Extends
Specifies a base type from which to derive a new type
Syntax
`
Type|Union typename Extends base_typename
...
End Type|Union
`
Description
`Extends` declares `typename` to be derived from `base_typename`. The derived user-defined type, `typename`, inherits fields and methods of the `base_typename` base type. `typename` objects may be used in place of `base_typename` objects. Fields and methods inherited from `base_typename` will be implicitly accessible like members of `typename`.
However, a member will shadow an inherited member if they have the same identifier. The `Base (Member Access)` keyword can be used to explicitly access members of the base type shadowed by local members.
User-defined types that extend another type will include the base type structure at their beginning, and their size as reported by `Sizeof()` is the sum of their base type's size plus the size needed for any regular data fields (non-static data fields). Since the inherited members make sure that the structure is not empty, a derived type is not required to have regular data fields of its own.
In `typename` (the derived user-defined type), the fields can share the same memory space than the `base_typename` only if `typename` is a `Union`. Here it does not matter whether `base_typename` is a `Union` or not.
If only `base_typename` is a `Union`, then it will not be affected by fields from `typename` (the derived user-defined type).
As a `Union` is not allowed to have complex fields (i.e. user-defined types with constructor/destructor, or dynamic strings), a derived `Union` cannot be allowed to have (contain) a complex `base_typename`.
The `Base (Initializer)` keyword can be used at the top of constructor of derived user-defined type. It allows to specify an initializer or constructor call for the base type.
Extending the built-in `Object` type allows a user-defined type to be used with `Operator Is` to perform run-time type checks, to support `Virtual` and `Abstract` methods, and to use the `Override` method attribute.
Note: UDT pointer can only be cast to pointer types of "widened compatibility" (up or even down in the inheritance hierarchy), or to `Any Ptr`. Otherwise, cast to `Any Ptr` first (or to `Object Ptr` first if both types are directly or indirectly derived from `Object`).
Example
`
Type SchoolMember 'Represents any school member'
Declare Constructor ()
Declare Sub Init (ByRef _name As String, ByVal _age As Integer)
As String Name
As Integer age
End Type
Constructor SchoolMember ()
Print "Initialized SchoolMember"
End Constructor
Sub SchoolMember.Init (ByRef _name As String, ByVal _age As Integer)
This.name = _name
This.age = _age
Print "Name: "; This.name; " Age:"; This.age
End Sub
Type Teacher Extends SchoolMember 'Represents a teacher derived from SchoolMember'
Declare Constructor (ByRef _name As String, ByVal _age As Integer, ByVal _salary As Integer)
As Integer salary
Declare Sub Tell ()
End Type
Constructor Teacher (ByRef _name As String, ByVal _age As Integer, ByVal _salary As Integer)
Print "Initialized Teacher"
This.Init(_name, _age) 'implicit access to base member procedure'
This.salary = _salary
End Constructor
Sub Teacher.Tell ()
Print "Salary:"; This.salary
End Sub
Type Student Extends SchoolMember 'Represents a student derived from SchoolMember'
Declare Constructor (ByRef _name As String, ByVal _age As Integer, ByVal _marks As Integer)
As Integer marks
Declare Sub Tell ()
End Type
Constructor Student (ByRef _name As String, ByVal _age As Integer, ByVal _marks As Integer)
Print "Initialized Student"
This.Init(_name, _age) 'implicit access to base member procedure'
This.marks = _marks
End Constructor
Sub Student.Tell ()
Print "Marks:"; This.marks
End Sub
Dim As Teacher t = Teacher("Mrs. Shrividya", 40, 30000)
t.Tell()
Print
Dim As Student s = Student("Swaroop", 22, 75)
s.Tell()
`
`
' Example using all eight keywords of inheritance:
' 'Extends', 'Base.', 'Base()', 'Object', 'Is' operator, 'Virtual', 'Abstract', 'Override'
Type root Extends Object ' 'Extends' to activate RTTI by inheritance of predefined Object type
Declare Function ObjectHierarchy () As String
Declare Abstract Function ObjectRealType () As String ' 'Abstract' declares function without local body
' which must be overriden
Dim Name As String
Declare Virtual Destructor () ' 'Virtual' declares destructor with body ('Abstract' forbidden)
Protected:
Declare Constructor () ' to avoid user construction from root
Declare Constructor (ByRef rhs As root) '' to avoid user copy-construction from root
End Type ' derived type may be member data empty
Constructor root ()
End Constructor
Function root.ObjectHierarchy () As String
Return "Object(forRTTI) <- root"
End Function
Virtual Destructor root ()
Print "root destructor"
End Destructor
Type animal Extends root ' 'Extends' to inherit of root
Declare Constructor (ByRef _name As String = "")
Declare Function ObjectHierarchy () As String
Declare Virtual Function ObjectRealType () As String Override ' 'Virtual' declares function with local
' body which can be overriden
' 'Override' to check if the function is
' well an override
Declare Virtual Destructor () Override ' 'Virtual' declares destructor with local body
' 'Override' to check if the destructor is well an override
End Type
Constructor animal (ByRef _name As String = "")
This.name = _name
End Constructor
Function animal.ObjectHierarchy () As String
Return Base.ObjectHierarchy & " <- animal" ' 'Base.' allows to access to parent member function
End Function
Virtual Function animal.ObjectRealType () As String
Return "animal"
End Function
Virtual Destructor animal ()
Print " animal destructor: " & This.name
End Destructor
Type dog Extends animal ' 'Extends' to inherit of animal
Declare Constructor (ByRef _name As String = "")
Declare Function ObjectHierarchy () As String
Declare Function ObjectRealType () As String Override ' 'Override' to check if the function is well an
' override
Declare Destructor () Override ' 'Override' to check if the destructor is well an override
End Type ' derived type may be member data empty
Constructor dog (ByRef _name As String = "")
Base(_name) ' 'Base()' allows to call parent constructor
End Constructor
Function dog.ObjectHierarchy () As String
Return Base.ObjectHierarchy & " <- dog" ' 'Base.' allows to access to parent member function
End Function
Function dog.ObjectRealType () As String
Return "dog"
End Function
Destructor dog ()
Print " dog destructor: " & This.name
End Destructor
Type cat Extends animal ' 'Extends' to inherit of animal
Declare Constructor (ByRef _name As String = "")
Declare Function ObjectHierarchy () As String
Declare Function ObjectRealType () As String Override ' 'Override' to check if the function is well an
' override
Declare Destructor () Override ' 'Override' to check if the destructor is well an override
End Type ' derived type may be member data empty
Constructor cat (ByRef _name As String = "")
Base(_name) ' 'Base()' allows to call parent constructor
End Constructor
Function cat.ObjectHierarchy () As String
Return Base.ObjectHierarchy & " <- cat" ' 'Base.' allows to access to parent member function
End Function
Function cat.ObjectRealType () As String
Return "cat"
End Function
Destructor cat ()
Print " cat destructor: " & This.name
End Destructor
Sub PrintInfo (ByVal p As root Ptr) ' must be put after definition of animal type, dog type and cat type
Print " " & p->Name, " " & p->ObjectRealType, " ";
If *p Is dog Then ' 'Is' allows to check compatibility with type symbol
Print Cast(dog Ptr, p)->ObjectHierarchy
ElseIf *p Is cat Then ' 'Is' allows to check compatibility with type symbol
Print Cast(cat Ptr, p)->ObjectHierarchy
ElseIf *p Is animal Then ' 'Is' allows to check compatibility with type symbol
Print Cast(animal Ptr, p)->ObjectHierarchy
End If
End Sub
Print "Name:", "Object (real): Hierarchy:"
Dim a As root Ptr = New animal("Mouse")
PrintInfo(a)
Dim d As root Ptr = New dog("Buddy")
PrintInfo(d)
Dim c As root Ptr = New cat("Tiger")
Printinfo(c)
Print
Delete a
Delete d
Delete c
`
Dialect Differences

- Not available in the -lang qb dialect unless referenced with the alias `__Extends`.

Differences from QB

- New to FreeBASIC

See also

- `Type`
- `Union`
- `Base (Initializer)`
- `Base (Member Access)`
- `Object`
- `Operator Is`
- `Virtual`
- `Abstract`
- `Override`
- `Extends Zstring`
- `Extends Wstring`