Future Passives categorized (LONG)
Carl W. Conrad
cwconrad at artsci.wustl.edu
Fri Dec 13 07:04:13 EST 2002
I am chagrined to learn that yesterday's sending of this analytical listing
of "Future Passive" MP2 forms (i.e. those verb-forms in -QHSOMAI/-HSOMAI)
in the GNT went to the list in HTML/MIME formatting. Although it's too late
to save bandwidth for those who get the digest, I am deleting from the
archives yesterday's version and replacing it with the following plain-text
version, at the same time incorporating my correction on the totals and
including a total categorization of both lists.
Here's what I have found out, based upon my listing of 287 future passive
morphoparadigm-forms hit upon by Accordance, with DUNAMAI forms being
weeded out. There may well be more or less than this, as Paul thinks is the
case, but I think the data here is sufficient to show that what I have been
calling MP2 morphoparadigms, even if passive sense is more frequent, do
undisputably comprise forms that may be either middle or passive (which is
why I have provisionally termed the morphoparadigm MP2).
First the verb-forms with passive sense; I'm not going to discuss them as
they're not in dispute.
=============
(Sequence of Entries: Verb, Short def., # MP2 forms w/ passive sense)
AGAPAW, love, 1; AGW, bring, lead, 1; AIRW, take up, 6; AICMALWTIZW, put
into captivity, 1; AKOUW, hear, heed obey, 1; hALIZW, salt, season, 2;
ANOIGW, open, unlock, 3; ANTAPODIDWMI, pay back, 2; ANTIMETREW, measure
again, 1; AXIOW, count worthy, 1; APARNEOMAI, deny, renounce, 1;
APARNEOMAI, deny, renounce, 1 APOKALUPTW, reveal, 3; APOLUW, release,
divorce, 1; hARPAZW, snatch away, 1; ARTUW, season, 1; AFAIREW, seize, take
away, 1; AFIHMI, forgive, permit, abandon, leave, 12; BALLW, throw, put, 2;
BAPTIZW, baptize, 3; BASANIZW, torment, torture, 3; BLASFHMEW, slander,
blaspheme, 1; GINWSKW, know, come to know, recognize, 4; DERW, beat, skin,
flay, 3; DIDWMI, give, 16; DIKAIOW, pronounce righteous, justify, 4; DIWKW,
pursue,persecute, 1; EGKENTRIZW, spur on, graft onto, 2; EISAKOUW, hear,
hearken, 1; EKBALLW, cast out, 2; EKDAPANAW, spend, 1; EKZHTEW, search
earnestly, 1; EKKOPTW, cut off, cut down, destroy, 1; EKRIZOW, root out,
uproot, 1; ELEEW, show mercy, 1?; ELEUQEROW, set free, release, 1; EMPAIZW,
mock, 1; EMPTUW, spit on, 1; EXOLEQREUW, destroy completely, 1; EXOUSIAZW,
hold authority over, 1?; EPILUW, explain, 1; EPICORHGEW, supply, give, 1;
ZHMIOW, punish, lose, 1?; ZHTEW, seek, inquire, 1; ZWOPOIEW, make alive,
keep alive, 1; IAOMAI, heal, 1; KAQISTHMI, put down, put in charge, make,
1; KALEW, call, summon, invite, 15?; KATADIKAZW, condemn, 1; KATAKAIW, burn
up, consume, 2; KATAKRINW, condemn, 1; KHRUSSW, proclaim, preach, 2;
KOLOBOW, shorten, cut off, 1; KRINW, judge, 2; LALEW, speak, 5; LIQOBOLEW,
stone, 1; LOGIZOMAI, count, think, calculate, 1*; MEGALUNW, enlarge,
magnify, boast, 1; METREW, measure, 2; OIKODOMEW, build, 1; PARADIDWMI,
deliver, deliver over, 4; PARAKALEW, urge, exhort, comfort, 1; PARALAMBANW,
take, 2; PEIQW, persuade, believe, trust, 1; PROSTIQHMI, put, add, 3;
SWiZW, save, 20; TAPEINOW, humble, humiliate, 4; TELEW, finish, 2; hUBRIZW,
boast, insult, 1;
Subotal, , 169 MP2 forms with passive sense
=======================
And now the verb-forms with middle sense, some of which are arguable. I've
commented on all of them, more or less:
=============================
(Sequence of entries: Verb, Simple Definition, #MP2 forms, # mid, *notes)
AISCUNW, be ashamed, 2 hits, 2m; although AISCUNW may conceivably mean
"cause to feel shame," the verb never appears in the GNT except in MP1 or
MP2 forms.
ALLASSW, change, exchange, 3 hits, 3m (1Cor. 15:51, 52, Heb. 1:12); I
believe these MP2 forms bear the sense "undergo a change."
ANAKLINW, sit down, recline, 2 hits, 2m; even conventional translations
don't convert this MP2 form to "be caused to lie down."
ANAPAUW, stop, give rest, refresh, 1 hits, 1m; Rev 4:13 ANAPAHSONTAI is
surely middle and is usually translated "rest."
APARNEOMAI, deny, renounce, 1 hits, 1p; in Lk 12:9 APARNHQHSETAI must be
understood as passive, although this verb never appears in "active" form.
APOKRINOMAI, answer, 3 hits, 3m; these are unquestionably middle.
ARKEW, be content, be enough, 1 hits, 1m; ARKESQHSOMEQA in 1 Tim 6:8 is
surely middle.
DIAMERIZW, divide, 1 hits, 1m; DIAMERISQHSONTAI in Lk 12:53 points to
squabbles arising in the family; it's not a matter of someone setting them
at odds against each other.
DIASKORPIZW, scatter, squander, 2 hits, 2m; DIASKORPISQHSONTAI Mk 14:27, Lk
26:31 the sheep scatter abroad of their own accord because they have no
shepherd to restrain them.
EGEIRW*, raise, lift up, rise, 11 hits, 11m; 3 instances in Mt and 1 in 1
Cor are references to the resurrection of Jesus or of believers; the rest
must have the sense "rise (in arms, etc.)." We've discussed these on list
before; I really think there's no significant difference in meaning between
these and MP1 futures of ANISTAMAI.
EKLUOMAI, give up, give out, 1 hits, 1m; in Mk 8:3 EKLUQHSONTAI refers to
the fainting by exhaustion of those who roam in the wilderness without food.
EKTREPW, turn, change, wander, 1 hits, 1m; 1 Tim 4:4 EKTRAPHSONTAI is
clearly middle, of those who turn away from truth and take refuges in MUQOI.
EKCUNNW, pour out, 1 hits, 1m; Lk 5:37 EKCUQHSETAI: the wine will spill out
when the skins burst.
(EN)EULOGEW, bless, praise, 1 hits, 1m; Acts 3:25 cites Gen 12:3, where
there's some question even in the Hebrew original whether the verb is
reflexive or passive.
ENTREPW, make ashamed, respect, 3 hits, 3m; in the Synoptic accounts of the
Wicked Husbandmen; in each instance ENTRAPHSONTAI takes a direct object;
these are middle.
ENUPNIAZOMAI, dream, 1 hits, 1m; ENUPNIASQHSONTAI in Acts 2:17, the Joel
prophecy about old men dreaming dreams.
EPAISCUNOMAI, be ashamed, 2 hits, 2m; no question.
EPANAPAUOMAI, rest on, rely on, 1 hits, 1m; no question
EPIMELEOMAI, take care of, 1 hits, 1m; no question.
EPISUNAGW, gather together, 1 hits, 1m; Lk 17:37, the eagles "will gather":
surely middle.
EULOGEW, bless, 1 hits, 1m; the other variant in Acts 3:25; see ENEULOGEW
above.
EUODOW, prosper, 1 hits, 1m; Rom 1:10. As BDAG notes, this doesn't appear
in the active in the GNT; in our text Paul says he expects he will have a
good journey.
hEURISKW*, find, find oneself, 2 hits, 2m?; We've argued about these in the
MP2 aorist instances; the two passages in question (2 Cor 5:3 and 2 Pet
3:10) seem to me to have essentially the meaning "be."
QAUMAZW, wonder, 1 hits, 1m; while this verb is commonly active and very
commonly so used in the GNT, QAUMASQHSONTAI in Rev 17:8 means "will
wonder," not "will be marveled at."
hISTAMAI*, stand, 6 hits, 6m?, (1MP1,6MP2); There's some room for argument
here; the 4 instances in the parable of the kingdom divided seem to mean
"will stand," STAQHSETAI in Rom 14:4 does seem to be passive in the
context, and in 2 Cor 13:1 it is pretty clearly "be established," i.e.
passive.
KATAISCUNW, shame, be ashamed, 1 hits, 1m; Rom 9:33, 10:11, surely middle.
KATALUW*, destroy, disperse, 3 hits, 1m, (1m2p); in the saying about the
temple stones (Mt 24:2, Lk 21:6) the sense is pretty clearly passive, but
in Acts 5:38, the prophecy of Gamalilel in the Sanhedrin, the sense seems
to be "fail, come to naught."
KATARGEW, leave idle, nulify, 3 hits, 3m; we've argued about these in 1 Cor
13:8 and 20. I think that KATARGHQHESETAI/ONTAI here must mean "atrophy" or
"obsolesce."
KERDAINW, gain, 1 hits, 1m; 1 Pet 3:1 husbands KERDHQHSONTAI through the
life-style of their wives: will the husbands themselves profit, or will
they "be made a profit"? I choose the former.
KOIMAW, sleep, 1 hits, 1m; this verb should be listed as KOIMAOMAI; it
doesn't appear in the active at all.
KOLLAW, glue, join to, 1 hits, 1m; in Mt 19:3 Jesus cites Genesis 2 of a
man leaving father and mother and "cleaving" to his wife. Clearly middle.
LUPEW, grieve, pain, 1 hits, 1m; Jn 16:20 LUPHQHSESQE "you will grieve."
LUW*, loosen, release, 3 hits, 2m, (2m1p); While in Rev 20:7 Satan "will be
set free," in 2 Pet 3:10, 12 LUQHSETAI seems to mean "melt."
MARAINW, wither away, waste, 1 hits, 1m; although the active is causative,
the middle is intransitive; James 1:11 says that the rich man MARANQHSETAI,
"will waste away" as does the proverbial grass of the field.
METAMELOMAI, regret, repent, 1 hits, 1m; there is no active of this verb,
and this instance of METAMELHQHESTAI is clearly middle.
METASTREFW, turn, 1 hits, 1m; another active causative that is intransitive
in the middle. So here in Acts 2:20 the sun will pass into darkness.
MIMNHSKOMAI, remember, 1 hits, 1m; the active MIMNHSKW might mean "remind,"
but in fact it doesn't appear in the GNT.
hOMOIOW, liken, be like, 3 hits, 3m; in Mt 7:24, 26, and 25:1 we find
hOMOIOQHESETAI with a dative; some may prefer to understand this as "will
be likened to" but I persist in thinking it is intransitive, "will be like."
hORAW*, see, appear, 2 hits, 2m, (32MP1,2MP2); this is a matter of idiom,
OYOMAI KTL, the MP1 future is normal for hORAW, but the MP2 aorist WFQHN
and MP2 future WFQHSOMAI are clearly middle in the sense "appear to" or
"make oneself seen by."
PALAIOW, make or become old, 1 hits, 1m; in Heb 1:11 the sense is clearly
"obsolesce," grow useless.
PERISSEUW, abound, 2 hits, 2m; in the same Jesus-saying in Mt 13:12 and
25:29 the sense of PERISSEUQHSETAI is simply "will multiply (grow by leaps
and bounds)."
PIMPLHMI*, fill, fulfill, 1 hits, 1m; PLHSQHSETAI of John the Baptist in Lk
1:15: is it "be full" or "be filled?" I choose the former; I expect some
will prefer the latter; I think the Greek makes no distinction.
PLHROW*, fill, fulfill, 2 hits, 2m; in Lk 1:20 it's a matter of words that
will be fulfilled; in Lk 3:5 it's a matter of valleys that shall be filled
or fill up. I think this is very much like PIMPLHMI.
PROSKOLLAW, stick to, cause to stick, 2 hits, 2m; in Mk 10:7 and Eph 5:31
Gen 2 is cited as above with KOLLAW. Here too the sense is clearly middle,
"cleave to" (to use the Elizabethan English which sounds so right).
SALEUW, shake, quake, 3 hits, 3m; in the 3 Synoptic apocalypses the heavens
SALUEQHSONTAI: will they "quake" or will they be "caused to quake?" I think
the middle sense is appropriate here.
SKANDALIZW*, stumble, cause stumble, 6 hits, 6m; this is another instance
of the active as causative, the middle as intransitive; all these instances
should be understood as middle.
SKOTIZW, darken, 2 hits, 2m; this is what the sun will do in the Marcan and
Matthaean apocalypse, not "be darkened," but "grow dark." Cf. SALEUW above.
SUNAGW, gather, 2 hits, 2m; compare EPISUNAGW above; these too are middle.
SUNQLAW*, break, shatter, 2 hits, 2m? Mt 21:44, Lk 20:18: anyone who
"falls" (where PESWN probably means "is thrown" or "hurls himself" will
shatter to smithereens? or will BE shattered. I think the middle is
appropriate, but some might argue the other way.
SUNTRIBW, crush, break, 1 hits, 1m; Jn 19:36: "not a bone will be broken"
or "not a bone will break." I'd go with the middle, others may prefer
passive.
hUPOTASSW, subject, 2 hits, 2m; 1 Cor 15:28, Heb 12:9,in both instances
I'd take the MP2 form as "subordinate oneself."
hUYOW*, lift up, exalt, 5 hits, 2m, (2m3p); 3 instances of hUPWQHSETAI (Mt
23:12, Lk 14:11, Lk 18:14 seems pretty clearly to mean "will exalted,
raised up high," but in the parallel Mt 11:23 and Lk 10:15 hUYWQHSHi seems
to suggest that Capernaum expects to exalt ITSELF to heaven.
FAINW, appear, shine, 1 hits, 1m; Mt 24:30 "the sign will appear."
FANEROW*, make known, reveal, 1 hits, 1m; FANERWQHSESQE in Col 3:4 seems to
mean simply "you will appear."
FQEIRW, corrupt, destroy, 1 hits, 1m; FQARHSETAI in 2 Pet 2:12 means simply
"will perish."
FOBEW, fear, 1 hits, 1m; Heb 13:6 OU FOBHQHSOMAI, just as FOBEOMAI is
regularly "I fear." The active FOBEW which means "terrify" doesn't appear
in the GNT.
FRASSW, silence, stop, 1 hits, 1m; BDAG suggests, "2 Cor 11:10 means this
boasting will not (let itself) be quashed (permissive pass., Gildersleeve I
§168."
CAIRW, rejoice, 4 hits, 4m; all of these are clearly intransitive, so middle.
CARIZOMAI*, favor, forgive, 1 hits, 1m, (1MP1,1MP2); this verb does appear
1x in the MP1 form; it is questionable whether our instance in Philemon
1:22 means "I will be given you as a favor" or "I will come to you as a
favor." In any case, God's grace is involved.
CORTAZW, feed, fill, 2 hits, 2m; in the Beatitude, will the hungry "be fed"
(CORTASQHSONTAI) or "stuff themselves?"
YUCW, grow cold, 1 hits, 1m; Mt 24:12, "the love of many YUCHSETAI"--will
"grow cold", not "be made to grow cold."
WFELEW, gain, benefit, 1 hits, 1m; Mt 16:26: TI GAR WFELLHQHSETAI ANQRWPOS?
Surely this is "what profit will a person gain?"
Subtotals: 120 hits, 112 MP2 forms with middle sense, 8 MP2 forms with passive
sense; several arguable one way or the other.
Totals from both lists: 289 hits, 112 MP2 forms with middle sense, 177 MP2
forms with passive sense; several of these are arguable one way or the
other; undoubtedly many will deem passive several that I have deemed
middle, but I don't think that the list of forms deemed middle can be
reduced to 0.
--
Carl W. Conrad
Department of Classics, Washington University (Emeritus)
1989 Grindstaff Road/Burnsville, NC 28714/(828) 675-4243
cwconrad at artsci.wustl.edu OR cwconrad at ioa.com
WWW: http://www.ioa.com/~cwconrad/
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