus fodiens, and the oared shrew (see under Oared). Earth shrew, any shrewlike burrowing animal of the family Centetid\'91, as the tendrac. -- Elephant shrew, Jumping shrew, Mole shrew. See under Elephant, Jumping, etc. -- Musk shrew. See Desman. -- River shrew, an aquatic West African insectivore (Potamogale velox) resembling a weasel in form and size, but having a large flattened and crested tail adapted for rapid swimming. It feeds on fishes. -- Shrew mole, a common large North American mole (Scalops aquaticus). Its fine, soft fur is gray with iridescent purple tints. Shrew, v. t. [See Shrew, a., and cf. Beshrew.] To beshrew; to curse. [Obs.] \'bdI shrew myself.\'b8 Chaucer. Shrewd (?), a. [Compar. Shrewder (?); superl. Shrewdest.] [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v.t.] 1. Inclining to shrew; disposing to curse or scold; hence, vicious; malicious; evil; wicked; mischievous; vexatious; rough; unfair; shrewish. [Obs.] Chaucer. [Egypt] hath many shrewd havens, because of the great rocks that ben strong and dangerous to pass by. Sir J. Mandeville. Every of this happy number That have endured shrewd days and nights with us. Shak. 2. Artful; wily; cunning; arch. These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues. Shak. 3. Able or clever in practical affairs; sharp in business; astute; sharp-witted; sagacious; keen; as, a shrewd observer; a shrewd design; a shrewd reply. Professing to despise the ill opinion of mankind creates a shrewd suspicion that we have deserved it. Secker. Syn. -- Keen; critical; subtle; artful; astute; sagacious; discerning; acute; penetrating. -- Shrewd, Sagacious. One who is shrewd is keen to detect errors, to penetrate disguises, to foresee and guard against the selfishness of others. Shrewd is a word of less dignity than sagacious, which implies a comprehensive as well as penetrating mind, whereas shrewd does not. -- Shrewd"ly, adv. -- Shrewd"ness, n. Shrew"ish (?), a. having the qualities of a shrew; having a scolding disposition; froward; peevish. My wife is shrewish when I keep not hours. Shak. -- Shrew"ish*ly, adv. -- Shrew"ish*ness, n. Shrew"mouse` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A shrew; especially, the erd shrew. <-- Sorex vulgaris --> Shriek (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrieked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrieking.] [OE. shriken, originallythe same word as E. screech. See Screech, and cf. Screak.] To utter a loud, sharp, shrill sound or cry, as do some birds and beasts; to scream, as in a sudden fright, in horror or anguish. It was the owl that shrieked. Shak. At this she shrieked aloud; the mournful train Echoed her grief. Dryden. Shriek (?), v. t. To utter sharply and shrilly; to utter in or with a shriek or shrieks. On top whereof aye dwelt the ghostly owl, Shrieking his baleful note. Spenser. She shrieked his name To the dark woods. Moore. Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream; a shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror, pain, or the like. Shrieks, clamors, murmurs, fill the frighted town. Dryden. Shriek owl. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The screech owl. (b) The swift; -- so called from its cry. Shriek"er (?), n. One who utters a shriek. Shriev"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sheriff. Shriev"al*ty (?), n. [Contr. from sheriffalty. See Shrieve, n. Sheriff.] The office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff; sheriffalty. It was ordained by 28 Edward I that the people shall have election of sheriff in every shire where the shrievalty is not of inheritance. Blackstone. Shrieve (?), n. [Contr. from OE. shereve. See Sheriff.] A sheriff. [Obs.] Shak. Shrieve, v. t. To shrive; to question. [Obs.] \'bdShe gan him soft to shrieve.\'b8 Spenser. Shrift (?), n. [OE. shrift, schrift, AS. scrift, fr. scr\'c6fan to shrive. See Shrive.] 1. The act of shriving. In shrift and preaching is my diligence. Chaucer. 2. Confession made to a priest, and the absolution consequent upon it. Chaucer. Have you got leave to go to shrift to-day? Shak. Therefore, my lord, address you to your shrift, And be yourself; for you must die this instant. Rowe. Shrift father, a priest to whom confession is made. Shright (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Shriek. She cried alway and shright. Chaucer. Shright, n. [See Shriek.] A shriek; shrieking. [Obs] Spenser. \'bdAll hoarse for shright.\'b8 Chaucer. Shrike (?), n. [Akin to Icel. skr\'c6kja a shrieker, the shrike, and E. shriek; cf. AS. scr\'c6c a thrush. See Shriek, v. i.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of oscinine birds of the family Laniid\'91, having a strong hooked bill, toothed at the tip. Most shrikes are insectivorous, but the common European gray shrike (Lanius excubitor), the great northern shrike (L. borealis), and several others, kill mice, small birds, etc., and often impale them on thorns, and are, on that account called also butcher birds. See under Butcher. Formicarid\'91. The cuckoo shrikes of the East Indies and Australia are Oscines of the family Campephagid\'91. The drongo shrikes of the same regions belong to the related family Dicrurid\'91. See Drongo. Crow shrike. See under Crow. -- Shrike thrush. (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic timaline birds of the genera Thamnocataphus, Gampsorhynchus, and allies. (b) Any one of several species of shrikelike Australian singing birds of the genus Colluricincla. -- Shrike tit. (a) Any one of several Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, having a strong toothed bill and sharp claws. They creep over the bark of trees, like titmice, in search of insects. (b) Any one of several species of small Asiatic birds belonging to Allotrius, Pteruthius, Cutia, Leioptila, and allied genera, related to the true tits. Called also hill tit. -- Swallow shrike. See under Swallow. Shrill (?), a. [Compar. Shriller (?); superl. Shrillest.] [OE. shril, schril; akin to LG. schrell, G. schrill. See Shrill,v. i.] Acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound; -- said a sound, or of that which produces a sound. Hear the shrill whistle which doth order give To sounds confused. Shak. Let winds be shrill, let waves roll high. Byron. Shrill, n. A shrill sound. [Obs.] Spenser. Shrill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrilling.] [OE. schrillen, akin to G. schrillen; cf. AS. scralletan to resound loudly, Icel. skr\'94lta to jolt, Sw. skr\'84lla to shrill, Norw. skryla, skr. Cf. Skirl.] To utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound with a sharp, shrill tone; to become shrill. Break we our pipes, that shrilledloud as lark. Spenser. No sounds were heard but of the shrilling cock. Goldsmith. His voice shrilled with passion. L. Wallace. Shrill, v. t. To utter or express in a shrill tone; to cause to make a shrill sound. How poor Andromache shrills her dolors forth. Shak. Shrill"-gorged` (?), a. Having a throat which produces a shrill note. [R.] Shak. Shrill"ness, n. The quality or state of being shrill. Shrill"-tongued` (?), a. Having a shrill voice. \'bdWhen shrill-tongued Fulvia scolds.\'b8 Shak. Shril"ly, adv. In a shrill manner; acutely; with a sharp sound or voice. Shril"ly, a. Somewhat shrill. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott. Some kept up a shrilly mellow sound. Keats. Shrimp (?), v. t. [Cf. AS. scrimman to dry up, wither, MHG. schrimpfen to shrink, G. schrumpfen, Dan. skrumpe, skrumpes, Da. & Sw. skrumpen shriveled. Cf. Scrimp, Shrink, Shrivel.] To contract; to shrink. [Obs.] Shrimp, n. [OE. shrimp; -- probably so named from its shriveled appearance. See Shrimp, v.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of numerous species of macruran Crustacea belonging to Crangon and various allied genera, having a slender body and long legs. Many of them are used as food. The larger kinds are called also prawns. See Illust. of Decapoda. (b) In a more general sense, any species of the macruran tribe Caridea, or any species of the order Schizopoda, having a similar form. (c) In a loose sense, any small crustacean, including some amphipods and even certain entomostracans; as, the fairy shrimp, and brine shrimp. See under Fairy, and Brine. <-- p. 1335 --> 2. Figuratively, a little wrinkled man; a dwarf; -- in contempt. This weak and writhled shrimp. Shak. Opossum shrimp. (Zo\'94l.) See under Opossum. -- Spector shrimp, Skeleton shrimp (Zo\'94l.), any slender amphipod crustacean of the genus Caprella and allied genera. See Illust. under L\'91modopoda. -- Shrimp catcher (Zo\'94l.), the little tern (Sterna minuta). -- Shrimp net, a dredge net fixed upon a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the fishing ground. Shrimp"er (?), n. One who fishes for shrimps. Shrine (?), n. [OE. schrin, AS. scr\'c6n, from L. scrinium a case, chest, box.] 1. A case, box, or receptacle, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint. 2. Any sacred place, as an altar, tromb, or the like. Too weak the sacred shrine guard. Byron. 3. A place or object hallowed from its history or associations; as, a shrine of art. Shrine, v. t. To enshrine; to place reverently, as in a shrine. \'bdShrined in his sanctuary.\'b8 Milton. Shrink (?), v. i. [imp. Shrank (?) or Shrunk (?) p. p. Shrunk or Shrunken (, but the latter is now seldom used except as a participial adjective; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] [OE. shrinken, schrinken, AS. scrincan; akin to OD. schrincken, and probably to Sw. skrynka a wrinkle, skrynkla to wrinkle, to rumple, and E. shrimp, n. & v., scrimp. CF. Shrimp.] 1. To wrinkle, bend, or curl; to shrivel; hence, to contract into a less extent or compass; to gather together; to become compacted. And on a broken reed he still did stay His feeble steps, which shrunk when hard thereon he lay. Spenser. I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will shrink or draw into less room. Bacon. Against this fire do I shrink up. Shak. And shrink like parchment in consuming fire. Dryden. All the boards did shrink. Coleridge. 2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to decline action from fear; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. What happier natures shrink at with affright, The hard inhabitant contends is right. Pope. They assisted us against the Thebans when you shrank from the task. Jowett (Thucyd.) 3. To express fear, horror, or pain by contracting the body, or part of it; to shudder; to quake. [R.] Shak. Shrink, v. t. 1. To cause to contract or shrink; as, to shrink finnel by imersing it in boiling water. 2. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.] The Libyc Hammon shrinks his horn. Milton. To shrink on (Mach.), to fix (one piece or part) firmly around (another) by natural contraction in cooling, as a tire on a wheel, or a hoop upon a cannon, which is made slightly smaller than the part it is to fit, and expanded by heat till it can be slipped into place. Shrink, n. The act shrinking; shrinkage; contraction; also, recoil; withdrawal. Yet almost wish, with sudden shrink, That I had less to praise. Leigh Hunt. Shrink"age (?), n. 1. The act of shrinking; a contraction into less bulk or measurement. 2. The amount of such contraction; the bulk or dimension lost by shrinking, as of grain, castings, etc. 3. Decrease in value; depreciation. [Colloq.] Shrink"er (?), n. One who shrinks; one who withdraws from danger. Shrink"ing, a. & n. from Shrink. Shrinking head (Founding), a body of molten metal connected with a mold for the purpose of supplying metal to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting; -- called also sinking head, and riser. Shrink"ing*ly, adv. In a shrinking manner. Shriv"al*ty (?), n. Shrievalty. Johnson. Shrive (?), v. t. [imp. Shrived (?) or Shrove (; p. p. Shriven (?) or Shrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] [OE. shriven, schriven, AS. scr\'c6van to shrive, to impose penance or punishment; akin to OFries. skr\'c6va to impose punishment; cf. OS. biskr\'c6ban to be troubled. Cf. Shrift, Shrovetide.] 1. To hear or receive the confession of; to administer confession and absolution to; -- said of a priest as the agent. That they should shrive their parishioners. Piers Plowman. Doubtless he shrives this woman, . . . Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech. Shak. Till my guilty soul be shriven. Longfellow. 2. To confess, and receive absolution; -- used reflexively. Get you to the church and shrive yourself. Beau & Fl. Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions, as a priest; to administer confession and absolution. Spenser. Shriv"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled (?) or Shrivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or Shrivelling.] [Probably akin to shrimp, shrink; cf. dial. AS. screpa to pine away, Norw. skrypa to waste, skryp, skryv, transitory, frail, Sw. skr\'94pling feeble, Dan. skr\'94belig, Icel. skrj brittle, frail.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to shrink, and form corrugations; as, a leaf shriveles in the hot sun; the skin shrivels with age; -- often with up. Shriv"el (?), v. t. To cause to shrivel or contract; to cause to shrink onto corruptions. Shriv"en (?), p. p. of Shrive. Shriv"er (?), n. One who shrives; a confessor. Shriv"ing, n. Shrift; confession. Spenser. Shroff (?), n. [Ar. sarr\'bef.] A banker, or changer of money. [East Indies] Shroff"age (?), n. The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. [East Indies] Shrood (?), v. t. [Cf. Shroud.] [Written also shroud, and shrowd.] To trim; to lop. [Prov. Eng.] Shroud (?), n. [OE. shroud, shrud, schrud, AS. scr a garment, clothing; akin to Icel. skru the shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, a kind of stuff, Sw. skrud dress, attire, and E. shred. See Shred, and cf. Shrood.] 1. That which clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. Piers Plowman. Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds. Sandys. 2. Especially, the dress for the dead; a winding sheet. \'bdA dead man in his shroud.\'b8 Shak. 3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud. Jura answers through her misty shroud. Byron. 4. A covered place used as a retreat or shelter, as a cave or den; also, a vault or crypt. [Obs.] The shroud to which he won His fair-eyed oxen. Chapman. A vault, or shroud, as under a church. Withals. 5. The branching top of a tree; foliage. [R.] The Assyrian wad a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and with a shadowing shroad. Ezek. xxxi. 3. 6. pl. (Naut.) A set of ropes serving as stays to support the masts. The lower shrouds are secured to the sides of vessels by heavy iron bolts and are passed around the head of the lower masts. 7. (Mach.) One of the two annular plates at the periphery of a water wheel, which form the sides of the buckets; a shroud plate. Bowsprit shrouds (Naut.), ropes extending from the head of the bowsprit to the sides of the vessel. -- Futtock shrouds (Naut.), iron rods connecting the topmast rigging with the lower rigging, passing over the edge of the top. -- Shroud plate. (a) (Naut.) An iron plate extending from the dead-eyes to the ship's side. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) (Mach.) A shroud. See def. 7, above. Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrouding.] [Cf. AS. scr. See Shroud, n.] 1. To cover with a shroud; especially, to inclose in a winding sheet; to dress for the grave. The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen besmeared with gums. Bacon. 2. To cover, as with a shroud; to protect completely; to cover so as to conceal; to hide; to veil. One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud four hundred horsemen. Sir W. Raleigh. Some tempest rise, And blow out all the stars that light the skies, To shroud my shame. Dryden. Shroud, v. i. To take shelter or harbor. [Obs.] If your stray attendance be yet lodged, Or shroud within these limits. Milton. Shroud, v. t. To lop. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.] Shroud"ed, a. Provided with a shroud or shrouds. Shrouded gear (Mach.), a cogwheel or pinion having flanges which form closed ends to the spaces between the teeth and thus strengthen the teeth by tying them together. Shroud"ing, n. The shrouds. See Shroud, n., 7. Shroud"-laid` (?), a. Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with a heart, or center; -- said of rope. See Illust. under Cordage. Shroud"less, a. Without a shroud. Shroud"y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.] Milton. Shrove (?), imp. of Shrive. Shrove Sunday, Quinguagesima Sunday. -- Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday following Quinguagesima Sunday, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday. It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests, after which they dined on pancakes, or fritters, and the occasion became one of merriment. The bell rung on this day is popularly called Pancake Bell, and the day itself Pancake Tuesday. P. Cyc. Shrove, v. i. To join in the festivities of Shrovetide; hence, to make merry. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. Shrove"tide` (?), n. [From shrive to take a confession (OE. imp. shrof, AS. scr\'bef) + tide.] The days immediately preceding Ash Widnesday, especially the period between the evening before Quinguagesima Sunday and the morning of Ash Wednesday. Shrov"ing, n. The festivity of Shrovetide. [Obs.] Shrow (?), n. A shrew. [Obs.] Shak. Shrowd (?), v. t. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.] Shrub (?), n. [Ar. shirb, shurb, a drink, beverage, fr. shariba to drink. Cf. Sirup, Sherbet.] A liquor composed of vegetable acid, especially lemon juice, and sugar, with spirit to preserve it. Shrub, n. [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb; akin to Norw. skrubba the dwarf cornel tree.] (Bot.) A woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same root. Shrub, v. t. To lop; to prune. [Obs.] Anderson (1573). Shrub"ber*y (?), n.; pl. Shrubberies (. 1. A collection of shrubs. 2. A place where shrubs are planted. Macaulay. Shrub"bi*ness (?), n. Quality of being shrubby. Shrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Shrubbier (?); superl. Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Of the nature of a shrub; resembling a shrub. \'bdShrubby browse.\'b8 J. Philips. Shrub"less, a. having no shrubs. Byron. Shruff (?), n. [Cf. Scruff, Scurf.] Rubbish. Specifically: (a) Dross or refuse of metals. [Obs.] (b) Light, dry wood, or stuff used for fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Shrug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrugging (?).] [Probably akin to shrink, p. p. shrunk; cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, dial. Sw. skrukka, skruga, to crouch.] To draw up or contract (the shoulders), especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities. Addison. Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. They grin, they shrug. They bow, they snarl, they snatch, they hug. Swift. Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders, -- a motion usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt. The Spaniards talk in dialogues Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs. Hudibras. Shrunk"en (?), p. p. & a. from Shrink. Shuck (?), n. A shock of grain. [Prev.Eng.] Shuck, n. [Perhaps akin to G. shote a husk, pod, shell.] 1. A shell, husk, or pod; especially, the outer covering of such nuts as the hickory nut, butternut, peanut, and chestnut. 2. The shell of an oyster or clam. [U. S.] Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shucking.] To deprive of the shucks or husks; as, to shuck walnuts, Indian corn, oysters, etc. Shuck"er (?), n. One who shucks oysters or clams Shud"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] [OE. shoderen, schuderen; akin to LG. schuddern, D. schudden to shake, OS. skuddian, G. schaudern to shudder, sch\'81tteln to shake, sch\'81tten to pour, to shed, OHG. scutten, scuten, to shake.] To tremble or shake with fear, horrer, or aversion; to shiver with cold; to quake. \'bdWith shuddering horror pale.\'b8 Milton. The shuddering tennant of the frigid zone. Goldsmith. Shud"der, n. The act of shuddering, as with fear. Shak. Shud"der*ing*ly, adv. In a shuddering manner. Shude (?), n. The husks and other refuse of rice mills, used to adulterate oil cake, or linseed cake. Shuf"fle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shuffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shuffling (?).] [Originally the same word as scuffle, and properly a freq. of shove. See Shove, and Scuffle.] 1. To shove one way and the other; to push from one to another; as, to shuffle money from hand to hand. 2. To mix by pushing or shoving; to confuse; to throw into disorder; especially, to change the relative positions of, as of the cards in a pack. A man may shuffle cards or rattle dice from noon to midnight without tracing a new idea in his mind. Rombler. 3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion. It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the papers that were seizen. Dryden. To shuffe off, to push off; to rid one's self of. -- To shuffe up, to throw together in hastel to make up or form in confusion or with fraudulent disorder; as, he shuffled up a peace. Shuf"fle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of cards in a pack; as, to shuffle and cut. 2. To change one's position; to shift ground; to evade questions; to resort to equivocation; to prevaricate. I muself, . . . hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle. Shak. 3. To use arts or expedients; to make shift. Your life, good master, Must shuffle for itself. Shak. 4. To move in a slovenly, dragging manner; to drag or scrape the feet in walking or dancing. The aged creature came Shuffling along with ivory-headed wand. Keats. Syn. -- To equivicate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; shift; siphisticate; juggle. Shuf"fle, n. 1. The act of shuffling; a mixing confusedly; a slovenly, dragging motion. The unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter. Bentley. 2. A trick; an artifice; an evasion. The gifts of nature are beyond all shame and shuffles. L'Estrange. Shuf"fle*board` (?), n. See Shovelboard. Shuf"fle*cap` (?),.A play performed by shaking money in a hat or cap. [R.] Arbuthnot. Shuf"fler (?), n. 1. One who shuffles. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Either one of the three common American scaup ducks. See Scaup duck, under Scaup. Shuf"fle*wing` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The hedg sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] Shuf"fling (?), a. 1. Moving with a dragging, scraping step. \'bdA shuffling nag.\'b8 Shak. 2. Evasive; as, a shuffling excuse. T. Burnet. Shuf"fling, v. In a shuffling manner. Shug (?), v. i. [Cf. Shrug.] 1. To writhe the body so as to produce friction against one's clothes, as do those who have the itch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Hence, to crawl; to sneak. [Obs.] There I 'll shug in and get a noble countenance. Ford. Shu"mac (?), n. (Bot.) Sumac. Shun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shunning.] [OE. shunien, schunien, schonien, AS. scunian, sceonian; cf. D. schuinen to slepe, schuin oblique, sloping, Icel. skunda, skynda, to hasten. Cf. Schooner, Scoundrel, Shunt.] To avoid; to keep clear of; to get out of the way of; to escape from; to eschew; as, to shun rocks, shoals, vice. I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. Acts xx. 26,27. Scarcity and want shall shun you. Shak. Syn. -- See Avoid. Shun"less, a. Not to be shunned; inevitable; unavoidable. [R.] \'bdShunless destiny.\'b8 Shak. <-- p. 1336 --> Shunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shunting.] [Prov. E., to move from, to put off, fr. OE. shunten, schunten, schounten; cf. D. schuinte a slant, slope, Icel. skunda to hasten. Cf. Shun.] 1. To shun; to move from. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. To cause to move suddenly; to give a sudden start to; to shove. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Ash. 3. To turn off to one side; especially, to turn off, as a grain or a car upon a side track; to switch off; to shift. For shunting your late partner on to me. T. Hughes. 4. (Elec.) To provide with a shunt; as, to shunt a galvanometer. Shunt (?), v. i. To go aside; to turn off. Shunt, n. [Cf. D. schuinte slant, slope, declivity. See Shunt, v. t.] 1. (Railroad) A turning off to a side or short track, that the principal track may be left free. 2. (Elec.) A conducting circuit joining two points in a conductor, or the terminals of a galvanometer or dynamo, so as to form a parallel or derived circuit through which a portion of the current may pass, for the purpose of regulating the amount passing in the main circuit. 3. (Gunnery) The shifting of the studs on a projectile from the deep to the shallow sides of the grooves in its discharge from a shunt gun. Shunt dynamo (Elec.), a dynamo in which the field circuit is connected with the main circuit so as to form a shunt to the letter, thus employing a portion of the current from the armature to maintain the field. -- Shunt gun, a firearm having shunt rifling. See under Rifling. Shunt"er (?), n. (Railroad) A person employed to shunt cars from one track to another. Shut (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shut; p. pr. & vb. n. Shutting.] [OE. shutten, schutten, shetten, schitten, AS. scyttan to shut or lock up (akin to D. schutten, G. sch\'81tzen to protect), properly, to fasten with a bolt or bar shot across, fr. AS. sce\'a2tan to shoot. Shoot.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress or egress; as, to shut a door or a gate; to shut one's eyes or mouth. 2. To forbid entrance into; to prohibit; to bar; as, to shut the ports of a country by a blockade. Shall that be shut to man which to the beast Is open? Milton. 3. To preclude; to exclude; to bar out. \'bdShut from every shore.\'b8 Dryden. 4. To fold together; to close over, as the fingers; to close by bringing the parts together; as, to shut the hand; to shut a book. To shut in. (a) To inclose; to confine. \'bdThe Lord shut him in.\'b8 Cen. vii. 16. (b) To cover or intercept the view of; as, one point shuts in another. -- To shut off. (a) To exclude. (b) To prevent the passage of, as steam through a pipe, or water through a flume, by closing a cock, valve, or gate. -- To shut out, to preclude from entering; to deny admission to; to exclude; as, to shut out rain by a tight roof. -- To shut together, to unite; to close, especially to close by welding. -- To shut up. (a) To close; to make fast the entrances into; as, to shut up a house. (b) To obstruct. \'bdDangerous rocks shut up the passage.\'b8 Sir W. Raleigh. (c) To inclose; to confine; to imprison; to fasten in; as, to shut up a prisoner. Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. Gal. iii. 23. (d) To end; to terminate; to conclude. When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his master if he has acted better. Collier. (e) To unite, as two pieces of metal by welding. (f) To cause to become silent by authority, argument, or force. Shut, v. i. To close itself; to become closed; as, the door shuts; it shuts hard. To shut up, to cease speaking. [Colloq.] T. Hughes. Shut, a. 1. Closed or fastened; as, a shut door. 2. Rid; clear; free; as, to get shut of a person. [Now dialectical or local, Eng. & U.S.] L'Estrange. 3. (Phon.) (a) Formed by complete closure of the mouth passage, and with the nose passage remaining closed; stopped, as are the mute consonants, p, t, k, b, d, and hard g. H. Sweet. (b) Cut off sharply and abruptly by a following consonant in the same syllable, as the English short vowels, Shut, n. The act or time of shutting; close; as, the shut of a door. Just then returned at shut of evening flowers. Milton. 2. A door or cover; a shutter. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 3. The line or place where two pieces of metal are united by welding. Cold shut, the imperfection in a casting caused by the flowing of liquid metal upon partially chilled metal; also, the imperfect weld in a forging caused by the inadequate heat of one surface under working. Shute (?), n. Same as Chute, or Shoot. Shut"ter (?), n. 1. One who shuts or closes. 2. A movable cover or screen for a window, designed to shut out the light, to obstruct the view, or to be of some strength as a defense; a blind. 3. A removable cover, or a gate, for closing an aperture of any kind, as for closing the passageway for molten iron from a ladle. Shut"tered (?), a. Furnished with shutters. Shut"tle (?), n. [Also shittle, OE. schitel, scytyl, schetyl; cf. OE. schitel a bolt of a door, AS. scyttes; all from AS. sce\'a2tan to shoot; akin to Dan. skyttel, skytte, shuttle, dial. Sw. skyttel, sk\'94ttel. Shoot, and cf. Shittle, Skittles.] 1. An instrument used in weaving for passing or shooting the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other between the threads of the warp. Like shuttles through the loom, so swiftly glide My feathered hours. Sandys. 2. The sliding thread holder in a sewing machine, which carries the lower thread through a loop of the upper thread, to make a lock stitch. 3. A shutter, as for a channel for molten metal. [R.] Shuttle box (Weaving), a case at the end of a shuttle race, to receive the shuttle after it has passed the thread of the warp; also, one of a set of compartments containing shuttles with different colored threads, which are passed back and forth in a certain order, according to the pattern of the cloth woven. -- Shutten race, a sort of shelf in a loom, beneath the warp, along which the shuttle passes; a channel or guide along which the shuttle passes in a sewing machine. -- Shuttle shell (Zo\'94l.), any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Volva, or Radius, having a smooth, spindle-shaped shell prolonged into a channel at each end. Shut"tle (?), v. i. To move backwards and forwards, like a shuttle. I had to fly far and wide, shutting athwart the big Babel, wherever his calls and pauses had to be. Carlyle. Shut"tle*cock` (?), n. A cork stuck with feathers, which is to be struck by a battledoor in play; also, the play itself. Shut"tle*cock, v. t. To send or toss to and fro; to bandy; as, to shuttlecock words. Thackeray. Shut"tle*cork` (?), n. See Shuttlecock. Shut"tle*wise` (?), adv. Back and forth, like the movement of a shuttle. Shwan"-pan (?), n. See Schwan-pan. Shy (?), a. [Compar. Shier (?) or Shyer; superl. Shiest or Shyest.] [OE. schey, skey, sceouh, AS. sce\'a2h; akin to Dan. sky, Sw. skygg, D. schuw, MHG. schiech, G. scheu, OHG. sciuhen to be or make timid. Cf. Eschew.] 1. Easily frightened; timid; as, a shy bird. The horses of the army . . . were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet without starting. Swift. 2. Reserved; coy; disinclined to familiar approach. What makes you so shy, my good friend? There's nobody loves you better than I. Arbuthnot. The embarrassed look of shy distress And maidenly shamefacedness. Wordsworth. 3. Cautious; wary; suspicious. I am very shy of using corrosive liquors in the preparation of medicines. Boyle. Princes are, by wisdom of state, somewhat shy of thier successors. Sir H. Wotton. To fight shy. See under Fight, v. i. Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shying.] [From Shy, a.] To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion; -- said especially of horses. Shy, v. t. To throw sidewise with a jerk; to fling; as, to shy a stone; to shy a slipper. T. Hughes. Shy, n. 1. A sudden start aside, as by a horse. 2. A side throw; a throw; a fling. Thackeray. If Lord Brougham gets a stone in his hand, he must, it seems, have a shy at somebody. Punch. Shy"ly, adv. In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with reserve. [Written also shily.] Shy"ness, n. The quality or state of being shy. [Written also shiness.] Frequency in heavenly contemplation is particularly important to prevent a shyness bewtween God and thy soul. Baxter. Syn. -- Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity; diffidence. See Bashfulness. Shy"ster (?), n. [Perh. from G. scheisse excrement.] A trickish knave; one who carries on any business, especially legal business, in a mean and dishonest way. [Slang, U.S.] Si (?). [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the note B; more recently, to the seventh tone of any major diatonic scale. It was added to Guido's scale by Le Maire about the end of the 17th century.<-- now called ti --> \'d8Si*a"ga (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The ahu, or jairou. Si*al"o*gogue (?), n. [Gr. si`alon saliva + sialagogue.] (Med.) An agent which promotes the flow of saliva. \'d8Si"a*mang` (?), n. [Malay si\'bemang.] (Zool.) A gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), native of Sumatra. It has the second and third toes partially united by a web. Si`a*mese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Siam, its native people, or their language. Si`a*mese`, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Siam; pl., the people of Siam. 2. sing. The language of the Siamese. Sib (?), n. [AS. sibb alliance, gesib a relative. Gossip.] A blood relation. [Obs.] Nash. Sib, a. Related by blood; akin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. Your kindred is but . . . little sib to you. Chaucer. [He] is no fairy birn, ne sib at all To elfs, but sprung of seed terrestrial. Spenser. Sib"bens (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Med.) A contagious disease, endemic in Scotland, resembling the yaws. It is marked by ulceration of the throat and nose and by pustules and soft fungous excrescences upon the surface of the body. In the Orkneys the name is applied to the itch. [Written also sivvens.] Si*be"ri*an (?), a. [From Siberia, Russ. Sibire.] Of or pertaining to Siberia, a region comprising all northern Asia and belonging to Russia; as, a Siberian winter. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Siberia. Siberian crab (Bot.), the Siberian crab apple. See Crab apple, under Crab. -- Siberian dog (Zo\'94l.), one of a large breed of dogs having erect ears and the hair of the body and tail very long. It is distinguished for endurance of fatigue when used for the purpose of draught. -- Siberian pea tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Cragana arborescens) with yellow flowers. It is a native of Siberia. { Sib"i*lance (?), Sib"i*lan*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being sibilant; sibilation. Milton would not have avoided them for their sibilancy, he who wrote . . . verses that hiss like Medusa's head in wrath. Lowell. Sib"i*lant (?), a. [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibilare to hiss: cf. F. sibilant.] Making a hissing sound; uttered with a hissing sound; hissing; as, s, z, sh, and zh, are sibilant elementary sounds. -- n. A sibiliant letter. Sib"i*late (?), v. t. & i. To pronounce with a hissing sound, like that of the letter s; to mark with a character indicating such pronunciation. Sib`i*la"tion (?), n. [L. sibilatio.] Utterance with a hissing sound; also, the sound itself; a hiss. He, with a long, low sibilation, stared. Tennyson. Sib"i*la*to*ry (?), a. Hissing; sibilant. Sib"i*lous (?), a. [L. sibilus.] Having a hissing sound; hissing; sibilant. [R.] Pennant. Sib"yl (?), n. [L. sibylla, Gr. 1. (Class. Antiq.) A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy. 2. A female fortune teller; a pythoness; a prophetess. \'bdAn old highland sibyl.\'b8 Sir W. Scott. Sib"yl*ist, n. One who believes in a sibyl or the sibylline prophecies. Cudworth. Sib"yl*line (?), a. [L. sibyllinus.] Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, written, or composed by sibyls; like the productions of sibyls. Sibylline books. (a) (Rom. Antiq.) Books or documents of prophecies in verse concerning the fate of the Roman empire, said to have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. (b) Certain Jewish and early Christian writings purporting to have been prophetic and of sibylline origin. They date from 100 b. c. to a. d. 500. Sic (?), a. Such. [Scot.] \'d8Sic (?), adv. [L.] Thus. sic], to call attention to the fact that some remarkable or inaccurate expression, misspelling, or the like, is literally reproduced. Sic"a*more (?), n. (Bot.) See Sycamore. \'d8Sic"ca (?), n. [Ar. sikka.] A seal; a coining die; -- used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains. Sicca rupee, an East Indian coin, valued nominally at about two shillings sterling, or fifty cents. Sic"cate (?), v. t. [L. siccatus, p. p. of siccare to dry, fr. siecus dry.] To dry. [R.] Sic*ca"tion (?), n. [L. siccatio.] The act or process of drying. [R.] Bailey. Sic"ca*tive (?), a. [L. siccativus.] Drying; causing to dry. -- n. That which promotes drying. Sic*cif"ic (?), a.[L. siccificus; siccus dry + facere to make. See -fy.] Causing dryness. Sic"ci*ty (?), n. [L. siccitas, fr. siccus dry.] Dryness; aridity; destitution of moisture. [Obs.] The siccity and dryness of its flesh. Sir T. Browne. Sice (?), n. [F. six, fr. L. sex six. See Six.] The number six at dice. Si"cer (?), n. [L. sicera. See Cider.] A strong drink; cider. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sich (?), a. Such. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser. Si*cil"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sicily or its inhabitants. Sicilian vespers, the great massacre of the French in Sicily, in the year 1282, on the evening of Easter Monday, at the hour of vespers. Si*cil"i*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Sicily. \'d8Si*ci`li*a"no (?), n. [It., Sicilian.] A Sicilian dance, resembling the pastorale, set to a rather slow and graceful melody in 12-8 or 6-8 measure; also, the music to the dance. \'d8Si`ci`lienne" (?), n. [F., fem. of sicilien Sicilian.] A kind of rich poplin. Sick (?), a. [Compar. Sicker (?); superl. Sickest.] [OE. sek, sik, ill, AS. se\'a2c; akin to OS. siok, seoc, OFries. siak, D. ziek, G. siech, OHG. sioh, Icel. sj, Sw. sjuk, Dan. syg, Goth. siuks ill, siukan to be ill.] 1. Affected with disease of any kind; ill; indisposed; not in health. See the Synonym under Illness. Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever. Mark i. 30. Behold them that are sick with famine. Jer. xiv. 18. 2. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to vomit; as, sick at the stomach; a sick headache. 3. Having a strong dislike; disgusted; surfeited; -- with of; as, to be sick of flattery. He was not so sick of his master as of his work. L'Estrange. 4. Corrupted; imperfect; impaired; weakned. So great is his antipathy against episcopacy, that, if a seraphim himself should be a bishop, he would either find or make some sick feathers in his wings. Fuller. Sick bay (Naut.), an apartment in a vessel, used as the ship's hospital. -- Sick bed, the bed upon which a person lies sick. -- Sick berth, an apartment for the sick in a ship of war. -- Sick headache (Med.), a variety of headache attended with disorder of the stomach and nausea. -- Sick list, a list containing the names of the sick. -- Sick room, a room in which a person lies sick, or to which he is confined by sickness. [These terms, sick bed, sick berth, etc., are also written both hyphened and solid.] Syn. -- Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indisposed; weak; ailing; feeble; morbid. Sick, n. Sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sick, v. i. To fall sick; to sicken. [Obs.] Shak. Sick"-brained` (?), a. Disordered in the brain. Sick"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sickened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sickening.] 1. To make sick; to disease. Raise this strength, and sicken that to death. Prior. 2. To make qualmish; to nauseate; to disgust; as, to sicken the stomach. 3. To impair; to weaken. [Obs.] Shak. Sick"en, v. i. 1. To become sick; to fall into disease. The judges that sat upon the jail, and those that attended, sickened upon it and died. Bacon. 2. To be filled to disgust; to be disgusted or nauseated; to be filled with abhorrence or aversion; to be surfeited or satiated. Mine eyes did sicken at the sight. Shak. <-- p. 1337 --> 3. To become disgusting or tedious. The toiling pleasure sickens into pain. Goldsmith. 4. To become weak; to decay; to languish. All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink. Pope. Sick"en*ing (?), a. Causing sickness; specif., causing surfeit or disgust; nauseating. -- Sick"en*ing*ly, adv. Sick"er (?), v. i. [AS. sicerian.] (Mining) To percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water through a crack. [Also written sigger, zigger, and zifhyr.] [Prov. Eng.] { Sick"er, Sik"er }, a. [OE. siker; cf. OS. sikur, LG. seker, D. zeker, Dan. sikker, OHG. sihhur, G. sicher; all fr. L. securus. See Secure, Sure.] Sure; certain; trusty. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. When he is siker of his good name. Chaucer. { Sick"er, Sik"er }, adv. Surely; certainly. [Obs.] Believe this as siker as your creed. Chaucer. Sicker, Willye, thou warnest well. Spenser. { Sick"er*ly, Sik"er*ly }, adv. Surely; securely. [Obs.] But sikerly, withouten any fable. Chaucer. { Sick"er*ness, Sik"er*ness }, n. The quality or state of being sicker, or certain. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. Sick"ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased. 2. Somewhat sickening; as, a sickish taste. -- Sick"ish*ly, adv. -- Sick"ish*ness, n. Sic"kle (?), n. [OE. sikel, AS. sicol; akin to D. sikkel, G. sichel, OHG. sihhila, Dan. segel, segl, L. secula, fr. secare to cut; or perhaps from L. secula. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. A reaping instrument consisting of a steel blade curved into the form of a hook, and having a handle fitted on a tang. The sickle has one side of the blade notched, so as always to sharpen with a serrated edge. Cf. Reaping hook, under Reap. When corn has once felt the sickle, it has no more benefit from the sunshine. Shak. 2. (Astron.) A group of stars in the constellation Leo. See Illust. of Leo. Sickle pod (Bot.), a kind of rock cress (Arabis Canadensis) having very long curved pods. Sic"kle*bill` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of three species of humming birds of the genus Eutoxeres, native of Central and South America. They have a long and strongly curved bill. Called also the sickle-billed hummer. (b) A curlew. (c) A bird of the genus Epimachus and allied genera. Sic"kled (?), a. Furnished with a sickle. Sic"kle*man (?), n.; pl. Sicklemen (. One who uses a sickle; a reaper. You sunburned sicklemen, of August weary. Shak. Sic"kler (?), n. One who uses a sickle; a sickleman; a reaper. Sick"less (?), a. Free from sickness. [R.] Give me long breath, young beds, and sickless ease. Marston. Sic"kle*wort` (?), n. [AS. sicolwyrt.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Coronilla (C. scorpioides); -- so named from its curved pods. (b) The healall (Brunella vulgaris). Sick"lied (?), a. Made sickly. See Sickly, v. Sick"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sickly. Sick"ly (?), a. [Compar. Sicklier (?); superl. Sickliest.] 1. Somewhat sick; disposed to illness; attended with disease; as, a sickly body. This physic but prolongs thy sickly days. Shak. 2. Producing, or tending to, disease; as, a sickly autumn; a sickly climate. Cowper. 3. Appearing as if sick; weak; languid; pale. The moon grows sickly at the sight of day. Dryden. Nor torrid summer's sickly smile. Keble. 4. Tending to produce nausea; sickening; as, a sickly smell; sickly sentimentality. Syn. -- Diseased; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy; healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint. Sick"ly, adv. In a sick manner or condition; ill. My people sickly [with ill will] beareth our marriage. Chaucer. Sick"ly, v. t. To make sick or sickly; -- with over, and probably only in the past participle. [R.] Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak. Sentiments sicklied over . . . with that cloying heaviness into which unvaried sweetness is too apt to subside. Jeffrey. Sick"ness, n. [AS. se\'a2cness.] 1. The quality or state of being sick or diseased; illness; sisease or malady. I do lament the sickness of the king. Shak. Trust not too much your now resistless charms; Those, age or sickness soon or late disarms. Pope. 2. Nausea; qualmishness; as, sickness of stomach. Syn. -- Illness; disease; malady. See Illness. Si"cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. silcus, Heb. shegel. See Shekel.] A shekel. [Obs.] The holy mother brought five sicles and a pair of turtledoves to redeem the Lamb of God. Jer. Taylor. \'d8Si"da (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax. Balfour (Cyc. of India). Sid"dow (?), a. Soft; pulpy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Side (?), n. [AS. s\'c6de; akin to D. zijde, G. seite, OHG. s\'c6ta, Icel. s\'c6, Dan. side, Sw. sida; cf. AS. s\'c6d large, spacious, Icel. s\'c6 long, hanging.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface; especially (when the thing spoken of is somewhat oblong in shape), one of the longer edges as distinguished from the shorter edges, called ends; a bounding line of a geometrical figure; as, the side of a field, of a square or triangle, of a river, of a road, etc. 3. Any outer portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; as, the upper side of a sphere; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or contrasted with another; as, this or that side. <-- any part of the surface which can be viewed from one vantage point. --> Looking round on every side beheld A pathless desert. Milton. 4. (a) One of the halves of the body, of an animals or man, on either side of the mesial plane; or that which pertains to such a half; as, a side of beef; a side of sole leather. (b) The right or left part of the wall or trunk of the body; as, a pain in the side. One of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side. John xix. 34. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill, considered as opposed to another slope over the ridge. Along the side of yon small hill. Milton. 6. The position of a person or party regarded as opposed to another person or party, whether as a rival or a foe; a body of advocates or partisans; a party; hence, the interest or cause which one maintains against another; a doctrine or view opposed to another. God on our side, doubt not of victory. Shak. We have not always been of the . . . same side in politics. Landor. Sets the passions on the side of truth. Pope. 7. A line of descent traced through one parent as distinguished from that traced through another. To sit upon thy father David's throne, By mother's side thy father. Milton. 8. Fig.: Aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other; as, the bright side of poverty. By the side of, close at hand; near to. -- Exterior side. (Fort.) See Exterior, and Illust. of Ravelin. -- Interior side (Fort.), the line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next, or the line curtain produced to the two oblique radii in front. H. L. Scott. -- Side by side, close together and abreast; in company or along with. -- To choose sides, to select those who shall compete, as in a game, on either side. -- To take sides, to attach one's self to, or give assistance to, one of two opposing sides or parties. Side (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a side, or the sides; being on the side, or toward the side; lateral. One mighty squadron with a side wind sped. Dryden. 2. Hence, indirect; oblique; collateral; incidental; as, a side issue; a side view or remark. The law hath no side respect to their persons. Hooker. 3. [AS. s\'c6d. Cf Side, n.] Long; large; extensive. [Obs. or Scot.] Shak. His gown had side sleeves down to mid leg. Laneham. Side action, in breech-loading firearms, a mechanism for operating the breech block, which is moved by a lever that turns sidewise. -- Side arms, weapons worn at the side, as sword, bayonet, pistols, etc. -- Side ax, an ax of which the handle is bent to one side. -- Side-bar rule (Eng. Law.), a rule authorized by the courts to be granted by their officers as a matter of course, without formal application being made to them in open court; -- so called because anciently moved for by the attorneys at side bar, that is, informally. Burril. -- Side box, a box or inclosed seat on the side of a theater. To insure a side-box station at half price. Cowper. -- Side chain, one of two safety chains connecting a tender with a locomotive, at the sides. -- Side cut, a canal or road branching out from the main one. [U.S.] -- Side dish, one of the dishes subordinate to the main course. -- Side glance, a glance or brief look to one side. -- Side hook (Carp.), a notched piece of wood for clamping a board to something, as a bench. -- Side lever, a working beam of a side-lever engine. -- Side-lever engine, a marine steam engine having a working beam of each side of the cylinder, near the bottom of the engine, communicating motion to a crank that is above them. -- Side pipe (Steam Engine), a steam or exhaust pipe connecting the upper and lower steam chests of the cylinder of a beam engine. -- Side plane, a plane in which the cutting edge of the iron is at the side of the stock. -- Side posts (Carp.), posts in a truss, usually placed in pairs, each post set at the same distance from the middle of the truss, for supporting the principal rafters, hanging the tiebeam, etc. -- Side rod. (a) One of the rods which connect the piston-rod crosshead with the side levers, in a side-lever engine. (b) See Parallel rod, under Parallel. -- Side screw (Firearms), one of the screws by which the lock is secured to the side of a firearm stock. -- Side table, a table placed either against the wall or aside from the principal table. -- Side tool (Mach.), a cutting tool, used in a lathe or planer, having the cutting edge at the side instead of at the point. -- Side wind, a wind from one side; hence, an indirect attack, or indirect means. Wright. Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sided; p. pr.& vb. n. Siding.] 1. To lean on one side. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in its interest, in opposition to another party; to take sides; as, to side with the ministerial party. All side in parties, and begin the attack. Pope. Side, v. t. 1. To be or stand at the side of; to be on the side toward. [Obs.] His blind eye that sided Paridell. Spenser. 2. To suit; to pair; to match. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. (Shipbuilding) To work (a timber or rib) to a certain thickness by trimming the sides. 4. To furnish with a siding; as, to side a house. Side"board` (?), n. A piece of dining-room furniture having compartments and shelves for keeping or displaying articles of table service. At a stately sideboard, by the wine, That fragrant smell diffused. Milton. Side"bone` (?), n. (Far.) A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter and at the sides of the coronet and coffin bone of a horse. J. H. Walsh. Sid"ed (?), a. Having (such or so many) sides; -- used in composition; as, one-sided; many-sided. Side"hill` (?), n. The side or slope of a hill; sloping ground; a descent. [U. S.] Side"ling (?), adv. [OE. sideling, fr. side side. See Side, and cf. Sidelong, Headlong.] Sidelong; on the side; laterally; also, obliquely; askew. A fellow nailed up maps . . . some sideling, and others upside down. Swift. Side"ling, a. Inclining to one sidel directed toward one side; sloping; inclined; as, sideling ground. Side"long` (?), adv. [See Sideling, adv.] 1. Laterally; obliquely; in the direction of the side. 2. On the side; as, to lay a thing sidelong. [See Sideling, adv. ] Evelyn. Side"long`, a. Lateral; oblique; not being directly in front; as, a sidelong glance. The bashful virgin's sidelong looks of love. Goldsmith. Side"piece` (?), n. (Joinery) The jamb, or cheek, of an opening in a wall, as of door or window. Sid"er (?), n. One who takes a side. Si"der (?), n. Cider. [Obs.] Sid"er*al (?), a. [L. sideralis. See Sidereal.] 1. Relating to the stars. 2. (Astrol.) Affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; baleful. \'bdSideral blast.\'b8 Milton. Sid"er*a`ted (?), a. [L. sideratus, p. p. of siderari to be blasted by a constellation, fr. sidus, sideris, a constellation.] Planet-struck; blasted. [Obs.] Sid`er*a"tion, n. [L. sideratio.] The state of being siderated, or planet-struck; esp., blast in plants; also, a sudden and apparently causeless stroke of disease, as in apoplexy or paralysis. [Obs.] Ray. Si*de"re*al (?), a. [L. sidereus, from sidus, sideris, a constellation, a star. Cf. Sideral, Consider, Desire.] 1. Relating to the stars; starry; astral; as, sidereal astronomy. 2. (Astron.) Measuring by the apparent motion of the stars; designated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the same position in respect to the stars; as, the sidereal revolution of a planet; a sidereal day. Sidereal clock, day, month, year. See under Clock, Day, etc. -- Sideral time, time as reckoned by sideral days, or, taking the sidereal day as the unit, the time elapsed since a transit of the vernal equinox, reckoned in parts of a sidereal day. This is, strictly, apparent sidereal time, mean sidereal time being reckoned from the transit, not of the true, but of the mean, equinoctial point. Si*de"re*al*ize (?), v. t. To elevate to the stars, or to the region of the stars; to etherealize. German literature transformed, siderealized, as we see it in Goethe, reckons Winckelmann among its initiators. W. Pater. Si*de"re*ous (?), a. [L. sidereus.] Sidereal. [Obs.] Sid"er*ite, n. [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. 1. (Min.) (a) Carbonate of iron, an important ore of iron occuring generally in cleavable masses, but also in rhombohedral crystals. It is of a light yellowish brown color. Called also sparry iron, spathic iron. (b) A meteorite consisting solely of metallic iron. (c) An indigo-blue variety of quartz. (d) Formerly, magnetic iron ore, or loadstone. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Sideritis; ironwort. { Sid`er*o*graph"ic (?), Sid`er*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to siderography; executed by engraved plates of steel; as, siderographic art; siderographic impressions. Sid`er*og"ra*phist (?), n. One skilled in siderography. Sid`er*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. -graphy.] The art or practice of steel engraving; especially, the process, invented by Perkins, of multiplying facsimiles of an engraved steel plate by first rolling over it, when hardened, a soft steel cylinder, and then rolling the cylinder, when hardened, over a soft steel plate, which thus becomes a facsimile of the original. The process has been superseded by electrotypy. Sid"er*o*lite (?), n. [Gr. -lite.] A kind of meteorite. See under Meteorite. Sid"er*o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. -mancy.] Divination by burning straws on red-hot iron, and noting the manner of their burning. Craig. Sid"er*o*scope (?), n. [Gr. -scope.] An instrument for detecting small quantities of iron in any substance by means of a very delicate combination of magnetic needles. \'d8Sid`e*ro"sis (?), n.[NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) A sort of pneumonia occuring in iron workers, produced by the inhalation of particles of iron. Sid"er*o*stat (?), n. [L. sidus, sideris, a star + Gr. (Astron.) An apparatus consisting essentially of a mirror moved by clockwork so as to throw the rays of the sun or a star in a fixed direction; -- a more general term for heliostat. \'d8Sid`e*rox"y*lon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) A genus of tropical sapotaceous trees noted for their very hard wood; ironwood. Side"sad`dle (?), n. A saddle for women, in which the rider sits with both feet on one side of the animal mounted. Sidesaddle flower (Bot.), a plant with hollow leaves and curiously shaped flowers; -- called also huntsman's cup. See Sarracenia. <-- p. 1338 --> Sides"man (?), n.; pl. Sidesmen (. 1. A party man; a partisan. Milton. 2. An assistant to the churchwarden; a questman. Side"-tak`ing (?), n. A taking sides, as with a party, sect, or faction. Bp. Hall. Side"walk` (?), n. A walk for foot passengers at the side of a street or road; a foot pavement. [U.S.] Side"ways` (?), adv. Toward the side; sidewise. A second refraction made sideways. Sir I. Newton. His beard, a good palm's length, at least, . . . Shot sideways, like a swallow's wings. Longfellow. Side"-wheel`, a. Having a paddle wheel on each side; -- said of steam vessels; as, a side-wheel steamer. Side"wind`er (?), n. 1. (Zo\'94l.) See Horned rattler, under Horned. 2. A heavy swinging blow from the side, which disables an adversary. [Slang.] Side"wise` (?), adv. On or toward one side; laterally; sideways. I saw them mask their awful glance Sidewise meek in gossamer lids. Emerson. <-- the informal name of a specific type of heat-seeking air-to-air missile. Also, sidewinder missile. --> Sid"ing (?), n. 1. Attaching one's self to a party. 2. A side track, as a railroad; a turnout. 3. (Carp.) The covering of the outside wall of a frame house, whether made of weatherboards, vertical boarding with cleats, shingles, or the like. 4. (Shipbuilding) The thickness of a rib or timber, measured, at right angles with its side, across the curved edge; as, a timber having a siding of ten inches. Si"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sidled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sidling (?).] [From Side.] To go or move with one side foremost; to move sidewise; as, to sidle through a crowd or narrow opening. Swift. He . . . then sidled close to the astonished girl. Sir W. Scott. Siege (?), n. [OE. sege, OF. siege, F. si\'8age a seat, a siege; cf. It. seggia, seggio, zedio, a seat, asseggio, assedio, a siege, F. assi\'82ger to besiege, It. & LL. assediare, L. obsidium a siege, besieging; all ultimately fr. L. sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. See, n.] 1. A seat; especially, a royal seat; a throne. [Obs.] \'bdUpon the very siege of justice.\'b8 Shak. A stately siege of sovereign majesty, And thereon sat a woman gorgeous gay. Spenser. In our great hall there stood a vacant chair . . . And Merlin called it \'bdThe siege perilous.\'b8 Tennyson. 2. Hence, place or situation; seat. [Obs.] Ah! traitorous eyes, come out of your shameless siege forever. Painter (Palace of Pleasure). 3. Rank; grade; station; estimation. [Obs.] I fetch my life and being From men of royal siege. Shak. 4. Passage of excrements; stool; fecal matter. [Obs.] The siege of this mooncalf. Shak. 5. The sitting of an army around or before a fortified place for the purpose of compelling the garrison to surrender; the surrounding or investing of a place by an army, and approaching it by passages and advanced works, which cover the besiegers from the enemy's fire. See the Note under Blockade. 6. Hence, a continued attempt to gain possession. Love stood the siege, and would not yield his breast. Dryden. 7. The floor of a glass-furnace. 8. A workman's bench. Knught. Siege gun, a heavy gun for siege operations. -- Siege train, artillery adapted for attacking fortified places. Siege, v. t. To besiege; to beset. [R.] Through all the dangers that can siege The life of man. Buron. Siege"work` (?), n. A temporary fort or parallel where siege guns are mounted. Sie"mens-Mar`tin proc"ess (?). See Open-hearth process, etc., under Open. Si"e*nite (?), n. (Min.) See Syenite. Si`e*nit"ic (?), a. See Syenitic. Si*en"na (?), n. [It. terra di Siena, fr. Siena in Italy.] (Chem.) Clay that is colored red or brown by the oxides of iron or manganese, and used as a pigment. It is used either in the raw state or burnt. Burnt sienna, sienna made of a much redder color by the action of fire. -- Raw sienna, sienna in its natural state, of a transparent yellowish brown color. Si`en*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sienna, a city of Italy. \'d8Si*er"ra (?), n. [Sp., properly, a saw, fr. L. serra a saw. See Serrate.] A ridge of mountain and craggy rocks, with a serrated or irregular outline; as, the Sierra Nevada. The wild sierra overhead. Whitter. \'d8Si*es"ta (?), n. [Sp., probably fr. L. sessitare to sit much or long, v. freq. of sedere, sessum, to sit. See Sit.] A short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after dinner; a midday nap. \'d8Sieur (?), n. [F., abbrev. from seigneur. Cf. Monsieur, Seignior.] Sir; -- a title of respect used by the French. Sie"va (?), n. (Bot.) A small variety of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Sieve (?), n. [OE. sive, AS. sife; akin to D. zeef, zift, OHG. sib, G. sieb. a. Cf. Sift.] 1. A utensil for separating the finer and coarser parts of a pulverized or granulated substance from each other. It consist of a vessel, usually shallow, with the bottom perforated, or made of hair, wire, or the like, woven in meshes. \'bdIn a sieve thrown and sifted.\'b8 Chaucer. 2. A kind of coarse basket. Simmonds. Sieve cells (Bot.), cribriform cells. See under Cribriform. Si"fac (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The white indris of Madagascar. It is regarded by the natives as sacred. Sif"fle*ment (?), n. [F., a whistling or hissing.] The act of whistling or hissing; a whistling sound; sibilation. [Obs.] A. Brewer. Sif"i*let (?), n. [Cf. F. siflet.] (Zo\'94l.) The six-shafted bird of paradise. See Paradise bird, under Paradise. Sift (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sifting.] [AS. siftan, from sife sieve. a. See Sieve.] 1. To separate with a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the coarse; as, to sift meal or flour; to sift powder; to sift sand or lime. 2. To separate or part as if with a sieve. When yellow sands are sifted from below, The glittering billows give a golden show. Dryden. 3. To examine critically or minutely; to scrutinize. Sifting the very utmost sentence and syllable. Hooker. Opportunity I here have had To try thee, sift thee. Milton. Let him but narrowly sift his ideas. I. Taylor. To sift out, to search out with care, as if by sifting. Sift"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sifts. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any lamellirostral bird, as a duck or goose; -- so called because it sifts or strains its food from the water and mud by means of the lamell Sig (?), n. [Akin to AS. s\'c6gan to fall. a. See Sink, v. t.] Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Si*gaul"ti*an (?), a. (Surg.) Pertaining to Sigault, a French physician. See Symphyseotomy. Sig"ger, v. i. Same as Sicker. [Prov. Eng.] Sigh (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sighed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sighing.] [OE. sighen, si; cf. also OE. siken, AS. s\'c6can, and OE. sighten, si, sichten, AS. siccettan; all, perhaps, of imitative origin.] 1. To inhale a larger quantity of air than usual, and immediately expel it; to make a deep single audible respiration, especially as the result or involuntary expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, or the like. 2. Hence, to lament; to grieve. He sighed deeply in his spirit. Mark viii. 12. 3. To make a sound like sighing. And the coming wind did roar more loud, And the sails did sigh like sedge. Coleridge. The winter winds are wearily sighing. Tennyson. s\'c6th is still heard in England and among the illiterate in the United States. Sigh, v. t. 1. To exhale (the breath) in sighs. Never man sighed truer breath. Shak. 2. To utter sighs over; to lament or mourn over. Ages to come, and men unborn, Shall bless her name, and sigh her fate. Pior. 3. To express by sighs; to utter in or with sighs. They . . . sighed forth proverbs. Shak. The gentle swain . . . sighs back her grief. Hoole. Sigh, n. [OE. sigh; cf. OE. sik. See Sigh, v. i.] 1. A deep and prolonged audible inspiration or respiration of air, as when fatigued or grieved; the act of sighing. I could drive the boat with my sighs. Shak. 2. Figuratively, a manifestation of grief; a lan With their sighs the air Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite. Milton. Sigh"-born` (?), a. Sorrowful; mournful. [R.] \'bdSigh-born thoughts.\'b8 De Quincey. Sigh"er (?), n. One who sighs. Sigh"ing, a. Uttering sighs; grieving; lamenting. \'bdSighing millions.\'b8 Cowper. -- Sigh"ing*ly, adv. Sight (?), n. [OE. sight, si, siht, AS. siht, gesiht, gesih, gesieh, gesyh; akin to D. gezicht, G. sicht, gesicht, Dan. sigte, Sw. sigt, from the root of E. see. See See, v. t.] 1. The act of seeing; perception of objects by the eye; view; as, to gain sight of land. A cloud received him out of their sight. Acts. i. 9. 2. The power of seeing; the faculty of vision, or of perceiving objects by the instrumentality of the eyes. Thy sight is young, And thou shalt read when mine begin to dazzle. Shak. O loss of sight, of thee I most complain! Milton. 3. The state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; open view; region which the eye at one time surveys; space through which the power of vision extends; as, an object within sight. 4. A spectacle; a view; a show; something worth seeing. Moses said, I will now turn aside and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt. Ex. iii. 3. They never saw a sight so fair. Spenser. 5. The instrument of seeing; the eye. Why cloud they not their sights? Shak. 6. Inspection; examination; as, a letter intended for the sight of only one person. 7. Mental view; opinion; judgment; as, in their sight it was harmless. Wake. That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God. Luke xvi. 15. 8. A small aperture through which objects are to be seen, and by which their direction is settled or ascertained; as, the sight of a quadrant. Thier eyes of fire sparking through sights of steel. Shak. 9. A small piece of metal, fixed or movable, on the breech, muzzle, center, or trunnion of a gun, or on the breech and the muzzle of a rifle, pistol, etc., by means of which the eye is guided in aiming. Farrow. 10. In a drawing, picture, etc., that part of the surface, as of paper or canvas, which is within the frame or the border or margin. In a frame or the like, the open space, the opening. 11. A great number, quantity, or sum; as, a sight of money. [Now colloquial] Sight in this last sense was formerly employed in the best usage. \'bdA sight of lawyers.\'b8 Latimer. A wonder sight of flowers. Gower. At sight, as soon as seen, or presented to sight; as, a draft payable at sight: to read Greek at sight; to shoot a person at sight. -- Front sight (Firearms), the sight nearest the muzzle. -- Open sight. (Firearms) (a) A front sight through which the objects aimed at may be seen, in distinction from one that hides the object. (b) A rear sight having an open notch instead of an aperture. -- Peep sight, Rear sight. See under Peep, and Rear. -- Sight draft, an order, or bill of exchange, directing the payment of money at sight. -- To take sight, to take aim; to look for the purpose of directing a piece of artillery, or the like. Syn. -- Vision; view; show; spectacle; representation; exhibition. Sight (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sighting.] 1. To get sight of; to see; as, to sight land; to sight a wreck. Kane. 2. To look at through a sight; to see accurately; as, to sight an object, as a star. 3. To apply sights to; to adjust the sights of; also, to give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a sight; as, to sight a rifle or a cannon. Sight, v. i. (Mil.) To take aim by a sight. Sight"ed, a. Having sight, or seeing, in a particular manner; -- used in composition; as, long-sighted, short-sighted, quick-sighted, sharp-sighted, and the like. Sight"ful (?), a. Easily or clearly seen; distinctly visible; perspicuous. [Obs.] Testament of Love. Sight"ful*ness, n. The state of being sightful; perspicuity. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Sight"-hole` (?), n. A hole for looking through; a peephole. \'bdStop all sight-holes.\'b8 Shak. Sight"ing, a & n. from Sight, v. t. Sighting shot, a shot made to ascertain whether the sights of a firearm are properly adjusted; a trial shot. Sight"less, a. 1. Wanting sight; without sight; blind. Of all who blindly creep or sightless soar. Pope. 2. That can not be seen; invisible. [Obs.] The sightless couriers of the air. Shak. 3. Offensive or unpleasing to the eye; unsightly; as, sightless stains. [R.] Shak. -- Sight"less*ly, adv.- Sight"less*ness, n. Sight"li*ness (?), n. The state of being sightly; comeliness; conspicuousness. Sight"ly (?), a. 1. Pleasing to the sight; comely. \'bdMany brave, sightly horses.\'b8 L'Estrange. 2. Open to sight; conspicuous; as, a house stands in a sightly place. Sight"proof` (?), a. Undiscoverable to sight. Hidden in their own sightproof bush. Lowell. Sight"-see`ing (?), a. Engaged in, or given to, seeing sights; eager for novelties or curiosities. Sight"-see`ing, n. The act of seeing sights; eagerness for novelties or curiosities. Sight"-se`er (?), n. One given to seeing sights or noted things, or eager for novelties or curiosities. Sight"-shot` (?), n. Distance to which the sight can reach or be thrown. [R.] Cowley. Sights"man (?), n.; pl. Sightsmen (. (Mus.) One who reads or performs music readily at first sight. [R.] <-- now, sight-reader --> Busby. Sig"il (?), n. [L. sigillum. See Seal a stamp.] A seal; a signature. Dryden. Of talismans and sigils knew the power. Pope. \'d8Sig`il*la"ri*a (?), n. pl. [L., from sigillum a seal. See Sigil.] (Rom. Antic.) Little images or figures of earthenware exposed for sale, or given as presents, on the last two days of the Saturnalia; hence, the last two, or the sixth and seventh, days of the Saturnalia. \'d8Sig`il*la"ri*a, n. [NL., fem sing. fr. L. sigillum a seal.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees principally found in the coal formation; -- so named from the seallike leaf scars in vertical rows on the surface. Sig`il*la"rid (?), n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of cryptagamous trees, including the genus Sigillaria and its allies. Sig"il*la`ted (?), a. [L. sigillatus adorned with little images.] Decorated by means of stamps; -- said of pottery. Sig"il*la*tive (?), a. [L. sigillum a seal: cf. OF. sigillatif.] Fit to seal; belonging to a seal; composed of wax. [R.] \'d8Si*gil"lum (?), n.; pl. Sigilla (#). [L.] (Rom. & Old Eng. Law) A seal. \'d8Sig"la (?), n. pl. [L.] The signs, abbreviations, letters, or characters standing for words, shorthand, etc., in ancient manuscripts, or on coins, medals, etc. W. Savage. \'d8Sig"ma (?), n.; pl. Sigmas (#). [L., from Gr. The Greek letter S, or s). It originally had the form of the English C. Sig"mo*dont (?), n. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of a tribe (Sigmodontes) of rodents which includes all the indigenous rats and mice of America. So called from the form of the ridges of enamel on the crowns of the worn molars. Also used adjectively. { Sig"moid (?), Sig*moid"al (?), } a. [Gr. sigmo\'8bde.] Curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek Sigmoid flexure (Anat.), the last curve of the colon before it terminates in the rectum. See Illust. under Digestive. -- Sigmoid valves. (Anat.) See Semilunar valves, under Semilunar. Sig*moid"al*ly, adv. In a sigmoidal manner. <-- p. 1339 --> Sign (?), n. [F. signe, L. signum; cf. AS. segen, segn, a sign, standard, banner, also fr. L. signum. Cf. Ensign, Resign, Seal a stamp, Signal, Signet.] That by which anything is made known or represented; that which furnishes evidence; a mark; a token; an indication; a proof. Specifically: (a) A remarkable event, considered by the ancients as indicating the will of some deity; a prodigy; an omen. (b) An event considered by the Jews as indicating the divine will, or as manifesting an interposition of the divine power for some special end; a miracle; a wonder. Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God. Rom. xv. 19. It shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign. Ex. iv. 8. (c) Something serving to indicate the existence, or preserve the memory, of a thing; a token; a memorial; a monument. What time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men, and they became a sign. Num. xxvi. 10. (d) Any symbol or emblem which prefigures, typifles, or represents, an idea; a type; hence, sometimes, a picture. The holy symbols, or signs, are not barely significative; but what they represent is as certainly delivered to us as the symbols themselves. Brerewood. Saint George of Merry England, the sign of victory. Spenser. (e) A word or a character regarded as the outward manifestation of thought; as, words are the sign of ideas. (f) A motion, an action, or a gesture by which a thought is expressed, or a command or a wish made known. They made signs to his father, how he would have him called. Luke i. 62. (g) Hence, one of the gestures of pantomime, or of a language of a signs such as those used by the North American Indians, or those used by the deaf and dumb. natural signs, which serve for communicating ideas, and methodical, or systematic, signs, adapted for the dictation, or the rendering, of written language, word by word; and thus the signs are to be distinguished from the manual alphabet, by which words are spelled on the fingers. (h) A military emblem carried on a banner or a standard. Milton. (i) A lettered board, or other conspicuous notice, placed upon or before a building, room, shop, or office to advertise the business there transacted, or the name of the person or firm carrying it on; a publicly displayed token or notice. The shops were, therefore, distinguished by painted signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets. Macaulay. (j) (Astron.) The twelfth part of the ecliptic or zodiac. signs are reckoned from the point of intersection of the ecliptic and equator at the vernal equinox, and are named, respectively, Aries (Taurus (Gemini (II), Cancer (Leo (Virgo (Libra (Scorpio (Sagittarius (Capricornus (Aquarius (Pisces ( (k) (Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, or an operation performed upon them; as, the sign + (plus); the sign -- (minus); the sign of division \'f6, and the like. (l) (Med.) An objective evidence of disease; that is, one appreciable by some one other than the patient. symptom and and sign are often used synonymously; but they may be discriminated. A sign differs from a symptom in that the latter is perceived only by the patient himself. The term sign is often further restricted to the purely local evidences of disease afforded by direct examination of the organs involved, as distinguished from those evidence of general disturbance afforded by observation of the temperature, pulse, etc. In this sense it is often called physical sign. (m) (Mus.) Any character, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. (n) (Theol.) That which, being external, stands for, or signifies, something internal or spiritual; -- a term used in the Church of England in speaking of an ordinance considered with reference to that which it represents. An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace. Bk. of Common Prayer. Arbitrary Signs, p. 1924. Sign manual. (a) (Eng. Law) The royal signature superscribed at the top of bills of grants and letter patent, which are then sealed with the privy signet or great seal, as the case may be, to complete their validity. (b) The signature of one's name in one's own handwriting. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. Syn. -- Token; mark; note; symptom; indication; signal; symbol; type; omen; prognostic; presage; manifestation. See Emblem. Sign (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Signing.] [OE. seinen to bless, originally, to make the sign of the cross over; in this sense fr. ASS. segnian (from segn, n.), or OF. seignier, F. signer, to mark, to sign (in sense 3), fr. L. signare to mark, set a mark upon, from signum. See Sign, n.] 1. To represent by a sign; to make known in a typical or emblematic manner, in distinction from speech; to signify. I signed to Browne to make his retreat. Sir W. Scott. 2. To make a sign upon; to mark with a sign. We receive this child into the congregation of Christ's flock, and do sign him with the sign of the cross. Bk. of Com Prayer. 3. To affix a signature to; to ratify by hand or seal; to subscribe in one's own handwriting. Inquire the Jew's house out, give him this deed, And let him sign it. Shak. 4. To assign or convey formally; -- used with away. 5. To mark; to make distinguishable. Shak. Sign (?), v. i. 1. To be a sign or omen. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make a sign or signal; to communicate directions or intelligence by signs. 3. To write one's name, esp. as a token of assent, responsibility, or obligation. <-- 4. to communicate in sign language (subtype of 3) --> Sign"a*ble (?), a. Suitable to be signed; requiring signature; as, a legal document signable by a particular person. Sig"nal (?), n. [F., fr. LL. signale, fr. L. signum. See Sign, n.] 1. A sign made for the purpose of giving notice to a person of some occurence, command, or danger; also, a sign, event, or watchword, which has been agreed upon as the occasion of concerted action. All obeyed The wonted signal and superior voice Of this great potentate. Milton. 2. A token; an indication; a foreshadowing; a sign. The weary sun . . . Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow. Shak. There was not the least signal of the calamity to be seen. De Foc. Sig"nal, a. [From signal, n.: cf. F. signal\'82.] 1. Noticeable; distinguished from what is ordinary; eminent; remarkable; memorable; as, a signal exploit; a signal service; a signal act of benevolence. As signal now in low, dejected state As erst in highest, behold him where he lies. Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to signals, or the use of signals in conveying information; as, a signal flag or officer. The signal service, a bureau of the government (in the United States connected with the War Department) organized to collect from the whole country simultaneous raports of local meteorological conditions, upon comparison of which at the central office, predictions concerning the weather are telegraphed to various sections, where they are made known by signals publicly displayed. -- Signal station, the place where a signal is displayed; specifically, an observation office of the signal service. Syn. -- Eminent; remarkable; memorable; extraordinary; notable; conspicuous. Sig"nal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signaled ( or Signalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Signaling or Signalling.] 1. To communicate by signals; as, to signal orders. 2. To notify by a signals; to make a signal or signals to; as, to signal a fleet to anchor. M. Arnold. Sig"nal*ist, n. One who makes signals; one who communicates intelligence by means of signals. Sig*nal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being signal or remarkable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sig"nal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Signalizing (?).] [From Signal, a.] 1. To make signal or eminent; to render distinguished from what is common; to distinguish. It is this passion which drives men to all the ways we see in use of signalizing themselves. Burke. 2. To communicate with by means of a signal; as, a ship signalizes its consort. 3. To indicate the existence, presence, or fact of, by a signal; as, to signalize the arrival of a steamer. Sig"nal*ly, adv. In a signal manner; eminently. Sig"nal*man (?), n.; pl. -men (. A man whose business is to manage or display signals; especially, one employed in setting the signals by which railroad trains are run or warned. Sig"nal*ment (?), n. The act of signaling, or of signalizing; hence, description by peculiar, appropriate, or characteristic marks. Mrs. Browning. Sig"nate (?), a. [L. signatus, p. p. See Sign, v. t.] (Zo\'94l.) Having definite color markings. Sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. signatio. See Sign, v. t.] Sign given; marking. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sig"na*to*ry (?), a. [L. signatorius.] 1. Relating to a seal; used in sealing. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. Signing; joining or sharing in a signature; as, signatory powers. Sig"na*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (. A signer; one who signs or subscribes; as, a conference of signatories. Sig"na*ture (?), n. [F. (cf. It. signatura, segnatura, Sp. & LL. signatura), from L. signare, signatum. See Sign, v. t.] 1. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed, as by a seal. The brain, being well furnished with various traces, signatures, and images. I. Watts. The natural and indelible signature of God, which human souls . . . are supposed to be stamped with. Bentley. 2. Especially, the name of any person, written with his own hand, employed to signify that the writing which precedes accords with his wishes or intentions; a sign manual; an autograph. 3. (Physiol.) An outward mark by which internal characteristics were supposed to be indicated. Some plants bear a very evident signature of their nature and use. Dr. H. More. 4. (Old Med.) A resemblance between the external characters of a disease and those of some physical agent, for instance, that existing between the red skin of scarlet fever and a red cloth; -- supposed to indicate this agent in the treatment of the disease. 5. (Mus.) The designation of the key (when not C major, or its relative, A minor) by means of one or more sharps or flats at the beginning of the staff, immediately after the clef, affecting all notes of the same letter throughout the piece or movement. Each minor key has the same signature as its relative major. 6. (Print.) (a) A letter or figure placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet of a book or pamphlet, as a direction to the binder in arranging and folding the sheets. (b) The printed sheet so marked, or the form from which it is printed; as, to reprint one or more signatures. 7. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the directions to the patient. It is usually prefaced by S or Sig. (an abbreviation for the Latin signa, imperative of signare to sign or mark). Sig"na*ture (?), v. t. To mark with, or as with, a signature or signatures. Sig"na*tur`ist (?), n. One who holds to the doctrine of signatures impressed upon objects, indicative of character or qualities. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Sign"board` (?), n. A board, placed on or before a shop, office, etc., on which ssome notice is given, as the name of a firm, of a business, or the like. Sign"er (?), n. One who signs or subscribes his name; as, a memorial with a hundred signers. Sig"net (?), n. [OF. signet a signet, F., a bookmark, dim. of signe. See Sign, n., and cf. Sennet.] A seal; especially, in England, the seal used by the sovereign in sealing private letters and grants that pass by bill under the sign manual; -- called also privy signet. I had my father's signet in my purse. Shak. Signet ring, a ring containing a signet or private seal. -- Writer to the signet (Scots Law), a judicial officer who prepares warrants, writs, etc.; originally, a clerk in the office of the secretary of state. Sig"net*ed, a. Stamped or marked with a signet. Sig"ni*fer (?), a. [L., from signum sign + ferre to bear.] Bearing signs. [Obs.] \'bdThe signifer sphere, or zodiac.\'b8 Holland. { Sig*nif"i*cance (?), Sig*nif"i*can*cy (?) }, n. [L. significantia.] 1. The quality or state of being significant. 2. That which is signified; meaning; import; as, the significance of a nod, of a motion of the hand, or of a word or expression. 3. Importance; moment; weight; consequence. With this brain I must work, in order to give significancy and value to the few facts which I possess. De Quincey. Sig*nif"i*cant (?), a. [L. significans, -antis, p. pr. of significare. See Signify.] 1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known somethingl having a meaning; standing as a sign or token; expressive or suggestive; as, a significant word or sound; a significant look. It was well said of Plotinus, that the stars were significant, but not efficient. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Deserving to be considered; important; momentous; as, a significant event. Significant figures (Arith.), the figures which remain to any number, or decimal fraction, after the ciphers at the right or left are canceled. Thus, the significant figures of 25,000, or of .0025, are 25. Sig*nif"i*cant, n. That which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol. Wordsworth. In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts. Shak. Sig*nif"i*cant*ly, adv. In a significant manner. Sig*nif"i*cate (?), n. [L. significatus, p. p. of significare. See Signify.] (Logic) One of several things signified by a common term. Whately. Sig`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [F. signification, L. significatio.] 1. The act of signifying; a making known by signs or other means. A signification of being pleased. Landor. All speaking or signification of one's mind implies an act or addres of one man to another. South. 2. That which is signified or made known; that meaning which a sign, character, or token is intended to convey; as, the signification of words. Sig*nif"i*ca*tive (?), a. [L. significativus: cf. F. significatif.] 1. Betokening or representing by an external sign. The holy symbols or signs are not barely significative. Brerewood. 2. Having signification or meaning; expressive of a meaning or purpose; significant. Neither in the degrees of kindred they were destitute of significative words. Camden. -- Sig*nif"i*ca*tive*ly, adv. -- Sig*nif"i*ca*tive*ness, n. Sig"ni*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. significateur.] One who, or that which, signifies. In this diagram there was one significator which pressed remarkably upon our astrologer's attention. Sir W. Scott. Sig*nif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. significatorius.] Significant. -- n. That which is significatory. \'d8Sig`ni*fi*ca"vit (?), n. [L., (he) has signified, perf. ind. of significare to signify.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Formerly, a writ issuing out of chancery, upon certificate given by the ordinary, of a man's standing excommunicate by the space of forty days, for the laying him up in prison till he submit himself to the authority of the church. Crabb. Sig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Signifying (?).] [F. signifier, L. significare; signum a sign + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Sign, n., and -fy.] 1. To show by a sign; to communicate by any conventional token, as words, gestures, signals, or the like; to announce; to make known; to declare; to express; as, a signified his desire to be present. I 'll to the king; and signify to him That thus I have resign'd my charge to you. Shak. The government should signify to the Protestants of Ireland that want of silver is not to be remedied. Swift. 2. To mean; to import; to denote; to betoken. He bade her tell him what it signified. Chaucer. A tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Shak. Signify is often used impersonally; as, it signifies nothing, it does not signify, that is, it is of no importance. Syn. -- To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; betoken; denote; imply; mean. Sign"ior (?), n. Sir; Mr. The English form and pronunciation for the Italian Signor and the Spanish Se\'a4or. Sign"ior*ize (?), v. t. [See Seigniorize.] To exercise dominion over; to lord it over. [Obs.] Shelton. <-- p. 1340 --> <-- p. 1340 --> Sign"ior*ize (?), v. i. To exercise dominion; to signiorize. [Obs.] Hewyt. Sign"ior*ship, n. State or position of a signior. Sign"ior*y (?), n. Same as Seigniory. { \'d8Si*gnor" (?), \'d8Si*gno"re (?) }, n. [It. See Seignior.] Sir; Mr; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians. Before a noun the form is Signor. \'d8Si*gno"ra (?), n. [It.] Madam; Mrs; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians. \'d8Si`gno*ri"na (?), n. [It.] Miss; -- a title of address among the Italians. Sign"post` (?), n. A post on which a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give public notice of anything. { Sik (?), Sike (?), } a. Such. See Such. [Obs.] \'bdSike fancies weren foolerie.\'b8 Spenser. Sike (?), n. [AS. s\'c6c. Cf. Sig.] A gutter; a stream, such as is usually dry in summer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sike, n. [See Sick.] A sick person. [Prov. Eng.] Sike, v. i. To sigh. [Obs.] That for his wife weepeth and siketh sore. Chaucer. Sike, n. A sigh. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Sik"er (?), a. & adv., Sik"er*ly, adv., Sik"er*ness, n., etc.} See 2d Sicker, Sickerly, etc. [Obs.] Sikhs (?), n. pl.; sing. Sikh (. [Hind. Sikh, properly, a disciple.] A religious sect noted for warlike traits, founded in the Punjab at the end of the 15th century. Si"lage (?), n. & v. Short for Ensilage. Sile (?), v. t. [Akin to Sw. sila to strain, sil sieve, G. sielen to draw away or lead off water. a. See Silt.] To strain, as fresh milk. [Prov. Eng.] Sile, v. i. To drop; to flow; to fall. [Prov. Eng.] Sile, n. 1. A sieve with fine meshes. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Filth; sediment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Sile, n. [Icel. s\'c6ld herring; akin to Sw. sill, Dan. sild. Cf. Sill the young of a herring.] (Zo\'94l.) A young or small herring. [Eng.] Pennant. Si"lence (?), n. [F., fr. L. silentium. See Silent.] 1. The state of being silent; entire absence of sound or noise; absolute stillness. I saw and heared; for such a numerous host Fled not in silence through the frighted deep. Milton. 2. Forbearance from, or absence of, speech; taciturnity; muteness. 3. Secrecy; as, these things were transacted in silence. The administration itself keeps a profound silence. D. Webster. 4. The cessation of rage, agitation, or tumilt; calmness; quiest; as, the elements were reduced to silence. 5. Absence of mention; oblivion. And what most merits fame, in silence hid. Milton. Si"lence, interj. Be silent; -- used elliptically for let there be silence, or keep silence. Shak. Si"lence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silencing (?).] 1. To compel to silence; to cause to be still; to still; to hush. Silence that dreadful bell; it frights the isle. Shak. 2. To put to rest; to quiet. This would silence all further opposition. Clarendon. These would have silenced their scruples. Rogers. 3. To restrain from the exercise of any function, privilege of instruction, or the like, especially from the act of preaching; as, to silence a minister of the gospel. The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Chelmsford, in Essex, was silenced for nonconformity. B. Trumbull. 4. To cause to cease firing, as by a vigorous cannonade; as, to silence the batteries of an enemy. Si*le"ne (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Silenus, the attendant of Bacchus.] (Bot.) A genus of caryophyllaceous plants, usually covered with a viscid secretion by which insects are caught; catchfly. Bon Sil\'8ane. See Sil\'8ane, in the Vocabulary. Si"lent (?), a. [L. silens, -entis, p. pr. of silere to be silent; akin to Goth. ana-silan.] 1. Free from sound or noise; absolutely still; perfectly quiet. How silent is this town! Shak. 2. Not speaking; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; taciturn; not loquacious; not talkative. Ulysses, adds he, was the most eloquent and most silent of men. Broome. This new-created world, whereof in hell Fame is not silent. Milton. 3. Keeping at rest; inactive; calm; undisturbed; as, the wind is silent. Parnell. Sir W. Raleigh. 4. (Pron.) Not pronounced; having no sound; quiescent; as, e is silent in \'bdfable.\'b8 5. Having no effect; not operating; inefficient. [R.] Cause . . . silent, virtueless, and dead. Sir W. Raleigh. Silent partner. See Dormant partner, under Dormant. Syn. -- Mute; taciturn; dumb; speechless; quiet; still. See Mute, and Taciturn. Si"lent, n. That which is silent; a time of silence. [R.] \'bdThe silent of the night.\'b8 Shak. Si*len"ti*a*ry (?), n. [L. silentiarius: cf. F. silenciaire. See Silence.] One appointed to keep silence and order in court; also, one sworn not to divulge secre Si*len"tious (?), a. [L. silentiosus: cf. F. silencieux.] Habitually silent; taciturn; reticent. [R.] Si"lent*ly (?), adv. In a silent manner. Si"lent*ness, n. State of being silent; silence. Si*le"nus (?), n. [L. Silenus the tutor and attendant of Bacchus.] (Zo\'94l.) See Wanderoo. Si*le"si*a (?), n. 1. A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia. 2. A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings. Si*le"si*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Silesia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Silesia. Si"lex (?), n. [L., a finit, a pebblestone.] (Min.) Silica, SiO2 as found in nature, constituting quarz, and most sands and sandstones. See Silica, and Silicic. Sil`hou*ette" (?), n. [F.; -- so called from Etienne de Silhoutte, a French minister of finance in 1759, whise diversion it was to make such portraits on the walls of his apartments.] A representation of the outlines of an object filled in with a black color; a profile portrait in black, such as a shadow appears to be. Sil`hou*ette", v. t. To represent by a silhouette; to project upon a background, so as to be like a silhouette. [Recent] A flock of roasting vultures silhouetted on the sky. The Century. Sil"i*ca (?), n. [NL., from L. silex, silics, a flint.] (Chem.) Silicon dioxide, SiO Sil"i*cate (?), n.[Cf. F. silicate.] (Chem.) A salt of silicic acid. unisilicates or orthosilicates, salts of orthosilicic acid; the bisilicates or metasilicates, salts of metasilicic acid; the polysilicates or acid silicates, salts of the polysilicic acids; the basic silicates or subsilicates, in which the equivalent of base is greater than would be required to neutralize the acid; and the hydrous silicates, including the zeolites and many hydrated decomposition products. Sil"i*ca`ted (?), a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica; as, silicated hydrogen; silicated rocks. Silicated soap, a hard soap containing silicate of soda. Sil`i*ca*ti*za"tion (?), n. Silicification. \'d8Si*lic"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Silicoidea. Si*li"ceous (?), a. [L. siliceus, fr. silex, silicis, a flint.] Of or pertaining to silica; containing silica, or partaking of its nature. [Written also silisious.] Si*lic"ic (?), a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint: cf. F. silicique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, silica; specifically, designating compounds of silicon; as, silicic acid. Silicic acid (Chem.), an amorphous gelatinous substance, Si(HO)4, very unstable and easily dried to silica, but forming many stable salts; -- called also orthosilicic, . Si*lic`i*cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. Consisting of silica and calcareous matter. Sil"i*cide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of silicon, or one regarded as binary. [R.] Hydrogen silicide (Chem.), a colorless, spontaneously inflammable gas, SiH4, produced artifically from silicon, and analogous to methane; -- called also silico-methane, silicon hydride, and formerly siliciureted hydrogen.<-- now called silane, silicon hydride, or silicane. The term silane is used as the theoretical parent compound of a large series of derivatives in which one or more of the hydrogens are substituted; the term is also used generically to refer to any one of a large series of silicon compounds, including a series containing silicon-silicon bonds, analogous to the compounds containing carbon. --> Sil`i*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -ferous.] Producing silica; united with silica. Si*lic`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Silicify.] (Chem.) Thae act or process of combining or impregnating with silicon or silica; the state of being so combined or impregnated; as, the silicification of wood. Si*lic"i*fied (?), a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica, especially the latter; as, silicified wood. Si*lic"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silicified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silicifying (?).] [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -fy: cf. F. silicifier.] (Chem.) To convert into, or to impregnate with, silica, or with the compounds of silicon. The specimens found . . . are completely silicified. Say. Si*lic"i*fy, v. i. To become converted into silica, or to be impregnated with silica. \'d8Sil`i*ci*oi"de*a (?), n. pl. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Silicoidea. Si*li"cious (?), a. See Siliceous. \'d8Sil`i*ci*spon"gi*\'91 (?), n. pl. [NL. See Silex, and Sponge.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Silicoidea. Si*lic"it*ed (?), a. Silicified. [Obs.] Si*lic"i*um (?), n. See Silicon. Si*lic"i*u*ret`ed (?), a. [Written also siliciuretted.] (Old. Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon. [Obsoles.] Siliciureted hydrogen. (Chem.) Hydrogen silicide. [Obs.] Sil"i*cle (?), n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua a pod or husk: cf. F. silicule.] (Bot.) A seed vessel resembling a silique, but about as broad as it is long. See Silique. Sil"i*co- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of silicon or its compounds; as, silicobenzoic, silicofluoride, etc. Sil`i*co*flu*or"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Containing, or composed of, silicon and fluorine; especially, denoting the compounds called silicofluorides. Silicofluoric acid (Chem.), a compound of hydrofluoric acid and silicon fluoride, known only in watery solution. It is produced by the action of silicon fluoride on water, and is regarded as an acid, H2SiF6, and the type and origin of the silicofluorides. Sil`i*co*flu"or*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A fluosilicate; a salt of silicofluoric acid. \'d8Sil`i*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Silex, and -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) An extensive order of Porifera, which includes those that have the skeleton composed mainly of siliceous fibers or spicules. Sil"i*con (?), n. [See Silica.] (Chem.) A nonmetalic element analogous to carbon. It always occurs combined in nature, and is artificially obtained in the free state, usually as a dark brown amorphous powder, or as a dark crystalline substance with a meetallic luster. Its oxide is silica, or common quartz, and in this form, or as silicates, it is, next to oxygen, the most abundant element of the earth's crust. Silicon is characteristically the element of the mineral kingdom, as carbon is of the organic world. Symbol Si. Atomic weight 28. Called also silicium. <-- it is used as the basis for the most common type of transistors, in the form of a highly purified silicon impregnated with small quantities of imourities such as phosphorus or antimony, giving it special semiconductor properties. In this application, it forms the primary basis for the modern (post-1970) electronics industry, with integrated circuits containing millions of electronic componnets being imprinted by special processes on silicon chips less than one inch in diameter. --> Sil`i*co*tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of double acids of silicon and tungsten, known in the free state, and also in their salts (called silicotungstates). \'d8Si*lic"u*la (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A silicle. Sil"i*cule (?), n. (Bot.) A silicle. Si*lic"u*lose` (?), a. [NL. siliculosus, fr. L. silicula: cf. F. siliculeux. See Silicle.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing silicles; pertaining to, or resembling, silicles. 2. Full of, or consisting of, husks; husky. [Obs.] Si*lig"i*nose` (?), a.[L. siligineus, fr. siligo, -inis, fine and very white wheat.] Made of fine wheat. [Obs.] Bailey. Sil"ing (?), a. & n. from Sile to strain. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Siling dish, a colander. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sil"i*qua (?), n.; pl. Siliqu\'91 (#). [L. See Silique.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Silique. 2. A weight of four grains; a carat; -- a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold. Sil"ique (?), n. [L. siliqua a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure: cf. F. silique.] (Bot.) An oblong or elongated seed vessel, consisting of two valves with a dissepiment between, and opening by sutures at either margin. The seeds are attached to both edges of the dissepiment, alternately upon each side of it. Sil"i*qyi*form (?), a. [Silique + -form: cf. F. siliquiforme.] (Bot.) Having the form of a silique. \'d8Sil`i*quo"sa (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siliquose.] (Bot.) A Linn\'91an order of plants including those which bear siliques. { Sil"i*quose` (?), Sil"i*quous (?), } a. [NL. siliquosus: cf. F. siliqueux.] (Bot.) Bearing siliques; as, siliquose plants; pertaining to, or resembling, siliques; as, siliquose capsules. Silk (?), n. [OE. silk, selk, AS. seolc, seoloc; akin to Icel. silki, SW. & Dan. silke; prob. through Slavic from an Oriental source; cf. Lith. szilkai, Russ. shelk', and also L. sericum Seric stuff, silk. Cf. Sericeous. Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. The fine, soft thread produced by various species of caterpillars in forming the cocoons within which the worm is inclosed during the pupa state, especially that produced by the larv\'91 of Bombyx mori. 2. Hence, thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above-named material. 3. That which resembles silk, as the filiform styles of the female flower of maize. Raw silk, silk as it is wound off from the cocoons, and before it is manufactured. -- Silk cotton, a cottony substance enveloping the seeds of the silk-cotton tree. -- Silk-cotton tree (Bot.), a name for several tropical trees of the genera Bombax and Eriodendron, and belonging to the order Bombace\'91. The trees grow to an immense size, and have their seeds enveloped in a cottony substance, which is used for stuffing cushions, but can not be spun. -- Silk flower. (Bot.) (a) The silk tree. (b) A similar tree (Calliandra trinervia) of Peru. -- Silk fowl (Zo\'94l.), a breed of domestic fowls having silky plumage. -- Silk gland (Zo\'94l.), a gland which secretes the material of silk, as in spider or a silkworm; a sericterium. -- Silk gown, the distinctive robe of a barrister who has been appointed king's or queen's counsel; hence, the counsel himself. Such a one has precedence over mere barristers, who wear stuff gowns. [Eng.] -- Silk grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa comata) of the Western United States, which has very long silky awns. The name is also sometimes given to various species of the genera Aqave and Yucca. -- Silk moth (Zo\'94l.), the adult moth of any silkworm. See Silkworm. -- Silk shag, a coarse, rough-woven silk, like plush, but with a stiffer nap. -- Silk spider (Zo\'94l.), a large spider (Nephila plumipes), native of the Southern United States, remarkable for the large quantity of strong silk it produces and for the great disparity in the sizes of the sexes. -- Silk thrower, Silk throwster, one who twists or spins silk, and prepares it for weaving. Brande & C. -- Silk tree (Bot.), an Asiatic leguminous tree (Albizzia Julibrissin) with finely bipinnate leaves, and large flat pods; -- so called because of the abundant long silky stamens of its blossoms. Also called silk flower. -- Silk vessel. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Silk gland, above. -- Virginia silk (Bot.), a climbing plant (Periploca Gr) of the Milkweed family, having a silky tuft on the seeds. It is native in Southern Europe. Silk"en (?), a. [AS. seolcen, seolocen.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; as, silken cloth; a silken veil. 2. Fig.: Soft; delicate; tender; smooth; as, silken language. \'bdSilken terms precise.\'b8 Shak. 3. Dressed in silk. \'bdA . . . silken wanton.\'b8 Shak. Silk"en, v. t. To render silken or silklike. Dyer. Silk"i*ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being silky or silken; softness and smoothness. 2. Fig.: Effeminacy; weakness. [R.] B. Jonson. Silk"man (?), n.; pl. Silkmen (. A dealer in silks; a silk mercer. Shak. <-- p. 1341 --> Silk"ness (?), n. Silkiness. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Silk"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates whose seed vessels contain a long, silky down; milkweed. Silk"worm` (?), n. [AS. seolcwyrm.] (Zo\'94l.) The larva of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths, which spins a large amount of strong silk in constructing its cocoon before changing to a pupa. Bombyx mori) feeds onm the leaves of the white mulberry tree. It is native of China, but has long been introduced into other countries of Asia and Europe, and is reared on a large scale. In America it is reared only to small extent. The Ailanthus silkworm (Philosamia cynthia) is a much larger species, of considerable importance, which has been introduced into Europe and America from China. The most useful American species is the Polyphemus. See Polyphemus. Pernyi silkworm, the larva of the Pernyi moth. See Pernyi moth. -- Silkworm gut, a substance prepared from the contents of the silk glands of silkworms and used in making lines for angling. See Gut. -- Silkworm rot, a disease of silkworms; muscardine. Silk"y (?), a. [Compar. Silkier (?); superl. Silkiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; silken; silklike; as, a silky luster. 2. Hence, soft and smooth; as, silky wine. 3. Covered with soft hairs pressed close to the surface, as a leaf; sericeous. Silky oak (Bot.), a lofty Australian tree (Grevillea robusta) with silky tomentose lobed or incised leaves. It furnishes a valuable timber. Sill (?), n. [OE. sille, sylle, AS. syl, syll; akin to G. schwelle, OHG. swelli, Icel. syll, svill, Sw. syll, Dan. syld, Goth. gasuljan to lay a foundation, to found.] The basis or foundation of a thing; especially, a horizontal piece, as a timber, which forms the lower member of a frame, or supports a structure; as, the sills of a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the like. Hence: (a) The timber or stone at the foot of a door; the threshold. (b) The timber or stone on which a window frame stands; or, the lowest piece in a window frame. (c) The floor of a gallery or passage in a mine. (d) A piece of timber across the bottom of a canal lock for the gates to shut against. Sill course (Arch.), a horizontal course of stone, terra cotta, or the like, built into a wall at the level of one or more window sills, these sills often forming part of it. Sill, n. [Cf. Thill.] The shaft or thill of a carriage. [Prov. Eng.] Sill, n. [Cf. 4th Sile.] A young herring. [Eng.] Sil"la*bub (?), n. [Cf. sile to strain, and bub liquor, also Prov. E. sillibauk.] A dish made by mixing wine or cider with milk, and thus forming a soft curd; also, sweetened cream, flavored with wine and beaten to a stiff froth. [Written also syllabub.] Sil"ler (?), n. Silver. [Scot.] Sil"li*ly (?), adv. [From Silly.] In a silly manner; foolishly. Dryden. Sil"li*man*ite (?), n. [After Benjamin Siliman, an American meneralogist.] (Min.) Same as Fibrolite. Sil"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being silly. Sil"lock (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The pollock, or coalfish. Sil"lon (?), n. [F., a furrow.] (Fort.) A work raised in the middle of a wide ditch, to defend it. Crabb. Sil"ly, a. [Compar. Sillier (?); superl. Silliest.] [OE. seely, sely, AS. s, ges, happy, good, fr. s, s, good, happy, s good fortune, happines; akin to OS. s\'belig, a, good, happy, D. zalig blessed, G. selig, OHG. s\'bel\'c6g, Icel. s, Sw. s\'84ll, Dan. salig, Goth. s good, kind, and perh. also to L. sollus whole, entire, Gr. sarva. Cf. Seel, n.] 1. Happy; fortunate; blessed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Harmless; innocent; inoffensive. [Obs.] \'bdThis silly, innocent Custance.\'b8 Chaucer. The silly virgin strove him to withstand. Spenser. A silly, innocent hare murdered of a dog. Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. Weak; helpless; frail. [Obs.] After long storms . . . With which my silly bark was tossed sore. Spenser. The silly buckets on the deck. Coleridge. 4. Rustic; plain; simple; humble. [Obs.] A fourth man, in a sillyhabit. Shak. All that did their silly thoughts so busy keep. Milton. 5. Weak in intellect; destitute of ordinary strength of mind; foolish; witless; simple; as, a silly woman. 6. Proceeding from want of understanding or common judgment; characterized by weakness or folly; unwise; absurd; stupid; as, silly conduct; a silly question. Syn. -- Simple; brainless; witless; shallow; foolish; unwise; indiscreet. See Simple. Sil"ly*how (?), n. [Prov. E. silly-hew; cf. AS. s happy, good, and h a cap, hood. See Silly, a.] A caul. See Caul, n., 3. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Si"lo (?), n. [F.] A pit or vat for packing away green fodder for winter use so as to exclude air and outside moisture. See Ensilage. Silt (?), n. [OE. silte gravel, fr. silen to drain, E. sile; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sila, prob. akin to AS. se\'a2n to filter, s\'c6gan to fall, sink, cause to sink, G. seihen to strain, to filter, OHG. sihan, Icel.s\'c6a, Skr. sic to pour; cf. Gr. Sig, Sile.] Mud or fine earth deposited from running or standing water. Silt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silted; p. pr. & vb. n. Silting.] To choke, fill, or obstruct with silt or mud. Silt, v. i. To flow through crevices; to percolate. Silt"y (?), a. Full of silt; resembling silt. Si*lure" (?), n. [L. silurus a sort of river fish, Gr. silure.] (Zo\'94l.) A fish of the genus Silurus, as the sheatfish; a siluroid. Si*lu"ri*an (?), a. [From L. Silures, a people who anciently inhabited a part of England and Wales.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the country of the ancient Silures; -- a term applied to the earliest of the Paleozoic eras, and also to the strata of the era, because most plainly developed in that country. Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian. The lower part of the Lower Silurian, with some underlying beds, is now separated under the name Cambrian, first given by Sedwick. Recently the term Ordovician has been proposed for the Lower Silurian, leawing the original word to apply only to the Upper Silurian. Si*lu"ri*an, n. The Silurian age. Si*lu"ri*dan (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any fish of the family Silurid or of the order Siluroidei. Si*lu"roid (?), n. [Silurus + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Belonging to the Siluroidei, or Nematognathi, an order of fishes including numerous species, among which are the American catfishes and numerous allied fresh-water species of the Old World, as the sheatfish (Silurus glanis) of Europe. -- n. A siluroid fish. \'d8Sil`u*roi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL.] (zo\'94l.) An order of fishes, the Nematognathi. \'d8Si*lu"rus (?), n. [L. See Silure.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of large malacopterygious fishes of the order Siluroidei. They inhabit the inland waters of Europe and Asia. Sil"va (?), n.; pl. E. Silvas (#), L. Silvae (. [L., properly, a wood, forest.] [Written also sylva.] (Bot.) (a) The forest trees of a region or country, considered collectively. (b) A description or history of the forest trees of a country. Sil"van (?), a. [L. silva, less correctly sylva, a wood or grove, perh. akin to Gr. "y`lh; cf. L. Silvanus Silvanus the god of woods: cf. F. sylvain silvan. Cf. Savage.] Of or pertaining to woods; composed of woods or groves; woody. [Written also sylvan.] Betwixt two rows of rocks, a silvan scene Appears above, and groves forever green. Dryden. Sil"van, n. (Old Chem.) See Sylvanium. [Obs.] Sil"van*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Sylvanite. { Sil"vas (?) Sel"vas (?) }, n. pl. [L. silva a forest, Sp. selva.] Vast woodland plains of South America. Sil"vate (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Sylvate. Sil"ver (?), n. [OE. silver, selver, seolver, AS. seolfor, siolfur, siolufr, silofr, sylofr; akin to OS. silubar, OFries. selover, D. zilver, LG. sulver, OHG. silabar, silbar, G. silber, Icel. silfr, Sw. silfver, Dan. s\'94lv, Goth. silubr, Russ. serebro, Lith. sidabras; of unknown origin.] 1. (Chem.) A soft white metallic element, sonorous, ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high degree of polish. It is found native, and also combined with sulphur, arsenic, antimony, chlorine, etc., in the minerals argentite, proustite, pyrargyrite, ceragyrite, etc. Silver is one of the \'bdnoble\'b8 metals, so-called, not being easily oxidized, and is used for coin, jewelry, plate, and a great variety of articles. Symbol Ag (Argentum). Atomic weight 107.7. Specific gravity 10.5. luna to the ancients and also to the alchemists. Some of its compounds, as the halogen salts, are remarkable for the effect of light upon them, and are used in photography. 2. Coin made of silver; silver money. 3. Anything having the luster or appearance of silver. 4. The color of silver. Silver is used in the formation of many compounds of obvious meaning; as, silver-armed, silver-bright, silver-buskined, silver-coated, silver-footed, silver-haired, silver-headed, silver-mantled, silver-plated, silver-slippered, silver-sounding, silver-studded, silver-tongued, silver-white. See Silver, a. Black silver (Min.), stephanite; -- called also brittle silver ore, or brittle silver glance. -- Fulminating silver. (Chem.) (a) A black crystalline substance, Ag2O.(NH3)2, obtained by dissolving silver oxide in aqua ammonia. When dry it explodes violently on the slightest percussion. (b) Silver fulminate, a white crystalline substance, Ag2C2N2O2, obtained by adding alcohol to a solution of silver nitrate. When dry it is violently explosive. -- German silver. (Chem.) See under German. -- Gray silver. (Min.) See Freieslebenite. -- Horn silver. (Min.) See Cerargyrite. -- King's silver. (O. Eng. Law) See Postfine. -- Red silver, Ruby silver. (Min.) See Proustite, and Pyrargyrite. -- Silver beater, one who beats silver into silver leaf or silver foil. -- Silver glance, Vitreous silver. (Min.) See Argentine. Sil"ver, a. 1. Of or pertaining to silver; made of silver; as, silver leaf; a silver cup. 2. Resembling silver. Specifically: (a) Bright; resplendent; white. \'bdSilver hair.\'b8 Shak. Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed Their downy breast. Milton. (b) Precious; costly. (c) Giving a clear, ringing sound soft and clear. \'bdSilver voices.\'b8 Spenser. (d) Sweet; gentle; peaceful. \'bdSilver slumber.\'b8 Spenser. American silver fir (Bot.), the balsam fir. See under Balsam. -- Silver age (Roman Lit.), the latter part (a. d. 14-180) of the classical period of Latinity, -- the time of writers of inferior purity of language, as compared with those of the previous golden age, so-called. -- Silver-bell tree (Bot.), an American shrub or small tree (Halesia tetraptera) with white bell-shaped flowers in clusters or racemes; the snowdrop tree. -- Silver bush (Bot.), a shrubby leguminous plant (Anthyllis Barba-Jovis) of Southern Europe, having silvery foliage. -- Silver chub (Zo\'94l.), the fallfish. -- Silver eel. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The cutlass fish. (b) A pale variety of the common eel. -- Silver fir (Bot.), a coniferous tree (Abies pectinata) found in mountainous districts in the middle and south of Europe, where it often grows to the height of 100 or 150 feet. It yields Burgundy pitch and Strasburg turpentine. -- Silver foil, foil made of silver. -- Silver fox (Zo\'94l.), a variety of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes, variety argenteus) found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. Its fur is nearly black, with silvery tips, and is highly valued. Called also black fox, and silver-gray fox. -- Silver gar. (Zo\'94l.) See Billfish (a) -- Silver grain (Bot.), the lines or narrow plates of cellular tissue which pass from the pith to the bark of an exogenous stem; the medullary rays. In the wood of the oak they are much larger than in that of the beech, maple, pine, cherry, etc. -- Silver grebe (Zo\'94l.), the red-throated diver. See Illust. under Diver. -- Silver hake (Zo\'94l.), the American whiting. -- Silver leaf, leaves or sheets made of silver beaten very thin. -- Silver lunge (Zo\'94l.), the namaycush. -- Silver moonfish.(Zo\'94l.) See Moonfish (b). -- Silver moth (Zo\'94l.), a lepisma. -- Silver owl (Zo\'94l.), the barn owl. -- Silver perch (Zo\'94l.), the mademoiselle, 2. -- Silver pheasant (Zo\'94l.), any one of several species of beautiful crested and long-tailed Asiatic pheasants, of the genus Euplocamus. They have the tail and more or less of the upper parts silvery white. The most common species (E. nychtemerus) is native of China. -- Silver plate, domestic utensils made of silver.<-- a plating of silver on a base metal. --> -- Silver plover (Zo\'94l.), the knot. -- Silver salmon (Zo\'94l.), a salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) native of both coasts of the North Pacific. It ascends all the American rivers as far south as the Sacramento. Called also kisutch, whitefish, and white salmon. -- Silver shell (Zo\'94l.), a marine bivalve of the genus Anomia. See Anomia.<-- why Anomia not italicised? --> -- Silver steel, an alloy of steel with a very small proportion of silver. -- Silver stick, a title given to the title field officer of the Life Guards when on duty at the palace. [Eng.] Thackeray. -- Silver tree (Bot.), a South African tree (Leucadendron argenteum) with long, silvery, silky leaves. -- Silver trout, (Zo\'94l.) See Trout. -- Silver wedding. See under Wedding. -- Silver whiting (Zo\'94l.), a marine sci\'91noid food fish (Menticirrus littoralis) native of the Southern United States; -- called also surf whiting. -- Silver witch (Zo\'94l.), A lepisma. Sil"ver (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silvered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silvering.] 1. To cover with silver; to give a silvery appearance to by applying a metal of a silvery color; as, to silver a pin; to silver a glass mirror plate with an amalgam of tin and mercury. 2. To polish like silver; to impart a brightness to, like that of silver. And smiling calmness silvered o'er the deep. Pope. 3. To make hoary, or white, like silver. His head was silvered o'er with age. Gay. Sil"ver, v. i. To acquire a silvery color. [R.] The eastern sky began to silver and shine. L. Wallace. Sil"ver*back` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The knot. Sil"ver*ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) A tree or shrub (El\'91agnus argentea) with silvery foliage and fruit. Gray. Sil"ver*bill` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) An Old World finch of the genus Minia, as the M. Malabarica of India, and M. cantans of Africa. Sil"ver*boom` (?), n. [D. zilver silver + boom tree.] (Bot.) See Leucadendron. Sil"ver*fin` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A small North American fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Notropis Whipplei). Sil"ver*fish` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The tarpum. (b) A white variety of the goldfish. <-- 2. one of a variety of insects of the order Thysanura; -- esp. Lepisma saccharina, which may infest houses, and eats starched clothing and sized papers. See Lepisma. --> Sil"ver-gray` (?), a. Having a gray color with a silvery luster; as, silver-gray hair. Sil"ver*i*ness (?), n. The state of being silvery. Sil"ver*ing, n. (Metal.) The art or process of covering metals, wood, paper, glass, etc., with a thin film of metallic silver, or a substance resembling silver; also, the firm do laid on; as, the silvering of a glass speculum. Sil"ver*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silverized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silverizing.] To cover with silver. Sil"ver*less, a. Having no silcver; hence, without money; impecunious. Piers Plowman. Sil"ver*ling, n. A small silver coin. [Obs.] A thousand vines at a thousand silverings. Isa. vii. 23. Sil"ver*ly, adv. Like silver in appearance or in sound. Let me wipe off this honorable dew, That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks. Shak. Sil"vern (?), a. [AS. seolfern, sylfren.] Made of silver. [Archaic.] Wyclif (Acts xix. 24). Speech is silvern; silence is golden. Old Proverb. Sil"ver*sides` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of small fishes of the family Atherinid\'91, having a silvery stripe along each side of the body. The common species of the American coast (Menidia notata) is very abundant. Called also silverside, sand smelt, friar, tailor, and tinker. Brook silversides (Zo\'94l.), a small fresh-water North American fish (Labadesthes sicculus) related to the marine silversides. <-- p. 1342 --> Sil"ver*smith` (?), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture utensils, ornaments, etc., of silver; a worker in silver. Sil"ver*spot` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of butterflies of the genus Argynnis and allied genera, having silvery spots on the under side of the wings. See Illust. under Aphrodite. Sil"ver*ware` (?), n. Dishes, vases, ornaments, and utensils of various sorts, made of silver. Sil"ver*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial rosaceous herb (Potentilla Anserina) having the leaves silvery white beneath. Sil"ver*y (?), a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster of, silver; grayish white and lustrous; of a mild luster; bright. All the enameled race, whose silvery wing Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring. Pope. 2. Besprinkled or covered with silver. 3. Having the clear, musical tone of silver; soft and clear in sound; as, silvery voices; a silvery laugh. Silvery iron (Metal.), a peculiar light-gray fine-grained cast iron, usually obtained from clay iron ore. Sil"vi*cul`ture (?), n. [Cf. F. silviculture.] See Sylviculture. Si"ma (?), n. (Arch.) A cyma. Sim"a*gre (?), n. [F. simagr\'82e.] A grimace. [Obs.] Dryden. Si*mar" (?), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A woman's long dress or robe; also light covering; a scarf. [Written also cimar, cymar, samare, simare.] \'d8Si`marre" (?). [F.] See Simar. Sir W. Scott. Sim"blot (?), n. [F. simbleau.] The harness of a drawloom. \'d8Sim"i*a (?), n. [L., an ape; cf. simus flatnosed, snub-nosed, Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A Linn\'91an genus of Quadrumana which included the types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually restricted to the genus which includes the orang-outang. Sim"i*al (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Simian; apelike. Sim"i*an (?), a. [L. simia an ape.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the family Simiad\'91, which, in its widest sense, includes all the Old World apes and monkeys; also, apelike. -- n. Any Old World monkey or ape. Sim"i*lar (?), a. [F. similaire, fr. L. similis like, similar. See Same, a., and cf. Simulate.] 1. Exactly corresponding; resembling in all respects; precisely like. 2. Nearly corresponding; resembling in many respects; somewhat like; having a general likeness. 3. Homogenous; uniform. [R.] Boyle. Similar figures (Geom.), figures which differ from each other only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like parts similarly situated. -- Similar rectilineal figures, such as have their several angles respectively equal, each to each, and their sides about the equal angles proportional. -- Similar solids, such as are contained by the same number of similar planes, similarly situated, and having like inclination to one another. Sim"i*lar, n. That which is similar to, or resembles, something else, as in quality, form, etc. Sim`i*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (#). [Cf. F. similarit\'82.] The quality or state of being similar; likeness; resemblance; as, a similarity of features. Hardly is there a similarity detected between two or three facts, than men hasten to extend it to all. Sir W. Hamilton. Sim"i*lar*ly (?), adv. In a similar manner. Sim"i*lar*y (?), a. Similar. [Obs.] Rhyming cadences of similarly words. South. Sim"i*la*tive (?), a. Implying or indicating likeness or resemblance. [R.] In similative or instrumental relation to a pa. pple. [past participle], as almond-leaved, -scented, etc. New English Dict. Simi"*le (?), n.; pl. Similes (#). [L., from similis. See Similar.] (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which anything is likened, in one or more of its aspects, to something else; a similitude; a poetical or imaginative comparison. A good swift simile, but something currish. Shak. \'d8Si*mil"i*ter (?), n. [L., in like manner.] (Law) The technical name of the form by which either party, in pleading, accepts the issue tendered by his opponent; -- called sometimes a joinder in issue. Si*mil"i*tude (?), n. [F. similitude, L. similitudo, from similis similar. See Similar.] 1. The quality or state of being similar or like; resemblance; likeness; similarity; as, similitude of substance. Chaucer. Let us make now man in our image, man In our similitude. Milton. If fate some future bard shall join In sad similitude of griefs to mine. Pope. 2. The act of likening, or that which likens, one thing to another; fanciful or imaginative comparison; a simile. Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods; that is, all his comparisons were taken from the country. Dryden. 3. That which is like or similar; a representation, semblance, or copy; a facsimile. Man should wed his similitude. Chaucer. Si*mil`i*tu"di*na*ry (?), a. Involving or expressing similitude. [Obs.] Coke. Sim"i*lize (?), v. t. To liken; to compare; as, to similize a person, thing, or act. Lowell. Sim"i*lor (?), n. [F., fr. L. similus similar + F. or gold, L. aurum. Cf. Semilor.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, but of a golden color. Ure. Sem"i*ous (?), a.[L. simia an ape.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Sim That strange simious, schoolboy passion of giving pain to others. Sydney Smith. Sim"i*tar (?), n. See Scimiter. Sim"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simmering.] [Prov. E. also simper; -- an onomatopoetic word.] To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing; to begin to boil. I simmer as liquor doth on the fire before it beginneth to boil. Palsgrave. Sim"mer, v. t. To cause to boil gently; to cook in liquid heated almost or just to the boiling point. Sim"nel (?), n. [OF. simenel cake or bread of wheat flour, LL. simenellus wheat bread, fr. L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semolina.] 1. A kind of cake made of fine flour; a cracknel. [Obs.] Not common bread, but vastel bread, or simnels. Fuller. 2. A kind of rich plum cake, eaten especially on Mid-Lent Sunday. [Eng.] Herrick. Si*mo"ni*ac (?), n. [LL. simoniacus. See Simony.] One who practices simony, or who buys or sells preferment in the church. Ayliffe. Sim`o*ni"a*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to simony; guilty of simony; consisting of simony. -- Sim"o*ni`a*cal*ly, adv. The flagitious profligacy of their lives, and the simoniacal arts by which they grasped at the popedom. J. S. Harford. Si*mo"ni*al (?), a. Simoniacal. [Obs.] Si*mo"ni*an (?), n.[See Simony.] One of the followers of Simon Magus; also, an adherent of certain heretical sects in the early Christian church. Si*mo"ni*ous (?), a. Simoniacal. [Obs.] Milton. Sim"o*nist (?), n. One who practices simony. Sim"o*ny (?), n. [F. simonie, LL. simonia, fr. Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment; the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. Piers Plowman. { Si*moom" (?), Si*moon" (?), } n. [Ar. sam, fr. samma to poison. Cf. Samiel.] A hot, dry, suffocating, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains. Si"mous (?), a.[L. simus, Gr. Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up. Sim"pai (?), n.[Malay simpei.] (Zo\'94l.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopitchecus melalophus) native of Sumatra. It has a crest of black hair. The forehead and cheeks are fawn color, the upper parts tawny and red, the under parts white. Called also black-crested monkey, and sinp\'91. Sim"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simpered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simpering.] [Cf. Norw. semper fine, smart, dial. Dan. semper, simper, affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper one who affectedly refrains from eating, Sw. sipp finical, prim, LG. sipp.] 1. To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited manner. Behold yond simpering dame. Shak. With a made countenance about her mouth, between simpering and smiling. ir. P. Sidney. 2. To glimmer; to twinkle. [Obs.] Yet can I mark how stars above Simper and shine. Herbert. Sim"per, n. A constrained, self-conscious smile; an affected, silly smile; a smirk. The conscious simper, and the jealous leer. Pope. Sim"per*er (?), n. One who simpers. Sir W. Scott. A simperer that a court affords. T. Nevile. Sim"per*ing, a. &. n. from Simper, v. Sim"per*ing*ly, adv. In a simpering manner. Sim"ple (?), a. [Compar. Simpler (?); superl. Simplest.] [F., fr. L. simplus, or simplex, gen. simplicis. The first part of the Latin words is probably akin to E. same, and the sense, one, one and the same; cf. L. semel once, singuli one to each, single. Cg. Single, a., Same, a., and for the last part of the word cf. Double, Complex.] 1. Single; not complex; not infolded or entangled; uncombined; not compounded; not blended with something else; not complicated; as, a simple substance; a simple idea; a simple sound; a simple machine; a simple problem; simple tasks. 2. Plain; unadorned; as, simple dress. \'bdSimple truth.\'b8 Spenser. \'bdHis simple story.\'b8 Burns. 3. Mere; not other than; being only. A medicine . . . whose simple touch Is powerful to araise King Pepin. Shak. 4. Not given to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; undesigning; sincere; true. Full many fine men go upon my score, as simple as I stand here, and I trust them. Marston. Must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue? Byron. To be simple is to be great. Emerson. 5. Artless in manner; unaffected; unconstrained; natural; inartificial;; straightforward. In simple manners all the secret lies. Young. 6. Direct; clear; intelligible; not abstruse or enigmatical; as, a simple statement; simple language. 7. Weak in intellect; not wise or sagacious; of but moderate understanding or attainments; hence, foolish; silly. \'bdYou have simple wits.\'b8 Shak. The simple believeth every word; but the prudent man looketh well to his going. Prov. xiv. 15. 8. Not luxurious; without much variety; plain; as, a simple diet; a simple way of living. Thy simple fare and all thy plain delights. Cowper. 9. Humble; lowly; undistinguished. A simple husbandman in garments gray. Spenser. Clergy and laity, male and female, gentle and simple made the fuel of the same fire. Fuller. 10. (BOt.) Without subdivisions; entire; as, a simple stem; a simple leaf. 11. (Chem.) Not capable of being decomposed into anything more simple or ultimate by any means at present known; elementary; thus, atoms are regarded as simple bodies. Cf. Ultimate, a. simple body is one that has not as yet been decomposed. There are indications that many of our simple elements are still compound bodies, though their actual decomposition into anything simpler may never be accomplished.<-- see fundamental particle --> 12. (Min.) Homogenous. 13. (Zo\'94l.) Consisting of a single individual or zooid; as, a simple ascidian; -- opposed to compound. Simple contract (Law), any contract, whether verbal or written, which is not of record or under seal. J. W. Smith. Chitty. -- Simple equation (Alg.), an eqyation containing but one unknown quantity, and that quantity only in the first degree. -- Simple eye (Zo\'94l.), an eye having a single lens; -- opposed to compound eye. -- Simple interest. See under Interest. -- Simple larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. -- Simple obligation (Rom. Law), an obligation which does not depend for its execution upon any event provided for by the parties, or is not to become void on the happening of any such event. Burrill. Syn. -- Single; uncompounded; unmingled; unmixed; mere; uncombined; elementary; plain; artless; sincere; harmless; undesigning; frank; open; unaffected; inartificial; unadorned; credulous; silly; foolish; shallow; unwise. -- Simple, Silly. One who is simple is sincere, unaffected, and inexperienced in duplicity, -- hence liable to be duped. A silly person is one who is ignorant or weak and also self-confident; hence, one who shows in speech and act a lack of good sense. Simplicity is incompatible with duplicity, artfulness, or vanity, while silliness is consistent with all three. Simplicity denotes lack of knowledge or of guile; silliness denotes want of judgment or right purpose, a defect of character as well as of education. I am a simple woman, much too weak To oppose your cunning. Shak. He is the companion of the silliest people in their most silly pleasure; he is ready for every impertinent entertainment and diversion. Law. Sim"ple (?), n. [F. See Simple, a.] 1. Something not mixed or compounded. \'bdCompounded of many simples.\'b8 Shak. 2. (Med.) A medicinal plant; -- so called because each vegetable was supposed to possess its particular virtue, and therefore to constitute a simple remedy. What virtue is in this remedy lies in the naked simple itself as it comes over from the Indies. Sir W. Temple. 3. (Weaving) (a) A drawloom. (b) A part of the apparatus for raising the heddles of a drawloom. 4. (R. C. Ch.) A feast which is not a double or a semidouble. Sim"ple, v. i. To gather simples, or medicinal plants. As simpling on the flowery hills she [Circe] strayed. Garth. Sim"ple-heart`ed (?), a. Sincere; inguenuous; guileless. Sir W. Scott. Sim"ple-mind`ed (?), a. Artless; guileless; simple-hearted; undesigning; unsuspecting; devoid of duplicity. Blackstone. -- Sim"ple-mind`ed*ness, n. Sim"ple*ness, n. The quality or state of being simple; simplicity. Shak. Sim"pler (?), n. One who collects simples, or medicinal plants; a herbalist; a simplist. Simpler's joy. (Bot.) Vervain. Sim"pless (?), n. [F. simplesse.] Simplicity; silliness. [Obs.] Spenser. Sim"ple*ton (?), n. [Cf. F. simplet, It. semplicione.] A person of weak intellect; a silly person. Sim*pli"cian (?), n. [Cf. OF. simplicien.] One who is simple. [Obs.] Arnway. Sim*plic"i*ty (?), n. [F. simplicit\'82, L. simplicitas. See Simple.] 1. The quality or state of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded; as, the simplicity of metals or of earths. 2. The quality or state of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts; as, the simplicity of a machine. 3. Artlessness of mind; freedom from cunning or duplicity; lack of acuteness and sagacity. Marquis Dorset, a man, for his harmless simplicity neither misliked nor much regarded. Hayward. In wit a man; simplicity a child. Pope. 4. Freedom from artificial ornament, pretentious style, or luxury; plainness; as, simplicity of dress, of style, or of language; simplicity of diet; simplicity of life. 5. Freedom from subtlety or abstruseness; clearness; as, the simplicity of a doctrine; the simplicity of an explanation or a demonstration. 6. Weakness of intellect; silliness; folly. How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning? Prov. i. 22. Sim`pli*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. simplification.] The act of simplifying. A. Smith. Sim"pli*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simplified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying (?).] [Cf. F. simplifier, LL. simplificare. See Simple, and -fy.] To make simple; to make less complex; to make clear by giving the explanation for; to show an easier or shorter process for doing or making. The collection of duties is drawn to a point, and so far simplified. A. Hamilton. It is important, in scientific pursuits, to be caitious in simplifying our deductions. W. Nicholson. Sim"plist (?), n. One skilled in simples, or medicinal plants; a simpler. Sir T. Browne. Sim*plis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to simples, or a simplist. [R.] Wilkinson. Sim"pli*ty (?), n. Simplicity. [Obs.] Sim"plo*ce (?), n. (Gram.) See Symploce. Sim"ply (?), adv. 1. In a simple manner or state; considered in or by itself; without addition; along; merely; solely; barely. [They] make that now good or evil, . . . which otherwise of itself were not simply the one or the other. Hooker. Simply the thing I am Shall make me live. Shak. <-- p. 1343 --> 2. Plainly; without art or subtlety. Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise By simply meek. Milton. 3. Weakly; foolishly. Johnson. { Sim"u*la`cher, Sim"u*la`chre } (?), n. [Cf. F. simulacre.] See Simulacrum. [Obs.] \'d8Sim`u*la"crum (?), n.; pl. Simulacra (#). [L. See Simulate.] A likeness; a semblance; a mock appearance; a sham; -- now usually in a derogatory sense. Beneath it nothing but a great simulacrum. Thackeray. Sim"u*lar (?), n. [Cf. L. simulator, F. simulateur. See Simulate.] One who pretends to be what he is not; one who, or that which, simulates or counterfeits something; a pretender. [Obs.] Shak. Christ calleth the Pharisees hypocrites, that is to say, simulars, and painted sepulchers. Tyndale. Sim"u*lar, a. False; specious; counterfeit. [R. & Obs.] \'bdThou simular man of virtue.\'b8 Shak. Sim"u*late (?), a. [L. simulatus, p. p. of simulare to simulate; akin to simul at the same time, together, similis like. See Similar, and cf. Dissemble, Semblance.] Feigned; pretended. Bale. Sim"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simulating.] To assume the mere appearance of, without the reality; to assume the signs or indications of, falsely; to counterfeit; to feign. The Puritans, even in the depths of the dungeons to which she had sent them, prayed, and with no simulated fervor, that she might be kept from the dagger of the assassin. Macaulay. Sim`u*la"tion (?), n. [F. simulation, L. simulatio.] The act of simulating, or assuming an appearance which is feigned, or not true; -- distinguished from dissimulation, which disguises or conceals what is true. Syn. -- Counterfeiting; feint; pretense. Sim"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who simulates, or feigns. De Quincey. Sim"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Simulated, or capable of being simulated. Bp. Hall. Si`mul*ta*ne"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being simultaneous; simultaneousness. Si`mul*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [LL. simultim at the same time, fr. L. simul. See Simulate.] Existing, happening, or done, at the same time; as, simultaneous events. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. Simultaneous equations (Alg.), two or more equations in which the values of the unknown quantities entering them are the same at the same time in both or in all. Sim"ul*ty (?), n. [L. simultas a hostile encounter, drudge, originally, a (hostile) coming together, fr. simul together: cf. OF. simult\'82.] Private grudge or quarrel; as, domestic simulties. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Sin (?), adv., prep., & conj. Old form of Since. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Sin that his lord was twenty year of age. Chaucer. Sin, n. [OE. sinne, AS. synn, syn; akin to D. zonde, OS. sundia, OHG. sunta, G. s\'81nde, Icel., Dan. & Sw. synd, L. sons, sontis, guilty, perhaps originally from the p. pr. of the verb signifying, to be, and meaning, the one who it is. Cf. Authentic, Sooth.] 1. Transgression of the law of God; disobedience of the divine command; any violation of God's will, either in purpose or conduct; moral deficiency in the character; iniquity; as, sins of omission and sins of commission. Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. John viii. 34. Sin is the transgression of the law. 1 John iii. 4. I think 't no sin. To cozen him that would unjustly win. Shak. Enthralled By sin to foul, exorbitant desires. Milton. 2. An offense, in general; a violation of propriety; a misdemeanor; as, a sin against good manners. I grant that poetry's a crying sin. Pope. 3. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin. He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin. 2 Cor. v. 21. 4. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person. [R.] Thy ambition, Thou scarlet sin, robbed this bewailing land Of noble Buckingham. Shak. Sin is used in the formation of some compound words of obvious signification; as, sin-born; sin-bred, sin-oppressed, sin-polluted, and the like. Actual sin, Canonical sins, Original sin, Venial sin. See under Actual, Canonical, etc. -- Deadly, Mortal, sins (R. C. Ch.), willful and deliberate transgressions, which take away divine grace; -- in distinction from vental sins. The seven deadly sins are pride, covetousness, lust, wrath, gluttony, envy, and sloth. -- Sin eater, a man who (according to a former practice in England) for a small gratuity ate a piece of bread laid on the chest of a dead person, whereby he was supposed to have taken the sins of the dead person upon himself. -- Sin offering, a sacrifice for sin; something offered as an expiation for sin. Syn. -- Iniquity; wickedness; wrong. See Crime. Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinning.] [OE. sinnen, singen, sinegen, AS. syngian. See Sin, n.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed by God to man; to violate the divine law in any particular, by actual transgression or by the neglect or nonobservance of its injunctions; to violate any known rule of duty; -- often followed by against. Against thee, thee only, have I sinned. Ps. li. 4. All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God. Rom. iii. 23. 2. To violate human rights, law, or propriety; to commit an offense; to trespass; to transgress. I am a man More sinned against than sinning. Shak. Who but wishes to invert the laws Of order, sins against the eternal cause. Pope. { Si*na"ic (?), Si`na*it"ic (?), } a. [From Mount Sinai.] Of or pertaining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Mount Sinai; as, the Sinaitic law. Sinaitic manuscript, a fourth century Greek manuscript of the part Bible, discovered at Mount Sinai (the greater part of it in 1859) by Tisschendorf, a German Biblical critic; -- called also Codex Sinaiticus. Sin*al"bin (?), n. [From L. Sinapis + alba.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of white mustard (Brassica alba, formerly Sinapis alba), and extracted as a white crystalline substance. Sin*am"ine (?), n. [Sinapis + melamine.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly from oil of mustard and ammonia; -- called also allyl melamine. Sin"a*pate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sinapic acid. Sin"a*pic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sinapine; specifically, designating an acid (C11H12O5) related to gallic acid, and obtained by the decomposition of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance. Sin"a*pine (?), n. [L. sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr. sinapine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid occuring in the seeds of mustard. It is extracted, in combination with sulphocyanic acid, as a white crystalline substance, having a hot, bitter taste. When sinapine is isolated it is unstable and undergoes decomposition. \'d8Si*na"pis (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A disused generic name for mustard; -- now called Brassica. Sin"a*pis`in (?), n. (Chem.) A substance extracted from mustard seed and probably identical with sinalbin. [Obs.] Sin"a*pism (?), n. [L. sinapismus, Gr. (Med.) A plaster or poultice composed principally of powdered mustard seed, or containing the volatile oil of mustard seed. It is a powerful irritant. Sin`a*po*le"ic (?), a. [Sinapis + oleic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to mustard oil; specifically, designating an acid of the oleic acid series said to occur in mistard oil. Si*nap"o*line (?), n. [Sinapis + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, CO.(NH.C3H5)2, related to urea, extracted from mustard oil, and also produced artifically, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also diallyl urea. Sin"ca*line (?), n. [So called because obtained by the action of alkalies on sinapine.] (Chem.) Choline. [Written also sinkaline.] Since (?), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, sithenes, formed by an adverbial ending (cf. Besides) from OE. sithen, also shortened into sithe, sin, AS. si, sy, seo, afterward, then, since, after; properly, after that; fr. s\'c6s\'c6 afterward, since, OHG. s\'c6d, G. seit since, Goth. seipus late, ni sei no longer) + instrumental of the demonstrative and article. See That.] 1. From a definite past time until now; as, he went a month ago, and I have not seen him since. We since become the slaves to one man's lust. B. Jonson. 2. In the time past, counting backward from the present; before this or now; ago. w many ages since has Virgil writ? Roscommon. About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought to a great lady's house. Sir P. Sidney. 3. When or that. [Obs.] Do you remember since we lay all night in the windmill in St. George's field? Shak. Since, prep. From the time of; in or during the time subsequent to; subsequently to; after; -- usually with a past event or time for the object. The Lord hath blessed thee, since my coming. Gen. xxx. 30. I have a model by which he build a nobler poem than any extant since the ancients. Dryden. Since, conj. Seeing that; because; considering; -- formerly followed by that. Since that my penitence comes after all, Imploring pardon. Shak. Since truth and constancy are vain, Since neither love, nor sense of pain, Nor force of reason, can persuade, Then let example be obeyed. Granville. Syn. -- Because; for; as; inasmuch as; considering. See Because. Sin*cere" (?), a. [Compar. Sincerer (?); superl. Sincerest.] [L. sincerus, of uncertain origin; the first part perhaps akin to sin- in singuli (see Single), and the second to cernere to separate (cf. Discern): cf. F. sinc\'8are.] 1. Pure; unmixed; unadulterated. There is no sincere acid in any animal juice. Arbuthnot. A joy which never was sincere till now. Dryden. 2. Whole; perfect; unhurt; uninjured. [Obs.] The inviolable body stood sincere. Dryden. 3. Being in reality what it appears to be; having a character which corresponds with the appearance; not falsely assumed; genuine; true; real; as, a sincere desire for knowledge; a sincere contempt for meanness. A sincere intention of pleasing God in all our actions. Law. 4. Honest; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation; as, a sincere friend; a sincere person. The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account. Waterland. Syn. -- Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright. See Hearty. Sin*cere"ly, adv. In a sincere manner. Specifically: (a) Purely; without alloy. Milton. (b) Honestly; unfeignedly; without dissimulation; as, to speak one's mind sincerely; to love virtue sincerely. Sin*cere"ness, n. Same as Sincerity. Beau & Fl. Sin*cer"i*ty (?), n. [L. sinceritas: cf. F. sinc\'82rit\'82.] The quality or state of being sincere; honesty of mind or intention; freedom from simulation, hypocrisy, disguise, or false pretense; sincereness. I protest, in the sincerity of love. Shak. Sincerity is a duty no less plain than important. Knox. Sinch (?), n. [See Cinch.] A saddle girth made of leather, canvas, woven horsehair, or woven grass. [Western U.S.] Sinch, v. t. To gird with a sinch; to tighten the sinch or girth of (a saddle); as, to sinch up a sadle. [Western U.S.] Sin*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sinciput; being in the region of the sinciput. Sin"ci*put (?), n. [L., half a head; semihalf + caput the head.] 1. (Anat.) The fore part of the head. 2. (Zo\'94l.) The part of the head of a bird between the base of the bill and the vertex. Sin"don (?), n. [L., a kind of fine Indian cotton stuff, Gr. 1. A wrapper. [Obs.] \'bdWrapped in sindons of linen.\'b8 Bacon. 2. (Surg.) A small rag or pledget introduced into the hole in the cranium made by a trephine. Dunglison. Sine (?), n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original j\'c6ba sine, from Skr. j\'c6va bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below. Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. -- Curve of sines. See Sinusoid. -- Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity. -- Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. -- Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc. \'d8Si"ne (?), prep. [L.] Without. Si"ne*cu`ral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sinecure; being in the nature of a sinecure. Si`ne*cure (?), n. [L. sine without + cura care, LL., a cure. See Cure.] 1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. Ayliffe. 2. Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service. A lucrative sinecure in the Excise. Macaulay. Si"ne*cure, v. t. To put or place in a sinecure. Si"ne*cu*rism (?), n. The state of having a sinecure. Si"ne*cu*rist (?), n. One who has a sinecure. Sin"ew (?), n. [OE. sinewe, senewe, AS. sinu, seonu; akin to D. zenuw, OHG. senawa, G. sehne, Icel. sin, Sw. sena, Dan. sene; cf. Skr. sn\'beva. 1. (Anat.) A tendon or tendonous tissue. See Tendon. 2. Muscle; nerve. [R.] Sir J. Davies. 3. Fig.: That which supplies strength or power. The portion and sinew of her fortune, her marriage dowry. Shak. The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war. Sir W. Raleigh. the sinews of war. Sin"ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinewing.] To knit together, or make strong with, or as with, sinews. Shak. Wretches, now stuck up for long tortures . . . might, if properly treated, serve to sinew the state in time of danger. Goldsmith. Sin"ewed (?), a. 1. Furnished with sinews; as, a strong-sinewed youth. 2. Fig.: Equipped; strengthened. When he sees Ourselves well sinewed to our defense. Shak. Sin"ew*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being sinewy. Sin"ew*ish, a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed. Sin"ew*less, a. Having no sinews; hence, having no strength or vigor. Sin"ew*ous (?), a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed. Sin"ew-shrunk` (?), a. (Far.) Having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excessive fatigue. Sin"ew*y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, a sinew or sinews. The sinewy thread my brain lets fall. Donne. 2. Well braced with, or as if with, sinews; nervous; vigorous; strong; firm; tough; as, the sinewy Ajax. A man whose words . . . were so close and sinewy. Hare. Sin"ful (?), a. [AAS. synfull.] Tainted with, or full of, sin; wicked; iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as, sinful men; sinful thoughts. Piers Plowman. Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity. Isa. i. 4. -- Sin"ful*ly, adv. -- Sin"ful*ness, n. Sing (?), v. i. [imp. Sung (?) or Sang (; p. p. Sung; p. pr. & vb. n. Singing.] [AS. singan; akin to D. zingen, OS. & OHG. singan, G. singen, Icel. syngja, Sw. sjunga, Dan. synge, Goth. siggwan, and perhaps to E. say, v.t., or cf. Gr. Singe, Song.] 1. To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song or tune, or of a given part (as alto, tenor, etc.) in a chorus or concerted piece. The noise of them that sing do I hear. Ex. xxxii. 18. 2. To utter sweet melodious sounds, as birds do. On every bough the briddes heard I sing. Chaucer. Singing birds, in silver cages hung. Dryden. 3. To make a small, shrill sound; as, the air sings in passing through a crevice. O'er his head the flying spear Sang innocent, and spent its force in air. Pope. 4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse; to celebrate something in poetry. Milton. Bid her . . . sing Of human hope by cross event destroyed. Prior. <-- p. 1344 --> 5. Ti cry out; to complain. [Obs.] They should sing if thet they were bent. Chaucer. Sing (?), v. t. 1. To utter with musical infections or modulations of voice. And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb. Rev. xv. 3. And in the darkness sing your carol of high praise. Keble. 2. To celebrate is song; to give praises to in verse; to relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or poetry. Milton. Arms and the man I sing. Dryden. The last, the happiest British king, Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing. Addison. 3. To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child to sleep. 4. To accompany, or attend on, with singing. I heard them singing home the bride. Longfellow. Singe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Singeing (?).] [OE. sengen, AS. sengan in besengan (akin to D. zengen, G. sengen), originally, to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allusion to the singing or hissing sound often produced when a substance is singed, or slightly burned. See Sing.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the surface of; to burn the ends or outside of; as, to singe the hair or the skin. You sulphurous and thought-executing fires, . . . Singe my white head! Shak. I singed the toes of an ape through a burning glass. L'Estrange. 2. (a) To remove the nap of (cloth), by passing it rapidly over a red-hot bar, or over a flame, preliminary to dyeing it. (b) To remove the hair or down from (a plucked chicken or the like) by passing it over a flame. Singe, n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn. Sin"ger (?), n. [From Singe.] One who, or that which, singes. Specifically: (a) One employed to singe cloth. (b) A machine for singeing cloth. Sing"er (?), n. [From Sing.] One who sings; especially, one whose profession is to sing. Sing"er*ess, n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif. Sin`gha*lese" (?), n. & a. [Skr.Si Ceylon.] (Ethnol.) Same as Cingalese. Sing"ing (?), a. & n. from Sing, v. Singing bird. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Popularly, any bird that sings; a song bird. (b) Specifically, any one of the Oscines. -- Singing book, a book containing music for singing; a book of tunes. -- Singing falcon hawk. (Zo\'94l.) See Chanting falcon, under Chanting. -- Singing fish (Zo\'94l.), a California toadfish (Porichthys porosissimus). -- Singing flame (Acoustics), a flame, as of hydrogen or coal gas, burning within a tube and so adjusted as to set the air within the tube in vibration, causing sound. The apparatus is called also chemical harmonicon. -- Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music. -- Singing school, a school in which persons are instructed in singing. Sing"ing*ly, adv. With sounds like singing; with a kind of tune; in a singing tone. G. North (1575). Sin"gle (?), a. [L. singulus, a dim. from the root in simplex simple; cf. OE. & OF. sengle, fr. L. singulus. See Simple, and cf. Singular.] 1. One only, as distinguished from more than one; consisting of one alone; individual; separate; as, a single star. No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of all the rest. Pope. 2. Alone; having no companion. Who single hast maintained, Against revolted multitudes, the cause Of truth. Milton. 3. Hence, unmarried; as, a single man or woman. Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness. Shak. Single chose to live, and shunned to wed. Dryden. 4. Not doubled, twisted together, or combined with others; as, a single thread; a single strand of a rope. 5. Performed by one person, or one on each side; as, a single combat. These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant, . . . Who now defles thee thrice ti single fight. Milton. 6. Uncompounded; pure; unmixed. Simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single to compound. I. Watts. 7. Not deceitful or artful; honest; sincere. I speak it with a single heart. Shak. 8. Simple; not wise; weak; silly. [Obs.] He utters such single matter in so infantly a voice. Beau & Fl. Single ale, beer, drink, small ale, etc., as contrasted with double ale, etc., which is stronger. [Obs.] Nares. -- Single bill (Law), a written engagement, generally under seal, for the payment of money, without a penalty. Burril. -- Single court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for only two players. -- Single-cut file. See the Note under 4th File. -- Single entry. See under Bookkeeping. -- Single file. See under 1st File. -- Single flower (Bot.), a flower with but one set of petals, as a wild rose. -- Single knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Single whip (Naut.), a single rope running through a fixed block. Sin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Singling (?).] 1. To select, as an individual person or thing, from among a number; to choose out from others; to separate. Dogs who hereby can single out their master in the dark. Bacon. His blood! she faintly screamed her mind Still singling one from all mankind. More. 2. To sequester; to withdraw; to retire. [Obs.] An agent singling itself from consorts. Hooker. 3. To take alone, or one by one. Men . . . commendable when they are singled. Hooker. Sin"gle, v. i. To take the irrregular gait called single-foot;- said of a horse. See Single-foot. Many very fleet horses, when overdriven, adopt a disagreeable gait, which seems to be a cross between a pace and a trot, in which the two legs of one side are raised almost but not quite, simultaneously. Such horses are said to single, or to be single-footed. W. S. Clark. Sin"gle, n. 1. A unit; one; as, to score a single. 2. pl. The reeled filaments of silk, twisted without doubling to give them firmness. 3. A handful of gleaned grain. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 4. (Law Tennis) A game with but one player on each side; -- usually in the plural. 5. (Baseball) A hit by a batter which enables him to reach first base only. Sin"gle-act`ing (?), a. Having simplicity of action; especially (Mach.), acting or exerting force during strokes in one direction only; -- said of a reciprocating engine, pump, etc. Sin"gle-breast`ed (?), a. Lapping over the breast only far enough to permit of buttoning, and having buttons on one edge only; as, a single-breasted coast. Sin"gle-foot` (?), n. An irregular gait of a horse; -- called also single-footed pace. See Single, v. i. Single-foot is an irregular pace, rather rare, distinguished by the posterior extremities moving in the order of a fast walk, and the anterior extremities in that of a slow trot. Stillman (The Horse in Motion.) Sin"gle-hand"ed (?), a. Having but one hand, or one workman; also, alone; unassisted. <-- single-handedly, adv. by oneself, alone, unassisted. --> Sin"gle-heart"ed (?), a. Having an honest heart; free from duplicity. -- Sin"gle-heart"ed*ly, adv. Sin"gle-mind"ed (?), a. Having a single purpose; hence, artless; guileless; single-hearted. Sin"gle*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being single, or separate from all others; the opposite of doubleness, complication, or multiplicity. 2. Freedom from duplicity, or secondary and selfish ends; purity of mind or purpose; simplicity; sincerity; as, singleness of purpose; singleness of heart. Sin"gles (?), n. pl. See Single, n., 2. Sin"gle*stick` (?), n. (a) In England and Scotland, a cudgel used in fencing or fighting; a backsword. (b) The game played with singlesticks, in which he who first brings blood from his adversary's head is pronounced victor; backsword; cudgeling. Sin"glet (?), n. An unlined or undyed waistcoat; a single garment; -- opposed to doublet. [Prov. Eng.] Sin"gle*ton (?), n. In certain games at cards, as whist, a single card of any suit held at the deal by a player; as, to lead a singleton. Sin"gle*tree` (?), n. [Cf. Swingletree.] The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed; a whiffletree. singletree is fixed at each end of another crosspiece, called the doubletree. Sin"gly (?), adv. 1. Individually; particularly; severally; as, to make men singly and personally good. 2. Only; by one's self; alone. Look thee, 't is so! Thou singly honest man. Shak. 3. Without partners, companions, or associates; single-handed; as, to attack another singly. At omber singly to decide their doom. Pope. 4. Honestly; sincerely; simply. [R.] Johnson. 5. Singularly; peculiarly. [Obs.] Milton. Sing"-sing` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The kob. Sing"song` (?), n. 1. Bad singing or poetry. 2. A drawling or monotonous tone, as of a badly executed song. Sing"song`, a. Drawling; monotonous. Sing"song`, v. i. To write poor poetry. [R.] Tennyson. Sing"ster (?), n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif. Sin"gu*lar (?), a. [OE. singuler, F. singulier, fr. L. singularius, singularis, fr. singulus single. See Single, a.] 1. Separate or apart from others; single; distinct. [Obs.] Bacon. And God forbid that all a company Should rue a singular man's folly. Chaucer. 2. Engaged in by only one on a side; single. [Obs.] To try the matter thus together in a singular combat. Holinshed. 3. (Logic) Existing by itself; single; individual. The idea which represents one . . . determinate thing, is called a singular idea, whether simple, complex, or compound. I. Watts. 4. (Law) Each; individual; as, to convey several parcels of land, all and singular. 5. (Gram.) Denoting one person or thing; as, the singular number; -- opposed to dual and plural. 6. Standing by itself; out of the ordinary course; unusual; uncommon; strange; as, a singular phenomenon. So singular a sadness Must have a cause as strange as the effect. Denham. 7. Distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rarely equaled; eminent; extraordinary; exceptional; as, a man of singular gravity or attainments. 8. Departing from general usage or expectations; odd; whimsical; -- often implying disapproval or consure. His zeal None seconded, as out of season judged, Or singular and rash. Milton. To be singular in anything that is wise and worthy, is not a disparagement, but a praise. Tillotson. 9. Being alone; belonging to, or being, that of which there is but one; unique. These busts of the emperors and empresses are all very scarce, and some of them almost singular in their kind. Addison. Singular point in a curve (Math.), a point at which the curve possesses some peculiar properties not possessed by other points of the curve, as a cusp point, or a multiple point. -- Singular proposition (Logic), a proposition having as its subject a singular term, or a common term limited to an individual by means of a singular sign. Whately. -- Singular succession (Civil Law), division among individual successors, as distinguished from universal succession, by which an estate descended in intestacy to the heirs in mass. -- Singular term (Logic), a term which represents or stands for a single individual. Syn. -- Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordinary; remarkable; uncommon; rare; unusual; peculiar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic. Sin"gu*lar, n. 1. An individual instance; a particular. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Gram) The singular number, or the number denoting one person or thing; a word in the singular number. Sin"gu*lar*ist (?), n. One who affects singularity. [Obs.] A clownish singularist, or nonconformist to ordinary usage. Borrow. Sin`gu*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Singularities (#). [L. singularitas: cf. F. singularit\'82.] 1. The quality or state of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; peculiarity. Pliny addeth this singularity to that soil, that the second year the very falling down of the seeds yieldeth corn. Sir. W. Raleigh. I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of the instrument. Addison. 2. Anything singular, rare, or curious. Your gallery Have we passed through, not without much content In many singularities. Shak. 3. Possession of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or distinction. No bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singularity [universal bishop]. Hooker. Catholicism . . . must be understood in opposition to the legal singularity of the Jewish nation. Bp. Pearson. 4. Celibacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Sin"gu*lar*ize (?), v. t. To make singular or single; to distinguish. [R.] Sin"gu*lar*ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner; in a manner, or to a degree, not common to others; extraordinarily; as, to be singularly exact in one's statements; singularly considerate of others. \'bdSingularly handsome.\'b8 Milman. 2. Strangely; oddly; as, to behave singularly. 3. So as to express one, or the singular number. Sin"gult (?), n.[L. singultus.] A sigh or sobbing; also, a hiccough. [Obs.] Spenser. W. Browne. Sin*gul"tous (?), a. (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, hiccough. Dunglison. \'d8Sin*gul"tus (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Hiccough. Sin"i*cal (?), a. [From Sine.] (Trig.) Of or pertaining to a sine; employing, or founded upon, sines; as, a sinical quadrant. Sin"i*grin (?), n. [From NL. Sinapis nigra.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra, formerly Sinapis nigra) It resembles sinalbin, and consists of a potassium salt of myronic acid. Sin"is*ter (?), a. [Accented on the middle syllable by the older poets, as Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden.] [L. sinister: cf. F. sinistre.] 1. On the left hand, or the side of the left hand; left; -- opposed to dexter, or right. \'bdHere on his sinister cheek.\'b8 Shak. My mother's blood Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister Bounds in my father's Shak. sinister side of an escutcheon is the side which would be on the left of the bearer of the shield, and opposite the right hand of the beholder. 2. Unlucky; inauspicious; disastrous; injurious; evil; -- the left being usually regarded as the unlucky side; as, sinister influences. All the several ills that visit earth, Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth. B. Jonson. 3. Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest; corrupt; as, sinister aims. Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts. Bacon. He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts. South. He read in their looks . . . sinister intentions directed particularly toward himself. Sir W. Scott. 4. Indicative of lurking evil or harm; boding covert danger; as, a sinister countenance. Bar sinister. (Her.) See under Bar, n. -- Sinister aspect (Astrol.), an appearance of two planets happening according to the succession of the signs, as Saturn in Aries, and Mars in the same degree of Gemini. -- Sinister base, Sinister chief. See under Escutcheon. Sin"is*ter-hand"ed (?), a. Left-handed; hence, unlucky. [Obs.] Lovelace. Sin"is*ter*ly, adv. In a sinister manner. Wood. Sin"is*trad (?), adv. [L. sinistra the left hand + ad tp.] (Anat. & Zo\'94l.) Toward the left side; sinistrally. Sin"is*tral (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the left, inclining to the left; sinistrous; -- opposed to dextral. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Having the whorls of the spire revolving or rising to the left; reversed; -- said of certain spiral shells. Sin`is*tral"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sinistral. Sin"is*tral*ly (?), adv. Toward the left; in a sinistral manner. J. Le Conte. Sin"is*trin (?), n. [L. sinister left.] (Chem.) A mucilaginous carbohydrate, resembling achro\'94dextrin, extracted from squill as a colorless amorphous substance; -- so called because it is levorotatory. Sin`is*tror"sal (?), a. [L.sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, turned toward the left side; sinister left + vertere, vortere, versum, vorsum, to turn.] Rising spirally from right to left (of the spectator); sinistrorse. Sin"is*trorse` (?), a. [See Sinistrolsal.] Turning to the left (of the spectator) in the ascending line; -- the opposite of dextrorse. See Dextrorse. Sin"is*trous (?), a. [See Sinister.] 1. Being on the left side; inclined to the left; sinistral. \'bdSinistrous gravity.\'b8 Sir T. Browne. <-- p. 1345 --> 2. Wrong; absurd; perverse. A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most sinistrous and absurd choice. Bentley. Sin"is*trous*ly (?), adv. 1. In a sinistrous manner; perversely; wrongly; unluckily. 2. With a tendency to use the left hand. Many, in their infancy, are sinistrously disposed, and divers continue all their life left-handed. Sir T. Browne. Sink (?), v. i. [imp. Sunk (?), or (Sank (); p. p. Sunk (obs. Sunken, -- now used as adj.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinking.] [OE. sinken, AS. sincan; akin to D. zinken, OS. sincan, G. sinken, Icel. s\'94kkva, Dan. synke, Sw. sjunka, Goth. siggan, and probably to E. silt. Cf. Silt.] 1. To fall by, or as by, the force of gravity; to descend lower and lower; to decline gradually; to subside; as, a stone sinks in water; waves rise and sink; the sun sinks in the west. I sink in deep mire. Ps. lxix. 2. 2. To enter deeply; to fall or retire beneath or below the surface; to penetrate. The stone sunk into his forehead. 1 San. xvii. 49. 3. Hence, to enter so as to make an abiding impression; to enter completely. Let these sayings sink down into your ears. Luke ix. 44. 4. To be overwhelmed or depressed; to fall slowly, as so the ground, from weakness or from an overburden; to fail in strength; to decline; to decay; to decrease. I think our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. He sunk down in his chariot. 2 Kings ix. 24. Let not the fire sink or slacken. Mortimer. 5. To decrease in volume, as a river; to subside; to become diminished in volume or in apparent height. The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him. Addison. Syn. -- To fall; subside; drop; droop; lower; decline; decay; decrease; lessen. Sink, v. t. 1. To cause to sink; to put under water; to immerse or submerge in a fluid; as, to sink a ship. [The Athenians] fell upon the wings and sank a single ship. Jowett (Thucyd.). 2. Figuratively: To cause to decline; to depress; to degrade; hence, to ruin irretrievably; to destroy, as by drowping; as, to sink one's reputation. I raise of sink, imprison or set free. Prior. If I have a conscience, let it sink me. Shak. Thy cruel and unnatural lust of power Has sunk thy father more than all his years. Rowe. 3. To make (a depression) by digging, delving, or cutting, etc.; as, to sink a pit or a well; to sink a die. 4. To bring low; to reduce in quantity; to waste. You sunk the river repeated draughts. Addison. 5. To conseal and appropriate. [Slang] If sent with ready money to buy anything, and you happen to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods on account. Swift. 6. To keep out of sight; to suppress; to ignore. A courtly willingness to sink obnoxious truths. Robertson. 7. To reduce or extinguish by payment; as, to sink the national debt. Sink, n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water; a jakes. 2. A shallow box or vessel of wood, stone, iron, or other material, connected with a drain, and used for receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. 3. A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost; -- called also sink hole. [U. S.] Sink hole. (a) The opening to a sink drain. (b) A cesspool. (c) Same as Sink, n., 3. Sink"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sinks. Specifically: (a) A weight on something, as on a fish line, to sink it. (b) In knitting machines, one of the thin plates, blades, or other devices, that depress the loops upon or between the needles. Dividing sinker, in knitting machines, a sinker between two jack sinkers and acting alternately with them. -- Jack sinker. See under Jack, n. -- Sinker bar. (a) In knitting machines, a bar to which one set of the sinkers is attached. (b) In deep well boring, a heavy bar forming a connection between the lifting rope and the boring tools, above the jars. Sink"ing, a & n. from Sink. Sinking fund. See under Fund. -- Sinking head (Founding), a riser from which the mold is fed as the casting shrinks. See Riser, n., 4. -- Sinking pump, a pump which can be lowered in a well or a mine shaft as the level of the water sinks. Sin"less (?), a. Free from sin. Piers Plowman. -- Sin"less*ly, adv. -- Sin"less*ness, n. Sin"ner (?), n. One who has sinned; especially, one who has sinned without repenting; hence, a persistent and incorrigible transgressor; one condemned by the law of God. Sin"ner, v. i. To act as a sinner. [Humorous] Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it. Pope. Sin"ner*ess, n. A woman who sins. [Obs.] Sin"net (?), n. See Sennit . Sin`o*log"ic*al (?), a. [See Sinilogue.] Relating to the Chinese language or literature. Si*nol"o*gist (?), n. A sinilogue. Sin"o*logue (?), n. [From L. Sinae, an Oriental people mentioned by Ptolemy, or Ar. Sin China or the Chinese + Gr. theologue: cf. F. sinologue.] A student of Chinese; one versed in the Chinese language, literature, and history. Si*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Cf. F. sinologie.] That branch of systemized knowledge which treats of the Chinese, their language, literature, etc. Sin"o*per (?), n. (Min.) Sinople. { Si*no"pi*a (?), Si*no"pis (?), } n. A red pigment made from sinopite. Sin"o*pite (?), n. [F., fr. L. sinopis (sc. terra), a red earth or ocher found in Sinope, a town in Paphlagoma, on the Black Sea, Gr. (Min.) A brickred ferruginous clay used by the ancients for red paint. Sin"o*ple (?), n. (Min.) Ferruginous quartz, of a blood-red or brownish red color, sometimes with a tinge of yellow. Sin"o*ple, n. [F., fr. LL. sinopis. See Sinople a mineral.] (Her.) The tincture vert; green. Sinque (?), n. See Cinque. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. Sins"ring (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Banxring. Sin"ter (?), n. [G. Cf. Cinder.] (Min.) Dross, as of iron; the scale which files from iron when hammered; -- applied as a name to various minerals. Calcareous sinter, a loose banded variety of calcite formed by deposition from lime-bearing waters; calcareous tufa; travertine. -- Ceraunian sinter, fulgurite. -- Siliceous sinter, a light cellular or fibrous opal; especially, geyserite (see Geyserite). It has often a pearly luster, and is then called pearl sinter. { Sin"to (?), Sin"tu (?), Sin"to*ism (?), Sin"to*ist }. See Shinto, etc. \'d8Sin"toc (?), n. A kind of spice used in the East Indies, consisting of the bark of a species of Cinnamomum. [Written also sindoc.] Sin"i*ate (?), a. [L. sinuatus, p. p. of sinuare to wind, bend, fr. sinus a bend.] Having the margin alternately curved inward and outward; having rounded lobes separated by rounded sinuses; sinuous; wavy. Sin"u*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinuating.] To bend or curve in and out; to wind; to turn; to be sinusous. Woodward. Sin"u*a`ted (\'3e), a. Same as Sinuate. Sin`u*a"tion (?), n. [L. sinuatio.] A winding or bending in and out. Sin"u*ose` (?), a. Sinuous. Loudon. Sin`u*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sinuosities (#). [Cf. F. sinuosit\'82.] 1. Quality or state of being sinuous. 2. A bend, or a series of bends and turns; a winding, or a series of windings; a wave line; a curve. A line of coast certainly amounting, with its sinuosities, to more than 700 miles. Sydney Smith. Sin"u*ous (?), a. [L. sinuosus, fr. sinus a bent surface, a curve: cf. F. sinueux. See Sinus.] Bending in and out; of a serpentine or undulating form; winding; crooked. -- Sin"u*ous*ly, adv. Streaking the ground with sinuous trace. Milton. Gardens bright with sinuous rills. Coleridge. Si`nu*pal"li*ate (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a pallial sinus. See under Sinus. Si"nus (?), n.; pl. L. Sinus, E. Sinuses (#). [L., a bent surface, a curve, the folds or bosom of a garment, etc., a bay. Cf. Sine, n.] 1. An opening; a hollow; a bending. 2. A bay of the sea; a recess in the shore. 3. (Anat. & Zo\'94l.) A cavity; a depression. Specifically: (a) A cavity in a bone or other part, either closed or with a narrow opening. (b) A dilated vessel or canal. 4. (Med.) A narrow, elongated cavity, in which pus is collected; an elongated abscess with only a small orifice. 5. (Bot.) A depression between adjoining lobes. Pallial sinus. (Zo\'94l.) See under Pallial. -- Sinus venosus (?). [L., venous dilatation.] (Anat.) (a) The main part of the cavity of the right auricle of the heart in the higher vertebrates. (b) In the lower vertebrates, a distinct chamber of the heart formed by the union of the large systematic veins and opening into the auricle. Si"nus*oid (?), n. [Sinus + -oid.] (Geom.) The curve whose ordinates are proportional to the sines of the abscissas, the equation of the curve being y = a sin x. It is also called the curve of sines.<-- pref. sine curve --> Si`nus*oid"al (?), a. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a sinusoid; like a sinusoid. Sio"goon (?), n. See Shogun. Sio*goon"ate (?), n. See Shogunate. Sioux (?), n. sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) See Dakotas. Sip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sipping.] [OE. sippen; akin to OD. sippen, and AS. s to sip, suck up, drink. See Sup, v. t.] 1. To drink or imbibe in small quantities; especially, to take in with the lips in small quantities, as a liquid; as, to sip tea. \'bdEvery herb that sips the dew.\'b8 Milton. 2. To draw into the mouth; to suck up; as, a bee sips nectar from the flowers. 3. To taste the liquor of; to drink out of. [Poetic] They skim the floods, and sip the purple flowers. Dryden. Sip, v. i. To drink a small quantity; to take a fluid with the lips; to take a sip or sips of something. [She] raised it to her mouth with sober grace; Then, sipping, offered to the next in place. Dryden. Sip, n. 1. The act of sipping; the taking of a liquid with the lips. 2. A small draught taken with the lips; a slight taste. One sip of this Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight Beyond the bliss of dreams. Milton. A sip is all that the public ever care to take from reservoirs of abstract philosophy. De Quincey. Sip"age (?), n. See Seepage. [Scot. & U.S.] Sip (?), v. i. See Seep. [Scot. & U.S.] Siph"i*lis (?), n. (Med.) Syphilis. Si"phoid (?), n. [L. sipho a siphon + -oid: cf. F. vase sipho\'8bde.] A siphon bottle. See under Siphon, n. Si"phon (?), n. [F. siphon, L. sipho, -onis, fr. Gr. 1. A device, consisting of a pipe or tube bent so as to form two branches or legs of unequal length, by which a liquid can be transferred to a lower level, as from one vessel to another, over an intermediate elevation, by the action of the pressure of the atmosphere in forcing the liquid up the shorter branch of the pipe immersed in it, while the continued excess of weight of the liquid in the longer branch (when once filled) causes a continuous flow. The flow takes place only when the discharging extremity of the pipe ia lower than the higher liquid surface, and when no part of the pipe is higher above the surface than the same liquid will rise by atmospheric pressure; that is, about 33 feet for water, and 30 inches for mercury, near the sea level. 2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) One of the tubes or folds of the mantle border of a bivalve or gastropod mollusk by which water is conducted into the gill cavity. See Illust. under Mya, and Lamellibranchiata. (b) The anterior prolongation of the margin of any gastropod shell for the protection of the soft siphon. (c) The tubular organ through which water is ejected from the gill cavity of a cephaloid. It serves as a locomotive organ, by guiding and confining the jet of water. Called also siphuncle. See Illust. under Loligo, and Dibranchiata. (d) The siphuncle of a cephalopod shell. (e) The sucking proboscis of certain parasitic insects and crustaceans. (f) A sproutlike prolongation in front of the mouth of many gephyreans. (g) A tubular organ connected both with the esophagus and the intestine of certain sea urchins and annelids. 3. A siphon bottle. Inverted siphon, a tube bent like a siphon, but having the branches turned upward; specifically (Hydraulic Engineering), a pipe for conducting water beneath a depressed place, as from one hill to another across an intervening valley, following the depression of the ground. -- Siphon barometer. See under Barometer. -- Siphon bottle, a bottle for holding a\'89rated water, which is driven out through a bent tube in the neck by the gas within the bottle when a valve in the tube is opened; -- called also gazogene, and siphoid.<-- seltzer bottle? --> -- Siphon condenser, a condenser for a steam engine, in which the vacuum is maintained by the downward flow of water through a vertical pipe of great height. -- Siphon cup, a cup with a siphon attached for carrying off any liquid in it; specifically (Mach.), an oil cup in which oil is carried over the edge of a tube in a cotton wick, and so reaches the surface to be lubricated. -- Siphon gauge. See under Gauge. -- Siphon pump, a jet pump. See under Jet, n. Si"phon (?), v. t. (Chem.) To convey, or draw off, by means of a siphon, as a liquid from one vessel to another at a lower level. Si"phon*age (?), n. The action of a siphon. Si"phon*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a siphon; resembling a siphon. Siphonal stomach (Zo\'94l.), a stomach which is tubular and bent back upon itself, like a siphon, as in the salmon. Si`pho*na"rid (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of limpet-shaped pulmonate gastropods of the genus Siphonaria. They cling to rocks between high and low water marks and have both lunglike organs and gills. -- Si`pho*na"rid, a. \'d8Si`pho*na"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) A tribe of bivalve mollusks in which the posterior mantle border is prolonged into two tubes or siphons. Called also Siphoniata. See Siphon, 2 (a), and Quahaug. Si"phon*ate (?), a. 1. Having a siphon or siphons. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Belonging to the Siphonata. Si"phon*et (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the two dorsal tubular organs on the hinder part of the abdomen of aphids. They give exit to the honeydew. See Illust. under Aphis. \'d8Si*pho"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A former name for a euphorbiaceous genus (Hevea) of South American trees, the principal source of caoutchouc. \'d8Si*pho`ni*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Siphonata. Si*phon"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a siphon. Si*phon"i*fer (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sipho, -onis, siphon + ferre to bear.] (Zo\'94l.) Any cephalopod having a siphonate shell. Si"phon*if"er*ous (?), a. [Siphon + -ferous.] (Zo\'94l.) Siphon-bearing, as the shell of the nautilus and other cephalopods. \'d8Si*pho"ni*um (?), n.; pl. Siphonia (#). [NL., from Gr. Siphon.] (Anat.) A bony tube which, in some birds, connects the tympanium with the air chambers of the articular piece of the mandible. \'d8Si`pho*no*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and Branchia.] (Zo\'94l.) A tribe of gastropods having the mantle border, on one or both sides, prolonged in the form of a spout through which water enters the gill cavity. The shell itself is not always siphonostomatous in this group. <-- p. 1346 --> Si`pho*no*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a siphon, or siphons, to convey water to the gills; belonging or pertaining to the Siphonobranchiata. -- n. One of the Siphonobranchiata. Si`pho*nog"ly*phe (?), n. [Siphon + Gr. (Zo\'94l.) A gonidium. \'d8Si`pho*noph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (Zo\'94l.) An order of pelagic Hydrozoa including species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids. See Illust. under Physallia, and Porpita. Si`pho*noph"o*ran (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Belonging to the Siphonophora. -- n. One of the Siphonophora. Si*phon"o*phore (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Siphonophora. \'d8Si`pho*nop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and -poda.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of Scaphopoda including those in which the foot terminates in a circular disk. \'d8Si`pho*no*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and Stoma.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) A tribe of parasitic copepod Crustacea including a large number of species that are parasites of fishes, as the lerneans. They have a mouth adapted to suck blood. (b) An artificial division of gastropods including those that have siphonostomatous shells. Si`pho*no*stom"a*tous (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Having the front edge of the aperture of the shell prolonged in the shape of a channel for the protection of the siphon; -- said of certain gastropods. (b) Pertaining to the Siphonostomata. Si`pho*nos"tome (?), n. [Gr. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any parasitic entomostracan of the tribe Siphonostomata. (b) A siphonostomatous shell. Si`pho*rhi"nal (?), a. [Siphon + rhinal.] (Zo\'94l.) Having tubular nostrils, as the petrels. Si`pho*rhin"i*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A siphorhinal bird. Si"phun`cle (?), n. [L. siphunculus, sipunculus, dim. of sipho. See Siphon.] (Zo\'94l.) The tube which runs through the partitions of chambered cephalopod shells. Si"phun`cled (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a siphuncle; siphunculated. Si*phun"cu*lar (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the siphuncle. Si*phun"cu*la`ted (?), a. (Zo\'94l.) Having a siphuncle. Huxley. Sip"id (?), a. [See Insipid, Sapid.] Having a taste or flavorl savory; sapid. [Obs.] Cockeram. Sip"per (?), n. One whi sips. Sip"pet (?), n. [See Sip, Sop.] A small sop; a small, thin piece of toasted bread soaked in milk, broth, or the like; a small piece of toasted or fried bread cut into some special shape and used for garnishing. Your sweet sippets in widows' houses. Milton. Sip"ple (?), v. i. [Freq. of sip.] To sip often. [Obs. or Scot.] Sip"pling (?), a. Sipping often. [Obs.] \'bdTaken after a sippling sort.\'b8 Holland. \'d8Si*pun`cu*la"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Sipunculus, the typical genus. See Siphuncle.] (Zo\'94l.) A suborder of Gephyrea, including those which have the body unarmed and the intestine opening anteriorly. Si*pun"cu*loid (?), a. [NL. Sipunculus, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to the Sipunculoidea. -- n. One of the Sipunculoidea. \'d8Si*pun`cu*loi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) Same as Gephyrea. (b) In a restricted sense, same as Sipunculacea. \'d8Si` quis" (?). [L., if any one (the first words of the notice in Latin).] (Ch. of Eng.) A notification by a candidate for orders of his intention to inquire whether any impediment may be alleged against him. Sir (?), n. [OE. sire, F. sire, contr. from the nominative L. senior an elder, elderly person, compar. of senex,senis, an aged person; akin to Gr. sana, Goth. sineigs old, sinista eldest, Ir. & Gael. sean old, W. hen. Cf. Seignior, Senate, Seneschal, Senior, Senor, Signor, Sire, Sirrah.] 1. A man of social authority and dignity; a lord; a master; a gentleman; -- in this sense usually spelled sire. [Obs.] He was crowned lord and sire. Gower. In the election of a sir so rare. Shak. 2. A title prefixed to the Christian name of a knight or a baronet. Sir Horace Vere, his brother, was the principal in the active part. Bacon. 3. An English rendering of the LAtin Dominus, the academical title of a bachelor of arts; -- formerly colloquially, and sometimes contemptuously, applied to the clergy. Nares. Instead of a faithful and painful teacher, they hire a Sir John, which hath better skill in playing at tables, or in keeping of a garden, than in God's word. Latimer. 4. A respectful title, used in addressing a man, without being prefixed to his name; -- used especially in speaking to elders or superiors; sometimes, also, used in the way of emphatic formality. \'bdWhat's that to you, sir?\'b8 Sheridan. Sir man of law.\'b8 \'bdSir parish priest.\'b8 Chaucer. Sir reverance. See under Reverence, n. Si*ras"kier (?), n. See Seraskier. Si*ras"kier*ate (?), n. See Seraskierate. Sir*bo"ni*an (?), a. See Serbonian. Sir*car" (?), n. [Hind. & Per. sark\'ber a superintendant, overseer, chief; Per. sar the head + k\'ber action, work.] 1. A Hindoo clerk or accountant. [India] 2. A district or province; a circar. [India] 3. The government; the supreme authority of the state. [India] Sir*dar" (?), n [Hind. & Per. sard\'ber a chief, general; sar the head, top + d\'ber holding, possessing.] A native chief in Hindostan; a headman. Malcom. Sire (?), n. [F. sire, originally, an older person. See Sir.] 1. A lord, master, or other person in authority. See Sir. [Obs.] Pain and distress, sickness and ire, And melancholy that angry sire, Be of her palace senators. Rom. of R. 2. A tittle of respect formerly used in speaking to elders and superiors, but now only in addressing a sovereign. 3. A father; the head of a family; the husband. Jankin thet was our sire [i.e., husband]. Chaucer. And raise his issue, like a loving sire. Shak. 4. A creator; a maker; an author; an originator. [He] was the sire of an immortal strain. Shelley. 5. The male parent of a beast; -- applied especially to horses; as, the horse had a good sire. Sire is often used in composition; as in grandsire, grandfather; great-grandsire, great-grandfather. Sire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Siring.] To beget; to procreate; -- used of beasts, and especially of stallions. Si*re"don (?), n. [NL., from Gr. (Zo\'94l.) The larval form of any salamander while it still has external gills; especially, one of those which, like the axolotl (Amblystoma Mexicanum), sometimes lay eggs while in this larval state, but which under more favorable conditions lose their gills and become normal salamanders. See also Axolotl. Si"ren (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. sir\'8ane.] 1. (Class. Myth.) One of three sea nymphs, -- or, according to some writers, of two, -- said to frequent an island near the coast of Italy, and to sing with such sweetness that they lured mariners to destruction. Next where the sirens dwell you plow the seas; Their song is death, and makes destruction please. Pope. 2. An enticing, dangerous woman. Shak. 3. Something which is insidious or deceptive. Consumption is a siren. W. Irving. 4. A mermaid. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Zo\'94l.) Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren or family Sirenid\'91, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent external gills as well as lungs. They inhabit the swamps, lagoons, and ditches of the Southern United States. The more common species (Siren lacertina) is dull lead-gray in color, and becames two feet long. 6. [F. sir\'8ane, properly, a siren in sense 1.] (Acoustics) An instrument for producing musical tones and for ascertaining the number of sound waves or vibrations per second which produce a note of a given pitch. The sounds are produced by a perforated rotating disk or disks. A form with two disks operated by steam or highly compressed air is used sounding an alarm to vessels in fog. [Written also sirene, and syren.] Si"ren, a. Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as, a siren song. Si*rene" (?), n. See Siren, 6. Si*re"ni*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.)An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera. Cetacea (b). Si*re"ni*an (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of Sirenia. Si*ren"ic*al (?), a. Like, or appropriate to, a siren; fascinating; deceptive. Here's couple of sirenical rascals shall enchant ye. Marton. Si"ren*ize (?), v. i. To use the enticements of a siren; to act as a siren; to fascinate. \'d8Si*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) The act of exposing to a sun bath. [Obs.] Cf. Insolation. Sir"i*us (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. (Astron.) The Dog Star. See Dog Star. Sir"keer (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of Asiatic cuckoos of the genus Taccocua, as the Bengal sirkeer (T. sirkee). Sir"loin` (?), n. [A corruption of surloin. Not so called because this cut of beaf was once jocosely knighted (dubbed Sir Loin) by an English king, as according to a popular story.] A loin of beef, or a part of a loin. [Written also surloin.] Sir"name` (?), n. See Surname. Si"roc (?), n. See Sirocco. [Poetic] Emerson. Si*roc"co (?), n.; pl. Siroccos(?). [It. sirocco, scirocco, Ar. shorug, fr. sharq the rising of the sun, the east, fr, sharaca to rise as the sun. Cf. Saracen.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. Sir"rah (?), n. [Probably from Icel. s\'c6ra, fr. F. sire. See Sir.] A term of address implying inferiority and used in anger, contempt, reproach, or disrespectful familiarity, addressed to a man or boy, but sometimes to a woman. In sililoquies often preceded by ah. Not used in the plural. \'bdAh, sirrah mistress.\'b8 <-- archaic --> Beau & Fl. Go, sirrah, to my cell. Shak. Sirt (?), n. [See Syrt.] A quicksand. [Obs.] { Sir"up (?) Syr"up }, n. [F. sirop (cf. It. siroppo, Sp. jarabe, jarope, LL. siruppus, syrupus), fr. Ar. shar\'beb a drink, wine, coffee, sirup. Cf. Sherbet.] 1. A thick and viscid liquid made from the juice of fruits, herbs, etc., boiled with sugar. 2. A thick and viscid saccharine solution of superior quality (as sugarhouse sirup or molasses, maple sirup); specifically, in pharmacy and often in cookery, a saturated solution of sugar and water (simple sirup), or such a solution flavored or medicated. Lucent sirups tinct with cinnamon. Keats. Mixing sirup. See the Note under Dextrose. { Sir"uped (?), Syr"uped }, a. Moistened, covered, or sweetened with sirup, or sweet juice. { Sir"up*y (?), Syr"up*y }, a. Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. Mortimer. \'d8Sir`vente" (?), n. [F. sirvente, fr. Pr. sirventes, sirventesc, originally, the poem of, or concerning, a sirvent, fr. sirvent, properly, serving, n., one who serves (e. g., as a soldier), fr. servir to serve, L. servire.] A peculiar species of poetry, for the most part devoted to moral and religious topics, and commonly satirical, -- often used by the troubadours of the Middle Ages. Sis (?), n. A colloquial abbreviation of Sister. Sis (?), n. Six. See Sise. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Si*sal" grass` (?), Si*sal" hemp` (?), }The prepared fiber of the Agave Americana, or American aloe, used for cordage; -- so called from Sisal, a port in Yucatan. See Sisal hemp, under Hemp. Sis"co*wet (?), n. [OF American Indian origin.] (Zo\'94l.) A large, fat variety of the namaycusa found in Lake Superior; -- called also siskawet, siskiwit. Sise (?), n. [From Assize.] An assize. [Obs.] Sise (?), n. [See Sice.] Six; the highest number on a die; the cast of six in throwing dice. In the new casting of a die, when ace is on the top, sise must needs be at the bottom. Fuller. Sis"el (?), n. [Cf. G. ziesel. Cf. Zizel.] (Zo\'94l.) The suslik. Si"ser (?), n. Cider. See Sicer. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Sis"e*ra*ra (?), Sis"e*ra*ry (?), } n. A hard blow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Sis"kin (?), n. [Dan. sisgen; cf. Sw. siska, G. zeisig, D. sijsje; of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. czy.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) A small green and yellow European finch (Spinus spinus, or Carduelis spinus); -- called also aberdevine. (b) The American pinefinch (S. pinus); -- called also pine siskin. See Pinefinch. Siskin green, a delicate shade of yellowish green, as in the mineral torbernite. Sis"ki*wit (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The siscowet. Sis"mo*graph (?), n. See Seismograph. Sis*mom"e*ter (?), n. See Seismometer. Siss (?), v. i. [Of imitative origin; cf. D. sissen, G. zischen.] To make a hissing sound; as, a flatiron hot enough to siss when touched with a wet finger. [Colloq. U. S.; Local, Eng.] Siss, n. A hissing noise. [Colloq. U. S.] Sis*soo" (?), n. [Hind. s\'c6s.] (Bot.) A leguminous tree (Dalbergia Sissoo) of the northern parts of India; also, the dark brown compact and durable timber obtained from it. It is used in shipbuilding and for gun carriages, railway ties, etc. Sist (?), v. t. [L. sistere to bring to a stand, to stop.] 1. (Scots Law) To stay, as judicial proceedings; to delay or suspend; to stop. 2. To cause to take a place, as at the bar of a court; hence, to cite; to summon; to bring into court. [Scot.] Some, however, have preposterously sisted nature as the first or generative principle. Sir W. Hamilton. <-- p. 1347 --> Sist (?), n. (Scots Law) A stay or suspension of proceedings; an order for a stay of proceedings. Burril. Sis"ter (?), n. [OE. sister, fr. Icel. systir; also suster, from AS. sweostor, sweoster, swuster, akin to OFries. sweester, suster, LG. s\'81ster, suster, D. zuster, OS. & OHG. swestar, G. schwester, Icel. systir, Sw. syster, Dan. s\'94ster, Goth. swistar, Lith. ses, Russ. sestra, Pol. siostra, L. soror, Skr. svasr. Cousin.] 1. A female who has the same parents with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case, she is more definitely called a half sister. The correlative of brother. I am the sister of one Claudio. Shak. 2. A woman who is closely allied to, or assocciated with, another person, as in the sdame faith, society, order, or community. James ii. 15. 3. One of the same kind, or of the same condition; -- generally used adjectively; as, sister fruits. Pope. Sister Block (Naut.), a tackle block having two sheaves, one above the other. -- Sister hooks, a pair of hooks fitted together, the shank of one forming a mousing for the other; -- called also match hook. -- Sister of charity, Sister of mercy. (R. C. Ch.) See under Charity, and Mercy. Sis"ter, v. t. To be sister to; to resemble closely. [Obs.] Shak. Sis"ter*hood (?), n. [Sister + hood.] 1. The state or relation of being a sister; the office or duty of a sister. She . . . abhorr'd Her proper blood, and left to do the part Of sisterhood, to do that of a wife. Daniel. 2. A society of sisters; a society of women united in one faith or order; sisters, collectively. \'bdA sisterhood of holy nuns.\'b8 Shak. The fair young flowers . . . a beauteous sisterhood. Bryant. Sis"ter*ing, a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Shak. Sis"ter-in-law` (?), n; pl. Sisters-in-law( The sister of one's husband or wife; also, the wife of one's brother; sometimes, the wife of one's husband's or wife's brother. Sis"ter*ly, a. Like a sister; becoming a sister, affectionate; as, sisterly kindness; sisterly remorse. Shak. Sis"tine (?), a.[It. sistino.] Of or pertaining to Pope Sixtus. Sistine chapel, a chapel in the Vatican at Rome, built by Pope Sixtus IV., and decorated with frescoes by Michael Angelo and others. Sis"tren (?), n. pl. Sisters. [Obs.] Chaucer. \'d8Sis"trum (?), [L., fr. Gr. (Mus.) An instrument consisting of a thin metal frame, through which passed a number of metal rods, and furnished with a handle by which it was shaken and made to rattle. It was peculiarly Egyptian, and used especially in the worship of Isis. It is still used in Nubia. Sis`y*phe"an (?), a. Relating to Sisyphus; incessantly recurring; as, Sisyphean labors. Sis"y*phus (?), n. [L. Sisyphus, Sisyphus, fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) A king of Corinth, son of \'92olus, famed for his cunning. He was killed by Theseus, and in the lower world was condemned by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled back again, making his task incessant. Sit (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Sit, for sitteth. Sit, v. i. [imp. Sat (?) (Sate (?), archaic); p. p. Sat (Sitten (?), obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sitting.] [OE. sitten, AS. sittan; akin to OS. sittian, OFries. sitta, D. zitten, G. sitzen, OHG. sizzen, Icel. sitja, SW. sitta, Dan. sidde, Goth. sitan, Russ. sidiete, L. sedere, Gr. sad. Assess,Assize, Cathedral, Chair, Dissident, Excise, Insidious, Possess, Reside, Sanhedrim, Seance, Seat, n., Sedate, 4th Sell, Siege, Session, Set, v. t., Sizar, Size, Subsidy.] 1. To rest upon the haunches, or the lower extremity of the trunk of the body; -- said of human beings, and sometimes of other animals; as, to sit on a sofa, on a chair, or on the ground. And he came and took the book put of the right hand of him that sate upon the seat. Bible (1551) (Rev. v. 7.) I pray you, jest, sir, as you sit at dinner. Shak. 2. To perch; to rest with the feet drawn up, as birds do on a branch, pole, etc. 3. To remain in a state of repose; to rest; to abide; to rest in any position or condition. And Moses said to . . . the children of Reuben, Shall your brothren go to war, and shall ye sit here? Num. xxxii. 6. Like a demigod here sit I in the sky. Shak. 4. To lie, rest, or bear; to press or weigh; -- with on; as, a weight or burden sits lightly upon him. The calamity sits heavy on us. Jer. Taylor. 5. To be adjusted; to fit; as, a coat sts well or ill. This new and gorgeous garment, majesty, Sits not so easy on me as you think. Shak. 6. To suit one well or ill, as an act; to become; to befit; -- used impersonally. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. To cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a fowl; to brood; to incubate. As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not. Jer. xvii. 11. 8. To have position, as at the point blown from; to hold a relative position; to have direction. Like a good miller that knows how to grind, which way soever the wind sits. Selden. Sits the wind in that quarter? Sir W. Scott. 9. To occupy a place or seat as a member of an official body; as, to sit in Congress. 10. To hold a session; to be in session for official business; -- said of legislative assemblies, courts, etc.; as, the court sits in January; the aldermen sit to-night. 11. To take a position for the purpose of having some artistic representation of one's self made, as a picture or a bust; as, to sit to a painter. <-- sit for seems more common now --> To sit at, to rest under; to be subject to. [Obs.] \'bdA farmer can not husband his ground so well if he sit at a great rent\'b8. Bacon. -- To sit at meat at table, to be at table for eating. -- To sit down. (a) To place one's self on a chair or other seat; as, to sit down when tired. (b) To begin a siege; as, the enemy sat down before the town. (c) To settle; to fix a permanent abode. Spenser. (d) To rest; to cease as satisfied. \'bdHere we can not sit down, but still proceed in our search.\'b8 Rogers. -- To sit for a fellowship, to offer one's self for examination with a view to obtaining a fellowship. [Eng. Univ.] -- To sit out. (a) To be without engagement or employment. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. (b) To outstay. -- To sit under, to be under the instruction or ministrations of; as, to sit under a preacher; to sit under good preaching. -- To sit up, to rise from, or refrain from, a recumbent posture or from sleep; to sit with the body upright; as, to sit up late at night; also, to watch; as, to sit up with a sick person. \'bdHe that was dead sat up, and began to speak.\'b8 Luke vii. 15. Sit (?), v. t. 1. To sit upon; to keep one's seat upon; as, he sits a horse well. Hardly the muse can sit the headstrong horse. Prior. 2. To cause to be seated or in a sitting posture; to furnish a seat to; -- used reflexively. They sat them down to weep. Milton. Sit you down, father; rest you. Shak. 3. To suit (well [Obs. or R.] Site (?), n. [L. situs, fr. sinere, situm, to let, p. p. situs placed, lying, situate: cf. F. site. Cf. Position.] 1. The place where anything is fixed; situation; local position; as, the site of a city or of a house. Chaucer. 2. A place fitted or chosen for any certain permanent use or occupation; as, a site for a church. 3. The posture or position of a thing. [R.] The semblance of a lover fixed In melancholy site. Thomson. Sit"ed (?), a. Having a site; situated. [Obs.] [The garden] sited was in fruitful soil. Chaucer. Sit"fast` (?), a. [Sit + fast.] Fixed; stationary; immovable. [R.] 'T is good, when you have crossed the sea and back, To find the sitfast acres where you left them. Emerson. Sit"fast`, n. (Far.) A callosity with inflamed edges, on the back of a horse, under the saddle. Sith (?), prep., adv., & conj. [See Since.] Since; afterwards; seeing that. [Obs.] We need not fear them, sith Christ is with us. Latimer. Sith thou art rightful judge. Chaucer. { Sith (?), Sithe (?), } n. [AS. Time. [Obs.] Chaucer. And humbly thanked him a thousand sithes. Spenser. Sithe (?), v. i. [Cf. Sigh.] To sigh. [A spelling of a corrupt and provincial pronunciation.] Sithe (?), n. A scythe. [Obs.] Milton. Sithe, v. t. To cut with a scythe; to scythe. [Obs.] Sithed (?), a. Scythed. [Obs.] T. Warton. Sithe"man (?), n. A mower. [Obs.] Marston. Sith"en (?), adv. & conj. [See Since.] Since; afterwards. See 1st Sith. [Obs.] Fortune was first friend and sithen foe. Chaucer. { Sith"ence, Sith"ens } (?), adv. & conj. Since. See Sith, and Sithen. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Sith"then (?), adv. & conj. See Sithen. [Obs.] Siththen that the world began. Chaucer. Si*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. -logy.] A treatise on the regulation of the diet; dietetics. [Written also sitiology.] Si`to*pho"bi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) A version to food; refusal to take nourishment. [Written also sitiophobia.] Sit"ten (?), obs. p. p. of Sit, for sat. Sit"ter (?), n. 1. One who sits; esp., one who sits for a portrait or a bust. 2. A bird that sits or incubates. Sit"tine (?), a. [NL. sitta the nuthatch, from Gr. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the family Sittid\'91, or nuthatches. Sit"ting (?), a. Being in the state, or the position, of one who, or that which, sits. Sit"ting, n. 1. The state or act of one who sits; the posture of one who occupies a seat. 2. A seat, or the space occupied by or allotted for a person, in a church, theater, etc.; as, the hall has 800 sittings. 3. The act or time of sitting, as to a portrait painter, photographer, etc. 4. The actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their seats, clothed with authority to transact business; a session; as, a sitting of the judges of the King's Bench, or of a commission. The sitting closed in great agitation. Macaulay. 5. The time during which one sits while doing something, as reading a book, playing a game, etc. For the understanding of any one of St. Paul's Epistles I read it all through at one sitting. Locke. 6. A brooding over eggs for hatching, as by fowls. The male bird . . . amuses her [the female] with his songs during the whole time of her sitting. Addison. Sitting room, an apartment where the members of a family usually sit, as distinguished from a drawing-room, parlor, chamber, or kitchen. { Sit"u*ate (?; 135), Sit"u*a`ted (?) }, a. [LL. situatus, from situare to place, fr. L. situs situation, site. See Site.] 1. Having a site, situation, or location; being in a relative position; permanently fixed; placed; located; as, a town situated, or situate, on a hill or on the seashore. 2. Placed; residing. Pleasure situate in hill and dale. Milton. Situate is now less used than situated, but both are well authorized. Sit"u*ate (?), v. t. To place. [R.] Landor. Sit`u*a"tion (?), n. [LL. situatio: cf. F. situation.] 1. Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation. 2. Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case. A situation of the greatest ease and tranquillity. Rogers. 3. Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene. There's situation for you! there's an heroic group! Sheridan. 4. Permanent position or employment; place; office; as, a situation in a store; a situation under government. Syn. -- State; position; seat; site; station; post; place; office; condition; case; plight. See State. \'d8Si"tus (?), n. [L., situation.] (Bot.) The method in which the parts of a plant are arranged; also, the position of the parts. Henslow. Sitz" bath` (?). [G. sitzbad.] A tub in which one bathes in a sitting posture; also, a bath so taken; a hip bath. \'d8Si"va (?), n. [Skr. Civa, properly, kind, gracious.] (Hindoo Myth.) One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature. \'d8Si"van (?), n. [Heb. s\'c6v\'ben.] The third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year; -- supposed to correspond nearly with our month of June. \'d8Siv`a*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., from E. Siva + Gr. (Paleon.) A genus of very large extinct ruminants found in the Tertiary formation of India. The snout was prolonged in the form of a proboscis. The male had four horns, the posterior pair being large and branched. It was allied to the antelopes, but very much larger than any exsisting species. Siv"er (?), v. i. To simmer. [Obs.] Holland. Siv"vens (, n. (Med.) See Sibbens. Si"win (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Sewen. Six (?), a. [AS. six, seox, siex; akin to OFries. sex, D. zes, OS. & OHG. sehs, G. sechs, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sex, Goth. sa\'a1hs, Lith. szeszi, Russ. sheste, Gael. & Ir. se, W. chwech, L. sex, Gr. shesh, Skr. shash. Hexagon, Hexameter, Samite, Senary, Sextant, Sice.] One more than five; twice three; as, six yards. Six Nations (Ethnol.), a confederation of North American Indians formed by the union of the Tuscaroras and the Five Nations. -- Six points circle. (Geom.) See Nine points circle, under Nine. Six, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than five; the sum of three and three; six units or objects. 2. A symbol representing six units, as 6, vi., or VI. To be at six and seven at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. Bacon. Shak. Swift. Six"fold` (?), a. [AS. sixfealand.] Six times repeated; six times as much or as many. Six"-foot`er (?), n. One who is six feet tall. [Colloq. U.S.] Six"pence (?), n.; pl. Sixpences (. An English silver coin of the value of six pennies; half a shilling, or about twelve cents. Six"pen`ny (?), a. Of the value of, or costing, sixpence; as, a sixpenny loaf. Six"score` (?), a. & n. [Six + score, n.] Six times twenty; one hundred and twenty. Six"-shoot`er (?), n. A pistol or other firearm which can be fired six times without reloading especially, a six-chambered revolver. [Colloq. U.S.] Six"teen` (?), a. [AS. sixt, sixt. See Six, and Ten, and cf. Sixty.] Six and ten; consisting of six and ten; fifteen and one more. Six"teen`, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than fifteen; the sum of ten and six; sixteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi. Six*teen"mo (?), n.; pl. Sixteenmos (. See Sextodecimo. Six"teenth` (?), a. [From Sixteen: cf. AS. sixte\'a2.] 1. Sixth after the tenth; next in order after the fifteenth. 2. Constituting or being one of sixteen equal parts into which anything is divided. Sixteenth note (Mus.), the sixteenth part of a whole note; a semiquaver. Six"teenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixteen; one of sixteen equal parts of one whole. 2. The next in order after the fifteenth; the sixth after the tenth. 3. (Mus.) An interval comprising two octaves and a second. Moore (Encyc. of Music.) Sixth (?), a. [From Six: cf. AS. sixta, siexta.] 1. First after the fifth; next in order after the fifth. 2. Constituting or being one of six equal parts into which anything is divided. <-- p. 1348 --> Sixth (?), n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by six; one of six equal parts which form a whole. 2. The next in order after the fifth. 3. (Mus.) The interval embracing six diatonic degrees of the scale. Sixth"ly, adv. In the sixth place. Bacon. Six"ti*eth (?), a. [As. sixtiogo, sixtigo.] 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one one of sixty equal parts into which anything is divided. Six"ti*eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixty; one of sixty equal parts forming a whole. 2. The next in order after the fifty-ninth; the tenth after the fiftieth. Six"ty (?), a. [AS. siextig; akin to G. sechzig, Goth. sa\'a1hs tigjus. See Six, Ten, and cf. Sixteen.] Six times ten; fifty-nine and one more; threescore. Six"ty, n.; pl. Sixties (. 1. The sum of six times ten; sixty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixty units, as 60, lx., or LX. Six`ty-fourth" (?), a. Constituting or being one of sixty-four equal parts into which a thing is divided. Sixty-fourth note (Mus.), the sixty-fourth part of a whole note; a hemi-demi-semiquaver. Siz"a*ble (?), a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. \'bdA sizable volume.\'b8 Bp. Hurd. 2. Being of reasonable or suitable size; as, sizable timber; sizable bulk. Arbuthnot. Si"zar (?), n. One of a body of students in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.) and Dublin, who, having passed a certain examination, are exempted from paying college fees and charges. A sizar corresponded to a servitor at Oxford. The sizar paid nothing for food and tuition, and very little for lodging. Macaulay. size, or provisions. See 4th Size, 2. Si"zar*ship, n. The position or standing of a sizar. Size (?), n. [See Sice, and Sise.] Six. Size (?), n. [OIt. sisa glue used by painters, shortened fr. assisa, fr. assidere, p. p. assiso, to make to sit, to seat, to place, L. assidere to sit down; ad + sidere to sit down, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit, v. i., and cf. Assize, Size bulk.] 1. A thin, weak glue used in various trades, as in painting, bookbinding, paper making, etc. 2. Any viscous substance, as gilder's varnish. Size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sizing.] To cover with size; to prepare with size. Size, n. [Abbrev. from assize. See Assize, and cf. Size glue.] 1. A settled quantity or allowance. See Assize. [Obs.] \'bdTo scant my sizes.\'b8 Shak. 2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) An allowance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons; -- corresponding to battel at Oxford. 3. Extent of superficies or volume; bulk; bigness; magnitude; as, the size of a tree or of a mast; the size of a ship or of a rock. 4. Figurative bulk; condition as to rank, ability, character, etc.; as, the office demands a man of larger size. Men of a less size and quality. L'Estrange. The middling or lower size of people. Swift. 5. A conventional relative measure of dimension, as for shoes, gloves, and other articles made up for sale. 6. An instrument consisting of a number of perforated gauges fastened together at one end by a rivet, -- used for ascertaining the size of pearls. Knight. Size roll, a small piese of parchment added to a roll. -- Size stick, a measuring stick used by shoemakers for ascertaining the size of the foot. Syn. -- Dimension; bigness; largeness; greatness; magnitude. Size, v. t. 1. To fix the standard of. \'bdTo size weights and measures.\'b8 [R.] Bacon. 2. To adjust or arrange according to size or bulk. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) To take the height of men, in order to place them in the ranks according to their stature. (b) (Mining) To sift, as pieces of ore or metal, in order to separate the finer from the coarser parts. 3. To swell; to increase the bulk of. Beau. & Fl. 4. (Mech.) To bring or adjust anything exactly to a required dimension, as by cutting. To size up, to estimate or ascertain the character and ability of. See 4th Size, 4. [Slang, U.S.] We had to size up our fellow legislators. The Century. Size, v. i. 1. To take greater size; to increase in size. Our desires give them fashion, and so, As they wax lesser, fall, as they size, grow. Donne. 2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) To order food or drink from the buttery; hence, to enter a score, as upon the buttery book. Sized (?), a. 1. Adjusted according to size. 2. Having a particular size or magnitude; -- chiefly used in compounds; as, large-sized; common-sized. Si"zel (?), n. Same as Scissel, 2. Siz"er (?), n. 1. See Sizar. 2. (Mech.) (a) An instrument or contrivance to size articles, or to determine their size by a standard, or to separate and distribute them according to size. (b) An instrument or tool for bringing anything to an exact size. Siz"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sizy; viscousness. Siz"ing, n. 1. Act of covering or treating with size. 2. A weak glue used in various trades; size. Siz"ing, n. 1. The act of sorting with respect to size. 2. The act of bringing anything to a certain size. 3. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) Food and drink ordered from the buttery by a student. Siz"y (?), a. [From 2d Size.] Sizelike; viscous; glutinous; as, sizy blood. Arbuthnot. Siz"zle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sizzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sizzling (?).] [See Siss.] To make a hissing sound; to fry, or to dry and shrivel up, with a hissing sound. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Forby. Siz"zle, n. A hissing sound, as of something frying over a fire. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Siz"zling (?), a. & n. from Sizzle. Skad"dle (?), n. [Dim. of scath.] Hurt; damage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. Skad"dle, a. Hurtful. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. Skad"don (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The larva of a bee. [Prov. Eng.] Skag (?), n. (Naut.) An additional piece fastened to the keel of a boat to prevent lateral motion. See Skeg. Skain (?), n. See Skein. [Obs.] Skain, n. See Skean. Drayton. Skains"mate` (?), n. [Perhaps originally, a companion in winding thread (see Skein), or a companion in arms, from skain a sword (see Skean).] A messmate; a companion. [Obs.] Scurvy knave! I am none of his firt-gills; I am none of his skainsmates. Shak. Skaith (?), n. See Scatch. [Scot.] Skald (?), n. See 5th Scald. Skald"ic (?), a. See Scaldic. Max M\'81ller. Skall (?), v. t. To scale; to mount. [Obs.] { Skar (?), Skare (?), } a. [From the root of scare.] Wild; timid; shy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Skart (?), n. [Cf. Scarf a cormorant.] (Zo\'94l.) The shag. [Prov. Eng.] Skate (?), n. [D. schaats. Cf. Scatches.] A metallic runner with a frame shaped to fit the sole of a shoe, -- made to be fastened under the foot, and used for moving rapidly on ice. Batavia rushes forth; and as they sweep, On sounding skates, a thousand different ways, In circling poise, swift as the winds, along, The then gay land is maddended all to joy. Thomson. Roller skate. See under Roller. Skate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skated; p. pr. & vb. n. Skating.] To move on skates. Skate, n. [Icel. skata; cf. Prov. G. schatten, meer-schatten, L. squatus, squatina, and E. shad.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of large, flat elasmobranch fishes of the genus Raia, having a long, slender tail, terminated by a small caudal fin. The pectoral fins, which are large and broad and united to the sides of the body and head, give a somewhat rhombic form to these fishes. The skin is more or less spinose. Raia batis), which sometimes weighs nearly 200 pounds. The American smooth, or barn-door, skate (R. l\'91vis) is also a large species, often becoming three or four feet across. The common spiny skate (R. erinacea) is much smaller. Skate's egg. See Sea purse. -- Skate sucker, any marine leech of the genus Pontobdella, parasitic on skates. Skat"er (?), n. 1. One who skates. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects belonging to Gerris, Pyrrhocoris, Prostemma, and allied genera. They have long legs, and run rapidly over the surface of the water, as if skating. Ska"tol (?), n. [Gr. -ol.] (Physiol. Chem.) A constituent of human f\'91ces formed in the small intestines as a product of the putrefaction of albuminous matter. It is also found in reduced indigo. Chemically it is methyl indol, C9H9N. Skayles (?), n. [ [Obs.] Skean (?), n. [Ir sgian; akin to Gael. sgian, W. ysgien a large knife, a scimiter.] A knife or short dagger, esp. that in use among the Highlanders of Scotland. [Variously spelt.] \'bdHis skean, or pistol.\'b8 Spenser. Ske*dad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skedaddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skedaddling (?).] [Of uncertain etymology.] To betake one's self to flight, as if in a panic; to flee; to run away. [Slang, U. S.] Skee (?), n. [Dan. ski; Icel. sk\'c6 a billet of wood. See Skid.] A long strip of wood, curved upwards in front, used on the foot for sliding.<-- now spelled ski --> Skeed (?), n. See Skid. Skeel (?), n. [Icel. skj a pail, bucket.] A shallow wooden vessel for holding milk or cream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose. { Skeel"duck` (?), Skeel"goose` (?), } n. [See Sheldrake.] (Zo\'94l.) The common European sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.] Skeet (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) A scoop with a long handle, used to wash the sides of a vessel, and formerly to wet the sails or deck. Skeg (?), n. [Prov. E., also a stump of a branch, a wooden peg; cf. Icel. sk a wood, Sw. skog. Cf. Shaw.] 1. A sort of wild plum. [Obs.] Holland. 2. pl. A kind of oats. Farm. Encyc. 3. (Naut.) The after part of the keel of a vessel, to which the rudder is attached. Skeg"ger (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The parr. Walton. Skein (?), n. [OE. skeyne, OF. escaigne, F. \'82cagne, probably of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. sgainne, Gael. sgeinnidh thread, small twine; or perhaps the English word is immediately from Celtic.] 1. A quantity of yarn, thread, or the like, put up together, after it is taken from the reel, -- usually tied in a sort of knot. skein of cotton yarn is formed by eighty turns of the thread round a fifty-four inch reel. 2. (Wagon Making) A metallic strengthening band or thimble on the wooden arm of an axle. Knight. Skein, n. (Zo\'94l.) A flight of wild fowl (wild geese or the like). [Prov. Eng.] Skeine (?), n. See Skean. Skel"der (?), v. t. & i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Skel"der, n. A vagrant; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Skel"drake` (?), Skiel"drake` (?) }, n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The common European sheldrake. (b) The oyster catcher. Skel"et (?), n. A skeleton. See Scelet. Skel"e*tal (?), a. Pertaining to the skeleton. Skel`e*tog"e*nous (?), a. [Skeleton + -genous.] Forming or producing parts of the skeleton. Skel`e*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Skeleton + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the skeleton; also, a treatise on the skeleton. Skel"e*ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) (a) The bony and cartilaginous framework which supports the soft parts of a vertebrate animal. [See Illust. of the Human Skeleton, in Appendix.] (b) The more or less firm or hardened framework of an invertebrate animal. Endoskeleton, and Exoskeleton. 2. Hence, figuratively: (a) A very thin or lean person. (b) The framework of anything; the principal parts that support the rest, but without the appendages. The great skeleton of the world. Sir M. Hale. (c) The heads and outline of a literary production, especially of a sermon. Skel"e*ton, a. Consisting of, or resembling, a skeleton; consisting merely of the framework or outlines; having only certain leading features of anything; as, a skeleton sermon; a skeleton crystal. Skeleton bill, a bill or draft made out in blank as to the amount or payee, but signed by the acceptor. [Eng.] -- Skeleton key, a key with nearly the whole substance of the web filed away, to adapt it to avoid the wards of a lock; a master key; -- used for opening locks to which it has not been especially fitted. -- Skeleton leaf, a leaf from which the pulpy part has been removed by chemical means, the fibrous part alone remaining. -- Skeleton proof, a proof of a print or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair strokes only, such proofs being taken before the engraving is finished. -- Skeleton regiment, a regiment which has its complement of officers, but in which there are few enlisted men. -- Skeleton shrimp (Zo\'94l.), a small crustacean of the genus Caprella. See Illust. under L\'91modipoda. Skel"e*ton*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skeletonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skeletonizing (?).] To prepare a skeleton of; also, to reduce, as a leaf, to its skeleton. Pop. Sci. Monthly. Skel"e*ton*i`zer (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) Any small moth whose larva eats the parenchyma of leaves, leaving the skeleton; as, the apple-leaf skeletonizer. Skel"lum (?), n. [Dan. schelm, fr. G. schelm.] A scoundrel. [Obs. or Scot.] Pepys. Burns. Skel"ly (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela.] To squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. Skel"ly, n. A squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Skelp (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. skelp to kick severely, to move rapidly; Gael. sgealp, n., a slap with the palm of the hand, v., to strike with the palm of the hand.] 1. A blow; a smart stroke. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett. 2. A squall; also, a heavy fall of rain. [Scot.] Skelp, v. t. To strike; to slap. [Scot.] C. Reade. Skelp, n. A wrought-iron plate from which a gun barrel or pipe is made by bending and welding the edges together, and drawing the thick tube thus formed. Skel"ter (?), v. i. [Cf. Helter-skelter.] To run off helter-skelter; to hurry; to scurry; -- with away or off. [Colloq.] A. R. Wallace. Sken (?), v. i. To squint. [Prov. Eng.] Skene (?), n. See Skean. C. Kingsley. Skep (?), n. [Icel. skeppa a measure, bushel; cf. Gael. sgeap a basket, a beehive.] 1. A coarse round farm basket. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Tusser. 2. A beehive. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Skep"tic (?), n. [Gr. skeptiko`s thoughtful, reflective, fr. ske`ptesqai to look carefully or about, to view, consider: cf. L. scepticus, F. sceptique. See Scope.] [Written also sceptic.] 1. One who is yet undecided as to what is true; one who is looking or inquiring for what is true; an inquirer after facts or reasons. <-- p. 1349 --> 2. (Metaph.) A doubter as to whether any fact or truth can be certainly known; a universal doubter; a Pyrrhonist; hence, in modern usage, occasionally, a person who questions whether any truth or fact can be established on philosophical grounds; sometimes, a critical inquirer, in opposition to a dogmatist. All this criticism [of Hume] proceeds upon the erroneous hypothesis that he was a dogmatist. He was a skeptic; that is, he accepted the principles asserted by the prevailing dogmatism: and only showed that such and such conclusions were, on these principles, inevitable. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Theol.) A person who doubts the existence and perfections of God, or the truth of revelation; one who disbelieves the divine origin of the Christian religion. Suffer not your faith to be shaken by the sophistries of skeptics. S. Clarke. c instead of k in the first syllable, -- sceptic, sceptical, scepticism, etc. Dr. Johnson, struck with the extraordinary irregularity of giving c its hard sound before e, altered the spelling, and his example has been followed by most of the lexicographers who have succeeded him; yet the prevalent practice among English writers and printers is in favor of the other mode. In the United States this practice is reversed, a large and increasing majority of educated persons preferring the orthography which is most in accordance with etymology and analogy. Syn. -- Infidel; unbeliever; doubter. -- See Infidel. { Skep"tic (?), Skep"tic*al (?), } a. [Written also sceptic, sceptical.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sceptic or skepticism; characterized by skepticism; hesitating to admit the certainly of doctrines or principles; doubting of everything. 2. (Theol.) Doubting or denying the truth of revelation, or the sacred Scriptures. The skeptical system subverts the whole foundation of morals. R. Hall. -- Skep"tac*al*ly, adv. -- Skep"tic*al*ness, n. Skep"ti*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. scepticisme.] [Written also scepticism.] 1. An undecided, inquiring state of mind; doubt; uncertainty. That momentary amazement, and irresolution, and confusion, which is the result of skepticism. Hune. 2. (Metaph.) The doctrine that no fact or principle can be certainly known; the tenet that all knowledge is uncertain; Pyrrohonism; universal doubt; the position that no fact or truth, however worthy of confidence, can be established on philosophical grounds; critical investigation or inquiry, as opposed to the positive assumption or assertion of certain principles. 3. (Theol.) A doubting of the truth of revelation, or a denial of the divine origin of the Christian religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of God. Let no . . . secret skepticism lead any one to doubt whether this blessed prospect will be realized. S. Miller. Skep"ti*cize (?), v. i. To doubt; to pretend to doubt of everything. [R.] To skepticize, where no one else will . . . hesitate. Shaftesbury. Sker"ry (?), n.; pl. Skerries (#). [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. sker, Sw. sk\'84r, Dan. ski. Cf. Scar a bank.] A rocky isle; an insulated rock. [Scot.] Sketch (?), n. [D. schets, fr. It. schizzo a sketch, a splash (whence also F. esquisse; cf. Esquisse.); cf. It. schizzare to splash, to sketch.] An outline or general delineation of anything; a first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design; especially, in the fine arts, such a representation of an object or scene as serves the artist's purpose by recording its chief features; also, a preliminary study for an original work. Syn. -- Outline; delineation; draught; plan; design. -- Sketch, Outline, Delineation. An outline gives only the bounding lines of some scene or picture. A sketch fills up the outline in part, giving broad touches, by which an imperfect idea may be conveyed. A delineation goes further, carrying out the more striking features of the picture, and going so much into detail as to furnish a clear conception of the whole. Figuratively, we may speak of the outlines of a plan, of a work, of a project, etc., which serve as a basis on which the subordinate parts are formed, or of sketches of countries, characters, manners, etc., which give us a general idea of the things described. Crabb. Sketch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sketched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sketching.] [Cf D. schetsen, It. schizzare. See Sketch, n.] 1. To draw the outline or chief features of; to make a rought of. 2. To plan or describe by giving the principal points or ideas of. Syn. -- To delineate; design; draught; depict. Sketch, v. i. To make sketches, as of landscapes. Sketch"book`, n. A book of sketches or for sketches. Sketch"er (?), n. One who sketches. Sketch"i*ly (?), adv. In a sketchy or incomplete manner. \'bdSketchily descriptive.\'b8 Bartlett. Sketch"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being sketchy; lack of finish; incompleteness. Sketch"y (?), a. Containing only an outline or rough form; being in the manner of a sketch; incomplete. The execution is sketchy throughout; the head, in particular, is left in the rough. J. S. Harford. Skew (?), adv. [Cf. D. scheef. Dan. ski, Sw. skef, Icel. skeifr, G. schief, also E. shy, a. & v. i.] Awry; obliquely; askew. Skew, a. Turned or twisted to one side; situated obliquely; skewed; -- chiefly used in technical phrases. Skew arch, an oblique arch. See under Oblique. -- Skew back. (Civil Engin.) (a) The course of masonry, the stone, or the iron plate, having an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch. (b) A plate, cap, or shoe, having an inclined face to receive the nut of a diagonal brace, rod, or the end of an inclined strut, in a truss or frame. -- Skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. -- Skew curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. See Plane curve, under Curve. -- Skew gearing, Skew bevel gearing (Mach.), toothed gearing, generally resembling bevel gearing, for connecting two shafts that are neither parallel nor intersecting, and in which the teeth slant across the faces of the gears. -- Skew surface (Geom.), a ruled surface such that in general two successive generating straight lines do not intersect; a warped surface; as, the helicoid is a skew surface. -- Skew symmetrical determinant (Alg.), a determinant in which the elements in each column of the matrix are equal to the elements of the corresponding row of the matrix with the signs changed, as in (1), below. (1) 0 2 -3-2 0 53 -5 0 (2) 4 -1 71 8 -2-7 2 1 This requires that the numbers in the diagonal from the upper left to lower right corner be zeros. A like determinant in which the numbers in the diagonal are not zeros is a skew determinant, as in (2), above. Skew (?), n. (Arch.) A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place. Skew, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely; to go sidling; to lie or move obliquely. Child, you must walk straight, without skewing. L'Estrange. 2. To start aside; to shy, as a horse. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To look obliquely; to squint; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. Beau & Fl. Skew, v. t. [See Skew, adv.] 1. To shape or form in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position. 2. To throw or hurl obliquely. Skew"bald` (?), a. Marked with spots and patches of white and some color other than black; -- usually distinguished from piebald, in which the colors are properly white and black. Said of horses. Skew"er (?), n. [Probably of Scand, origin; cf. Sw. & Dan. skifer a slate. Cf. Shuver a fragment.] A pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting. Meat well stuck with skewers to make it look round. Swift. Skew"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skewered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skewering.] To fasten with skewers. Skid (?), n. [Icel. sk\'c6 a billet of wood. See Shide.] [Written also skeed.] 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, attached to a chain, and placed under the wheel of a wagon to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag; a skidpan; also, by extension, a hook attached to a chain, and used for the same purpose. 2. A piece of timber used as a support, or to receive pressure. Specifically: (a) pl. (Naut.) Large fenders hung over a vessel's side to protect it in handling a cargo. Totten. (b) One of a pair of timbers or bars, usually arranged so as to form an inclined plane, as form a wagon to a door, along which anything is moved by sliding or rolling. (c) One of a pair of horizontal rails or timbers for supporting anything, as a boat, a barrel, etc.<-- a small platform, typically of two layers, having a space between the layers into which the fork of a fork lift can be inserted; used to conveniently transport heavy objects by means of a fork lift. --> Skid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skidded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skidding.] 1. To protect or support with a skid or skids; also, to cause to move on skids. 2. To check with a skid, as wagon wheels. Dickens. Skid"daw` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The black guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] Skid"pan` (?), n. See Skid, n., 1. [Eng.] Skied (?), imp. & p. p. of Sky, v. t. Ski"ey (?), a. See Skyey. Shelley. Skiff (?), n. [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff. See Ship.] A small, light boat. The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff. Milton. Skiff caterpillar (Zo\'94l.), the larva of a moth (Limacodes scapha); -- so called from its peculiar shape. Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skiffing.] To navigate in a skiff. [R.] Skif"fling (?), n. (Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections; knobbing. Skil"der (?), v. i. To beg; to pilfer; to skelder. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Sir W. Scott. Skil"ful (?), a. See Skilful. Skill (?), n. [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment; akin to skilja to separate, divide, distinguish, Sw. skilja,. skille to separate, skiel reason, right, justice, Sw. sk\'84l reason, Lith. skelli to cleave. Cf. Shell, Shoal, a multitude.] 1. Discrimination; judgment; propriety; reason; cause. [Obs.] Shak. \'bdAs it was skill and right.\'b8 Chaucer. For great skill is, he prove that he wrought. Chaucer. [For with good reason he should test what he created.] 2. Knowledge; understanding. [Obsoles.] That by his fellowship he color might< oth his estate and love from skill of any wight. Spenser. Nor want we skill or art. Milton. 3. The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes; power to discern and execute; ability to perceive and perform; expertness; aptitude; as, the skill of a mathematician, physician, surgeon, mechanic, etc. Phocion, . . . by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted Alexander from the conquest of Athens. Swift. Where patience her sweet skill imparts. Keble. 4. Display of art; exercise of ability; contrivance; address. [Obs.] Richard . . . by a thousand princely skills, gathering so much corn as if he meant not to return. Fuller. 5. Any particular art. [Obs.] Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning unskillful. Hooker. Syn. -- Dexterity; adroitness; expertness; art; aptitude; ability. -- Skill, Dexterity, Adroitness. Skill is more intelligent, denoting familiar knowledge united to readiness of performance. Dexterity, when applied to the body, is more mechanical, and refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness involves the same image with dexterity, and differs from it as implaying a general facility of movement (especially in avoidance of danger or in escaping from a difficalty). The same distinctions apply to the figurative sense of the words. A man is skillful in any employment when he understands both its theory and its practice. He is dexterous when he maneuvers with great lightness. He is adroit in the use od quick, sudden, and well-directed movements of the body or the mind, so as to effect the object he has in view. Skill (?), v. t. To know; to understand. [Obs.] To skill the arts of expressing our mind. Barrow. Skill, v. i. 1. To be knowing; to have understanding; to be dexterous in performance. [Obs.] I can not skill of these thy ways. Herbert. 2. To make a difference; to signify; to matter; -- used impersonally. Spenser. What skills it, if a bag of stones or gold About thy neck do drown thee? Herbert. It skills not talking of it. Sir W. Scott. Skilled (?), a. Having familiar knowledge united with readiness and dexterity in its application; familiarly acquainted with; expert; skillful; -- often followed by in; as, a person skilled in drawing or geometry. Skil"let (?), n. [OF. escuelette, dim. of escuelle a porringer, F. ecuelle, fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] A small vessel of iron, copper, or other metal, with a handle, used for culinary purpose, as for stewing meat. Skill"ful (?), a. [Written also skilful.] 1. Discerning; reasonable; judicious; cunning. [Obs.] \'bdOf skillful judgment.\'b8 Chaucer. 2. Possessed of, or displaying, skill; knowing and ready; expert; well-versed; able in management; as, a skillful mechanic; -- often followed by at, in, or of; as, skillful at the organ; skillful in drawing. And they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skillful of lamentations to wailing. Amos v. 16. Syn. -- Expert; skilled; dexterous; adept; masterly; adroit; clever; cunning. -- Skill"ful*ly, adv. -- Skill"ful*ness, n. Skil`li*ga*lee" (?), n. A kind of thin, weak broth or oatmeal porridge, served out to prisoners and paupers in England; also, a drink made of oatmeal, sugar, and water, sometimes used in the English navy or army. [Written also skilligolee, skillygalee, etc.] Skil"ling (?), n. [Cf. Sheeling.] A bay of a barn; also, a slight addition to a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Skil"ling, n. [Sw. & Dan. See Shilling.] A money od account in Sweden, Norwey, Denmark, and North Germany, and also a coin. It had various values, from three fourths of a cent in Norway to more than two cents in L\'81beck. Skill"-less, a. Wanting skill. Shak. Skilts (?), n. pl. A kind of large, coarse, short trousers formerly worn. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. Skil"ty (?), n. The water rail. [Prov. Eng.] Skim (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skimming.] [Cf. Sw. skymma to darken. Scum.] 1. To clear (a liquid) from scum or substance floating or lying thereon, by means of a utensil that passes just beneath the surface; as, to skim milk; to skim broth. 2. To take off by skimming; as, to skim cream. 3. To pass near the surface of; to brush the surface of; to glide swiftly along the surface of. Homer describes Mercury as flinging himself from the top of Olympus, and skimming the surface of the ocean. Hazlitt. 4. Fig.: To read or examine superficially and rapidly, in order to cull the principal facts or thoughts; as, to skim a book or a newspaper. Skim, v. i. 1. To pass lightly; to glide along in an even, smooth course; to glide along near the surface. Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, Flies o'er the unbending corn, and skims along the main. Pope. 2. To hasten along with superficial attention. They skim over a science in a very superficial survey. I. Watts. 3. To put on the finishing coat of plaster. Skim, a. Contraction of Skimming and Skimmed. Skim coat, the final or finishing coat of plaster. -- Skim colter, a colter for paring off the surface of land. -- Skim milk, skimmed milk; milk from which the cream has been taken. Skrim, n. Scum; refuse. Bryskett. Skim"back` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The quillback. [Local, U.S.] Skim"ble-scam`ble (?), a. [A reduplication of scamble.] Rambling; disorderly; unconnected. [Colloq.] Such a deal of skimble-scamble stuff. Shak. Skim"i*try (?), n. See Skimmington. Skim"mer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, skims; esp., a utensil with which liquids are skimmed. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of longwinged marine birds of the genus Rhynchops, allied to the terns, but having the lower mandible compressed and much longer than the upper one. These birds fly rapidly along the surface of the water, with the lower mandible immersed, thus skimming out small fishes. The American species (R. nigra) is common on the southern coasts of the United States. Called also scissorbill, and shearbill. 3. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several large bivalve shells, sometimes used for skimming milk, as the sea clams, and large scallops. <-- p. 1350 --> Skim"mer*ton (?), n. See Skimmington. Skim"ming (?), n. 1. The act of one who skims. 2. That which is skimmed from the surface of a liquid; -- chiefly used in the plural; as, the skimmings of broth. Skim"ming*ly, adv. In a skimming manner. Skim"ming*ton (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain. Perhaps the name of some notorius scold.] A word employed in the phrase, To ride Skimmington; that is to ride on a horse with a woman, but behind her, facing backward, carrying a distaff, and accompanied by a procession of jeering neighbors making mock music; a cavalcade in ridicule of a henpecked man. The custom was in vogue in parts of England. Skimp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skimping.] [Cf. Skinch, Scamp, v. t.] 1. To slight; to do carelessly; to scamp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] 2. To make insufficient allowance for; to scant; to scrimp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] <-- used with "on"; to skimp on clothing so as to have enough food. --> Skimp, v. i. To save; to be parsimonious or niggardly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Skimp, a. Scanty. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Skin (?), n. [Icel. skinn; akin to Sw. skinn, Dan. skind, AS. scinn, G. schined to skin.] 1. (Anat.) The external membranous integument of an animal. epidermis, cuticle, or skarfskin, composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial, layers; and an inner sensitive, and vascular dermis, cutis, corium, or true skin, composed mostly of connective tissue. 2. The hide of an animal, separated from the body, whether green, dry, or tanned; especially, that of a small animal, as a calf, sheep, or goat. 3. A vessel made of skin, used for holding liquids. See Bottle, 1. \'bdSkins of wine.\'b8 Tennyson. 4. The bark or husk of a plant or fruit; the exterior coat of fruits and plants. 5. (Naut.) (a) That part of a sail, when furled, which remains on the outside and covers the whole. Totten. (b) The covering, as of planking or iron plates, outside the framing, forming the sides and bottom of a vessel; the shell; also, a lining inside the framing. Skin friction, Skin resistance (Naut.), the friction, or resistance, caused by the tendency of water to adhere to the immersed surface (skin) of a vessel. -- Skin graft (Surg.), a small portion of skin used in the process of grafting. See Graft, v. t., 2. -- Skin moth (Zo\'94l.), any insect which destroys the prepared skins of animals, especially the larva of Dermestes and Anthrenus. -- Skin of the teeth, nothing, or next to nothing; the least possible hold or advantage. Job xix. 20. -- Skin wool, wool taken from dead sheep. Skin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skinning.] 1. To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay; to peel; as, to skin an animal. 2. To cover with skin, or as with skin; hence, to cover superficially. It will but skin and film the ulcerous place. Shak. 3. To strip of money or property; to cheat. [Slang] Skin, v. i. 1. To become covered with skin; as, a wound skins over. 2. To produce, in recitation, examination, etc., the work of another for one's own, or to use in such exercise cribs, memeoranda, etc., which are prohibited. [College Cant, U.S.] Skin"bound` (?), a. Having the skin adhering closely and rigidly to the flesh; hidebound. Skinbound disease. (Med.) See Sclerema neonatorum, under Sclerema. Skinch (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Skinched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skinching.] [Cf. Scant.] To give scant measure; to squeeze or pinch in order to effect a saving. [Prev. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Skin"-deep` (?), a. Not deeper than the skin; hence, superficial. Lowell. Skin"flint` (?), n. [Skin + flint.] A penurious person; a miser; a niggard. Sir W. Scott. Skin"ful (?), n.; pl. Skinfuls (. As much as a skin can hold. Skink (?), n. [L. scincus, Gr. [Written also scink.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of regularly scaled harmless lizards of the family Scincid\'91, common in the warmer parts of all the continents. Scincus officinalis) inhabits the sandy plains of South Africa. It was believed by the ancients to be a specific for various diseases. A common slender species (Seps tridactylus) of Southern Europe was formerly believed to produce fatal diseases in cattle by mere contact. The American skinks include numerous species of the genus Eumeces, as the blue-tailed skink (E. fasciatus) of the Eastern United States. The ground skink, or ground lizard (Oligosoma laterale) inhabits the Southern United States. Skink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skinking.] [Icel. skenja; akin to Sw. sk\'84ka, Dan. skienke, AS. scencan, D. & G. schenken. As. scencan is usually derived from sceonc, sceanc, shank, a hollow bone being supposed to have been used to draw off liquor from a cask. Shank, and cf. Nunchion.] To draw or serve, as drink. [Obs.] Bacchus the wine them skinketh all about. Chaucer. Such wine as Ganymede doth skink to Jove. Shirley. Skink, v. i. To serve or draw liquor. [Obs.] Skink, n. Drink; also, pottage. [Obs.] Bacon. Skink"er (?), n. One who serves liquor; a tapster. Skin"less (?), a. Having no skin, or a very thin skin; as, skinless fruit. Skin"ner (?), n. 1. One who skins. 2. One who deals in skins, pelts, or hides. Skin"ni*ness (?), n. Quality of being skinny. Skin"ny (?), a. Consisting, or chiefly consisting, of skin; wanting flesh. \'bdHer skinny lips.\'b8 Shak. He holds him with a skinny hand. Coleridge. Skip (?), n. [See Skep.] 1. A basket. See Skep. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. A basket on wheels, used in cotton factories. 3. (Mining) An iron bucket, which slides between guides, for hoisting mineral and rock. 4. (Sugar Manuf.) A charge of sirup in the pans. 5. A beehive; a skep. Skip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skipping.] [OE. skippen, of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skopa run, skoppa to spin like a top, OSw. & dial. Sw. skimmpa to run, skimpa, skompa, to hop, skip; or Ir. sgiob to snatch, Gael. sgiab to start or move suddenly, to snatch, W. ysgipio to snatch.] 1. To leap lightly; to move in leaps and hounds; -- commonly implying a sportive spirit. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? Pope. So she drew her mother away skipping, dancing, and frisking fantastically. Hawthorne. 2. Fig.: To leave matters unnoticed, as in reading, speaking, or writing; to pass by, or overlook, portions of a thing; -- often followed by over. Skip, v. t. 1. To leap lightly over; as, to skip the rope. 2. To pass over or by without notice; to omit; to miss; as, to skip a line in reading; to skip a lesson. They who have a mind to see the issue may skip these two chapters. Bp. Burnet. 3. To cause to skip; as, to skip a stone. [Colloq.] Skip, n. 1. A light leap or bound. 2. The act of passing over an interval from one thing to another; an omission of a part. 3. (Mus.) A passage from one sound to another by more than a degree at once. Busby. Skip kennel, a lackey; a footboy. [Slang.] Swift. -- Skip mackerel. (Zo\'94l.) See Bluefish, 1. Skip"jack` (?), n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] Ford. 2. (Zo\'94l.) An elater; a snap bug, or snapping beetle. 3. (Zo\'94l.) A name given to several kinds of a fish, as the common bluefish, the alewife, the bonito, the butterfish, the cutlass fish, the jurel, the leather jacket, the runner, the saurel, the saury, the threadfish, etc. 4. (Naut.) A shallow sailboat with a rectilinear or V-shaped cross section. Skip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, skips. 2. A young, thoughtless person. Shak. 3. (Zo\'94l.) The saury (Scomberesox saurus). 4. The cheese maggot. See Cheese fly, under Cheese. 5. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of small butterflies of the family Hesperiad\'91; -- so called from their peculiar short, jerking flight. Skip"per, n. [D. schipper. See Shipper, and Ship.] 1. (Naut.) The master of a fishing or small trading vessel; hence, the master, or captain, of any vessel. 2. A ship boy. [Obs.] Congreve. Skip"pet (?), n. [Cf. Icel. skip, E. skipper. See Ship.] 1. A small boat; a skiff. [Obs.] A little skippet floating did appear. Spenser. 2. A small round box for keeping records. [Obs.] Skip"ping*ly (?), adv. In a skipping manner; by skips, or light leaps. Skirl (?), v. t.& i. [Of Scand. origin, and originally the same word as E. shrill.] To utter in a shrill tone; to scream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Skirl, n. A shrill cry or sound. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Skirl"cock` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The missel thrush; -- so called from its harsh alarm note. [Prev. Eng.] Skirl"crake` (?), n. The turnstone. [Prev. Eng.] Skirl"ing, n. A shrill cry or sound; a crying shrilly; a skirl. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. When the skirling of the pipes cleft the air his cold eyes softened. Mrs. J. H. Ewing. Skirl"ing, n. (Zo\'94l.) A small trout or salmon; -- a name used loosely. [Prov. Eng.] Skir"mish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skirmished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skirmishing.] [OE. skirmishen, scarmishen, OF. escremir, eskermir, to fence, fight, F. escrimer, of German origin; cf. OHG. scirmen to protect, defend, G. schirmen, OHG. scirm, scerm, protection, shield, G. schirm; perhaps akin to Gr. Scaramouch, Scrimmage.] To fight slightly or in small parties; to engage in a skirmish or skirmishes; to act as skirmishers. Skir"mish, n.[OE. scarmishe, scrymishe. See Skirmish, v. i.] 1. A slight fight in war; a light or desultory combat between detachments from armies, or between detached and small bodies of troops. 2. A slight contest. They never meet but there's a skirmish of wit. Shak. Skir"mish*er (?), n. One who skirmishes. Specifically: pl. (Mil.) Soldiers deployed in loose order, to cover the front or flanks of an advancing army or a marching column. Skirr (?), v. t. [Cf. Scur, Scurry.] To ramble over in order to clear; to scour. [Archaic] Shak. Skirr, v. i. To scour; to scud; to run. [Archaic] Skirr, n. (Zo\'94l.) A tern. [Prov. Eng.] Skir"ret (?), n. [A corrupted form equivalent to sugarwort.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Sium, ). It is a native of Asia, but has been long cultivated in Europe for its edible clustered tuberous roots, which are very sweet. Skir"rhus (?), n. (Med.) See Scirrhus. Skirt (?), n. [OE. skyrt, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skyrta a shirt, Sw. sk\'94rt a skirt, skjorta a shirt. See Shirt.] 1. The lower and loose part of a coat, dress, or other like garment; the part below the waist; as, the skirt of a coat, a dress, or a mantle. 2. A loose edging to any part of a dress. [Obs.] A narrow lace, or a small skirt of ruffled linen, which runs along the upper part of the stays before, and crosses the breast, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty piece. Addison. 3. Border; edge; margin; extreme part of anything \'bdHere in the skirts of the forest.\'b8 Shak. 4. A petticoat. 5. The diaphragm, or midriff, in animals. Dunglison. Skirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Skirting.] 1. To cover with a skirt; to surround. Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold. Milton. 2. To border; to form the border or edge of; to run along the edge of; as, the plain was skirted by rows of trees. \'bdWhen sundown skirts the moor.\'b8 Tennyson. Skirt, v. t. To be on the border; to live near the border, or extremity. Savages . . . who skirt along our western frontiers. S. S. Smith. Skirt"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) A skirting board. [R.] 2. Skirts, taken collectivelly; material for skirts. Skirting board, the board running around a room on the wall next the floor; baseboard. Skit (?)/pr>, v. t. [Prov. E. skitto slide, as adj., hasty, precipitate, of Scand. origin, and akin to E. shoot, v.t.; cf. Icel. skyti, skytja, skytta, a marksman, shooter, skj to shoot, sk a taunt. Shoot.] To cast reflections on; to asperse. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Crose. Skit, n. 1. A reflection; a jeer or gibe; a sally; a brief satire; a squib. Tooke. A similar vein satire upon the emptiness of writers is given in his \'bdTritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Human Mind;\'b8 but that is a mere skit compared with this strange performance. Leslie Stephen. 2. A wanton girl; a light wench. [Obs.] Skit"tish (?), a. [See Skit, v. t.] 1. Easily frightened; timorous; shy; untrustworthy; as, a skittish colt. \'bdA restiff, skittish jade.\'b8 L'Estrange. 2. Wanton; restive; freakish; volatile; changeable; fickle. \'bdSkittish Fortune's hall.\'b8 Shak. -- Skit"tish*ly, adv. -- Skit"tish*ness, n. Skit"tle (?), a. Pertaining to the game of skittles. Skittle alley, an alley or court in which the game of skittles is played. -- Skittle ball, a disk or flattish ball of wood for throwing at the pins in the game of skittles. Skit"tle-dog` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The piked dogfish. Skit"tles (?), n. pl. [Of Scand. origin. Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shuttle, Skit, v. t.] An English game resembling ninepins, but played by throwing wooden disks, instead of rolling balls, at the pins. Skit"ty (?), n. [Cf. Skittish.] (Zo\'94l.) A rail; as, the water rail (called also skitty cock, and skitty coot); the spotted crake (Porzana maruetta), and the moor hen. [Prov. Eng.] Skive (?), n. [Cf. Icel. sk\'c6fa a shaving, slice, E. shive, sheave.] The iron lap used by diamond polishers in finishing the facets of the gem. Skive (?), v. t. To pare or shave off the rough or thick parts of (hides or leather). Skiv"er (?), n. [Cf. Skewer, Shiver a fragment.] 1. An inferior quality of leather, made of split sheepskin, tanned by immersion in sumac, and dyed. It is used for hat linings, pocketbooks, bookbinding, etc. 2. The cutting tool or machine used in splitting leather or skins, as sheepskins. Ski"ving (?), n. 1. The act of paring or splitting leather or skins. 2. A piece made in paring or splitting leather; specifically, the part from the inner, or flesh, side. Sklayre (?), n. [Cf. G. schleier.] A vell. [Obs.] Sklere (?), v. t. To shelter; to cover. [Obs.] { Skol"e*cite (?), Skol"e*zite (?) }, n. (Min.) See Scolecite. Skonce (?), n. See Sconce. Scop"ster (?), n. The saury. [Prov. Eng.] Skor"o*dite (?), n. (Min.) See Scorodite. Skout (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A guillemot. Sko"witz (?), n. [Nisqually (American Indian) name.] (Zo\'94l.) The silver salmon. Skreen (?), n. & v. See Screen. [Obs.] Skrike (?), v. i. & t. To shriek. [Obs.] Chaucer. Skrike, n. (Zo\'94l.) The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.] Skrim"mage (?), n. See Scrimmage. Skrimp (?), v. t. See Scrimp. Skringe (?), v. i. See Scringe. Skrite (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The skrike. [Prov. Eng.] Sku"a (?), n. [Icel. sk, sk.] (Zo\'94l.) Any jager gull; especially, the Megalestris skua; -- called also boatswain. Skue (?), a. & n. See Skew. Skulk (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skulked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skulking.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skulke to spare or save one's self, to play the truant, Sw. skolka to be at leisure, to shirk, Icel. skolla. Cf. Scowl.] To hide, or get out of the way, in a sneaking manner; to lie close, or to move in a furtive way; to lurk. \'bdWant skulks in holes and crevices.\'b8 W. C. Bryant. Discovered and defeated of your prey, You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away. Dryden. Skulk, n. [Cf. Icel. skollr, skolli, a fox, and E. skulk, v.i.] A number of foxes together. Wright. <-- p. 1351 --> { Skulk (?), Skulk"er (?), } n. One who, or that which, skulks. Skulk"ing*ly, adv. In a skulking manner. Skull (?), n. [See School a multitude.] A school, company, or shoal. [Obs.] A knavish skull of boys and girls did pelt at him. Warner. These fishes enter in great flotes and skulls. Holland. Skull, n. [OE. skulle, sculle, scolle; akin to Scot. skull, skoll, a bowl, Sw. skalle skull, skal a shell, and E. scale; cf. G. hirnschale, Dan. hierneskal. Cf. Scale of a balance.] 1. (Anat.) The skeleton of the head of a vertebrate animal, including the brain case, or cranium, and the bones and cartilages of the face and mouth. See Illusts. of Carnivora, of Facial angles under Facial, and of Skeleton, in Appendix. frontal, parietal, and occipital, and usually closely united in the adult. 2. The head or brain; the seat of intelligence; mind. Skulls that can not teach, and will not learn. Cowper. 3. A covering for the head; a skullcap. [Obs. & R.] Let me put on my skull first. Beau & Fl. 4. A sort of oar. See Scull. Skull and crossbones, a symbol of death. See Crossbones. Skull"cap` (?), n. 1. A cap which fits the head closely; also, formerly, a headpiece of iron sewed inside of a cap for protection. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of the labiate genus Scutellaria, the calyx of whose flower appears, when inverted, like a helmet with the visor raised. 3. (Zo\'94l.) The Lophiomys. Mad-dog skullcap (Bot.), an American herb (Scetellaria lateriflora) formerly prescribed as a cure for hydrophobia. Skull"fish` (?), n. A whaler's name for a whale more than two years old. Skul"pin (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) See Sculpin. Skun (?), n. & v. See Scum. Skunk (?), n. [Contr. from the Abenaki (American Indian) seganku.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of American musteline carnivores of the genus Mephitis and allied genera. They have two glands near the anus, secreting an extremely fetid liquid, which the animal ejects at pleasure as a means of defense. Mephitis mephitica) is black with more or less white on the body and tail. The spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), native of the Southwestern United States and Mexico, is smaller than the common skunk, and is variously marked with black and white. Skunk bird, Skunk blackbird (Zo\'94l.), the bobolink; -- so called because the male, in the breeding season, is black and white, like a skunk. -- Skunk cabbage (Bot.), an American aroid herb (Symplocarpus f>) having a reddish hornlike spathe in earliest spring, followed by a cluster of large cabbagelike leaves. It exhales a disagreeable odor. Also called swamp cabbage. -- Skunk porpoise. (Zo\'94l.) See under Porpoise. Skunk, v. t. In games of chance and skill: To defeat (an opponent) (as in cards) so that he fails to gain a point, or (in checkers) to get a king. [Colloq. U. S.] Skunk"ball` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The surf duck. Skunk"head` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) The surf duck. (b) A duck (Camptolaimus Labradorus) which formerly inhabited the Atlantic coast of New England. It is now supposed to be extinct. Called also Labrador duck, and pied duck. Skunk"ish, a. Like the skunk, especially in odor. Skunk"top` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) The surf duck. Skunk"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Skunk cabbage. Skur"ry (?), n. & v. See Scurry. Skute (?), n. [Icel. sk; akin to Sw. skuta, Dan. skude, D. schuit, Lg. sch\'81te, and E. schoot, v.t.] A boat; a small vessel. [Obs.] Sir R. Williams. Skut"ter*ud*ite (?), n. [From Skuttertid, in Norway, whence it is ibtained.] (Min.) A mineral of a bright metallic luster and tin-white to pale lead-gray color. It consist of arsenic and cobalt. Sky (?), n.; pl. Skies (#). [OE. skie a cloud, Icel. sk; akin to Sw. & Dan. sky; cf. AS. sc, sc, shadow, Icel. skuggi; probably from the same root as E. scum. Scum, and cf. Hide skin, Obscure.] 1. A cloud. [Obs.] [A wind] that blew so hideously and high, That it ne lefte not a sky In all the welkin long and broad. Chaucer. 2. Hence, a shadow. [Obs.] She passeth as it were a sky. Gower. 3. The apparent arch, or vault, of heaven, which in a clear day is of a blue color; the heavens; the firmament; -- sometimes in the plural. The Norweyan banners flout the sky. Shak. 4. The wheather; the climate. Thou wert better in thy grave than to answer with thy uncovered body this extremity of the skies. Shak. Sky is often used adjectively or in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sky color, skylight, sky-aspiring, sky-born, sky-pointing, sky-roofed, etc. Sky blue, an azure color. -- Sky scraper (Naut.), a skysail of a triangular form. Totten. -- Under open sky, out of doors. \'bdUnder open sky adored.\'b8 Milton. <-- sky scraper, a tall building, usu. skyscraper --> Sky, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skied (?) or Skyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skying (?).] 1. To hang (a picture on exhibition) near the top of a wall, where it can not be well seen. [Colloq.] Brother Academicians who skied his pictures. The Century. 2. To throw towards the sky; as, to sky a ball at cricket. [Colloq.] Sky"-blue (?), a. Having the blue color of the sky; azure; as, a sky-blue stone. Wordsworth. Skyed (?), a. Surrounded by sky. [Poetic & R.] \'bdThe skyed mountain.\'b8 Thomson. Skye" ter"ri*er (?). (Zo\'94l.) See Terrier. Sky"ey (?), a. Like the sky; ethereal; being in the sky. \'bdSkyey regions.\'b8 Thackeray. Sublime on the towers of my skyey bowers, Lightning, my pilot, sits. Shelley. Sky"-high` (?), adv. & a. Very high. [Colloq.] Sky"ish, a. Like the sky, or approaching the sky; lofty; ethereal. [R.] Shak. Sky"lark` (?), n. (Zo\'94l.) A lark that mounts and sings as it files, especially the common species (Alauda arvensis) found in Europe and in some parts of Asia, and celebrated for its melodious song; -- called also sky laverock. See under Lark. Cincloramphus cantillans) is a pipit which has the habit of ascending perpendicularly like a skylark, but it lacks the song of a true lark. The Missouri skylark is a pipit (Anthus Spraguei) of the Western United States, resembling the skylark in habit and song. Sky"lark"ing, n. The act of running about the rigging of a vessel in sport; hence, frolicking; scuffing; sporting; carousing. [Colloq.] Sky"light` (?), n. A window placed in the roof of a building, in the ceiling of a room, or in the deck of a ship, for the admission of light from above. Sky"rock`et (?), n. A rocket that ascends high and burns as it flies; a species of fireworks. Sky"sail (?), n. (Naut.) The sail set next above the royal. See Illust. under Sail. Sky"ward (?), a. & adv. Toward the sky. Slab (?), n. [OE. slabbe, of uncertain origin; perhaps originally meaning, a smooth piece, and akin to slape, Icel. sleipr slippery, and E. slip, v. i.] 1. A thin piece of anything, especially of marble or other stone, having plane surfaces. Gwilt. 2. An outside piece taken from a log or timber in