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Teen number variants in Ancient Greek

Posted: April 27th, 2022, 5:39 pm
by Stephen Nelson
I know there's a lot variation in Ancient Greek cardinal numbers from 12-18. Lexicons like BDAG list variants and their attestation. But I'm wondering if anyone might know how the number variants may have developed over time.

I imagine this is complicated by the tendency to abbreviate numbers with the Greek numeral system, as opposed to writing them out the way they would have been pronounced.

If I had to guess, it seems to be a trajectory between Classical teen numbers that end in δέκα systematically, vs later Hellenistic variants that begin with δέκα. At the very least, I know the Modern Greek variants all ended up settling on a fronted δέκα from 13 through 19. So I'm just curious how exactly it got to that point over time.

Here's a list of variants I've come across in the neuter:
  • 11. ἕνδεκα
    12. δώδεκα / δυώδεκα / δεκαδύο
    13. τριακαίδεκα / δεκατρία
    14. τεσσαρακαίδεκα / δεκατέσσαρα (alt. -ττ-)
    15. πεντεκαίδεκα / δεκαπέντε
    16. ἐκκαίδεκα / δεκαέξ / δέκα ἕξ
    17. ἑπτακαίδεκαδεκαεπτά
    18. ὀκτωκαίδεκα / δέκα καὶ ὀκτώ / δεκαοκτώ
    19. ἐννεακαίδεκα
"18" was the only instance I found of καί separating a fronted δέκα followed by the 2nd integer. But maybe there are others that I didn't find.

And for "19" it doesn't seem like Modern Greek δεκαεννέα (Demotic - δεκαεννιά) is attested at anywhere in Ancient Greek sources. I guess people held on longer to the Classical form of that number?

Re: Teen number variants in Ancient Greek

Posted: May 2nd, 2022, 8:47 pm
by Stephen Carlson
Someone with access to TLG and the inclination could make a study of this.