From: Carl W. Conrad (cwconrad@artsci.wustl.edu)
Date: Mon Dec 31 2001 - 19:45:55 EST
At 5:58 PM -0600 12/31/01, Steven Lo Vullo wrote:
>On Monday, December 31, 2001, at 08:08 AM, Carl W. Conrad wrote:
>
>> I think the standard usage of hEKWN and A(E)KWN is as an adjective
>> predicatively relating to the subject of the verb; I remember vividly
>> from
>> decades ago encountering the line of Aeschylus(?) from the Prometheus
>> Bound
>> where Prometheus asserts: hEKWN hEKWN hHARTON: "I went wrong
>> deliberately,
>> deliberately!"
>
>Carl:
>
>Thanks very much for your helpful responses. I just wanted to get one
>clarification to make sure I understand correctly. When you say AKWN is
>"an adjective predicatively relating to the subject of the verb," would
>this be the same or similar to the construction in which we have
>subject-copulative verb-predicate adjective? And would it be possible
>that with certain verbs and adjectives we could have a verb with both a
>direct object and a predicate adjective?
I wouldn't categorize it as use of the adjective to predicate something
about the subject; rather I think this is a matter of the adjective
conveying an almost substantival force "as one who is willing/unwilling."
On checking both Dale Wheeler's and Wallace's grammar of NT usage (my hard
copies of grammars are all in NC, where I am currently NOT), I find they
don't recognize it at all, although I have myself argued that Lk 2:2 the
usage of PRWTH in hAUTH APOGRAFH PRWTH EGENETO hHGEMONEUONTOS THS SURIAS
KURHNAIOU is of precisely this sort--that PRWTH should be construed with
with EGENETO, "first took place." My guess is that this usage should be
considered "schoolbook" Greek--what's not found generally in NT Koine but
nonetheless continues in use among those who've learned their Greek grammar
from a GRAMMATIKOS in the GUMNASION of a Hellenistic city--and it should be
remembered that late first-century and second-century educated writers are
reverting to Attic usage. You might take note of this from Smyth.
(As for a direct object and a predicative adjective of this sort, yes, I
think you could at least have a cognate accusative: the phrase I so vividly
recollected from the PV above might have been formulated hEKWN hEKWN
hHMARTON TOUTO TO hAMARTHMA. "I took this step out of line deliberately!"
And in the definitions from LSJ at Perseus cited this morning was this,
presumably from Galen: tên phusin hekousan kai ou pathousan ta deonta
poiein Gal.19.171; while this is an accusative + inf. construction, it
still follows the pattern: hEKOUSAN agrees with the subject THN FUSIN,
while the infinitive verb POIEIN has TA DEONTA as its direct object: "that
nature carries out what is necessary voluntarily and not because it is
acted upon (OU PAQOUSAN).")
LSJ cited from Perseus:
--------------------------
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
§1040. The predicate adjective is employed
a. With intransitive verbs signifying to be, become, and the like (917): hê
de charis adêlos gegenêtai the favour has been concealed Aes. 3.233 . So
with active verbs which take a preposition: nomous ethesthe ep' adêlois
tois adikêsousi you have enacted laws with regard to offenders who are
unknown D. 21.30 .
[1040b and 1049 omitted]
§1042. Several adjectives of time, place, order of succession, etc., are
used as predicates where English employs an adverb or a preposition with
its case: aphiknountai tritaioi they arrive on the third day X. A. 5.3.2 ,
katebainon skotaioi they descended in the dark 4. 1. 10. In such cases the
adjective is regarded as a quality of the subject; whereas an adverb would
regard the manner of the action.
a. Time, place: chronios late, orthrios in the morning, deuteraios on the
second day, postaios how many days? hupaithrios in the open air. [p. 276]
b. Order of succession: prôtos, proteros first, husteros later, mesos in
the midst, teleutaios last, hustatos last.
N.--When one action is opposed to another in order of sequence, the adverbs
prôton, proteron, hustaton, etc., not the adjectives prôtos, etc.. must be
used: prôton men edakru_e polun chronon . . . eita de elexe toiade first he
wept for a long time, then he spoke as follows X. A. 1.3.2 . Hence
distinguish
prôtos têi polei prosebale he was the first to attack the city.
prôtêi têi polei prosebale the city was the first place he attacked.
prôton têi polei prosebale his first act was to attack the city.
The same rule applies in the case of monos, monon, as monên tên epistolê<*>
egrapsa this is the only letter I wrote, monon egrapsa tên epistolên I only
wrote (but did not send) the letter. But this distinction is not always
observed (Aes. 3.69).
§1043. So also with adjectives of degree, mental attitude, manner, etc.:
pherontai hoi lithoi polloi the stones are thrown in great numbers X. A.
4.7.7 , tous nekrous hupospondous apedosan they restored the dead under a
truce T. 1.63 , hoi theoi eumeneis pempousi se the gods send you forth
favourably X. C. 1.6.2 . So with megas high, asmenos gladly, hekousios,
hekôn willingly, horkios under oath, aiphnidios suddenly. On allos, see
1272.
-------------
end of citation
--
Carl W. Conrad
Department of Classics, Washington University (Emeritus)
Most months: 1647 Grindstaff Road/Burnsville, NC 28714/(828) 675-4243
cwconrad@artsci.wustl.edu OR cwconrad@ioa.com
WWW: http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~cwconrad/
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