DEAR BHARATHAS,
HIS DIVINESS REV. SADAGOPAN SWAMIN HAS ISSUE FOUR
POSTINGS RECENTLY ON THE SUBJECT OF "FABULOUS FOUR".
ADIYAN HAS RECEIVED ONLY ISSUES I, II AND IV BUT NOT
RECEIVCED ISSUE III. MAY ANY BHAKTHA OF OUR GROUP BE
KIND ENOUGH TO FORWARD A COPY OF THE MISSING ISSUE
(III) AND OBLIGE.
THANK YOU.
NAMO NARAYANAYA:
DASAN
DAMODARAN
*******
Here it is:
sadagopaniyengar@xxxxxxxx wrote:
dear shri govindarajan,
thanks for the feedback.
many people have complained about non-receipt of Part III, which has somehow
not appeared on the lists, despite being posted twice. i send the article
herewith, for your perusal. could you also post it on by behalf on the
srirangasri, oppiliappan, malolan, ramanuja and tiruvenkatam lists, as i am
unable to get this through?
sorry for the inconvenience.
dasan, sadagopan
----- Original Message -----
From: Govindarajan T.R.
To: sadagopaniyengar@xxxxxxxx
Sent: Thursday, May 10, 2007 2:01 AM
Subject: Re: [lordsrinivasa] The Fabulous Four-IV
SrI:
Srimate gopaladesika mahadesikaya namaha
Sri Sadagopan swamin,
adiyen enjoyed Fabulous Four articles. Adiyen did not read Fabulous Four-III.
Read first two and last one. Was there Fabulous Four Part 3?
dasan.
----- Original Message -----
From: sadagopaniyengar@xxxxxxxx
To: malolan_net@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ; srirangasri@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ;
oppiliappan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ; tiruvenkatam@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ;
ramanuja@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ; lordsrinivasa@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Cc: radha Jagannathan ; chetlUR SRINIVASAN ; rajamragu@xxxxxxxxx ;
sadagopaniyengar@xxxxxxxx ; arunharitha@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Sent: Sunday, May 06, 2007 9:29 AM
Subject: The Fabulous Four--III
Srimate SrivanSatakopa Sri Vedanta Desika Yatindra Mahadesikaya nama:
The Fabulous Four--III
Number Four in Sahasranaamam
Continuing our research into the ubiquitous Number Four, we find its mention
time and again, in the most popular and potent of Stotras.
If you were to look for the Lord?s own favourite number, you would definitely
plump for 4. For those who require proof of this, I would refer them to Sri
Vishnu Sahasranaamam, which has no less than 12 names are based on Four. Shall
we look into them individually?
1. Chaturaatma?
Commentators have interpreted this naama differently and we are blessed with a
variety of meanings, all of which enable us to enjoy different facets of the
Lord?s auspicious attributes.
a) Emperuman has five forms?Param, Vyooham, Vibhavam, Antaryaami and Arcchaa.
We are concerned here with the Vyooha form of the Lord, because it is further
classified into four. In this manifestation, the Lord divides Himself into
four, as
1.Vaasudeva,
2.Pradyumna,
3.Aniruddha, and
4.Sankarshana.
These are primordial forms of the Lord, emanating from the supreme Para
Vaasudeva or the Lord who rules at Sri Vaikunttam. The Naaradeeya Samhita tells
us that there is a sequence in which these four Vyooha moorties
manifested?first Vaasudeva, then Sankarshana, followed by Pradyumna and
Aniruddha.
The first to manifest, Vaasudeva, is pure white in complexion and complete in
all divine aspects. He has four arms, representing the four dimensions of the
created universe, viz., Creation, Protection and Maintenance, Dissolution and
Emancipation?respectively termed Srishti, Sthithi, Samhaaram and Mukti. He is
pacific in aspect and clad in Peetaambaram. His right hand at the front holds a
lotus or is in the gesture of protection (abhaya hastam), the corresponding
left hand adorned by the Cosmic Conch. The upper right hand carries the Divine
Discus Sudarsana, while the left holds the Mace (Gadaa) or a Book. When
represented in the Vimaana of a temple, He is sculpted facing west.
Out of the divine tirumeni of Vaasudeva manifested Sankarshana (literally
meaning one who was dragged out of the parent body), lustrous like the early
morning Sun, wearing blue garments, wearing a kundalam in one ear, with His
arms holding the plough (instead of the chakram) and pestle (instead of mace).
In temple Vimaanaas, He faces the south.
Pradyumna, again, emerged from Sankarshana, red in complexion, wearing red
silken garments. He has two or four arms. When He has two, He holds a bow and
arrow and when four-armed, the Chakra and bow are held in His right and left
upper hands, while lower ones are held in the Varada and abhaya postures
respectively. He faces west.
Performing penance, Pradyumna produced from His own body the last of the four
Vyooha moorties, viz., Aniruddha, the Lord of the Universe and the Master of
Yogis. Dark blue in complexion and wearing yellow garments, He is four-armed
and carries the Bow Saarnga, arrows and the gestures of Varada and abhayam.
This form of the Lord is often found in a recumbent posture, with Sri and Bhoo
Devi, facing north while on the Vimaana.
According to the Vishnu Dharmottara Puranam, there is a composite form of
Sriman Narayana, with all the aforesaid four moorties in a single body, having
four faces and eight arms, mounted on Garuda. The face of this Lord presented
to the viewer is in a beautiful human form, representing Vaasudeva, while the
face to the right is leonine, that of Nrisimha (symbolizing Sankarshana). The
face to the left is that of a beautiful boar (Varaaha), standing for Pradyumna,
while the face to the back is terrifying in aspect and tawny-red in colour
(raudram), representing Aniruddha.
Each of the four Vyooha moorties brings forth three other forms, known as
Vyoohaantaraas?
>From Vaasudeva-- Kesava, Narayana and Madhava,
from Sankarshana ?Govinda, Vishnu and Madhusudana
>From Pradyumna?Trivikrama, Vaamana and Sridhara
>From Aniruddha?Hrishikesa, Padmanabha and Damodara.
It is also said that the four Vyooha moorties are responsible for the ten
avataaraas (known as the Vibhava avataras)?
Vaasudeva for Vaamana and Krishna, Sankarshana for Matsya, Koorma, Rama,
Balarama and Kalki, Pradyumna for Buddha and Aniruddha for Varaaha and Nrisimha.
Paancharatra texts speak of a great pillar in Sri Vaikunttam, known as Visaakha
Yoopam, which is wisdom personified. It has four branches up and down, in the
four directions. On each of these branches, the Lord is ensconced in Vyooha
roopaas, with Vaasudeva in the East, Sankarshana in the South, Pradyumna in the
West and Aniruddha in the North. Swami Desikan speaks about this Visaakha
Yoopam in his Varadaraaja Panchaasat.
The corresponding feminine Divine Consorts of the Vyooha moorties are :
1.Shanti for Vasudeva,
2.Sri for Sankarshana,
3.Saraswati for Pradyumna and
4.Rati for Aniruddha.
There is a wealth of information in the Aagamaas regarding the Vyooha moorties.
I have confined myself to a brief outline of them, and shall elaboratie on some
other occasion.
b) Coming back to Vishu Sahasranaam and the name Chaturaatma, the second
interpretation of this tirunaamam ? is--one who incarnated as four Vibhava
forms, viz., Sri Rama, Sri Parasurama, Sri Balarama and Sri Krishna, all of
whom represent the pinnacle of human perfection and exalted models for everyone
to emulate.
c) The four functions mentioned above, those of Creation, Protection,
Destruction and Emancipation, are the sole preserve of the Lord. He may
delegate these duties to lesser demigods for performance, but He is the one who
brings forth the universe with all its diverse inhabitants, affords it all
protection in all forms, destroys it when the time comes for Pralayam and also
blesses the devout with emancipation. As one who performs these functions, He
is Chaturaatma. The following Vishnu Puraana Slokam confirms this?
?Vyoohya aatmaanam chathurdhaa vai Vaasudevaadi moortibhi:
Srishtyaadeen prakaroti esha visrutaatmaa Janaardana:?
d) Four intellectual functions owe their operation to the Paramaatma?Manas,
Chittam, Buddhi and Ahankaaram (Mind, Intellect, Sense and Intuition)?He is
therefore Chaturaatma. While the Mind resolves to carry out an act, the
Intellect analyses the pros and cons and arrives at a modus operandi, Intuition
guides us based on past experience and Ahankaaram is the pleasure of
accomplishment born out of successful completion of the task.
e) The Lord is the Antaryaami or Inner Dweller of four types of devotees, as
defined in the Bhagavat Gita?the sufferer, the seeker of truth, those in search
of wealth and prosperity and those wise souls who seek only the Lord.
Therefore, He is Chaturaatma.
f) The Jeevaatma too has four forms
1. The material, body called Visva
2. The subtle, spiritual portion called Taijasa
3. The Kaaarana Sareeram or the aspect of Jeevaatma which enable the carry over
of memories from a previous birth, and
4. The aspect of the soul transcending the aforesaid three forms, which is
attained only through self-realisation, is known as Avikalpa. The Lord supports
each of the aforesaid forms of the soul, with appropriate forms of His own,
known as Viraat, Sootramoorty, Isvara and the Paramaatma. This we come to know
from the Nrisimha Uttara Taapini Upanishad.
Each of the hallowed names of the Lord is capable of multiple
interpretations?the aforesaid is an example of how such a simple tirunaamam as
Chaturaatma can conjure up so many varied and vivid portraits of Emperuman and
His innumerable auspicious attributes.
2. Chatur Vyooha:
Leaving Chaturaatma reluctantly (for there is so much more to be said about
Him), we come to the next tirunaamam, Chatur Vyooha: Sri Bhattar tells us that
this name clarifies the functions of the four Vyooha forms of the
Lord?Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha. The four forms divide
among themselves the four states of existence?
1. Jaagrat avasttha or wakefulness,
2. Swapna or half-sleep in which dreams occur,
3. Sushupti or deep slumber and
4. Turya or deep yogam, resulting in union with the Paramaatma.
3. Chatur Damshtra:
The name Chaturdamshtra: tells us that the Lord, in His primordial form,
possesses four large teeth, which Srimad Ramayana lays down as the
characteristic of a great deity. While describing the incredibly handsome form
of Sri Rama in order to generate confidence in the troubled mind of Sita
Piraatti, Hanuman tells Mythily that Her beloved Raghava has four great teeth?
Chatushkala: chatur lekha: chatush kishku: chatussama:
Chaturdasa sama dvandva: chatur damshtra: chatur gati:?
Sri Sankara opines that this name refers to Sri Nrisimha, who displayed four
terrifying teeth, during His impromptu avataara.
Not only the Lord, but the divine elephant Iraavatam, (which too emerged along
with Sri Mahalakshmi from the Milky Ocean when it was churned by Devas and
Asuraas) also has four teeth??Iraavatam chaturdantam kailaasam iva sringinam?
4. Chatur Bhuja:
The next quartet that is referred to in the Sahasranaamam is the four arms of
the Lord?Chaturbhuja:
Azhwars lose themselves in the beauty of the four-shouldered Emperuman. ?My
Lord of the four great arms!? Exclaims Sri Nammazhwar??Naal Tol Endaai?. The
four lovely shoulders of Tirukkurungudi Nambi fill the hearts of all
on-lookers??Neela meniyum naangu tolum en nenjam niraindanave?. Whichever
direction one turns to, the sight of the four handsome arms fills the
sight??mannu poonum naangu tolum vandu engum nindridume?. This characteristic
of being four-armed is indicative of Supremacy, which can be gleaned from
Mandodari?s recognition of Sri Rama as none other than the four-shouldered
Mahavishnu??Tamasa: paramo dhaataa shankha charka gadaadhara:?.
Why should the Lord have four arms and not just two as we do? Sri Nammazhwar
says that the Lord sports four shoulders, so that He could destroy asuraas and
save His devotees that much quicker?? asurarai tagarkkum tolu naangudai
churikuzhal kamala kan senkanivaai Kaalamegam?.The reason the Lord sports four
arms instead of two is perhaps to ensure speedy and adequate response in His
principal occupation of providing succour to the distressed.
Another reason is that He blesses His devotees with the four Purushaartthas or
desires of people?Dharmam, Arttham, Kaamam and Moksham. He gives to each
devotee according to His prayer, with one hand specifically earmarked for each
of the Purushaartthas.
These arms are compatible in size, proportion, beauty and strength with the
rest of His glorious form and appear to be beautiful branches of a magnificent
tree, growing upwards and down. These arms symbolize superlative Strength,
Protectiveness and Might, all of which are indispensable qualities in the
Paramapurusha, providing the rationale for devotees to pay obeisance. It is no
wonder therefore that these divine arms are said to be the origin of the mighty
ruling class, the Kshatriyas- "baahoo raajanya: krita:" (Purusha Sooktam). The
beauty of these four arms is such that anyone casting even a stray glance at
these stupendous specimens of virility is captivated totally, and doesn't like
to prise his eyes away from the mighty arms, says Kamban- "tol kandaar tole
kandaar". Even during the Krishnaavataaram, where, as a man, He ought to have
sported only two arms, the Lord was born with four hands, but hid two of them
at the request of His parents, who feared retribution from Kamsa??Tam adbhutam
baalakam ambujekhanam, chaturbhujam shankha chakra gadaadyudayudham? The
Sahasranaama Stotram is so enamoured of these four stupendous shoulders of the
Lord, that about 600 tirunaamas later, there is a repetition of this supreme
characteristic, as ?Chatur baahu:?
5. ChaturMoorti: Difficult though it is to leave the subject of the four great
arms, let us move on to the next group of four?Chatur Moorti:.. During
Ramavataaram , the Lord divided His form into four separate entities, as the
four sons of Dasaratha. The Lord had four forms in the Krishnaavataara too, as
Krishna, Balabhadra, Pradyumna (Krishna?s son) and Aniruddha (Krishna?s
grandson), corresponding to the four Vyooha moorties. ?Chatur moorti:? may also
refer to the four complexions the Lord sports during various Yugas-- white in
Krita yuga, red in Treta yuga, yellow in Dvaapara yuga, and black in Kali yuga.
Sri Tirumangai Mannan confirms this? ?Munnai vannam paalin vannam muzhudum
nilai nindra pinnai vannam kondal vannam?
6.?Chaturgati:?
is another tirunaamam, which connects the Lord with number 4. Sri Bhattar
tells us that depending on the intensity of devotion and requirements of the
devotees, the Lord bestows on them exalted status and power, represented by the
posts of Indra (the chief of celestials), Brahmaa (the four-headed creator),
self-realisation or Aatmaanubhavam (known too as Kaivalyam) and finally,
unimaginable bliss and uninterrupted service to the Divine Duo at Sri
Vaikunttam.
Others say that the Lord bestows on sincere devotees four types of Moksham,
differing from one another in the intensity of pleasure (Ananda taaratamyam).
These are
1.Saalokyam (being in the same world as Emperuman)
2.Saameepyam (being in close proximity to the Lord),
3.Saaroopyam (attaining the same beautiful form as the Paramatma, with four
hands, etc. and
4.Saayujyam (deriving the same degree of bliss as does Emperuman).
We Visishtaadvaitins do not agree with this, as we feel that all jeevaatmas who
attain liberation become equal in all respects to the Lord, but for the power
and responsibility for creation, etc. (?Jagat vyaapaara varjam?, ?Bhoga maatra
saamya lingaaccha?) and that there is absolutely no difference of any sort,
whether in bliss or otherwise, between one occupant of Sri Vaikunttam and
another.
?Chaturgati:? can also be taken to mean the four gaits of the Lord. Sri Rama
was credited with four styles of walking and bearing. At times, His gait
resembled the ponderous stepping of an elephant, at times that of a regal lion,
at others the spring of an angry tiger and at others, the majestic step of a
virile bull??Gaja simha gatee veerou saardoola vrishabhopamou?. It is
interesting to note that Sri Ranganatha too is said to move in a variety of
gaits as aforesaid.
7.?Chatur Veda vit?
is another tirunaamam, which tells us that the Lord is the only person who
knows the exalted purport of the four Vedas. Others may indeed learn the entire
Vedas, but they can realize only a minuscule portion of the Lord?s glory as
revealed in the Shruti. This can also be interpreted as referring to the
Paramaatma as the only entity to be known through the study of the four
Vedas??Vedaischa sarvam aham eva vedya:?
8.?Chaturasra:?
The Lord takes care of all the four types of creatures?those born from an egg,
those from sweat, those from a womb and those that come out of the earth. His
command is obeyed in all four corners of the universe. He bestows desired
fruits on those who worship Him in a ?Chturasra?, i.e., a yantra square in
shape.
The Four Horns: Since the other naamas with the theme of four have more or
less similar purport, let us leave the Sahasranaama Stotram at this stage, and
go on to the Taittireeyopanishad, which tells us that Paramaatma has four
horns. ?Horns and the Paramaatma!? You may wonder. The Shruti often speaks
symbolically and allegorically and here, horns mean the Vedas and four horns
refer to the four Vedas??Chatvaari shringaa: trayo asya paadaa: dve seershe
sapta hastaaso asya?.
The Lord?s fascination with 4 doesn?t end with the aforesaid. During the
Mahabharata war, the chariot He drove had four horses pulling it. And the names
of the horses were Saibya, Sugreeva, Balaahaka and Meghapushpa. These were
really the best of their species and are described as ?Haya ratna chatushtayam?.
The Four Methods
There are four ways of accomplishing getting things done by others. You first
try nicely to convince the person who is to do it, of the need to do the job.
If this doesn?t work, you try to create division among the ranks, to ensure
that your job gets done. If this too fails, you offer material inducements so
that the person is motivated to carry out the task. If all else fails, you pick
up the stick and resort to punishment. Till date, we find managements adhering
to the aforesaid steps for achieving their goals. This, however, is no new
management technique, but one as old as the hills, finding mention in the Amara
Kosam, which names these steps respectively as
1. Saamam,
2. Bhedam,
3. Daanam and
4. Dandam?
?Sa prataapa: prabhaavascha yat teja: kosa dandajam
Bhedo Danda Saamascha Daanam iti upaaya chatushtayam
(To be continued)
Srimate SriLakshminrisimha divya paduka sevaka SrivanSatakopa Sri Narayana
Yatindra Mahadesikaya nama:
dasan, sadagopan
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