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Abd-al-Hamid, extract from Padshah Namah of, regarding Kasim Khan’s siege of Hugli, 277–283
Extract from Padshah Namah of, regarding Shah Jahan’s anti-Christian measures, 283–284
Abraham and his descendants, settlements of, in Asia Minor and Egypt, 4
Abulfeda on the importance of Malacca, 29
Abu Zaid of Ziraf, historian, quoted, 79
Abyssinia, early Christianity in, 60, 61
The Portuguese travellers Covilham and Paiva reach, 60, 61
The country of Prester John, 61
Albuquerque’s project to turn the Nile through the mountains of, 103, 104
Holy Relics from, 108
Acre, ancient trade-route through, 2
Egyptian merchant fleets sailed around, 23
Aden, its command of the Red Sea route, 104, 109, 124–126, 146–147, 168
Blockaded and besieged by the Portuguese, 104, 109, 124, 125–126, 140, 141, 146–147, 152
Occasional submission of, to Portugal, 125
Sultan of Cairo attempts to take, 125
Captured by the Turks under Solyman (1538), 125
Passes again to the Arabs (1630), 126
Adil Khan attacks Goa, 143
Adil Shah, Yusuf, king of Bijapur and Goa, 132–133
Affonso IV of Portugal, 40
Affonso V (the African) of Portugal, 55
Afghan sovereignty in Northern India, decay of, 82
Africa, early circumnavigation of, 47–49
Agnello, Italian assayer, 184
Aguazil (administrator), Timoj a appointed chief, in Goa, 133
Ailly, D’, Cardinal Pierre, Imago Mundi of, quoted, 58
Akaba, Gulf of, Solomon’s harbours on the shores of the, 7
Akbar the Great, founder of the Moghul Empire (1556–1605 A.D.), accession of, 83
Fitch visits the court of, 212
Campaign of, in Surat, 261
Europeans at court of, 263–270
Partab Bar and Barsuba at court of, 265
Farmaliun at court of, 269
Christian missionaries at court of, 269–270
Albergaria, Soarez de, see Soarez
Albuquerque, Affonso de (Affonso d’Alboquerque), second governor of Portuguese India (1509–15), 98, 102–106, 107–108
Policy of, in India and the East, 77, 89–91, 92–93, 103–108, 113–116, 126–127
Hatred of, for the Mussulmans, 81, 99–100, 103–105, 108, 118–120
Project of, for ransoming the Temple of Jerusalem by carrying off the body of Mohammed from Mecca, 81, 104
Protects native Christians in India, 89–91
Zeal of, for Christianity, 89–91, 99–100, 108, 118–119, 162
First expedition of, to India, 89–91
Erects fort at Cochin and factory at Quilon, 90, 115
Second expedition of, to India by way of the Red Sea, 98
Takes Socotra (1507), 99
Protects native Christians in Socotra, 99–100
Treaty of, with Ormuz and control of the Persian Gulf, 100
Mutiny of commanders of (1508), 100–102
Government and conquests of, 102–108, 113–116, 147–149, 151
Project of, to divert the channel of the Nile to the Red Sea, 103–104
Fortress of, at Ormuz (1515), 104, 115, 123–124
Besieges Aden (1513), 104, 125–126
Takes Goa and establishes Portuguese power on west coast of India (1510), 105, 116, 132–134
Takes Malacca and erects a fortress (1511), 106, 115, 126–127
Employs native troops, 140, 149–150
Encourages colonization, 142
Recommends the cultivation of the opium poppy in Portugal, 152
Proposal of, to exterminate Spanish and Portuguese Jews in India, 170–171
Mournful end of, 107–108
Albuquerque, Francisco de (cousin of Affonso), expedition of, to India, 89–90
Death of, 90
Alcacar Sequer taken by Prince Henry of Portugal from the Moors (1458), 55
Alcacora, treaty of, between Spain and Portugal (1479). 62–63
Alexander III, Bull of 1179 of, 64–65
Alexander VI, Bulls of, granting trade privileges and monopolies to Spain and Portugal, 63, 64, 65–66, 85
Alexandria, founded 332 B.C., entrepôt of Indo-European trade, 21, 23, 30–31; 175
Indian merchants in, 27–28
Supposed statue of the river deity Indus in, 28
Venetians in, 31, 168
Library of, 48
Algoa Bay, Bartholemeu Dias reaches (1486), 57
Aijubarrota, battle of (1385), 40
Allah Yar Khan real commander of expedition against the Christians at Hugli, 279–280
Almeida, Dom Francisco da, first viceroy of Portuguese India (1505–09), 93
Government and policy of, 93–99, 114, 117–118
Takes Quiloa in Africa, 94, 148
Together with his son Lourenco overcomes Arab power in the Malabar ports and defeats the Zamorin, 96–97
Victory of, off Diu (1509), 96–98, 101–103
Cruelty of, to prisoners, 117–118
Death of, 103
Almeida, Lourenco da (son of Dom Francisco da Almeida), heroic death of, in sea-fight with the Mussulmans, 97, 102
Alphabets, Phoenician and Sabman, 4
Malayalam (Vattelutta), 80
Alva, Duke of, persecutes the Protestants, 208
Amboyna, clove island in the Moluccas,
Portuguese-Spanish claim to, 227
Amene, Portuguese treaty with, 127
America, Columbus discovers the islands off (1492), 62, 173–174, 175
Verazzani’s expedition to, 194
French settlements in (1555–64), 194
Amurad II, Sultan, father of Yusuf Adil Shah, 132
Antonio, Don, Prior of Crato, claims the throne of Portugal and seeks refuge in England, 191
Antwerp, school of cartography at, 200
Emporium of Eastern trade, 202–203
Commerce of, 202–203, 206
Portuguese entrepôt for Indian produce, 202–203, 206
English, Portuguese, and Spanish merchants in (1550), 203
Ruined by Spain, 206–208
Apes brought to Solomon from India, 8
Arab navigators, 21, 49–50
Geographers, 24, 29, 30, 48
Traders in China, 28, 29
Traders in India, 29, 81, 83, 89–90, 92, 152–153, 158–159
Travellers, 30
Arabia, ancient trade-route through, 2
Under the Romans, 10–11
Opium from, 152–153
Horses imported into India from, 158
“Arabian Nights,” reference to, 49
Archangel, English trade to Persia by way of, 181
Armada, the Spanish, references to, 190, 192, 197, 205, 209
Arms, coats of, of the English East India Company, 255–256
Ascalon, ancient trade-route through, 2
Asia Minor, Phoenician trade to, 3
Trade-routes to, 14–15
Turks in, 37
Astrolabe, Prince Henry’s, 54
Athens, ancient sea-commerce of, 10
Atlantic Ocean, ancient and medieval navigation of, 48–50
Augsburg, mediaeval trade emporium, 34, 217
Decline of, 35
Augustines, convent of the, at Goa, 135
Aviz, house of, see Portugal
Azores reached by Portuguese ships (14th century), 50
Taken as a starting-point for the Papal demarcation line (1493), 63
Sir Francis Drake captures a Spanish vessel off the, 206
Azurara quoted, 54, 59–60
Bab-al-Mandab, straits of, 20
Babylon, ancient trade of, 3, 9, 28
Bacchus appears in the mythological machinery of the “Lusiad,” 71
Bacon, Roger, referred to, 36
Brunetto Latini visits, 53
“Opus Majus” of, quoted, 58
Baghdad, Greek embassy to (917 A.D.), 11–12
Devastated by the Mongols (1258), 13
Ancient trade of, with India, 15
Bahadur Kambu, servant of Shah Jahan, joins Allah Yar Khan at Haldipur in expedition against the Christians at Hugli, 280
Bahmanid dynasty (1347–1525 A.D.), 75, 82
Bantam, Portuguese attack on, 141
Early English trade with, 257
Barbary corsairs as a political factor in the struggle for the Mediterranean, 31–32, 221
Barbosa, Duarte, letters of, quoted, 108–109, 142, 152
Barents, William, Arctic expeditions of (1594–96), 198
Barros, Joiio de, Portuguese historian, quoted, 53–54, 116
Bassein taken by the Portuguese (1534), 132
Protection of mosques of, guaranteed by the Portuguese, 128
Batalha, 42, 47
Baticala, 88
Batuta, Ibn, of Tangiers (1304–77), quoted, 18, 30
Behaim, Martin, improves the astrolabe, 69
Belem (or Restello), chapel at, 73
Bengal, Portuguese in, 113, 165
Low price of slaves in, 141
Portuguese trade with, 156–157
Piracy of Portuguese on Bay of, 165
Fitch’s journey through, 212
Berenice, trade emporium founded by
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 22, 23, 24
Bijapur, a Mohammedan kingdom of Southern India (1489–1688 A.D.), 132–133
Boccaccio, reference to, 51
Bojador, Cape, and Portuguese explorations, 49, 50, 51, 52, 65
Bokhara, Anthony Jenkinson reaches (1557), 181
Bombay, strong position of the Portuguese near, 131, 134
Borgian map, 170
Bostra, capital of the Roman province of Arabia, 11
Bozrah (El Buseireh), ancient trade emporium, 5, 8–9
Brahmans in Malabar, 79
Brasylle (Island of the Blest), 173
Brazil, discovery of, by Portuguese under Cabral (1500), 86
English under Fenton at (1582–83), 189–190
French and Portuguese settlements in, 194
Bristol, John Cabot’s crew from, 68, 175
Charters granted to adventurers of, 172, 175
Exploring expeditions from, 173, 174, 175
Sebastian Cabot born at, 178
Bruges, medieval trade emporium, 34
Decay of, 35, 202
Its sailors and school of cartography, 44, 200
Buddhism carried from Central Asia to Burma, Ceylon, and China, 27
Influence of, on trade, 27
Bulls, Papal, of 1179, 64; of 1454, 59, 65; of 1481, 65; of 1493, 63, 167, 169, 174, 187, 193–197, 201, 219, 227, 232; of 1502, 85; of 1506, 65; of 1514, 65
Burleigh, Lord Cecil, Fenton’s letter to, 189
Issues warrants for voyages to the East, 237–238
Burma, Fitch’s journey through, 212
Burrough, Sir John, 206–207
Burrough, Stephen, expedition of, to find the Northeast Passage (1555–56), 181
Burton, W., mentions the Portuguese as Fringes, 165
Bassorah, Indian trade at, 11–12
Cabot, John, Venetian explorer, discovers North America for England (1497), 68, 175, 176
Cabot, Sebastian (son of John), born in Bristol, 178
Attempts of, to reach India by a northwest and a northeast passage, 176, 178, 179
A cartographer, 178
Governor of the first English East India Company (1551), 179
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, expedition of, to India (1500) and discovery of Brazil, 85–88, 92, 116–117, 122
Rich return cargo of, 151
Cadomosto, Venetian maritime discoverer, quoted. 53
Cairo, great trade of, 30, 104
Calcutta, incidents attendant on the founding of the city of, 297–303
River face of, burned, 299
Trade of, 300–301
Description of, 301–303
Calicut, early trade of, 30, 78
Visits of Vasco da Gama to (1498), 69, 75; (1502) 87–88
Size of, 75–76, 77
Ruler of, 76
Portuguese trade with, 83, 86
Portuguese treaties with, 83, 118, 120–121, 122, 131
Establishment of a Portuguese factory at (1500), 86
Portuguese struggles with the ruler of, 86, 87, 88, 90–92, 95–97, 105, 131, 143, 148
Portuguese fortress at, 115
Samuri (Zamorin) of, orders Christians killed, 288
Samuri of, twice defeated at Cochin, 291
The Jami’ Masjid of, burned by the Christians, 292
Christians in, killed for burning the Jami’ Masjid, 292
Death of the Samuri of, 293
Cambay, Gulf of, Portuguese trade with, 105, 132
Canary Islands, early Portuguese connection with, 51, 63, 154
Cannanore, early trade in, 78
Da Gama visits (1498), 83
Portuguese trade with, 83, 86, 88, 105
Fortress at, 115
Christians build fort at, and engage in spice trade, 288, 291
Cantino, reference to map of (1502), 66
Canton, early trade of, 28
Portuguese at (1527), 166
Cape of Good Hope (Cabo Tormentoso), rounded by Portuguese under Dias (1486), 57, 61
Passed by English (1588), 192–193; (1591) 193, 207
Passed by Dutch (1595), 211, 213, 219
First voyage of the English East India Company around (1601), 246
Cape Route to India, Portuguese quest for, discovery and monopoly of, 42–73, 75–175
Caravels, 52, 53, 66, 145, 147
Cards and dice forbidden in the English voyage of 1578, 185
Forbidden in the English factories in India, 253
Carthage, a Phoenician settlement, 10
Secret commerce of, 199
Cartography, Portuguese school of, 44, 56, 199
Antwerp school of, 200, 208
Cartwright, John, chaplain to Weymouth’s North-western Expedition, 248–251
Caspian Sea, an ancient Eastern trade-route, 1, 14, 182, 221
Castile, relation of, to Portugal, 40, 41, 42
Struggle of, with Portugal and battle of Aljubarrota (1385), 40–42
Cathay (see also China), 27, 175, 179, 181, 182–184, 188, 198
Cavendish, Thomas, voyage of, around the world (1586), 190, 192
Central Asia, early trade-routes through, 13, 14, 15
Ceuta, Portuguese siege of (1415), 42–44
Ceylon, ancient trade centre, 24, 27, 29, 78, 79
Portuguese treaty with, 96
Portuguese control of, 146–147
Christians expelled from, 295
Chaldea, ancient trade centre, 2, 3
Influence of, on early Indian astronomy, 28
Chale, Antonio Fernandes, Malabar native Christian, commands native troops for the Portuguese, 143
Receives state burial, 143
Chanak founds city bearing his name, 300
Chancelor, Richard, North-eastern Expedition of (1553), 180–181
Chandarnagar, European settlements at, 303–304
Charles II of England, charter of, to the
East India Company (1661), 256
Charles V, Emperor, Indian policy of, 170, 173, 203
Charnock, see Chanak
Charter of Henry VII to Anglo-Portuguese adventurers, 172, 203
Of Henry VII to the Cabots, 175–178
Of the Muscovy Company (1554), 181, 220, 236, 247
Of the Cathay Company, 183
Of the Levant or Turkey Company (1581), 205, 221–222; (1593) 205, 210, 212, 221–222, 230–231
Of the States-General to the Dutch East India Company (1602), 219
Of Elizabeth (1600), to the English East India Company, 222, 230–232, 236–237, 238–239, 240–241, 245–246, 256
Charters of Novgorod abolished (1475), 35
For Indo-Portuguese trade (1500), 85–86, 154; (1697) 162
Chera, kingdom in Southern India, 75
Jews in, 80
China (Tzinista, Chinistan, Cathay), Central Asian trade-route through, 13, 14, 15, 16
“Knife-Cash” of, 27
Buddhism spreads from India to, 27
Portuguese explorations in, 146
Portuguese trade with, 153, 226
English attempts to reach, 175, 179–188, 212, 226, 248
Dutch expeditions to, 198
Chingiz Khan, devastations of the Mongols under (1206), 13
Christianity, early, in India, 79–80, 162, 208
Christians, native, in Abyssinia, the land of Prester John, 59–61
Nestorian St. Thomas, of Malabar, a powerful and respected military caste, 80–81, 91, 140, 143
Native, of Socotra, converted to Rome by Albuquerque, 100
Make Mohammedan children slaves and Christians on death of the parents and confiscate their property, 275–276
Ornamentation of places of worship of the, 276
European, contend against the Mohammedans in Malabar and the Deccan, 286–288, 291–297
Erect a fort at Quilon, 292
Treachery of, to new ruler of Calicut, 293
Territory of, 294–295
Persecute the Mohammedans, 295
Cinnamon, of Ceylon, Moslem monopoly of, 126
Portuguese trade in, 151
Clement IV, embassy of, to Tartar chief in Persia (1245), 36
Cloves, Portuguese trade in, 105, 151
Coats of arms of the English East India Company, 255–256
Cochin, Malabar port, early trade at, 78
Portuguese treaty with (1500), 86, 122
First establishment of Portuguese factory at (1500), 86, 87, 92
Portuguese trade and friendly relations with, 88
Albuquerque’s fortress at (1503), 90 92, 115
Pacheco’s defence of, 90–91, 140
Portuguese government at, 93, 105, 122, 148
Portuguese misrule at, 158, 196, 212
English visit to, 212
First fort of Christians in India built at, 288
Coinage, Chinese, 27
Dutch charter for, in the East, 219
English, and the exportation of bullion, 225, 232, 237, 244, 246, 248
Coins, Cufic, in Stockholm, 18
Coke, Sir Edward, “Reports” of, quoted, 116
Columbus, Christopher, sources of information and discoveries of, 55–59
International aspects of the information and discoveries of, to Portugal, Spain, and the European Powers, 61–62, 63, 65–66, 173, 174, 175, 200
Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher, quoted, 58
Commerce, system of secret, before the sixteenth century, 198–202
Companies, Portuguese East India, various, formed, 162
Company, Cathay and early English, 187
Company, Dutch East India, influence of the old tradition of monopoly on, 201
Influence of Linschoten’s travels on, 210, 211
Expedition of, to India, under Houtman (1595) and treaty with the King of Bantam, 210–211, 212
Fifteen “separate” expeditions of the, to the East (1595–1601), 213
Amalgamated into the United East India Company of 1602, 213, 218, 219
Expeditions of the, supported by the Dutch government, ‘217, 237
National aspects of the, 217–220, 237
Capital of the, 218
Management and directors of the, 218–220
Charter rights and privileges of the, 219
Shares and shareholders in the, 219
Policy of armed trade and exclusive monopoly in the East of the, 220
Governors and government of the, in the East, 220
Treaties of, in the East, 220
Company, English East India, Catholic monopoly, strengthened by union of Spain and Portugal, one of the causes leading to the formation of the, 205–206, 221
Linschoten’s and Fitch’s travels and Dutch expeditions one of the causes leading to the formation of the, 210–215
Influence of the Levant company on the formation of the, 222–225
Attempts to procure charter for, in 1599, 216–229
Capital of (1599), 225; (1600) 229–230
Proceedings of, in 1600, 229–231
Constituted by Elizabeth’s charter of Dec. 31, 1600, 230–231
Powers and privileges of, 230–233
Actual working of, as a “Regulated” Company, 235–247, 251–254, 255–258
Waymouth’s North-western Expedition under auspices of the, 248, 251–252
Pietism of the, and family life of its factors in the East, 252–256
Three periods of the, from 1600 to 1661, 256–258
Company, English Muscovy or Russian, formation and character of the (1554), 181, 247
Trade of, 168, 197–198, 216, 220–222, 234, 235
North-eastern Expedition of (1580), 188
Eastern trade of, through Russia to Persia, 197, 214, 220–221, 236
Company, English Turkey or Levant, charter of 1581, 205, 222
Extended charter of 1593 of the, 205, 212, 214, 221
East India Company an outgrowth of the, 222, 225
Founders of the, 222–231
Difficulties of Mediterranean trade of the, 235
Rivalry of the, with the East India Company, 247
Compass, mariners’, early forms of, 53
Congo, Portuguese discovery of the (1484), 56
Constantinople captured by Crusaders, 13
Mediaeval trade with, 16–19
Taken by the Turks, 19, 31, 33
Expulsion of Venetians from, 31
Coptos, 22
Corsairs, rise of the Barbary, as a political factor (1492), 31–32
Admirals, the great (1504). 32
All Europeans except the Portuguese coming within the line, branded as, by Saragossa Convention, 171
Barbary, bought off by the Levant Corporation, 221
Cosmas Indicopleustes, quoted, 24, 25, 37, 78
Coutinho, Dom Fernão de (1509), 102
Covilham, Pedro de (1487), 60–61, 67
Explores overland, 60–61
Cranganore (Kodungalur), ancient capital of Chera, 78
Early Roman trade and temple at, 78
Destroyed by the Portuguese (1504), 91
Portuguese governorship of, given as a dowry, 165
Christians established at, in 943 A.H. (1536 A.D.), 294
Crimea, mediaeval trade with, 16–18
Cromwell, Oliver, disregards the Papal Bull of 1493, 197, 227
Crusades, influence of, on Syrian trade-route, 12, 30, 36
Influence of, on the Mussulmans, 81
Cuba mistaken by Columbus for Japan (1492), 62, 174
Cumberland, Earl of, sells Mare Scurge or Red Dragon to the East India Company (1600), 229
Cunha, Nuno da, governor of Portuguese India, cruelty of, to the natives at Mete, 118
Levies a fine on Ormuz, 123–124
Expedition of, against Aden (1530), 141
Cunha, Tristiio da, commands the Portuguese expedition to India (1506), 99
Curiate, see Kuriyat
Cyrus river trade-route, 14
Da Gama, see Gama
D’Ailly, see Ailly, D’
Daman taken by the Portuguese, 132
Shipbuilding at, 145
Damascus, trade emporium, 2, 5, 6, 9
Danish northern exploration (1476), 173
Darius, nephew of, African voyage of, 48
Dartford, 187
David, King, conquests and trade policy of, 5, 6
Davis (Davies), John, voyages of, to discover the Northwest Passage (1585–1587), 190–191
Sails with Houtman to India (1598), 213
Straits, 248
Deccan, the, comes into the possession of the Kings of Delhi, 287
Jews and Christians settle in the, 287
Delhi, decay of early Afghan dynasties of, 82–83
Demarcation line of Papal Bull in 1493, 63–67, 85, 168–169
Deptford, East India Company buys ships at (1600), 229, 255
Deuteronomy, quoted, 21
Dias, Bartholemeu, Portuguese navigator, rounds the Cape of Good Hope (1486), 57–58, 60–61, 67–68
Diniz, King of Portugal, 40
Diu, naval victory of the Portuguese under Almeida against the Moslems, at (1509), 97, 102, 110, 117, 131
Attacked by the Turks (1545), 109
Albuquerque urges the erection of a fortress at, 115
Becomes a Portuguese stronghold (1535), 132, 134, 147
Portuguese expedition against (1522), 139
Revenues from, 153
Drake, Sir Francis, voyage around the world of, 187, 190, 192, 206, 216, 234
Duarte, King of Portugal, 42
Dudley, Sir Robert, encourages Indian trade (1596), 214
Dupleix, Indian policy of, anticipated by the Portuguese and Dutch, 149
Edom, trade-route through, 3–8
Edward, the Black Prince, proposed Portuguese marriage of, 40
Edward I, of England, friendship of, with Portugal, 40
Edward II, of England, friendship of, with Portugal, 40
Edward III, of England, alliance and comshmerce of, with Portugal, 40
Edward VI, of England, maritime exploration under, and letter of, to Eastern potentates, 179
Egypt, emporium for Eastern and African products, 1, 3–4
Demand for Eastern products in ancient times, 3
Indo-European trade by way of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 208
Seized by the Turks, 32, 97, 103–104, 125
Elizabeth, Queen of England, sea policy and trade charters of, 182–197, 204–258
Letters of, to the kings of the East Indies and China, 212, 245–246, 248
Emmanuel the Fortunate, of Portugal, 201
Encourages the quest for India, 67–73
Expeditions to, and policy of, in India, 84–122, 146–147, 153–156
English, alliances of the, with Portugal, 39–43, 172, 203, 204
Attempts of, to reach India, 167–215, 246–248, 251–252
Struggle and relations of, with Spain, 187–209, 214–215, 221, 225–229, 231–232, 236–237, 256
Rivalry, struggle, and negotiations of, with Holland for the Eastern trade, 212–222, 256
Rivalry and struggle of, with Portugal for the Indian trade, 256
Power of the, established in India, 296
Permitted by Aurangzib to build factories in his empire, 300
Eratosthenes, quoted, 48
Erzeroum, trade-route by, 19
Esquimaux, Frobisher brings back an (1576), 183
Euphrates, Lower, a great trade mart, 2
Abraham starts from, for Egypt, 4–5, 6
Europeans, at Akbar’s court, 263–270
Grant passes for ships to Mecca, 270–272
Under Jahangir’s reign, 272–274
At Hugli in Shah Jahan’s time, 274–284
Customs of, at Hugli in Mohammad Shah’s time, 284–286
Settlements of, at Chandarnagar, 303–304
Famagusta in Cyprus, Venetian trade emporium (1475), 33
Taken by the Turks (1570–1571), 33
Faria, Pedro de, letter of, quoted, 143
Farmaliun, a friar of Goa, visits court of Akbar, 269
Fenton, Captain Edward, expedition of, toward India by the southern routes, 188–189
Reaches Brazil, buccaneers, and returns to England (1582–1583), 189–190
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expel the Jews and Moors, 32–33
Employ Columbus to explore for Spain, 63, 65, 174
Policy and negotiations of, with England, 174
Employ Sebastian Cabot as a cartographer, 178
Fernando of Portugal, “the Constant Prince,” 42
Fitch, Ralph, English trader in India (1583), 135
Influence of travels of, on English Eastern enterprise, 210, 212
Flanders, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40
Map makers and gravers of, in the sixteenth century, 200–201
Commerce of, 206–208
Florida, French colonies in, and their destruction by the Spaniards, 195
Fortifications, Portuguese policy of, in the East, 87, 114–115
Forts, Portuguese, at Calicut, 115
Portuguese, at Cannanore, 88, 115
Portuguese, at Cochin, 90, 92, 115
Portuguese, at Diu, 132, 134, 147
Portuguese, at Malacca, 106, 115, 126–127
Portuguese, at Ormuz, 104, 115, 123–124
Portuguese, at Socotra, 99
Dutch, in the East, 219, 220
Founders’ Hall, 216, 220, 229
Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs,” 255
France, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40
Exploring expeditions of, 168, 194
Relations of, with England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 177–178, 191, 194
Struggle of, with the Pope, 194
Treaty of, with Spain (1598), 225
Francis I of France ridicules the Papal demarcation line, 194
Franciscan friars, at Soldaia (1280), 17–18
Sent to India from Portugal (1500), 86, 116–117
In Socotra (1507), 100
Freitas, Jordao de, obtains Amboyna as a gift, 163
Frobisher, Martin, North-western expeditions and supposed gold discovery of (1576–1578), 182–188, 234
Fuggers, merchants of Augsburg, 34, 217
Galleys and Galleons, 52, 144–145, 147–148
Gama, Vasco da, first voyage of, to India (1497–1499), 2, 67–76, 80–88, 98, 162, 172, 200, 201–202, 208
Reaches India by way of the Cape route (1498), 69–73
Death of the brother of, 69
Treaty of, with Cannanore (1498), 83–84
Second voyage of (1502), 87–88, 92, 117, 154
Establishes shore agencies, 88, 92
Cruelty of, to the natives, 88–89, 117–118
Rich return cargo of, 151
Gampu, 29
Gaunt, John of, family connection with Spain and Portugal, 40–42
Genoa and the Eastern trade-routes, 12, 16–20, 31, 33, 34, 37, 49
Struggle of, with the Moors, 32
Pilots and navigators of, 44, 49, 50–51, 56
Germany, the Reformation in, 194
Ghats, Eastern and Western, 74–75
Ghori Sultans of Egypt, decline of dynasty of, 292
Gibraltar, Straits of, Spanish command of, 209, 221
Ginger, one of the spices of the Malabar coast as distinguished from the more costly spices of the Eastern Archipelago, 105
Albuquerque secures the trade in, on the Malabar coast, 126
Portuguese trade in, 151
Goa, Inquisition at, 56
Captured by Albuquerque and made capital of Portuguese India (1510), 105–108, 116, 131–135, 140
Anchorage and harbour of, 134
Ancient, 135
Wealth and luxury of, 135–139
Native troops and trade of, 141–143, 145, 153–154, 158
Corruption of Portuguese in, 166, 212
Linschoten at, 210
Fitch visits (1583–1584), 212
European articles in, 264
Fort of, headquarters of the Christians, 292, 293
Gold, mines of, in Africa, 153
Frobisher’s supposed discovery of, 184, 186
Non-exportation of, 232
Gomez, Diogo, quoted, 47
Gothland, early trade of, 18
Gravesend, Hore sails from, 177
Frobisher sails from, 183
Greece, Phoenician alphabet carried to, 4
Asiatic trade of, 29
Greenwich, 191
Greville, Fulke (1600), 228
Guinea, Portuguese trade and proselytism in, 55, 57, 59, 204–205
English trade with, 204
Gujarat, Portuguese treaties with, and control of, 131, 132
Comes into possession of the Kings of Delhi, 287
“Hall of Worship” scene of a religious discussion by a Portuguese Christian, 265–266
Hamilcar, 142
Hanno, expedition of, to Africa, 48, 50
Hanseatic trade, 18, 34–35
In London, 178–179
Harwich, Frobisher returns to (1576), 183
Frobisher sails from (1578), 185
Hebrews command the Indo-Syrian trade-route, 4–10
Early colonies of, in India, 29, 79–81
Albuquerque’s persecution of Castilian, in India, 170–171
Henry, Prince of Portugal (The Navigator), life and explorations of, 43–59, 64–65, 200
Tomb of, 44, 47
Henry V, of England, military assistance of, to Portugal, 42
Henry VII, of England, friendly relations of, with Portugal, 172–173, 203
Charters and encouragement of maritime exploration of, 172–173, 174–175, 178
Henry VIII, of England, unites with Spain and Portugal against the Turks, 173
Trade to India under, 176–178, 197, 203–204
Excommunication of, 183–197
Herodotus, quoted, 19–20, 47, 48
Hinduism in Malabar, 78–79
Hindu Kush, ancient trade-route across, 15
Hippalus quoted, 22, 24
Hiram, King of Tyre, 7
Holland, quest of, for India and Cathay by the northeast, 198
Long struggle of, with Spain in Europe and the East, 198, 205–209, 218, 221
Struggle of, with England for the spice trade, 212–215
Fifteen separate voyages under (1595–1601), 213, appendix II, A
Homer, quoted, 3, 21, 48
Hore, Master, quest of, for the North-west passage (1536), 177–178
Horses, Arab, trade in, between Ormuz and Goa, 158
Houtman, Cornelis, led first Dutch fleet around the Cape (1595–1597), 211, 212, 218
Second expedition of, to India (1598), 213
Hugli, Port of, founding of, 277–278
Christians at, besieged and expelled by Shah Jahan, 279–283
Customs of Europeans at, in Mohammad Shah’s time, 284–286
Huguenots, French, colonies of, in Brazil and Florida, 194–195
Husain, Amir (Mir Hocem), Egyptian admiral (1508), 96–97
Husbands, Samuel, 240
Iceland (Ultima Thule), voyage of Columbus to, 173
“Imago Mundi” of D’Ailly quoted, 58
Inayat-Allah, son of Kasim Khan, sent against the Christians at Hugli, 279-280
India, old trade-routes to, and early accounts of, 1–35
Influence of the early Babylonian trade (7th century B.C.), on the alphabet of, 4
Quest for, by sea, 36–73
During Portuguese rule, 74–166
England’s attempts to reach, 167–215
Indian trade, struggle between Portuguese and Arabs for, 83, 85–101, 104–106, 108–110, 114–118, 124–128, 131, 152–153
Indo-Chinese trade-routes and early trade, 27–31, 151
Indus, supposed statue of, in Alexandria, 28
Inquisition in Europe, 203, 206
Ionian settlements on the Nile, 21
Isaiah, quoted, 2
Islam established in the Deccan and Gujarat, 287
Ivan III, of Russia, abolishes the charters of Novgorod (1475), 35
Ivan IV, of Russia, destroys Novgorod, 35
Grants freedom of trade to English ships (1554), 181
Jackman, North-eastern expedition of (1580), 188
Jaliat, Christians found fort at, 293
Fort of, captured from Christians. 295
James I, of England, letters of, to Eastern princes, 246
Japan, Portuguese trade with, 146–147, 153
Java, Portuguese power in, 113
English claim to trade with, 227
Jenkinson, Anthony, opens out English trade through Russia (1557), 181–182
Jerusalem commands the Syrian trade-route, 5, 8, 12
Relation of, to the crusading commerce, 95–96 ‘
Jews exterminated by the new ruler of Calicut, 293
Jode, de, Flemish engraver, 200
John, Don, of Austria, persecutes Protestants in the Netherlands (1578), 208
John I (The Great), of Portugal, and his
English alliance, 39–42
John II, of Portugal, his trade policy and encouragement of exploration, 57–63
Death of, 67–68
John III, of Portugal, Portuguese conshquests and policy in India under, 139–175
John XXII, Pope, complains of Mongol persecution of Christians in Soldaia (1323), 18
Jordan Valley, commercial products of the, 6
Joseph, sale of, 4
Julius II, Pope, Bull of (1506), 64
Juvenal, quoted, 139
Kaff a, ancient trade emporium, 16, 19
Kalikot, see Calicut
Kane, Indo-Egyptian trade-route by way of, 23
Kasim, naval expedition of, against Sind (711), 28–29
Kasim Khan, governor of Bengal, besieges the Christians in Hugh, 277, 279–283
Kathiawar, Portuguese naval control of, 147
Kerala, kingdom of, 76–77
Khosru Parviz, Sasanian king, 15
Khwaja Sher, assists in Shah Jahan’s expedition against the Christians at Hughz, 280
Kills many Christian fugitives at Hugh, 282
Knight, John, North-western expedition of (1606), 251
Knights Hospitallers, 13, 31
Knights Templars, 54
Kodungalur, see Cranganore
Kola, Dutch trade at (1565), 197–193
Dutch factory at, 197–198
Koli-Kukkuga (Calicut), 76
Kosair, 21
Kura (Cyrus) river, 14
Kuriyat, Portuguese bombardment of (1507), 100
Laccadives, Portuguese treaties with, 127–128
Lafoden Islands, 180
Lancaster, James, surviving captain of first English expedition to India by the Cape route (1591–1594), 193–194, 213–214
Latini, Brunetto, visits Roger Bacon and discusses the compass, 53
Laurentian, or Medicean, portulan, fourteenth-century chart, 47, 49, 50, 199
Laws and By-laws, 244–245
Leo X, Pope, Bull of (1514), 64
Lepanto, battles of, Turks defeat Venetians in (1499), 32
Turks defeated at (1571), 111
Letters, of Queen Elizabeth to Eastern potentates, 248
Of James I, 246
Levant, ancient trade-route to the, 1–14
Turkish command of the route to the, 32–35
Venetian trade in the, 35, 168
English trade in the, 183, 197, 205, 221, 222
Licenses, granted to Venetians to trade with Portuguese in London (1507), 203
Portuguese, for trade granted to the Fuggers of Augsburg, 216–217
Granted by the Portuguese in India to native traders, 161
Of Elizabeth for Lancaster’s voyage (1591), 193
Power of the English East India Company to grant, for trade in the East, 231, 253
Linschoten, John Huyghen van, influence of, on Dutch and English exploration, 210–213
Travels of, 210–215
Lisbon, trade emporium of Eastern commerce, 35
Indian department at, 161, 162, 164, 218
Commerce of, 201–203
English prisoners at, 255
Lloyds, 236, 256
Lok, Michael, finances Frobisher’s voyages, and is ruined, 182–183, 186–187
London, Hanseatic trade quarrel in (1547), 178–179
Merchant Adventurers of (1551–1553), 179
Trade of, in Eastern commodities with Antwerp (1550–1560), 203
Trade organizations, City Companies, Lloyd’s, and Stock Exchange the representatives of medieval, 236, 256
Louis IX (St.), 36
Lubeck, one of the Hanseatic League, 34
Macao, in China, Spanish-Portuguese right to, 226
Mace, one of the precious spices of the Eastern Archipelago as distinguished from the cheaper spices of the Malabar coast, 126
Portuguese trade in, 151
Machado, Diogo Barbosa, quoted, 103, 104, 115
Madagascar (Island of the Moon), Covilham’s notice of, 60–61
Portuguese expedition to (sixteenth century), 106
Madeira, early discovery of (1344), 50–51
Albuquerque demands miners from, 104
“Madre de Deos,” Portuguese ship captured by the English (1592), 207, 227
Magellan, South-western expedition of, to India and round the world (1519–1522), 169–170
Discovers the straits to which he gives his name, 169
Magellan, Straits of, 169, 173, 189, 190, 192, 213, 219, 231
Mahmud, Sultan of Gujarat, sends fleet, which is defeated, against Christians at Chand, 291–292
Malabar, port of Indo-Egyptian trade-route, early trade of, 23, 24, 77–78
Origin and extent of chiefdoms of, 75–77
Religious toleration in, 77–79
Malacca, straits and ancient trade emporium, 29, 78, 106
Portuguese factory at (1508), 106
Albuquerque’s conquest of (1511), 106–107, 120
Turks attack (1547), 109–110
Garrison of, (1530) 163, (1567) 142
Revenues of, 153–154, 157
English reach (1591), 193, 212
Malayalam alphabet, 80
Malik Khan (Mealecão), Portuguese contract with (1555), 128
Manila, Spanish-Portuguese right to, 226
Mansfield, Lord, 116
Mansur Ghori, Sultan of Egypt, sends fleet, which is defeated, against
Christians assembled at Chand, 291–292
Map, new, with the Augmentation of the Indies (1600), 228
Mappillas (Moplahs), old term for both Mussulmans and Christians in Malabar, 199
Marine surveying in Asia, commencement of, 146–147
Marinus of Tyre, 48
Maritime discovery, made possible by the progress of nautical science, 50–73, 145, 199–201
Marmagao, 135
Marseilles, mediaeval Eastern trade of, 168
Mary, Queen of England, English trade and explorations under, 181–182, 220, 236
Matricola, the Register of Portuguese possessions in the East Indies, captured by the English (1592), 227
Maximilian, Emperor of Austria, vengeance of, on Bruges for its revolts, 202
Mecca, Cabot visits, 175
Europeans grant passes for ships to, 270–272
Medicean map (Laurentian portulan), 49, 199
Mediterranean, early commerce on the, 1, 3, 10, 12, 13, 199
Struggle for, and Turkish control of the, 31–35
Charts of the, 47, 199–201
Early fleets on the, 52–53
Trade to India, by way of the (sixteenth century), 92–93, 168–169
English trade in the, 167, 204, 209, 221, 222
Spanish command of the, 209, 221
Medway, Dutch sail up, 215
Melinde, in Africa, Portuguese control of, 94
Mercator, Gerard, geographer, 200
Merchants of the Staple, 236
Mesopotamia, ancient trade-route, by way of, 2
Mete (“Island of the Dead”), Portuguese cruelties at (1535), 118
Milan, Spanish control of the duchy of, 209
Mildenhall (or Midnall), John, commercial mission of, to India (1599), 222
Missionaries, Christian, at court of Akbar, 269–270
Moghul Empire not established when Portuguese landed in India (1498), 74, 83
Effect of its establishment and its decline on European Powers in India, 149–150
Mohammed, Camoens’s conception of, 71
Albuquerque’s design to carry off the bones of, 104
Mohammedanism, enforced conversion of some Christians to, by Shah Jahan, 283–284
Rise of, 287
Mohammedans and European Christians, conflicts between, 286–288, 291–297
Moluccas, see Spice Islands
Mombassa, Portuguese control over, 94
Mongols devastate Asia and obstruct the trade-routes, 13, 18–20, 31
Monson, Sir William, “Naval Tracts” of, quoted, 199
Monsoons, discovery of, and effect on Indo-Egyptian trade, 22–23, 31
Moors, expulsion of, from Spain, 32
Piracy of, in the Mediterranean, 31–32
Possessions of, in Spain, 38
Struggle of, with the Portuguese, 40, 42–44, 54–55, 89–90
Morocco, English embassy to the Emperor of (1577), and establishment of trade in, 204–205
Moslems, struggle of the Egyptian, with the Portuguese for the Indian seas, 94–104, 10 110, 114–115, 131
Mosques, Portuguese protection of (1534), 128
Motley, John Lothrop, quoted, 35
Mozambique, Portuguese control of, 94, 108, 153
Muscat, Portuguese bombard and take (1507), 100
Turks sack (1581), 110
Mussulmans, in Southern India, Indian and Arab elements of, 79, 81–91
Struggle of, with the Portuguese, 92- 165
Allowed by the inhabitants .to settle in the Deccan and Hindustan, 287
Myos Hormos, trade emporium, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus (274 n. c.), 22–23
Nairs, military tribe of South-western India, 78–80
Employed in Portuguese army, 91, 140
Namur, 208
Naples, Spanish control of, 209
Native alliances, part of the Portuguese policy, 83–85, 86, 87–91, 96, 119–121, 126–131, 148–150
Part of the Dutch policy, 220
Native troops employed by Portuguese, 90–91, 140–144
Employed long before Dupleix, 149–150
Nautical instruments, development of, made maritime discovery possible, 50–73, 145, 199–201
Navigation, Portuguese school for scientific, 44, 56, 200
Difficulties of early, 48–54
Portuguese ships and expeditions for (thirteenth to sixteenth centuries), 49–56, 68 85, 106, 115, 120–121, 124–125, 131, 139, 141, 144–156
Columbus’s and Da Gama’s fleets for, 68–69
Antwerp school for scientific, 200
Neck, Van, expeditions of, to India (1598), 213, 214
Newcastle, coal-ships at (sixteenth century), 221
Newfoundland, discovery of, referred to, 176
English ships at, 176–177, 193, 204
Portuguese, Spanish, and English fisheries at, 204
Nicholas V, Pope, Bulls of, quoted, 44, 59, 65
Nicote, Portuguese soldier, proclaimed king of Pegu, 163
Nile, Indo-European trade by way of the, 1, 3, 4, 21, 22, 33
Carian and Ionian settlements on the, 21
Albuquerque’s design for diverting waters of the, to the Red Sea, 103–104
Valley, Moslem trade with the, 104
Non, Cape, navigation of, 49, 54
Northeast Passage, Sir Hugh Willoughby (1553) attempts to reach India by the, 178–181
Chancelor and Burroughs (1555–1556) attempt to reach India by the, 181
Anthony Jenkinson urges exploration by the (1565), 182
Jackman and Pet sent by the Muscovy Company (1580), to reach India by the, 188
Resolve to discover the (1583), 190
William Barents’s three voyages (1594, 1595, 1596) to discover the, 198–199
Northwest Passage, John Scolus (1476) attempts to reach India by the, 173
Thylde (1480) attempts to reach India by the, 173
Various expeditions from Bristol (1491–1498) attempt to reach India by the, 173
John Cabot (1497) attempts to reach India by the, 175
Further expeditions (1498–1502) attempt to reach India by the, 175
To the Spice Islands advocated by Robert Thorne and an expedition sent out (1527), 176–177
Hore’s attempt (1536) to reach India by the, 177–178
Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s “Discourse,” urging the discovery of the (1566–1567), 182
Frobisher’s three voyages to reach India by the, (1576) 183, (1577) 184–185, (1578) 185–186
Fenton’s attempt (1582) to reach India by the, 188–190
Three voyages of John Davis (1585, 1586, 1587) to attempt to reach India by the, 190–191
Verazzani commissioned to make discoveries (1524) regarding the reaching of India by the, 194
Waymouth sent by the East India Company (1602) to reach India by the, 246–248, 251
Another expedition by Waymouth resolved on by the East India Company (1602) in an attempt to reach India by the, 251
Knight’s voyage (1606) attempting to reach India by the, 251
Nova, João da, expedition to India (1501) and policy of, 87
Death of, 102
Nova Zembla, Sir Hugh Willoughby reaches, 180
Dutch at, 198
Novgorod, ancient trade emporium of, 18
One of the Hanse towns, 34
Abolition of the charters (1475) and decay of, 35
Nutmegs, Portuguese trade in, 151
Observatory, first Portuguese, 44, 56
Odenathus, 10–11
Onor, Portuguese dealings with, 148
Ophir (Abhira or Sopheira), 7
Opium, medieval trade in, from Arabia and Egypt to India and China, 152
Albuquerque recommends cultivation of, in Portugal, 152
Order of Christ, Prince Henry the Navigator Grand Master of the, 44, 54
Privileges granted to the, 55, 65
Missionary zeal of the, 72–73
A Malabar Christian made knight of the, 143
Ormuz, Covilham travels through, 61
Albuquerque attacks (1507), and makes the treaties with, 100–101, 120–121, 123–124
Albuquerque’s fortress at, 100, 104, 115, 121, 123
Portuguese control of, 113, 121, 123–125, 157–158
Albuquerque’s conquest of (1515), 140
Horse trade of, 158
Fitch and his companions taken prisoners at, 212
Ortelius, Abraham, geographer, 200
Osborn, Sir Edward, a founder of the Levant Company (1581), 222
Otranto taken by the Turks (1480), 32
Ovid, 48
Oxus, ancient northern trade-route by way of the, 1, 13–19, 22
Pacem, in Sumatra, Portuguese treaty with (1511), 148
Pacheco, Duarte, Portuguese captain, victories of, at Cochin and Quilon, 90, 92, 140
Death of, 91
Paiva, Affonso de, travels of, 60
Palestine, trade-route through, 3, 4
Palmyra, trade emporium, 6, 10, 15
Panjim, 135
Papal influence on trade during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 59, 63–67, 85, 95, 115–117, 167–168, 193–197
Parnel, Portuguese attack, 142
Patricius, 24
Peacocks, Indian origin of, 8
Pedro, Prince of Portugal, traveller, 42, 200
Pegu, Portuguese soldier proclaimed king of, 163
Pepper, one of the cheaper spices as distinguished from the more precious spices of the Eastern Archipelago, 105
Portuguese offer to supply the Turks with, in exchange for wheat (1541), 110
Portuguese royal monopoly of, at Quilon (1520), 123
Albuquerque secures trade of, on the Malabar coast (1511), 126
Portuguese trade in, 151
Lancaster’s trade in (1594), 193
Dutch raise the price of, against the English (1599), 221
Warrants to restrain the sale of, in England, until the royal share was disposed of, 238
Pera, 19
Perkins, William, works of, sent out to India (1611), 255
Persia as a Mediterranean power, 9
Papal embassy to Tartar chief in, 36
Persian Gulf, Indian trade byway of the, 2, 29, 78, 151
Chaldean and Saban trade on the, 3, 4
Portuguese struggle for and command of the, 100–102, 104–113, 123–125, 132, 146–147, 151
Pet, North-eastern expedition of, and discovery of the straits bearing his name (1580), 188
Peutingerian Tables, quoted, 78, 200
Pharaoh Necho, early maritime explorations of, 47
Phasis, trade emporium, 14, 16
Pheasant brought from Phasis, 14
Philip II, of Spain, union of Spain and Portugal under, and its effect on European policy (1580), 190, 191, 205, 209
Attempts of, to fortify the Straits of Magellan, 192
Sends the Spanish Armada against England (1588), 192–193
Destruction of Armada of, throws open the ocean route to the East, 197, 205, 209
Forbids Dutch vessels to trade with Spain and ruins Antwerp, 206–207
Wages war against the Dutch in the East (1597–1598), 218
Philippa of England, wife of John I of Portugal, life and influence of, 41–43
Tomb of, 42, 46–47
Philippines, Magellan killed at the (1521), 169
Spanish-Portuguese right to the, 226
Phoenicians, 3
Alphabet of the, 4
Command the outlets of the Syrian trade-route, 4, 5–8, 10, 21
Piratas, a name applied to the English by the Portuguese,. 67
Pirates, all intruders beyond Lisbon to the south treated as, 201
Pisa and the Syrian trade-route, 12
Polo, Marco, the Elder, will of, 17–18
The Younger, travels and works of. 37, 58, 199
Pompey, 10–11
Porto Santo, Portuguese discovery of (1418–1420), 32
Portugal, medieval position of, in Europe, 39, 208
Heroic age of, under the House of Aviz, 39–173, 200–203
English alliances with, 39–43
Prince Henry of, 43–44, 49–56
Struggle of, with Islam for the Indian Seas (1500–1600), 74–112
Native alliances and treaties of, 83–84, 119–133
Native troops employed by, 91, 140–144
Sphere of influence and coast line of, 113, 145–148
Rewards Timoja, 133
Native troops employed by, long before the time of Dupleix, 149
Union of Spain and (1580), 170, 172, 190
Don Antonio, a claimant for, encouraged in England (1581), 191
Makes Antwerp her Northern European entrepôt for Indian produce, 202–203
Portuguese rule, conquest and conversion the basis of, in Africa, 38, 39, 42–44, 54, 55, 56, 59–60
Crusading spirit of the, in Africa and India. 38–44, 54–60, 71–73, 80–82, 95, 107–111, 116–117, 118–119, 162, 208
Quest for, and monopoly of, the Cape route to India, 44–73
Quest for the Christian land of Prester John, 59–61, 108–109
Rule, conquest and conversion the basis of, in the East, 71–73, 81, 85–87, 95–96, 107–109, 111, 116–117, 118–119, 121–122
Trade and treaties on the Malabar coast, 74–85
Territorial power ‘established by Albuquerque in the East, (1503) 89–91, (1509–15) 98–112
Protect the Nestorian St. Thomas Christians, 90–91, 123, 128
Crusading spirit and conversion form
part of the policy of, 91, 116–120
India, Almeida first viceroy of (1505–1509), 93–103
Religious toleration of, 123, 128
Prohibit shipbuilding in west-coast Indian ports, 131
Capture Goa (1510), 116, 132
Policy in Asia (1500–1600), 135–166
System of slave labour, 136, 141, 144
Army and navy in Asia (sixteenth century), 139–151, 163
System of colonization, 142, 164–165
Shipbuilding of the, in India, 145
Piratical methods of the, against Moslems, 151–153
African Company, formation of the, 154–155
Buccaneers in the narrow seas, in the Bay of Bengal and Canton, 165–166
Struggle with Spain in the East, and Convention of Saragossa (1529), 168–173
Trade with England, 202–203, 204
Prester John, land of (Abyssinia), Portuguese expeditions to discover, 60–61
Albuquerque’s scheme to conquer the land of, 103–104
Printing in Holland, 200
Psammetichus, King, opens out Indo-Egyptian trade, 20–21
Ptolemaic system of cosmography, 200
Ptolemy Philadelphus, extension of
Indo-Egyptian trade under, 20, 21–22
Quiloa (Kilwa), in Africa, Portuguese fort at, 94, 148
Quilon (Koulam), port in Malabar, early trade of, 30, 78
Portuguese trade and alliance with, 86–91
Portuguese establish a factory at (1502), 88, 90
Portuguese treaties with, 90, 122–124, 128
Portuguese control of, 105, 123
Portuguese establish a fort at (1503), 122–123
Portuguese protect native Christians at, 123
Portuguese monopoly of pepper from, 123
“Quixote, Don” quoted, 163
Rabbah (Rabbath-Ammon), trade emporium, 3, 5, 9, 11
Raymond, George, commander of the first English voyage by way of the Cape (1591), 193
“Rebeldes,” Portuguese use of the term, 67
Red Sea, ancien trade-route by way of, 3, 7, 20–27, 78, 83
Ancient navigation of the, 20, 22–26,49
Portuguese struggle with the Modems for the command of the, 55, 89, 92, 99–101, 104, 109–111, 120, 124–125, 146–147
Reformation, the, and its effect on maritime exploration, 194, 205, 207
Rhinoculora, trade emporium, 4
Rhodes, Knights Hospitallers driven to, 13
Defence of, by Knights Hospitallers, 31–32
Rio Grande, Portuguese reach (1447), 51
Rivadanda, Christians build fort at, 294
Rome commands Eastern trade-routes, 9, 10, 29
Early trade of, with China, 28
Rubruquis visits Tartar headquarters in Asia Minor, 37
Witnesses the battle of Angora (1402), 37
Rumes, see Turks
Russell, Sir William Howard, quoted, 135
Russia, early trade-route through, 14–19
Hanseatic trade of, 18, 34–35
English trade with (1554), 180–181
Rye, Lancaster arrives at (1594), 193
Sabaean alphabet brought to India, 4
Sagres, observatory and school for navigation founded by Prince Henry the Navigator at, 44, 56, 200
Monument of Prince Henry at, 44–45, 51
Salaries, low, of Portuguese soldiers in India, lead to embezzlement, 143–144, 162–163
Of captain and crew, together with cost of a Portuguese ship for India, 150
Insufficient, lead to corruption, desertions, and private trade, 155–164
Saldanha, Antonio, expedition of, to the Red Sea and his policy of destroying the Arab trade, 89, 92
Saldanha Bay, death of Almeida at, 103
Salim of Rum, Sultan, unsuccessful in attack on Christians, 294
Salutes, Portuguese waste of ammunition in, 255
Samuri, see Zamorin
Sancho Panza, 163
San Domingo, English attack on, 227
Sangaca, Fort, Portuguese and native forces at the relief of (1542), 142
Santa Cruz, island off Africa, reached by Dias (1486), 57
Sanuto, Marino, map of, quoted, 49
Saracens, capture Syrian trade-route, 11
Hold Syrian trade-route, 12–13
Struggle of, with Christians, to hold Syrian trade-route, 16, 36
Egypt under the, 30
Saragossa, Convention of (1529), 170. 171, 173, 197
Sardinia tinder Spanish control, 209
Satganw declines as Hugli rises, 278
Scheldt river, opening up of, and trade on, 202, 203
Schutz, German assayer, 185
Scolus, John, Danish pilot, reaches Labrador (1476), 173
Scotland, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40
Semitic races, Syrian trade in the hands of, 3–10
Ousted by the Turks, 33
Senegal River mistaken by Portuguese for the Nile (1454), 59
Senegambia, early Portuguese trade with (1455–1456), 51
Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, expedition of, to Madagascar and Malacca (1508) and establishment of Portuguese trade with Malacca, 106
Sesostris (Ramses I!), 20
Seville, Magellan sails from (1519), 169
Robert Thorne dwells in. 176
Shakespeare, quoted, 228
Ships, development of, and maritime discovery, 50–73, 145, 199–201
Sicily under Spanish control, 209
Sidney, Sir Philip, 148, 184
Sidon, trade emporium, 2
Sighelmus of Sherbourne, mythical mission of, from King Alfred to shrine of St. Thomas, near Madras, 211–212
Silver supplied by America to Spain, drained by the East India trade, 170
English exportation of, 232, 237, 244, 246, 248
“Sinbad the Sailor” a romance of early Arab trade, 29–30
Sixtus IV, Pope, Bull of, confirming trade privileges to Portugal (1481), quoted, 65
Slaves, introduced into Portugal, 55–56, 144, 164
Extensive use of, in Portuguese India, as servants, soldiers, etc., 136, 141, 144
Christian, in Turkey, 227
Smythe, Sir Thomas, a founder of the Levant Company, 222, 229
First governor of the East India Company (1600), 231
Soarez de Albergaria, Lopo, expedition of, to India (1504) and policy of destruction toward Arab ports, 91, 92, 140
Socotra, derivation of the name, 27
Albuquerque takes (1507), destroys Moslems, baptizes the Nestorian Christians into the Catholic Church and erects a fortress, 99–101
Franciscan monastery built by Albuquerque at, 100
Sodre, Vincente, cruelties of, and hostility against the Arabs, 89–90
Sofala, shown on the map of 1457–1459, 59, 60–61
Passes under Portuguese control (1505), 148
Soldaia (Sudak), port and trade emporium, 17–18, 30
Greeks, Venetians, and Genoese traders at, 17–18
Solomon commands the Syrian trade-route to the East, 6–10
Legendary commerce of, with Malabar, 79–80
Solyman the Magnificent takes Aden (1538) and gains command of the Arabian coast, 125–126
Somaliland, early trade of, 4
Southampton, Venetian ship lost off, 209
Spain, Moorish possessions in, 32
Expulsion of Jews and Moors from (1492, 1502), 32
Quest of, for a western route to India leads to the discovery of America, 61–67, 168–169, 173–174, 176, 177
Union of, with Portugal (1580), 144, 170, 172
Struggle of, with the Dutch, and collapse of Spanish-Portuguese power in the East, 161, 198, 205–206, 218
Struggle of, with Portugal, in the Eastern seas, 170–171
Indifference of, to English exploration (1496), 174
English exploration leads to rupture with, 187, 189, 191–192
Effect of union of, with Portugal on English exploration and policy, 189–192, 205
Elizabeth’s vacillating policy toward, 197, 225–226, 237
Struggle of, with England in Europe, 205, 209, 221, 227, 236
Struggle of, with England in the East, 206, 214, 226–227
English trade in the Mediterranean menaced by, 209, 221
Spanish quest for a western route to India and discovery of America, 61–67, 169–170, 176, 177
Destruction of the, Armada in 1588, opens out the southern trade-routes to India, 192, 197, 205, 209–210
Command of the Mediterranean trade, 209, 221
Spice, ancient trade in, 8
Early Portuguese trade in, 83, 86, 92, 106
Trade in, Portuguese royal monopoly of, 123, 154
Trade in, royal monopoly of, sold to a company (1587), 161–162
Spices, Portugal exchanges silver, woollen fabrics, etc., for, 151
Portugal allows her sailors and officers to bring home, privately, 154
Venice offers to buy up all surplus Portuguese (1521), 168
Antwerp supplies England with (1560), 203
Dutch raise price of, against the English (1599), 221
English traders in India bid against each other for, 257
Spice Islands (Moluccas), Albuquerque establishes Portuguese trade with the (1509–1515), 105–106, 126
Spanish ships reach the (1521), 131
Portuguese claim to the, 169
Spanish claim to the, sold to Portugal (1529), 170, 173
Portuguese trade and monopoly in, 170–172, 176
Drake visits the (1578), 187
Fenton sets out for the (1582), 188–189
England claims free trade with the (1599), 226
Spitzbergen, Dutch under Barents reach (1596), 199
Staper, Richard, a founder of the Levant and East India Companies, 222, 229, 231
Staten Island, Barents reaches (1595), 198
Stephens, Thomas, a Jesuit at Goa (1579), said to have been the earliest English resident in India, 211
St. Helena, island, 189
Strabo, quoted, 10
Suez, Gulf of, early navigation of, and trade by way of, 7, 21–22
Sumatra, derivation of name, 27
Becomes subject to Portugal (1511), 148–149
English claim the right of trade with (1599), 226
Fort of, captured from Christians by Ali Hai, 295
Sunda, island, Portuguese treaty with (1532), 127
Surat, fort of, rebuilt, 261–263
Syria, Eastern trade-route through, 1–3, 4, 9, 11–16, 19, 167, 208
Tadmor, 2
Talikot, battle of, and overthrow of the Vijayanagar kingdom (1564), 82
Tartar Khan, embassy of Louis IX to the, on the Black Sea (1253), 36
Tartars, Franciscan friars sent by Pope Clement IV to the, in Persia (1245), 36
Tartary, Cathay or Cataya, a name applied vaguely to, 175–176
Frobisher’s expedition to reach (1577), 184–185
Thebes, ancient trade emporium, 21
Theodosia, ancient trade emporium, 16
Thorne, Master Robert, advocates the North-west Passage (1527), 176
Thylde, Captain, western explorations of (1480), 173
Tidore, one of the Moluccas made over to Portugal by Spain (1529), 127
Becomes a source of tribute to Spain, which tribute was paid in cloves, 127
Spanish-Portuguese claim to, acknowledged by England (1599), 227
Timoja, famous corsair in the East, assists the Portuguese in the taking of Goa (1510), 116, 132
Is largely rewarded, 133
Dies opportunely for the Portuguese (1511), 134
Timur (Tamerlane), drives the Knights Hospitallers from Smyrna to Rhodes (1403), 13
Defeats Turks at Angora (1402), 37
Castilian embassy to (1402), 37
Invasion of India by (1398–1399), 82
Torbay, first voyage of East India Company sails from (1601), 246
Tordesillas, treaty of (1494), between Spain and Portugal, and Papal division of the new world, 61–67, 197
Toscanelli, Florentine astronomer, letter and chart of, quoted, 58
Trade affected by the Crusades, 12
Early, at Malabar, 23, 24, 29, 75, 81
Early, at Ceylon, 24–27, 29, 78
Early, at Malacca, 27, 29, 78
Northern European, 34–35, 172–216, 220–221
Of Ceuta, 43–44
Papal influence on maritime discovery and, in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 59, 63–66, 85, 95,116–117, 167–168, 173
Profits accruing to Portuguese sea-captains from private, 153
Ships’ crews allowed to indulge in a small way, in private, 154–155
Private, from port to port defies all control, 155–156
Private, ruins the royal trade, 155–157
Private, a source of political weakness, 157
Private, abortive efforts of the Portuguese to check, 158
Private, “pass system” ineffectual to check, 161
Private, the result of inadequate salaries, 162–163
Private, English forbidden by the charter of 1600 to indulge in, 231
Distinction between private and licensed, 253
Trade-route, middle or Syrian, 1, 2–14, 31–32
Northern, or Black Sea, 1, 13–20, 32–35, 36–37
Southern, or Red Sea and Egyptian, 1, 20–33, 78, 124
Indo-Egyptian, 19–24, 29–33, 77–78, 124–127, 151–153, 167
Trade-routes, closing of the old Asiatic, 1–35
Struggle for the, 1, 5–34
Blocked by the Turks, 1, 19, 31–33, 202, 205, 207, 208
Power gained by command of, 2
Ancient, in the hands of Semitic races, 3–10, 29
Captured by Romans, 9–11
Captured by Saracens, 11–13
Captured by Turks, 13, 31–35
Early Chinese, 27–31
Trajan, 11
Treaties, Portuguese, with Cochin (1500), 86
Portuguese, with Quilon (1503), 90, (1520) 123
Portuguese, with Ormuz (1507), 100, (1523) 123
Portuguese, with Calicut (1513), 120, (1515, 1540) 121
Portuguese, with Amene (1560), 127
Portuguese, with Gujarat (1534), 128
A factor in European diplomacy, 131
Portuguese, with Tidore (1528), 171, 172
Treaty of Windsor (between England and Portugal, 1386), 40, (1489) 172, (1572) 204
Of Alcagora (between Spain and Portugal, 1479), 62
Of Tordesillas (between Spain and Portugal, 1494), 64, 65, 197
Policy of Portugal in Asia, 119–120
Of Vervins (1598), 225
Trebizond, 14, 18–19
Troy, fall of, 3
Turkish conquest of Egypt (1516–1517), 32–33, 97, 103, 109, 125–126
Struggle with Portugal for the command of the Indian seas, 93, 97–98, 99, 139, 167
Struggle centres around Aden, 124–125
Turks (or Rumes) block the Eastern trade-routes in the fifteenth century, 1, 19, 31–34, 202, 205, 207, 208
Capture the Syrian route, 12, 13, 208
Invasion of Persia by the Seljuk (1038), 13
Under Chingiz Khan ravage Poland (1206), 13
Capture the Constantinople trade-route (1453), 19, 31, 33
Capture the Black Sea factories (1475), 19
Supremacy of the, in the Mediterranean, 31–34, 209
Fail at Rhodes, but conquer Otranto, 32
Crush the naval forces of Venice at Zonchio and Lepanto (1499), 32
Attacked by Portugal in European and Asiatic waters (1506–1507), 99
Albuquerque haunted by fear of the, 103, 115`
Attack Diu (1545), Malacca (1547) , and sack Muscat (1551, 1581), 110
Defeated at Lepanto (1571), 111
English trade with the, 205, 222
Tyre, ancient trade emporium, 2–5, 9
Eclipsed by Alexandria, 21
Varnish, origin of the name, 22
Varthema, Ludovico di, travels of, 38
Vasco da Gama, see Gama
Vatteluttu alphabet, 80
Venice and the Syrian and Black Sea trade-routes, 12, 16–19, 37, 167, 208
Trade of, in Alexandria, 30
Ruins Genoa’s sea power, 31
Makes peace with the Turks (1454), 31
Struggles of, with the Moors and Turks, 31–32, 34, 199
Establishes her Levant trade centre at Famagusta (1475), 33
Decline of, 34–35
Pilots of, in Portugal, 44
Coalition of, with the Turks against Portugal to protect her Indian trade, 95, 167–168
Offers to buy up all surplus Portuguese spices (1521), 168
Secret commerce of, 199
Trade of, with England (1507), 203, 208–209
Verazzani, explores for France (1524), 194
Verde, Cape, islands, Portuguese exploration and trade with (1460), 51
Taken as starting-point for the Papal demarcation line (1493), 63, 64, 66
Vervins, treaty of (1598), 225
Vijayanagar, Hindu kingdom of Southern India (1185–1565), 75, 77
An Indian Christian acts as Prime Minister to the King of (1442), 80
Subjugation of, by the Mohammedans at the battle of Talikot, 82
Volga, trade by the, 14, 182, 221
Waigatz Isle, 188, 198
Walsingham, Sir Francis, secretary, 186, 190, 191, 228
Waymouth, George, North-western expedition of (1602), 246–248
Wight, Isle of, Venetian vessel lost off the (1587), 209
William I, of Holland, 205
Williams, William, assayer (1583), 186
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, North-eastern expedition of (1553), 178–181
Reaches Nova Zembla and dies, 180
Windsor, treaty of (1386), 40, 41
Wood, Captain Benjamin, expedition of, to India (1596), 214
Sad end of crew of, 214–215
Zaid, see Abu Zaid
Zaitun (or Chincheu), celebrated ancient trade port in China, 30–31
Zanzibar (or Xengibar), 59
Coast, Portuguese command of (1505), 94
Zonchio, Ottoman defeat of Venetians at (1499), 32
This collection transcribed by Chris Gage
