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History of The Rape Crisis Movement
Online resources
http://www.ncwiseowl.org/ To access Groliers Online Encyclopedia free of charge- just click on Encyclopedia and then text only version (pop up window) and type in search term rape. It is the top return. This entry is one of the best overviews for the topic of rape that I have found. It covers recent aspects (date rape) as well as the history of rape in our society. It includes the concept that women are a legal possession of their spouse or father, information on date rape drugs such as rohypnol and ghb and the Bosnia rape trials.
One of the first rape crisis centers in the USA.
Journal articles Sable, M. & Danis, F. (2006). Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: perspectives of college students. Journal of American College Health, 55 (3): 157. "The 1970s marked the beginning of the rape reform movement, an era in which feminists partnered with law enforcement to secure the passage of numerous federal and state laws that broadened the definition of rape and altered rape trial procedures. (1) The credibility of rape allegations had been weighed previously against the time that elapsed between the crime and its report, by whether the story could be corroborated, by the extent of personal resistance to the attack, and by a review of the victim's prior sexual encounters. (2) This focus on the victim had contributed to a blame-the-victim mentality, characterized by survivors and advocates as a revictimization by the criminal justice system. (3)"
This is a review of the progress and setbacks in the rape crisis movement.
Largen, M. (1981). "Grassroots Centers and National Task Forces: A History of the Anti-Rape Movement," Aegis: A Magazine on Ending Violence Against Women, Autumn. To order: Write FAAR, PO Box 21033, Wash. D.C. 20009. Checks -- FAAR. Back issues -- $3.25. Subscriptions -- $10.50 individuals/groups; $25 institutions
Pride, A. (1981) To respectability and back: A ten year view of the anti-rape movement. Fight Back! (pp. 114-118).
Smith, L., White, T. (1980). Feminist community from 1969 to 1979. Off Our Backs, 10 (2) pg. 13 link This is a month by month detailing of the events of the D.C. feminist community which includes one of the first rape crisis centers. (Found in Genderwatch database) "In June, one of the nation's first rape crisis centers opened in D.C. with 24-hour counseling, discussion groups, escorts, temporary housing, self-defense classes and speakers. The Center women wrote a booklet called "How to Start a Rape Crisis Center" which was distributed nationally." Databases to look in : Contemporary Women's Issues and Genderwatch.
Douglas, C. (1990). Violence Against Women. Off Our Backs. 20 (6) pg. 17 link This article discusses the multicultural aspects of the anti-rape movement and existing conflicts. "Since the primarily Black centers were located in poor communities, the women working there tended to deal more with all of a woman's problems, such as her immediate economic need, as well as the violence that had been done to her."
Books Handbook of American Women's History Howard, Angela & Kavenik Francis. (2000). Handbook of American Women's History. CA: Sage Publications Inc. This is a good resource on the history of the rape crisis movement. Other topics to look up might be Andrea Dworkin and the women's movement of the 1970's. "Both sexist stereotypes and common law conspired to make rape a criminal proceeding on which the victim and her behavior were tried rather than the defendant." p. 465, Rape / Sexual Assault HQ 1410.H36 2000
The encyclopedia of violence : origins, attitudes, consequences DiCanio, Margaret. (1993). The encyclopedia of violence : origins, attitudes, consequences. New York : Facts on File HM291 .D4857 1993 Davis Ref, UL Ref, HSL books Rape p. 211 This entry covers the definition of rape, statistics on rape, the history of rape and the fact that less than 10% of rapes are reported. It states that "psychological trauma and humiliation overwhelm many victims... trying, alone, to regain their sense of personal integrity that was destroyed by the intrusion of rape." p. 211 Other individual sub topics covered are acquaintance rape, gang rape, war and rape, male rape victims, rape as an act of violence, precipitation (vulnerabililty factors) in victims, and false reporting rates. Interestingly it states that in 1960 law enforcement cited false reporting rates at 20%. By 1973 the statistics had dropped to 15%. After 1973 the New York city police department used female officers to investigate sexual assault cases and the rate dropped to 2% according to the FBI.
Encyclopedia of Rape Smith, M. D. (2004). Encyclopedia of Rape. USA: Greenwood Press. HV6558 .E53 2004 Davis, UL, Law Reference This encyclopedia has a 3 page alphabetical listing of topics on page xx. There are alot of ancient, mythological and historical references as well as modern legal information. The history of rape is detailed on page 172 covering the 1600's - 1900's. Quote: "In real life, however, rape victims are brutalized, ignored and harassed by the system that is designed to help them. They are traumatized stigmatized or shamed for life if they are not killed during the attack." p. 262
Schechter , S. (1982). Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women's Movement. South End Press : Boston.
Bibliographies Resources to research this subject: Search the NCJRS Abstracts Database Google scholar or Findarticles Online Libraries on sexual assault Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Search terms: rape crisis Related links: Victim blame References: Dejanikus, T. (1981). Rape Crisis Centers: Ten Years After. Off Our Backs, Washington: 14 (8) p. 17. Howard, Angela & Kavenik Francis. (2000). Handbook of American Women's History. CA: Sage Publications Inc. Macdonalds, J. (2004). World Book Encyclopedia. United States of America: World Book Inc. rape. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9376486 Smith, M. D. (2004). Encyclopedia of Rape. USA: Greenwood Press. Sedney, M., "rape (crime)." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006 <http://gme.grolier.com> (February 1, 2006).
Synopsis of Modern History: The modern criminal justice system is widely known for being unfair to sexual assault victims. (Macdonalds, 2001) Both sexist stereotypes and common law combined to make rape a "criminal proceeding on which the victim and her behavior were tried rather than the defendant". (Howard & Francis, 2000) Most of modern rape law traces back to Brittish Lord Sir Matthew Hale in 1736. In his Historia Placitorum Coronae (History of the Pleas of the Crown) he set forth common-law rape doctrines which were noted for being misogynist. (Geis, 2007) Since the 1970's many changes have occurred in the perception of sexual assault due in large part to the feminist movement and its public characterization of rape as a crime of power and control rather than purely of sex. In some countries the women's liberation movement of the 1970's created the first rape crisis centers. This movement was led by the National Organization for Women (NOW). One of the first two rape crisis centers, the D.C. Rape Crisis Center, opened in 1972. It was created to promote sensitivity and understanding of rape and its effects on the victim. In 1960 law enforcement cited false reporting rates at 20%. By 1973 the statistics had dropped to 15%. After 1973 the New York city police department used female officers to investigate sexual assault cases and the rate dropped to 2% according to the FBI. (DiCanio, 1993). Marital rape first became a crime in the United States in the state of South Dakota in 1975. The first case was tried in Salem, Oreg., in late 1978. Marital rape is not a crime at common law. In the 1980s, date or acquaintance rape first gained acknowledgment. On July 5, 1993, marital rape became a crime in all 50 states, under at least one section of the sexual offense codes. An important part of the history of rape is the foundation of RAINN in 1994 by Tori Amos and Scott Berkowitz. RAINN was founded just after Tori Amos received a Visionary Award from the D.C. Rape Crisis Center for addressing the issue of sexual assault in her music. In order to raise awareness Tori Amos also requested that 2,000 radio stations in the country play her survivor anthem "Silent All These Years," and run a public service announcement at noon on May 16th 1997. RAINN is central to the modern history of the rape crisis movement as it founded the national sexual assault hotline and provides statistics and information to the media. On September 2, 1998 the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda made sexual violence a war crime. Current topics being debated are the peripheralized victims of rape male rape victims of both male and female rapists, female-female rape and parental-rape Incest victims, LGBT domestic violence and rape victims, marital rape victims and child sexual abuse victims. Other emerging issues are the concept of victim blame and its causes, male rape survivors, male-male rape, female sexual aggression, new theories of rape and gender, date rape drugs and their effects as well as the psychological effects of rape trauma syndrome. From the community resource Rape Crisis Information Encyclopedia Wikipedia
Author's note: Currently an important part of the rape crisis movement is online support groups. The leading force in this area is Pandora's Aquarium founded by the author of the website Welcome to Barbados. Co-founders are the authors of sites Escaping Hades, Aphrodite Wounded and Surviving to Thriving. The evolution of the message board
environment has been very empowering and in a way is a modern day equivalent
of the first crisis centers. It is a powerful new way of networking a
survivor's underground railroad. Dejanikus, T. (1981). Rape Crisis Centers: Ten Years After. Off Our Backs, Washington: 14 (8) p. 17. DiCanio, M. (1993). The encyclopedia of violence : origins, attitudes, consequences. New York : Facts on File Howard, A. & Kavenik Francis (2000). Handbook of American Women's History. CA: Sage Publications Inc. Macdonalds, John (2001). World Book Encyclopedia. United States of America: World Book Inc. Pride, A. (1981) To respectability and back: A ten year view of the anti-rape movement. Fight Back! (pp. 114-118). Largen, M. (1981). "Grassroots Centers and National Task Forces: A History of the Anti-Rape Movement," Aegis: A Magazine on Ending Violence Against Women, Autumn. Geis, G. (2007). Rape. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from Grolier Online http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0328610-00 |
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