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A

Abd-al-Hamid, extract from Padshah Namah of, regarding Kasim Khan’s siege of Hugli, 277–283

Extract from Padshah Namah of, regarding Shah Jahan’s anti-Christian measures, 283–284

Abraham and his descendants, settlements of, in Asia Minor and Egypt, 4

Abulfeda on the importance of Malacca, 29

Abu Zaid of Ziraf, historian, quoted, 79

Abyssinia, early Christianity in, 60, 61

The Portuguese travellers Covilham and Paiva reach, 60, 61

The country of Prester John, 61

Albuquerque’s project to turn the Nile through the mountains of, 103, 104

Holy Relics from, 108

Acre, ancient trade-route through, 2

Egyptian merchant fleets sailed around, 23

Aden, its command of the Red Sea route, 104, 109, 124–126, 146–147, 168

Blockaded and besieged by the Portuguese, 104, 109, 124, 125–126, 140, 141, 146–147, 152

Occasional submission of, to Portugal, 125

Sultan of Cairo attempts to take, 125

Captured by the Turks under Solyman (1538), 125

Passes again to the Arabs (1630), 126

Adil Khan attacks Goa, 143

Adil Shah, Yusuf, king of Bijapur and Goa, 132–133

Affonso IV of Portugal, 40

Affonso V (the African) of Portugal, 55

Afghan sovereignty in Northern India, decay of, 82

Africa, early circumnavigation of, 47–49

Agnello, Italian assayer, 184

Aguazil (administrator), Timoj a appointed chief, in Goa, 133

Ailly, D’, Cardinal Pierre, Imago Mundi of, quoted, 58

Akaba, Gulf of, Solomon’s harbours on the shores of the, 7

Akbar the Great, founder of the Moghul Empire (1556–1605 A.D.), accession of, 83

Fitch visits the court of, 212

Campaign of, in Surat, 261

Europeans at court of, 263–270

Partab Bar and Barsuba at court of, 265

Farmaliun at court of, 269

Christian missionaries at court of, 269–270

Albergaria, Soarez de, see Soarez

Albuquerque, Affonso de (Affonso d’Alboquerque), second governor of Portuguese India (1509–15), 98, 102–106, 107–108

Policy of, in India and the East, 77, 89–91, 92–93, 103–108, 113–116, 126–127

Hatred of, for the Mussulmans, 81, 99–100, 103–105, 108, 118–120

Project of, for ransoming the Temple of Jerusalem by carrying off the body of Mohammed from Mecca, 81, 104

Protects native Christians in India, 89–91

Zeal of, for Christianity, 89–91, 99–100, 108, 118–119, 162

First expedition of, to India, 89–91

Erects fort at Cochin and factory at Quilon, 90, 115

Second expedition of, to India by way of the Red Sea, 98

Takes Socotra (1507), 99

Protects native Christians in Socotra, 99–100

Treaty of, with Ormuz and control of the Persian Gulf, 100

Mutiny of commanders of (1508), 100–102

Government and conquests of, 102–108, 113–116, 147–149, 151

Project of, to divert the channel of the Nile to the Red Sea, 103–104

Fortress of, at Ormuz (1515), 104, 115, 123–124

Besieges Aden (1513), 104, 125–126

Takes Goa and establishes Portuguese power on west coast of India (1510), 105, 116, 132–134

Takes Malacca and erects a fortress (1511), 106, 115, 126–127

Employs native troops, 140, 149–150

Encourages colonization, 142

Recommends the cultivation of the opium poppy in Portugal, 152

Proposal of, to exterminate Spanish and Portuguese Jews in India, 170–171

Mournful end of, 107–108

Albuquerque, Francisco de (cousin of Affonso), expedition of, to India, 89–90

Death of, 90

Alcacar Sequer taken by Prince Henry of Portugal from the Moors (1458), 55

Alcacora, treaty of, between Spain and Portugal (1479). 62–63

Alexander III, Bull of 1179 of, 64–65

Alexander VI, Bulls of, granting trade privileges and monopolies to Spain and Portugal, 63, 64, 65–66, 85

Alexandria, founded 332 B.C., entrepôt of Indo-European trade, 21, 23, 30–31; 175

Indian merchants in, 27–28

Supposed statue of the river deity Indus in, 28

Venetians in, 31, 168

Library of, 48

Algoa Bay, Bartholemeu Dias reaches (1486), 57

Aijubarrota, battle of (1385), 40

Allah Yar Khan real commander of expedition against the Christians at Hugli, 279–280

Almeida, Dom Francisco da, first viceroy of Portuguese India (1505–09), 93

Government and policy of, 93–99, 114, 117–118

Takes Quiloa in Africa, 94, 148

Together with his son Lourenco overcomes Arab power in the Malabar ports and defeats the Zamorin, 96–97

Victory of, off Diu (1509), 96–98, 101–103

Cruelty of, to prisoners, 117–118

Death of, 103

Almeida, Lourenco da (son of Dom Francisco da Almeida), heroic death of, in sea-fight with the Mussulmans, 97, 102

Alphabets, Phoenician and Sabman, 4

Malayalam (Vattelutta), 80

Alva, Duke of, persecutes the Protestants, 208

Amboyna, clove island in the Moluccas,

Portuguese-Spanish claim to, 227

Amene, Portuguese treaty with, 127

America, Columbus discovers the islands off (1492), 62, 173–174, 175

Verazzani’s expedition to, 194

French settlements in (1555–64), 194

Amurad II, Sultan, father of Yusuf Adil Shah, 132

Antonio, Don, Prior of Crato, claims the throne of Portugal and seeks refuge in England, 191

Antwerp, school of cartography at, 200

Emporium of Eastern trade, 202–203

Commerce of, 202–203, 206

Portuguese entrepôt for Indian produce, 202–203, 206

English, Portuguese, and Spanish merchants in (1550), 203

Ruined by Spain, 206–208

Apes brought to Solomon from India, 8

Arab navigators, 21, 49–50

Geographers, 24, 29, 30, 48

Traders in China, 28, 29

Traders in India, 29, 81, 83, 89–90, 92, 152–153, 158–159

Travellers, 30

Arabia, ancient trade-route through, 2

Under the Romans, 10–11

Opium from, 152–153

Horses imported into India from, 158

“Arabian Nights,” reference to, 49

Archangel, English trade to Persia by way of, 181

Armada, the Spanish, references to, 190, 192, 197, 205, 209

Arms, coats of, of the English East India Company, 255–256

Ascalon, ancient trade-route through, 2

Asia Minor, Phoenician trade to, 3

Trade-routes to, 14–15

Turks in, 37

Astrolabe, Prince Henry’s, 54

Athens, ancient sea-commerce of, 10

Atlantic Ocean, ancient and medieval navigation of, 48–50

Augsburg, mediaeval trade emporium, 34, 217

Decline of, 35

Augustines, convent of the, at Goa, 135

Aviz, house of, see Portugal

Azores reached by Portuguese ships (14th century), 50

Taken as a starting-point for the Papal demarcation line (1493), 63

Sir Francis Drake captures a Spanish vessel off the, 206

Azurara quoted, 54, 59–60

B

Bab-al-Mandab, straits of, 20

Babylon, ancient trade of, 3, 9, 28

Bacchus appears in the mythological machinery of the “Lusiad,” 71

Bacon, Roger, referred to, 36

Brunetto Latini visits, 53

“Opus Majus” of, quoted, 58

Baghdad, Greek embassy to (917 A.D.), 11–12

Devastated by the Mongols (1258), 13

Ancient trade of, with India, 15

Bahadur Kambu, servant of Shah Jahan, joins Allah Yar Khan at Haldipur in expedition against the Christians at Hugli, 280

Bahmanid dynasty (1347–1525 A.D.), 75, 82

Bantam, Portuguese attack on, 141

Early English trade with, 257

Barbary corsairs as a political factor in the struggle for the Mediterranean, 31–32, 221

Barbosa, Duarte, letters of, quoted, 108–109, 142, 152

Barents, William, Arctic expeditions of (1594–96), 198

Barros, Joiio de, Portuguese historian, quoted, 53–54, 116

Bassein taken by the Portuguese (1534), 132

Protection of mosques of, guaranteed by the Portuguese, 128

Batalha, 42, 47

Baticala, 88

Batuta, Ibn, of Tangiers (1304–77), quoted, 18, 30

Behaim, Martin, improves the astrolabe, 69

Belem (or Restello), chapel at, 73

Bengal, Portuguese in, 113, 165

Low price of slaves in, 141

Portuguese trade with, 156–157

Piracy of Portuguese on Bay of, 165

Fitch’s journey through, 212

Berenice, trade emporium founded by

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 22, 23, 24

Bijapur, a Mohammedan kingdom of Southern India (1489–1688 A.D.), 132–133

Boccaccio, reference to, 51

Bojador, Cape, and Portuguese explorations, 49, 50, 51, 52, 65

Bokhara, Anthony Jenkinson reaches (1557), 181

Bombay, strong position of the Portuguese near, 131, 134

Borgian map, 170

Bostra, capital of the Roman province of Arabia, 11

Bozrah (El Buseireh), ancient trade emporium, 5, 8–9

Brahmans in Malabar, 79

Brasylle (Island of the Blest), 173

Brazil, discovery of, by Portuguese under Cabral (1500), 86

English under Fenton at (1582–83), 189–190

French and Portuguese settlements in, 194

Bristol, John Cabot’s crew from, 68, 175

Charters granted to adventurers of, 172, 175

Exploring expeditions from, 173, 174, 175

Sebastian Cabot born at, 178

Bruges, medieval trade emporium, 34

Decay of, 35, 202

Its sailors and school of cartography, 44, 200

Buddhism carried from Central Asia to Burma, Ceylon, and China, 27

Influence of, on trade, 27

Bulls, Papal, of 1179, 64; of 1454, 59, 65; of 1481, 65; of 1493, 63, 167, 169, 174, 187, 193–197, 201, 219, 227, 232; of 1502, 85; of 1506, 65; of 1514, 65

Burleigh, Lord Cecil, Fenton’s letter to, 189

Issues warrants for voyages to the East, 237–238

Burma, Fitch’s journey through, 212

Burrough, Sir John, 206–207

Burrough, Stephen, expedition of, to find the Northeast Passage (1555–56), 181

Burton, W., mentions the Portuguese as Fringes, 165

Bassorah, Indian trade at, 11–12

C

Cabot, John, Venetian explorer, discovers North America for England (1497), 68, 175, 176

Cabot, Sebastian (son of John), born in Bristol, 178

Attempts of, to reach India by a northwest and a northeast passage, 176, 178, 179

A cartographer, 178

Governor of the first English East India Company (1551), 179

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, expedition of, to India (1500) and discovery of Brazil, 85–88, 92, 116–117, 122

Rich return cargo of, 151

Cadomosto, Venetian maritime discoverer, quoted. 53

Cairo, great trade of, 30, 104

Calcutta, incidents attendant on the founding of the city of, 297–303

River face of, burned, 299

Trade of, 300–301

Description of, 301–303

Calicut, early trade of, 30, 78

Visits of Vasco da Gama to (1498), 69, 75; (1502) 87–88

Size of, 75–76, 77

Ruler of, 76

Portuguese trade with, 83, 86

Portuguese treaties with, 83, 118, 120–121, 122, 131

Establishment of a Portuguese factory at (1500), 86

Portuguese struggles with the ruler of, 86, 87, 88, 90–92, 95–97, 105, 131, 143, 148

Portuguese fortress at, 115

Samuri (Zamorin) of, orders Christians killed, 288

Samuri of, twice defeated at Cochin, 291

The Jami’ Masjid of, burned by the Christians, 292

Christians in, killed for burning the Jami’ Masjid, 292

Death of the Samuri of, 293

Cambay, Gulf of, Portuguese trade with, 105, 132

Canary Islands, early Portuguese connection with, 51, 63, 154

Cannanore, early trade in, 78

Da Gama visits (1498), 83

Portuguese trade with, 83, 86, 88, 105

Fortress at, 115

Christians build fort at, and engage in spice trade, 288, 291

Cantino, reference to map of (1502), 66

Canton, early trade of, 28

Portuguese at (1527), 166

Cape of Good Hope (Cabo Tormentoso), rounded by Portuguese under Dias (1486), 57, 61

Passed by English (1588), 192–193; (1591) 193, 207

Passed by Dutch (1595), 211, 213, 219

First voyage of the English East India Company around (1601), 246

Cape Route to India, Portuguese quest for, discovery and monopoly of, 42–73, 75–175

Caravels, 52, 53, 66, 145, 147

Cards and dice forbidden in the English voyage of 1578, 185

Forbidden in the English factories in India, 253

Carthage, a Phoenician settlement, 10

Secret commerce of, 199

Cartography, Portuguese school of, 44, 56, 199

Antwerp school of, 200, 208

Cartwright, John, chaplain to Weymouth’s North-western Expedition, 248–251

Caspian Sea, an ancient Eastern trade-route, 1, 14, 182, 221

Castile, relation of, to Portugal, 40, 41, 42

Struggle of, with Portugal and battle of Aljubarrota (1385), 40–42

Cathay (see also China), 27, 175, 179, 181, 182–184, 188, 198

Cavendish, Thomas, voyage of, around the world (1586), 190, 192

Central Asia, early trade-routes through, 13, 14, 15

Ceuta, Portuguese siege of (1415), 42–44

Ceylon, ancient trade centre, 24, 27, 29, 78, 79

Portuguese treaty with, 96

Portuguese control of, 146–147

Christians expelled from, 295

Chaldea, ancient trade centre, 2, 3

Influence of, on early Indian astronomy, 28

Chale, Antonio Fernandes, Malabar native Christian, commands native troops for the Portuguese, 143

Receives state burial, 143

Chanak founds city bearing his name, 300

Chancelor, Richard, North-eastern Expedition of (1553), 180–181

Chandarnagar, European settlements at, 303–304

Charles II of England, charter of, to the

East India Company (1661), 256

Charles V, Emperor, Indian policy of, 170, 173, 203

Charnock, see Chanak

Charter of Henry VII to Anglo-Portuguese adventurers, 172, 203

Of Henry VII to the Cabots, 175–178

Of the Muscovy Company (1554), 181, 220, 236, 247

Of the Cathay Company, 183

Of the Levant or Turkey Company (1581), 205, 221–222; (1593) 205, 210, 212, 221–222, 230–231

Of the States-General to the Dutch East India Company (1602), 219

Of Elizabeth (1600), to the English East India Company, 222, 230–232, 236–237, 238–239, 240–241, 245–246, 256

Charters of Novgorod abolished (1475), 35

For Indo-Portuguese trade (1500), 85–86, 154; (1697) 162

Chera, kingdom in Southern India, 75

Jews in, 80

China (Tzinista, Chinistan, Cathay), Central Asian trade-route through, 13, 14, 15, 16

“Knife-Cash” of, 27

Buddhism spreads from India to, 27

Portuguese explorations in, 146

Portuguese trade with, 153, 226

English attempts to reach, 175, 179–188, 212, 226, 248

Dutch expeditions to, 198

Chingiz Khan, devastations of the Mongols under (1206), 13

Christianity, early, in India, 79–80, 162, 208

Christians, native, in Abyssinia, the land of Prester John, 59–61

Nestorian St. Thomas, of Malabar, a powerful and respected military caste, 80–81, 91, 140, 143

Native, of Socotra, converted to Rome by Albuquerque, 100

Make Mohammedan children slaves and Christians on death of the parents and confiscate their property, 275–276

Ornamentation of places of worship of the, 276

European, contend against the Mohammedans in Malabar and the Deccan, 286–288, 291–297

Erect a fort at Quilon, 292

Treachery of, to new ruler of Calicut, 293

Territory of, 294–295

Persecute the Mohammedans, 295

Cinnamon, of Ceylon, Moslem monopoly of, 126

Portuguese trade in, 151

Clement IV, embassy of, to Tartar chief in Persia (1245), 36

Cloves, Portuguese trade in, 105, 151

Coats of arms of the English East India Company, 255–256

Cochin, Malabar port, early trade at, 78

Portuguese treaty with (1500), 86, 122

First establishment of Portuguese factory at (1500), 86, 87, 92

Portuguese trade and friendly relations with, 88

Albuquerque’s fortress at (1503), 90 92, 115

Pacheco’s defence of, 90–91, 140

Portuguese government at, 93, 105, 122, 148

Portuguese misrule at, 158, 196, 212

English visit to, 212

First fort of Christians in India built at, 288

Coinage, Chinese, 27

Dutch charter for, in the East, 219

English, and the exportation of bullion, 225, 232, 237, 244, 246, 248

Coins, Cufic, in Stockholm, 18

Coke, Sir Edward, “Reports” of, quoted, 116

Columbus, Christopher, sources of information and discoveries of, 55–59

International aspects of the information and discoveries of, to Portugal, Spain, and the European Powers, 61–62, 63, 65–66, 173, 174, 175, 200

Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher, quoted, 58

Commerce, system of secret, before the sixteenth century, 198–202

Companies, Portuguese East India, various, formed, 162

Company, Cathay and early English, 187

Company, Dutch East India, influence of the old tradition of monopoly on, 201

Influence of Linschoten’s travels on, 210, 211

Expedition of, to India, under Houtman (1595) and treaty with the King of Bantam, 210–211, 212

Fifteen “separate” expeditions of the, to the East (1595–1601), 213

Amalgamated into the United East India Company of 1602, 213, 218, 219

Expeditions of the, supported by the Dutch government, ‘217, 237

National aspects of the, 217–220, 237

Capital of the, 218

Management and directors of the, 218–220

Charter rights and privileges of the, 219

Shares and shareholders in the, 219

Policy of armed trade and exclusive monopoly in the East of the, 220

Governors and government of the, in the East, 220

Treaties of, in the East, 220

Company, English East India, Catholic monopoly, strengthened by union of Spain and Portugal, one of the causes leading to the formation of the, 205–206, 221

Linschoten’s and Fitch’s travels and Dutch expeditions one of the causes leading to the formation of the, 210–215

Influence of the Levant company on the formation of the, 222–225

Attempts to procure charter for, in 1599, 216–229

Capital of (1599), 225; (1600) 229–230

Proceedings of, in 1600, 229–231

Constituted by Elizabeth’s charter of Dec. 31, 1600, 230–231

Powers and privileges of, 230–233

Actual working of, as a “Regulated” Company, 235–247, 251–254, 255–258

Waymouth’s North-western Expedition under auspices of the, 248, 251–252

Pietism of the, and family life of its factors in the East, 252–256

Three periods of the, from 1600 to 1661, 256–258

Company, English Muscovy or Russian, formation and character of the (1554), 181, 247

Trade of, 168, 197–198, 216, 220–222, 234, 235

North-eastern Expedition of (1580), 188

Eastern trade of, through Russia to Persia, 197, 214, 220–221, 236

Company, English Turkey or Levant, charter of 1581, 205, 222

Extended charter of 1593 of the, 205, 212, 214, 221

East India Company an outgrowth of the, 222, 225

Founders of the, 222–231

Difficulties of Mediterranean trade of the, 235

Rivalry of the, with the East India Company, 247

Compass, mariners’, early forms of, 53

Congo, Portuguese discovery of the (1484), 56

Constantinople captured by Crusaders, 13

Mediaeval trade with, 16–19

Taken by the Turks, 19, 31, 33

Expulsion of Venetians from, 31

Coptos, 22

Corsairs, rise of the Barbary, as a political factor (1492), 31–32

Admirals, the great (1504). 32

All Europeans except the Portuguese coming within the line, branded as, by Saragossa Convention, 171

Barbary, bought off by the Levant Corporation, 221

Cosmas Indicopleustes, quoted, 24, 25, 37, 78

Coutinho, Dom Fernão de (1509), 102

Covilham, Pedro de (1487), 60–61, 67

Explores overland, 60–61

Cranganore (Kodungalur), ancient capital of Chera, 78

Early Roman trade and temple at, 78

Destroyed by the Portuguese (1504), 91

Portuguese governorship of, given as a dowry, 165

Christians established at, in 943 A.H. (1536 A.D.), 294

Crimea, mediaeval trade with, 16–18

Cromwell, Oliver, disregards the Papal Bull of 1493, 197, 227

Crusades, influence of, on Syrian trade-route, 12, 30, 36

Influence of, on the Mussulmans, 81

Cuba mistaken by Columbus for Japan (1492), 62, 174

Cumberland, Earl of, sells Mare Scurge or Red Dragon to the East India Company (1600), 229

Cunha, Nuno da, governor of Portuguese India, cruelty of, to the natives at Mete, 118

Levies a fine on Ormuz, 123–124

Expedition of, against Aden (1530), 141

Cunha, Tristiio da, commands the Portuguese expedition to India (1506), 99

Curiate, see Kuriyat

Cyrus river trade-route, 14

D

Da Gama, see Gama

D’Ailly, see Ailly, D’

Daman taken by the Portuguese, 132

Shipbuilding at, 145

Damascus, trade emporium, 2, 5, 6, 9

Danish northern exploration (1476), 173

Darius, nephew of, African voyage of, 48

Dartford, 187

David, King, conquests and trade policy of, 5, 6

Davis (Davies), John, voyages of, to discover the Northwest Passage (1585–1587), 190–191

Sails with Houtman to India (1598), 213

Straits, 248

Deccan, the, comes into the possession of the Kings of Delhi, 287

Jews and Christians settle in the, 287

Delhi, decay of early Afghan dynasties of, 82–83

Demarcation line of Papal Bull in 1493, 63–67, 85, 168–169

Deptford, East India Company buys ships at (1600), 229, 255

Deuteronomy, quoted, 21

Dias, Bartholemeu, Portuguese navigator, rounds the Cape of Good Hope (1486), 57–58, 60–61, 67–68

Diniz, King of Portugal, 40

Diu, naval victory of the Portuguese under Almeida against the Moslems, at (1509), 97, 102, 110, 117, 131

Attacked by the Turks (1545), 109

Albuquerque urges the erection of a fortress at, 115

Becomes a Portuguese stronghold (1535), 132, 134, 147

Portuguese expedition against (1522), 139

Revenues from, 153

Drake, Sir Francis, voyage around the world of, 187, 190, 192, 206, 216, 234

Duarte, King of Portugal, 42

Dudley, Sir Robert, encourages Indian trade (1596), 214

Dupleix, Indian policy of, anticipated by the Portuguese and Dutch, 149

E

Edom, trade-route through, 3–8

Edward, the Black Prince, proposed Portuguese marriage of, 40

Edward I, of England, friendship of, with Portugal, 40

Edward II, of England, friendship of, with Portugal, 40

Edward III, of England, alliance and comshmerce of, with Portugal, 40

Edward VI, of England, maritime exploration under, and letter of, to Eastern potentates, 179

Egypt, emporium for Eastern and African products, 1, 3–4

Demand for Eastern products in ancient times, 3

Indo-European trade by way of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 208

Seized by the Turks, 32, 97, 103–104, 125

Elizabeth, Queen of England, sea policy and trade charters of, 182–197, 204–258

Letters of, to the kings of the East Indies and China, 212, 245–246, 248

Emmanuel the Fortunate, of Portugal, 201

Encourages the quest for India, 67–73

Expeditions to, and policy of, in India, 84–122, 146–147, 153–156

English, alliances of the, with Portugal, 39–43, 172, 203, 204

Attempts of, to reach India, 167–215, 246–248, 251–252

Struggle and relations of, with Spain, 187–209, 214–215, 221, 225–229, 231–232, 236–237, 256

Rivalry, struggle, and negotiations of, with Holland for the Eastern trade, 212–222, 256

Rivalry and struggle of, with Portugal for the Indian trade, 256

Power of the, established in India, 296

Permitted by Aurangzib to build factories in his empire, 300

Eratosthenes, quoted, 48

Erzeroum, trade-route by, 19

Esquimaux, Frobisher brings back an (1576), 183

Euphrates, Lower, a great trade mart, 2

Abraham starts from, for Egypt, 4–5, 6

Europeans, at Akbar’s court, 263–270

Grant passes for ships to Mecca, 270–272

Under Jahangir’s reign, 272–274

At Hugli in Shah Jahan’s time, 274–284

Customs of, at Hugli in Mohammad Shah’s time, 284–286

Settlements of, at Chandarnagar, 303–304

F

Famagusta in Cyprus, Venetian trade emporium (1475), 33

Taken by the Turks (1570–1571), 33

Faria, Pedro de, letter of, quoted, 143

Farmaliun, a friar of Goa, visits court of Akbar, 269

Fenton, Captain Edward, expedition of, toward India by the southern routes, 188–189

Reaches Brazil, buccaneers, and returns to England (1582–1583), 189–190

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expel the Jews and Moors, 32–33

Employ Columbus to explore for Spain, 63, 65, 174

Policy and negotiations of, with England, 174

Employ Sebastian Cabot as a cartographer, 178

Fernando of Portugal, “the Constant Prince,” 42

Fitch, Ralph, English trader in India (1583), 135

Influence of travels of, on English Eastern enterprise, 210, 212

Flanders, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40

Map makers and gravers of, in the sixteenth century, 200–201

Commerce of, 206–208

Florida, French colonies in, and their destruction by the Spaniards, 195

Fortifications, Portuguese policy of, in the East, 87, 114–115

Forts, Portuguese, at Calicut, 115

Portuguese, at Cannanore, 88, 115

Portuguese, at Cochin, 90, 92, 115

Portuguese, at Diu, 132, 134, 147

Portuguese, at Malacca, 106, 115, 126–127

Portuguese, at Ormuz, 104, 115, 123–124

Portuguese, at Socotra, 99

Dutch, in the East, 219, 220

Founders’ Hall, 216, 220, 229

Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs,” 255

France, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40

Exploring expeditions of, 168, 194

Relations of, with England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 177–178, 191, 194

Struggle of, with the Pope, 194

Treaty of, with Spain (1598), 225

Francis I of France ridicules the Papal demarcation line, 194

Franciscan friars, at Soldaia (1280), 17–18

Sent to India from Portugal (1500), 86, 116–117

In Socotra (1507), 100

Freitas, Jordao de, obtains Amboyna as a gift, 163

Frobisher, Martin, North-western expeditions and supposed gold discovery of (1576–1578), 182–188, 234

Fuggers, merchants of Augsburg, 34, 217

G

Galleys and Galleons, 52, 144–145, 147–148

Gama, Vasco da, first voyage of, to India (1497–1499), 2, 67–76, 80–88, 98, 162, 172, 200, 201–202, 208

Reaches India by way of the Cape route (1498), 69–73

Death of the brother of, 69

Treaty of, with Cannanore (1498), 83–84

Second voyage of (1502), 87–88, 92, 117, 154

Establishes shore agencies, 88, 92

Cruelty of, to the natives, 88–89, 117–118

Rich return cargo of, 151

Gampu, 29

Gaunt, John of, family connection with Spain and Portugal, 40–42

Genoa and the Eastern trade-routes, 12, 16–20, 31, 33, 34, 37, 49

Struggle of, with the Moors, 32

Pilots and navigators of, 44, 49, 50–51, 56

Germany, the Reformation in, 194

Ghats, Eastern and Western, 74–75

Ghori Sultans of Egypt, decline of dynasty of, 292

Gibraltar, Straits of, Spanish command of, 209, 221

Ginger, one of the spices of the Malabar coast as distinguished from the more costly spices of the Eastern Archipelago, 105

Albuquerque secures the trade in, on the Malabar coast, 126

Portuguese trade in, 151

Goa, Inquisition at, 56

Captured by Albuquerque and made capital of Portuguese India (1510), 105–108, 116, 131–135, 140

Anchorage and harbour of, 134

Ancient, 135

Wealth and luxury of, 135–139

Native troops and trade of, 141–143, 145, 153–154, 158

Corruption of Portuguese in, 166, 212

Linschoten at, 210

Fitch visits (1583–1584), 212

European articles in, 264

Fort of, headquarters of the Christians, 292, 293

Gold, mines of, in Africa, 153

Frobisher’s supposed discovery of, 184, 186

Non-exportation of, 232

Gomez, Diogo, quoted, 47

Gothland, early trade of, 18

Gravesend, Hore sails from, 177

Frobisher sails from, 183

Greece, Phoenician alphabet carried to, 4

Asiatic trade of, 29

Greenwich, 191

Greville, Fulke (1600), 228

Guinea, Portuguese trade and proselytism in, 55, 57, 59, 204–205

English trade with, 204

Gujarat, Portuguese treaties with, and control of, 131, 132

Comes into possession of the Kings of Delhi, 287

H

“Hall of Worship” scene of a religious discussion by a Portuguese Christian, 265–266

Hamilcar, 142

Hanno, expedition of, to Africa, 48, 50

Hanseatic trade, 18, 34–35

In London, 178–179

Harwich, Frobisher returns to (1576), 183

Frobisher sails from (1578), 185

Hebrews command the Indo-Syrian trade-route, 4–10

Early colonies of, in India, 29, 79–81

Albuquerque’s persecution of Castilian, in India, 170–171

Henry, Prince of Portugal (The Navigator), life and explorations of, 43–59, 64–65, 200

Tomb of, 44, 47

Henry V, of England, military assistance of, to Portugal, 42

Henry VII, of England, friendly relations of, with Portugal, 172–173, 203

Charters and encouragement of maritime exploration of, 172–173, 174–175, 178

Henry VIII, of England, unites with Spain and Portugal against the Turks, 173

Trade to India under, 176–178, 197, 203–204

Excommunication of, 183–197

Herodotus, quoted, 19–20, 47, 48

Hinduism in Malabar, 78–79

Hindu Kush, ancient trade-route across, 15

Hippalus quoted, 22, 24

Hiram, King of Tyre, 7

Holland, quest of, for India and Cathay by the northeast, 198

Long struggle of, with Spain in Europe and the East, 198, 205–209, 218, 221

Struggle of, with England for the spice trade, 212–215

Fifteen separate voyages under (1595–1601), 213, appendix II, A

Homer, quoted, 3, 21, 48

Hore, Master, quest of, for the North-west passage (1536), 177–178

Horses, Arab, trade in, between Ormuz and Goa, 158

Houtman, Cornelis, led first Dutch fleet around the Cape (1595–1597), 211, 212, 218

Second expedition of, to India (1598), 213

Hugli, Port of, founding of, 277–278

Christians at, besieged and expelled by Shah Jahan, 279–283

Customs of Europeans at, in Mohammad Shah’s time, 284–286

Huguenots, French, colonies of, in Brazil and Florida, 194–195

Husain, Amir (Mir Hocem), Egyptian admiral (1508), 96–97

Husbands, Samuel, 240

I

Iceland (Ultima Thule), voyage of Columbus to, 173

“Imago Mundi” of D’Ailly quoted, 58

Inayat-Allah, son of Kasim Khan, sent against the Christians at Hugli, 279-280

India, old trade-routes to, and early accounts of, 1–35

Influence of the early Babylonian trade (7th century B.C.), on the alphabet of, 4

Quest for, by sea, 36–73

During Portuguese rule, 74–166

England’s attempts to reach, 167–215

Indian trade, struggle between Portuguese and Arabs for, 83, 85–101, 104–106, 108–110, 114–118, 124–128, 131, 152–153

Indo-Chinese trade-routes and early trade, 27–31, 151

Indus, supposed statue of, in Alexandria, 28

Inquisition in Europe, 203, 206

Ionian settlements on the Nile, 21

Isaiah, quoted, 2

Islam established in the Deccan and Gujarat, 287

Ivan III, of Russia, abolishes the charters of Novgorod (1475), 35

Ivan IV, of Russia, destroys Novgorod, 35

Grants freedom of trade to English ships (1554), 181

J

Jackman, North-eastern expedition of (1580), 188

Jaliat, Christians found fort at, 293

Fort of, captured from Christians. 295

James I, of England, letters of, to Eastern princes, 246

Japan, Portuguese trade with, 146–147, 153

Java, Portuguese power in, 113

English claim to trade with, 227

Jenkinson, Anthony, opens out English trade through Russia (1557), 181–182

Jerusalem commands the Syrian trade-route, 5, 8, 12

Relation of, to the crusading commerce, 95–96 ‘

Jews exterminated by the new ruler of Calicut, 293

Jode, de, Flemish engraver, 200

John, Don, of Austria, persecutes Protestants in the Netherlands (1578), 208

John I (The Great), of Portugal, and his

English alliance, 39–42

John II, of Portugal, his trade policy and encouragement of exploration, 57–63

Death of, 67–68

John III, of Portugal, Portuguese conshquests and policy in India under, 139–175

John XXII, Pope, complains of Mongol persecution of Christians in Soldaia (1323), 18

Jordan Valley, commercial products of the, 6

Joseph, sale of, 4

Julius II, Pope, Bull of (1506), 64

Juvenal, quoted, 139

K

Kaff a, ancient trade emporium, 16, 19

Kalikot, see Calicut

Kane, Indo-Egyptian trade-route by way of, 23

Kasim, naval expedition of, against Sind (711), 28–29

Kasim Khan, governor of Bengal, besieges the Christians in Hugh, 277, 279–283

Kathiawar, Portuguese naval control of, 147

Kerala, kingdom of, 76–77

Khosru Parviz, Sasanian king, 15

Khwaja Sher, assists in Shah Jahan’s expedition against the Christians at Hughz, 280

Kills many Christian fugitives at Hugh, 282

Knight, John, North-western expedition of (1606), 251

Knights Hospitallers, 13, 31

Knights Templars, 54

Kodungalur, see Cranganore

Kola, Dutch trade at (1565), 197–193

Dutch factory at, 197–198

Koli-Kukkuga (Calicut), 76

Kosair, 21

Kura (Cyrus) river, 14

Kuriyat, Portuguese bombardment of (1507), 100

L

Laccadives, Portuguese treaties with, 127–128

Lafoden Islands, 180

Lancaster, James, surviving captain of first English expedition to India by the Cape route (1591–1594), 193–194, 213–214

Latini, Brunetto, visits Roger Bacon and discusses the compass, 53

Laurentian, or Medicean, portulan, fourteenth-century chart, 47, 49, 50, 199

Laws and By-laws, 244–245

Leo X, Pope, Bull of (1514), 64

Lepanto, battles of, Turks defeat Venetians in (1499), 32

Turks defeated at (1571), 111

Letters, of Queen Elizabeth to Eastern potentates, 248

Of James I, 246

Levant, ancient trade-route to the, 1–14

Turkish command of the route to the, 32–35

Venetian trade in the, 35, 168

English trade in the, 183, 197, 205, 221, 222

Licenses, granted to Venetians to trade with Portuguese in London (1507), 203

Portuguese, for trade granted to the Fuggers of Augsburg, 216–217

Granted by the Portuguese in India to native traders, 161

Of Elizabeth for Lancaster’s voyage (1591), 193

Power of the English East India Company to grant, for trade in the East, 231, 253

Linschoten, John Huyghen van, influence of, on Dutch and English exploration, 210–213

Travels of, 210–215

Lisbon, trade emporium of Eastern commerce, 35

Indian department at, 161, 162, 164, 218

Commerce of, 201–203

English prisoners at, 255

Lloyds, 236, 256

Lok, Michael, finances Frobisher’s voyages, and is ruined, 182–183, 186–187

London, Hanseatic trade quarrel in (1547), 178–179

Merchant Adventurers of (1551–1553), 179

Trade of, in Eastern commodities with Antwerp (1550–1560), 203

Trade organizations, City Companies, Lloyd’s, and Stock Exchange the representatives of medieval, 236, 256

Louis IX (St.), 36

Lubeck, one of the Hanseatic League, 34

M

Macao, in China, Spanish-Portuguese right to, 226

Mace, one of the precious spices of the Eastern Archipelago as distinguished from the cheaper spices of the Malabar coast, 126

Portuguese trade in, 151

Machado, Diogo Barbosa, quoted, 103, 104, 115

Madagascar (Island of the Moon), Covilham’s notice of, 60–61

Portuguese expedition to (sixteenth century), 106

Madeira, early discovery of (1344), 50–51

Albuquerque demands miners from, 104

“Madre de Deos,” Portuguese ship captured by the English (1592), 207, 227

Magellan, South-western expedition of, to India and round the world (1519–1522), 169–170

Discovers the straits to which he gives his name, 169

Magellan, Straits of, 169, 173, 189, 190, 192, 213, 219, 231

Mahmud, Sultan of Gujarat, sends fleet, which is defeated, against Christians at Chand, 291–292

Malabar, port of Indo-Egyptian trade-route, early trade of, 23, 24, 77–78

Origin and extent of chiefdoms of, 75–77

Religious toleration in, 77–79

Malacca, straits and ancient trade emporium, 29, 78, 106

Portuguese factory at (1508), 106

Albuquerque’s conquest of (1511), 106–107, 120

Turks attack (1547), 109–110

Garrison of, (1530) 163, (1567) 142

Revenues of, 153–154, 157

English reach (1591), 193, 212

Malayalam alphabet, 80

Malik Khan (Mealecão), Portuguese contract with (1555), 128

Manila, Spanish-Portuguese right to, 226

Mansfield, Lord, 116

Mansur Ghori, Sultan of Egypt, sends fleet, which is defeated, against

Christians assembled at Chand, 291–292

Map, new, with the Augmentation of the Indies (1600), 228

Mappillas (Moplahs), old term for both Mussulmans and Christians in Malabar, 199

Marine surveying in Asia, commencement of, 146–147

Marinus of Tyre, 48

Maritime discovery, made possible by the progress of nautical science, 50–73, 145, 199–201

Marmagao, 135

Marseilles, mediaeval Eastern trade of, 168

Mary, Queen of England, English trade and explorations under, 181–182, 220, 236

Matricola, the Register of Portuguese possessions in the East Indies, captured by the English (1592), 227

Maximilian, Emperor of Austria, vengeance of, on Bruges for its revolts, 202

Mecca, Cabot visits, 175

Europeans grant passes for ships to, 270–272

Medicean map (Laurentian portulan), 49, 199

Mediterranean, early commerce on the, 1, 3, 10, 12, 13, 199

Struggle for, and Turkish control of the, 31–35

Charts of the, 47, 199–201

Early fleets on the, 52–53

Trade to India, by way of the (sixteenth century), 92–93, 168–169

English trade in the, 167, 204, 209, 221, 222

Spanish command of the, 209, 221

Medway, Dutch sail up, 215

Melinde, in Africa, Portuguese control of, 94

Mercator, Gerard, geographer, 200

Merchants of the Staple, 236

Mesopotamia, ancient trade-route, by way of, 2

Mete (“Island of the Dead”), Portuguese cruelties at (1535), 118

Milan, Spanish control of the duchy of, 209

Mildenhall (or Midnall), John, commercial mission of, to India (1599), 222

Missionaries, Christian, at court of Akbar, 269–270

Moghul Empire not established when Portuguese landed in India (1498), 74, 83

Effect of its establishment and its decline on European Powers in India, 149–150

Mohammed, Camoens’s conception of, 71

Albuquerque’s design to carry off the bones of, 104

Mohammedanism, enforced conversion of some Christians to, by Shah Jahan, 283–284

Rise of, 287

Mohammedans and European Christians, conflicts between, 286–288, 291–297

Moluccas, see Spice Islands

Mombassa, Portuguese control over, 94

Mongols devastate Asia and obstruct the trade-routes, 13, 18–20, 31

Monson, Sir William, “Naval Tracts” of, quoted, 199

Monsoons, discovery of, and effect on Indo-Egyptian trade, 22–23, 31

Moors, expulsion of, from Spain, 32

Piracy of, in the Mediterranean, 31–32

Possessions of, in Spain, 38

Struggle of, with the Portuguese, 40, 42–44, 54–55, 89–90

Morocco, English embassy to the Emperor of (1577), and establishment of trade in, 204–205

Moslems, struggle of the Egyptian, with the Portuguese for the Indian seas, 94–104, 10 110, 114–115, 131

Mosques, Portuguese protection of (1534), 128

Motley, John Lothrop, quoted, 35

Mozambique, Portuguese control of, 94, 108, 153

Muscat, Portuguese bombard and take (1507), 100

Turks sack (1581), 110

Mussulmans, in Southern India, Indian and Arab elements of, 79, 81–91

Struggle of, with the Portuguese, 92- 165

Allowed by the inhabitants .to settle in the Deccan and Hindustan, 287

Myos Hormos, trade emporium, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus (274 n. c.), 22–23

N

Nairs, military tribe of South-western India, 78–80

Employed in Portuguese army, 91, 140

Namur, 208

Naples, Spanish control of, 209

Native alliances, part of the Portuguese policy, 83–85, 86, 87–91, 96, 119–121, 126–131, 148–150

Part of the Dutch policy, 220

Native troops employed by Portuguese, 90–91, 140–144

Employed long before Dupleix, 149–150

Nautical instruments, development of, made maritime discovery possible, 50–73, 145, 199–201

Navigation, Portuguese school for scientific, 44, 56, 200

Difficulties of early, 48–54

Portuguese ships and expeditions for (thirteenth to sixteenth centuries), 49–56, 68 85, 106, 115, 120–121, 124–125, 131, 139, 141, 144–156

Columbus’s and Da Gama’s fleets for, 68–69

Antwerp school for scientific, 200

Neck, Van, expeditions of, to India (1598), 213, 214

Newcastle, coal-ships at (sixteenth century), 221

Newfoundland, discovery of, referred to, 176

English ships at, 176–177, 193, 204

Portuguese, Spanish, and English fisheries at, 204

Nicholas V, Pope, Bulls of, quoted, 44, 59, 65

Nicote, Portuguese soldier, proclaimed king of Pegu, 163

Nile, Indo-European trade by way of the, 1, 3, 4, 21, 22, 33

Carian and Ionian settlements on the, 21

Albuquerque’s design for diverting waters of the, to the Red Sea, 103–104

Valley, Moslem trade with the, 104

Non, Cape, navigation of, 49, 54

Northeast Passage, Sir Hugh Willoughby (1553) attempts to reach India by the, 178–181

Chancelor and Burroughs (1555–1556) attempt to reach India by the, 181

Anthony Jenkinson urges exploration by the (1565), 182

Jackman and Pet sent by the Muscovy Company (1580), to reach India by the, 188

Resolve to discover the (1583), 190

William Barents’s three voyages (1594, 1595, 1596) to discover the, 198–199

Northwest Passage, John Scolus (1476) attempts to reach India by the, 173

Thylde (1480) attempts to reach India by the, 173

Various expeditions from Bristol (1491–1498) attempt to reach India by the, 173

John Cabot (1497) attempts to reach India by the, 175

Further expeditions (1498–1502) attempt to reach India by the, 175

To the Spice Islands advocated by Robert Thorne and an expedition sent out (1527), 176–177

Hore’s attempt (1536) to reach India by the, 177–178

Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s “Discourse,” urging the discovery of the (1566–1567), 182

Frobisher’s three voyages to reach India by the, (1576) 183, (1577) 184–185, (1578) 185–186

Fenton’s attempt (1582) to reach India by the, 188–190

Three voyages of John Davis (1585, 1586, 1587) to attempt to reach India by the, 190–191

Verazzani commissioned to make discoveries (1524) regarding the reaching of India by the, 194

Waymouth sent by the East India Company (1602) to reach India by the, 246–248, 251

Another expedition by Waymouth resolved on by the East India Company (1602) in an attempt to reach India by the, 251

Knight’s voyage (1606) attempting to reach India by the, 251

Nova, João da, expedition to India (1501) and policy of, 87

Death of, 102

Nova Zembla, Sir Hugh Willoughby reaches, 180

Dutch at, 198

Novgorod, ancient trade emporium of, 18

One of the Hanse towns, 34

Abolition of the charters (1475) and decay of, 35

Nutmegs, Portuguese trade in, 151

O

Observatory, first Portuguese, 44, 56

Odenathus, 10–11

Onor, Portuguese dealings with, 148

Ophir (Abhira or Sopheira), 7

Opium, medieval trade in, from Arabia and Egypt to India and China, 152

Albuquerque recommends cultivation of, in Portugal, 152

Order of Christ, Prince Henry the Navigator Grand Master of the, 44, 54

Privileges granted to the, 55, 65

Missionary zeal of the, 72–73

A Malabar Christian made knight of the, 143

Ormuz, Covilham travels through, 61

Albuquerque attacks (1507), and makes the treaties with, 100–101, 120–121, 123–124

Albuquerque’s fortress at, 100, 104, 115, 121, 123

Portuguese control of, 113, 121, 123–125, 157–158

Albuquerque’s conquest of (1515), 140

Horse trade of, 158

Fitch and his companions taken prisoners at, 212

Ortelius, Abraham, geographer, 200

Osborn, Sir Edward, a founder of the Levant Company (1581), 222

Otranto taken by the Turks (1480), 32

Ovid, 48

Oxus, ancient northern trade-route by way of the, 1, 13–19, 22

P

Pacem, in Sumatra, Portuguese treaty with (1511), 148

Pacheco, Duarte, Portuguese captain, victories of, at Cochin and Quilon, 90, 92, 140

Death of, 91

Paiva, Affonso de, travels of, 60

Palestine, trade-route through, 3, 4

Palmyra, trade emporium, 6, 10, 15

Panjim, 135

Papal influence on trade during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 59, 63–67, 85, 95, 115–117, 167–168, 193–197

Parnel, Portuguese attack, 142

Patricius, 24

Peacocks, Indian origin of, 8

Pedro, Prince of Portugal, traveller, 42, 200

Pegu, Portuguese soldier proclaimed king of, 163

Pepper, one of the cheaper spices as distinguished from the more precious spices of the Eastern Archipelago, 105

Portuguese offer to supply the Turks with, in exchange for wheat (1541), 110

Portuguese royal monopoly of, at Quilon (1520), 123

Albuquerque secures trade of, on the Malabar coast (1511), 126

Portuguese trade in, 151

Lancaster’s trade in (1594), 193

Dutch raise the price of, against the English (1599), 221

Warrants to restrain the sale of, in England, until the royal share was disposed of, 238

Pera, 19

Perkins, William, works of, sent out to India (1611), 255

Persia as a Mediterranean power, 9

Papal embassy to Tartar chief in, 36

Persian Gulf, Indian trade byway of the, 2, 29, 78, 151

Chaldean and Saban trade on the, 3, 4

Portuguese struggle for and command of the, 100–102, 104–113, 123–125, 132, 146–147, 151

Pet, North-eastern expedition of, and discovery of the straits bearing his name (1580), 188

Peutingerian Tables, quoted, 78, 200

Pharaoh Necho, early maritime explorations of, 47

Phasis, trade emporium, 14, 16

Pheasant brought from Phasis, 14

Philip II, of Spain, union of Spain and Portugal under, and its effect on European policy (1580), 190, 191, 205, 209

Attempts of, to fortify the Straits of Magellan, 192

Sends the Spanish Armada against England (1588), 192–193

Destruction of Armada of, throws open the ocean route to the East, 197, 205, 209

Forbids Dutch vessels to trade with Spain and ruins Antwerp, 206–207

Wages war against the Dutch in the East (1597–1598), 218

Philippa of England, wife of John I of Portugal, life and influence of, 41–43

Tomb of, 42, 46–47

Philippines, Magellan killed at the (1521), 169

Spanish-Portuguese right to the, 226

Phoenicians, 3

Alphabet of the, 4

Command the outlets of the Syrian trade-route, 4, 5–8, 10, 21

Piratas, a name applied to the English by the Portuguese,. 67

Pirates, all intruders beyond Lisbon to the south treated as, 201

Pisa and the Syrian trade-route, 12

Polo, Marco, the Elder, will of, 17–18

The Younger, travels and works of. 37, 58, 199

Pompey, 10–11

Porto Santo, Portuguese discovery of (1418–1420), 32

Portugal, medieval position of, in Europe, 39, 208

Heroic age of, under the House of Aviz, 39–173, 200–203

English alliances with, 39–43

Prince Henry of, 43–44, 49–56

Struggle of, with Islam for the Indian Seas (1500–1600), 74–112

Native alliances and treaties of, 83–84, 119–133

Native troops employed by, 91, 140–144

Sphere of influence and coast line of, 113, 145–148

Rewards Timoja, 133

Native troops employed by, long before the time of Dupleix, 149

Union of Spain and (1580), 170, 172, 190

Don Antonio, a claimant for, encouraged in England (1581), 191

Makes Antwerp her Northern European entrepôt for Indian produce, 202–203

Portuguese rule, conquest and conversion the basis of, in Africa, 38, 39, 42–44, 54, 55, 56, 59–60

Crusading spirit of the, in Africa and India. 38–44, 54–60, 71–73, 80–82, 95, 107–111, 116–117, 118–119, 162, 208

Quest for, and monopoly of, the Cape route to India, 44–73

Quest for the Christian land of Prester John, 59–61, 108–109

Rule, conquest and conversion the basis of, in the East, 71–73, 81, 85–87, 95–96, 107–109, 111, 116–117, 118–119, 121–122

Trade and treaties on the Malabar coast, 74–85

Territorial power ‘established by Albuquerque in the East, (1503) 89–91, (1509–15) 98–112

Protect the Nestorian St. Thomas Christians, 90–91, 123, 128

Crusading spirit and conversion form

part of the policy of, 91, 116–120

India, Almeida first viceroy of (1505–1509), 93–103

Religious toleration of, 123, 128

Prohibit shipbuilding in west-coast Indian ports, 131

Capture Goa (1510), 116, 132

Policy in Asia (1500–1600), 135–166

System of slave labour, 136, 141, 144

Army and navy in Asia (sixteenth century), 139–151, 163

System of colonization, 142, 164–165

Shipbuilding of the, in India, 145

Piratical methods of the, against Moslems, 151–153

African Company, formation of the, 154–155

Buccaneers in the narrow seas, in the Bay of Bengal and Canton, 165–166

Struggle with Spain in the East, and Convention of Saragossa (1529), 168–173

Trade with England, 202–203, 204

Prester John, land of (Abyssinia), Portuguese expeditions to discover, 60–61

Albuquerque’s scheme to conquer the land of, 103–104

Printing in Holland, 200

Psammetichus, King, opens out Indo-Egyptian trade, 20–21

Ptolemaic system of cosmography, 200

Ptolemy Philadelphus, extension of

Indo-Egyptian trade under, 20, 21–22

Q

Quiloa (Kilwa), in Africa, Portuguese fort at, 94, 148

Quilon (Koulam), port in Malabar, early trade of, 30, 78

Portuguese trade and alliance with, 86–91

Portuguese establish a factory at (1502), 88, 90

Portuguese treaties with, 90, 122–124, 128

Portuguese control of, 105, 123

Portuguese establish a fort at (1503), 122–123

Portuguese protect native Christians at, 123

Portuguese monopoly of pepper from, 123

“Quixote, Don” quoted, 163

R

Rabbah (Rabbath-Ammon), trade emporium, 3, 5, 9, 11

Raymond, George, commander of the first English voyage by way of the Cape (1591), 193

“Rebeldes,” Portuguese use of the term, 67

Red Sea, ancien trade-route by way of, 3, 7, 20–27, 78, 83

Ancient navigation of the, 20, 22–26,49

Portuguese struggle with the Modems for the command of the, 55, 89, 92, 99–101, 104, 109–111, 120, 124–125, 146–147

Reformation, the, and its effect on maritime exploration, 194, 205, 207

Rhinoculora, trade emporium, 4

Rhodes, Knights Hospitallers driven to, 13

Defence of, by Knights Hospitallers, 31–32

Rio Grande, Portuguese reach (1447), 51

Rivadanda, Christians build fort at, 294

Rome commands Eastern trade-routes, 9, 10, 29

Early trade of, with China, 28

Rubruquis visits Tartar headquarters in Asia Minor, 37

Witnesses the battle of Angora (1402), 37

Rumes, see Turks

Russell, Sir William Howard, quoted, 135

Russia, early trade-route through, 14–19

Hanseatic trade of, 18, 34–35

English trade with (1554), 180–181

Rye, Lancaster arrives at (1594), 193

S

Sabaean alphabet brought to India, 4

Sagres, observatory and school for navigation founded by Prince Henry the Navigator at, 44, 56, 200

Monument of Prince Henry at, 44–45, 51

Salaries, low, of Portuguese soldiers in India, lead to embezzlement, 143–144, 162–163

Of captain and crew, together with cost of a Portuguese ship for India, 150

Insufficient, lead to corruption, desertions, and private trade, 155–164

Saldanha, Antonio, expedition of, to the Red Sea and his policy of destroying the Arab trade, 89, 92

Saldanha Bay, death of Almeida at, 103

Salim of Rum, Sultan, unsuccessful in attack on Christians, 294

Salutes, Portuguese waste of ammunition in, 255

Samuri, see Zamorin

Sancho Panza, 163

San Domingo, English attack on, 227

Sangaca, Fort, Portuguese and native forces at the relief of (1542), 142

Santa Cruz, island off Africa, reached by Dias (1486), 57

Sanuto, Marino, map of, quoted, 49

Saracens, capture Syrian trade-route, 11

Hold Syrian trade-route, 12–13

Struggle of, with Christians, to hold Syrian trade-route, 16, 36

Egypt under the, 30

Saragossa, Convention of (1529), 170. 171, 173, 197

Sardinia tinder Spanish control, 209

Satganw declines as Hugli rises, 278

Scheldt river, opening up of, and trade on, 202, 203

Schutz, German assayer, 185

Scolus, John, Danish pilot, reaches Labrador (1476), 173

Scotland, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40

Semitic races, Syrian trade in the hands of, 3–10

Ousted by the Turks, 33

Senegal River mistaken by Portuguese for the Nile (1454), 59

Senegambia, early Portuguese trade with (1455–1456), 51

Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, expedition of, to Madagascar and Malacca (1508) and establishment of Portuguese trade with Malacca, 106

Sesostris (Ramses I!), 20

Seville, Magellan sails from (1519), 169

Robert Thorne dwells in. 176

Shakespeare, quoted, 228

Ships, development of, and maritime discovery, 50–73, 145, 199–201

Sicily under Spanish control, 209

Sidney, Sir Philip, 148, 184

Sidon, trade emporium, 2

Sighelmus of Sherbourne, mythical mission of, from King Alfred to shrine of St. Thomas, near Madras, 211–212

Silver supplied by America to Spain, drained by the East India trade, 170

English exportation of, 232, 237, 244, 246, 248

“Sinbad the Sailor” a romance of early Arab trade, 29–30

Sixtus IV, Pope, Bull of, confirming trade privileges to Portugal (1481), quoted, 65

Slaves, introduced into Portugal, 55–56, 144, 164

Extensive use of, in Portuguese India, as servants, soldiers, etc., 136, 141, 144

Christian, in Turkey, 227

Smythe, Sir Thomas, a founder of the Levant Company, 222, 229

First governor of the East India Company (1600), 231

Soarez de Albergaria, Lopo, expedition of, to India (1504) and policy of destruction toward Arab ports, 91, 92, 140

Socotra, derivation of the name, 27

Albuquerque takes (1507), destroys Moslems, baptizes the Nestorian Christians into the Catholic Church and erects a fortress, 99–101

Franciscan monastery built by Albuquerque at, 100

Sodre, Vincente, cruelties of, and hostility against the Arabs, 89–90

Sofala, shown on the map of 1457–1459, 59, 60–61

Passes under Portuguese control (1505), 148

Soldaia (Sudak), port and trade emporium, 17–18, 30

Greeks, Venetians, and Genoese traders at, 17–18

Solomon commands the Syrian trade-route to the East, 6–10

Legendary commerce of, with Malabar, 79–80

Solyman the Magnificent takes Aden (1538) and gains command of the Arabian coast, 125–126

Somaliland, early trade of, 4

Southampton, Venetian ship lost off, 209

Spain, Moorish possessions in, 32

Expulsion of Jews and Moors from (1492, 1502), 32

Quest of, for a western route to India leads to the discovery of America, 61–67, 168–169, 173–174, 176, 177

Union of, with Portugal (1580), 144, 170, 172

Struggle of, with the Dutch, and collapse of Spanish-Portuguese power in the East, 161, 198, 205–206, 218

Struggle of, with Portugal, in the Eastern seas, 170–171

Indifference of, to English exploration (1496), 174

English exploration leads to rupture with, 187, 189, 191–192

Effect of union of, with Portugal on English exploration and policy, 189–192, 205

Elizabeth’s vacillating policy toward, 197, 225–226, 237

Struggle of, with England in Europe, 205, 209, 221, 227, 236

Struggle of, with England in the East, 206, 214, 226–227

English trade in the Mediterranean menaced by, 209, 221

Spanish quest for a western route to India and discovery of America, 61–67, 169–170, 176, 177

Destruction of the, Armada in 1588, opens out the southern trade-routes to India, 192, 197, 205, 209–210

Command of the Mediterranean trade, 209, 221

Spice, ancient trade in, 8

Early Portuguese trade in, 83, 86, 92, 106

Trade in, Portuguese royal monopoly of, 123, 154

Trade in, royal monopoly of, sold to a company (1587), 161–162

Spices, Portugal exchanges silver, woollen fabrics, etc., for, 151

Portugal allows her sailors and officers to bring home, privately, 154

Venice offers to buy up all surplus Portuguese (1521), 168

Antwerp supplies England with (1560), 203

Dutch raise price of, against the English (1599), 221

English traders in India bid against each other for, 257

Spice Islands (Moluccas), Albuquerque establishes Portuguese trade with the (1509–1515), 105–106, 126

Spanish ships reach the (1521), 131

Portuguese claim to the, 169

Spanish claim to the, sold to Portugal (1529), 170, 173

Portuguese trade and monopoly in, 170–172, 176

Drake visits the (1578), 187

Fenton sets out for the (1582), 188–189

England claims free trade with the (1599), 226

Spitzbergen, Dutch under Barents reach (1596), 199

Staper, Richard, a founder of the Levant and East India Companies, 222, 229, 231

Staten Island, Barents reaches (1595), 198

Stephens, Thomas, a Jesuit at Goa (1579), said to have been the earliest English resident in India, 211

St. Helena, island, 189

Strabo, quoted, 10

Suez, Gulf of, early navigation of, and trade by way of, 7, 21–22

Sumatra, derivation of name, 27

Becomes subject to Portugal (1511), 148–149

English claim the right of trade with (1599), 226

Fort of, captured from Christians by Ali Hai, 295

Sunda, island, Portuguese treaty with (1532), 127

Surat, fort of, rebuilt, 261–263

Syria, Eastern trade-route through, 1–3, 4, 9, 11–16, 19, 167, 208

T

Tadmor, 2

Talikot, battle of, and overthrow of the Vijayanagar kingdom (1564), 82

Tartar Khan, embassy of Louis IX to the, on the Black Sea (1253), 36

Tartars, Franciscan friars sent by Pope Clement IV to the, in Persia (1245), 36

Tartary, Cathay or Cataya, a name applied vaguely to, 175–176

Frobisher’s expedition to reach (1577), 184–185

Thebes, ancient trade emporium, 21

Theodosia, ancient trade emporium, 16

Thorne, Master Robert, advocates the North-west Passage (1527), 176

Thylde, Captain, western explorations of (1480), 173

Tidore, one of the Moluccas made over to Portugal by Spain (1529), 127

Becomes a source of tribute to Spain, which tribute was paid in cloves, 127

Spanish-Portuguese claim to, acknowledged by England (1599), 227

Timoja, famous corsair in the East, assists the Portuguese in the taking of Goa (1510), 116, 132

Is largely rewarded, 133

Dies opportunely for the Portuguese (1511), 134

Timur (Tamerlane), drives the Knights Hospitallers from Smyrna to Rhodes (1403), 13

Defeats Turks at Angora (1402), 37

Castilian embassy to (1402), 37

Invasion of India by (1398–1399), 82

Torbay, first voyage of East India Company sails from (1601), 246

Tordesillas, treaty of (1494), between Spain and Portugal, and Papal division of the new world, 61–67, 197

Toscanelli, Florentine astronomer, letter and chart of, quoted, 58

Trade affected by the Crusades, 12

Early, at Malabar, 23, 24, 29, 75, 81

Early, at Ceylon, 24–27, 29, 78

Early, at Malacca, 27, 29, 78

Northern European, 34–35, 172–216, 220–221

Of Ceuta, 43–44

Papal influence on maritime discovery and, in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 59, 63–66, 85, 95,116–117, 167–168, 173

Profits accruing to Portuguese sea-captains from private, 153

Ships’ crews allowed to indulge in a small way, in private, 154–155

Private, from port to port defies all control, 155–156

Private, ruins the royal trade, 155–157

Private, a source of political weakness, 157

Private, abortive efforts of the Portuguese to check, 158

Private, “pass system” ineffectual to check, 161

Private, the result of inadequate salaries, 162–163

Private, English forbidden by the charter of 1600 to indulge in, 231

Distinction between private and licensed, 253

Trade-route, middle or Syrian, 1, 2–14, 31–32

Northern, or Black Sea, 1, 13–20, 32–35, 36–37

Southern, or Red Sea and Egyptian, 1, 20–33, 78, 124

Indo-Egyptian, 19–24, 29–33, 77–78, 124–127, 151–153, 167

Trade-routes, closing of the old Asiatic, 1–35

Struggle for the, 1, 5–34

Blocked by the Turks, 1, 19, 31–33, 202, 205, 207, 208

Power gained by command of, 2

Ancient, in the hands of Semitic races, 3–10, 29

Captured by Romans, 9–11

Captured by Saracens, 11–13

Captured by Turks, 13, 31–35

Early Chinese, 27–31

Trajan, 11

Treaties, Portuguese, with Cochin (1500), 86

Portuguese, with Quilon (1503), 90, (1520) 123

Portuguese, with Ormuz (1507), 100, (1523) 123

Portuguese, with Calicut (1513), 120, (1515, 1540) 121

Portuguese, with Amene (1560), 127

Portuguese, with Gujarat (1534), 128

A factor in European diplomacy, 131

Portuguese, with Tidore (1528), 171, 172

Treaty of Windsor (between England and Portugal, 1386), 40, (1489) 172, (1572) 204

Of Alcagora (between Spain and Portugal, 1479), 62

Of Tordesillas (between Spain and Portugal, 1494), 64, 65, 197

Policy of Portugal in Asia, 119–120

Of Vervins (1598), 225

Trebizond, 14, 18–19

Troy, fall of, 3

Turkish conquest of Egypt (1516–1517), 32–33, 97, 103, 109, 125–126

Struggle with Portugal for the command of the Indian seas, 93, 97–98, 99, 139, 167

Struggle centres around Aden, 124–125

Turks (or Rumes) block the Eastern trade-routes in the fifteenth century, 1, 19, 31–34, 202, 205, 207, 208

Capture the Syrian route, 12, 13, 208

Invasion of Persia by the Seljuk (1038), 13

Under Chingiz Khan ravage Poland (1206), 13

Capture the Constantinople trade-route (1453), 19, 31, 33

Capture the Black Sea factories (1475), 19

Supremacy of the, in the Mediterranean, 31–34, 209

Fail at Rhodes, but conquer Otranto, 32

Crush the naval forces of Venice at Zonchio and Lepanto (1499), 32

Attacked by Portugal in European and Asiatic waters (1506–1507), 99

Albuquerque haunted by fear of the, 103, 115`

Attack Diu (1545), Malacca (1547) , and sack Muscat (1551, 1581), 110

Defeated at Lepanto (1571), 111

English trade with the, 205, 222

Tyre, ancient trade emporium, 2–5, 9

Eclipsed by Alexandria, 21

V

Varnish, origin of the name, 22

Varthema, Ludovico di, travels of, 38

Vasco da Gama, see Gama

Vatteluttu alphabet, 80

Venice and the Syrian and Black Sea trade-routes, 12, 16–19, 37, 167, 208

Trade of, in Alexandria, 30

Ruins Genoa’s sea power, 31

Makes peace with the Turks (1454), 31

Struggles of, with the Moors and Turks, 31–32, 34, 199

Establishes her Levant trade centre at Famagusta (1475), 33

Decline of, 34–35

Pilots of, in Portugal, 44

Coalition of, with the Turks against Portugal to protect her Indian trade, 95, 167–168

Offers to buy up all surplus Portuguese spices (1521), 168

Secret commerce of, 199

Trade of, with England (1507), 203, 208–209

Verazzani, explores for France (1524), 194

Verde, Cape, islands, Portuguese exploration and trade with (1460), 51

Taken as starting-point for the Papal demarcation line (1493), 63, 64, 66

Vervins, treaty of (1598), 225

Vijayanagar, Hindu kingdom of Southern India (1185–1565), 75, 77

An Indian Christian acts as Prime Minister to the King of (1442), 80

Subjugation of, by the Mohammedans at the battle of Talikot, 82

Volga, trade by the, 14, 182, 221

W

Waigatz Isle, 188, 198

Walsingham, Sir Francis, secretary, 186, 190, 191, 228

Waymouth, George, North-western expedition of (1602), 246–248

Wight, Isle of, Venetian vessel lost off the (1587), 209

William I, of Holland, 205

Williams, William, assayer (1583), 186

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, North-eastern expedition of (1553), 178–181

Reaches Nova Zembla and dies, 180

Windsor, treaty of (1386), 40, 41

Wood, Captain Benjamin, expedition of, to India (1596), 214

Sad end of crew of, 214–215

Z

Zaid, see Abu Zaid

Zaitun (or Chincheu), celebrated ancient trade port in China, 30–31

Zanzibar (or Xengibar), 59

Coast, Portuguese command of (1505), 94

Zonchio, Ottoman defeat of Venetians at (1499), 32

This collection transcribed by Chris Gage
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