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Classen, Catherine C.; Palesh, Oxana Gronskaya; Aggarwal, Rashi (2005). SEXUAL REVICTIMIZATION: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, Apr2005, Vol. 6 Issue 2, p103-129, 27p link This article reviews the literature on sexual revictimization, covering approximately 90 empirical studies and includes a discussion of prevalence, risk factors, and correlates of sexual revictimization. Research suggests that two of three individuals who are sexually victimized will be revictimized. The occurrence of child- hood sexual abuse and its severity are the best documented and researched predictors of sexual revictimization. Multiple traumas, especially childhood physical abuse, and recency of sexual victimization are also associated with higher risk. There is preliminary evidence that membership in some ethnic groups or coming from a dysfunctional family places an individual at a greater risk. Revictimization is associated with higher distress and certain psychiatric disorders. People who were revictimized show difficulty in interpersonal relationships, coping, self-representations, and affect regulation and exhibit greater self-blame and shame. Existing research on prevention efforts and treatment is discussed. More longitudinal studies on sexual revictimization are needed.
Classen, Catherine C.; Palesh, Oxana Gronskaya; Aggarwal, Rashi. (2005). SEXUAL REVICTIMIZATION: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 6 (2), p103-129, 27p This article reviews the literature on sexual revictimization, covering approximately 90 empirical studies and includes a discussion of prevalence, risk factors, and correlates of sexual revictimization. Research suggests that two of three individuals who are sexually victimized will be revictimized. The occurrence of child- hood sexual abuse and its severity are the best documented and researched predictors of sexual revictimization. Multiple traumas, especially childhood physical abuse, and recency of sexual victimization are also associated with higher risk. There is preliminary evidence that membership in some ethnic groups or coming from a dysfunctional family places an individual at a greater risk. Revictimization is associated with higher distress and certain psychiatric disorders. People who were revictimized show difficulty in interpersonal relationships, coping, self-representations, and affect regulation and exhibit greater self-blame and shame. Existing research on prevention efforts and treatment is discussed. More longitudinal studies on sexual revictimization are needed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.f...9&dopt=Citation Sorenson SB, Siegel JM, Golding JM, Stein JA. School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Patterns of repeated victimization were investigated in a large community-based survey about sexual assault. Multiple victimization was common: of the 433 sexually assaulted respondents, two-thirds reported more than one incident; the average number of incidents per person was 3.2. Single- and multiple-incident victims of sexual assault did not differ on a wide range of variables including demographics, mental disorders, and general functioning (e.g., suicide attempts, family violence). Thus, once an initial victimization occurred, personal characteristics of the victim were not related to risk for subsequent sexual assault. Additional research which obtains more specific information on each event is needed to strengthen confidence in these findings. Considerations for research on multiple victimization are discussed. Further research may benefit from exploring contextual factors and using longitudinal research methods.
Cumulative trauma: the impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Follette VM, Polusny MA, Bechtle AE, Naugle AE. The present study investigated
the relationship between trauma symptoms and a history of child sexual
abuse, adult sexual assault, and physical abuse by a partner as an adult.
While there has been some research examining the correlation between individual
victimization experiences and traumatic stress, the cumulative impact
of multiple victimization experiences has not been addressed. Subjects
were recruited from psychological clinics and community advocacy agencies.
Additionally, a nonclinical undergraduate student sample was evaluated.
The results of this study indicate not only that victimization and revictimization
experiences are frequent, but also that the level of trauma specific symptoms
are significantly related to the number of different types of reported
victimization experiences. The research and clinical implications of these
findings are discussed.
Risk Factors for Violent Victimization of Women: A Prospective Study, Summary http://www.ncjrs.gov/
Analyzing Repeat Victimization http://www.ncjrs.gov/
Revictimization:
Reducing the Heat on Hot Victims http://www.ncjrs.gov/
Repeat
and Multiple Victimizations: The Role of Individual and Contextual Factors http://www.ncjrs.gov/
http://www.ncjrs.gov/
Analyzing
Repeat Victimization http://www.ncjrs.gov/
Investigating
Repeated Victimization With the NCVS, Executive Summary http://www.ncjrs.gov/
http://jrc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/91 Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 37, No. 1, 91-122 (2000) Karin Wittebrood This study focuses on the effects of previous victimization and patterns of routine activities on the risk of falling victim to seven types of crime: sexual offense, assault, threat, burglary, personal larceny, car theft and bicycle theft. To examine these effects' individual life-course data on marital, fertility, residential, educational, employment and criminal histories were related to histories of criminal victimization. These data derived from a nationally representative survey administered in the Netherlands in 1996 to 1,939 individuals age 15 years or older. Logistic multilevel models were used in the analysis of the data. The results of the analyses suggest that individuals who have once been victims suffer a substantial higher risk of subsequent victimization. This effect of previous victimization can partly be explained by a real effect of previous victimization (state dependence), but more largely by the effects of patterns of routine activities (heterogeneity in the population).
http://www.extenza-eps.com/SPC/doi/abs/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.473 Abstract text Community-recruited women (n = 1490) were interviewed about their early and adult sexual victimization histories to determine whether there was an association between child sexual abuse and adult revictimization by sex partners and strangers/nonsex partners. Adolescent sexual abuse, lifetime sex-trading, drug treatment, and mental health treatment were examined as mediating variables. One-fourth of the women had been revictimized (i.e., experienced child sexual abuse and at least one instance of adult sexual victimization). Child sexual abuse was associated with both rape and other sexual victimization by a sex partner in adulthood, as well as adult rape by a stranger/nonsex partner. Drug and mental health treatments reduced abused women's chances of being raped by a sex partner; drug treatment also decreased the likelihood of other sexual victimization by a sex partner. Sex-trading increased abused women's likelihood of rape by a stranger or nonsex partner. Intervention—including drug treatment—can help women with child sexual abuse histories overcome some of the abuse-related sequelae that make them vulnerable to adult revictimization.
Abstract This study assessed self and interpersonal dysfunction as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among three groups of women: women sexually assaulted in both childhood and adulthood, women sexually assaulted only in adulthood and women who were never assaulted. Rates of PTSD were high and equivalent in the two assault groups. However, retraumatized women were more likely to be alexithymic, show dissociation scores indicating risk for dissociative disorders, and to have attempted suicide compared to the other two groups, who did not differ from each other. Additionally, only the retraumatized women experienced clinically significant levels of interpersonal problems. The findings suggest that formulations more inclusive than PTSD are required to capture the psychological difficulties experienced by this population. Treatment implications are discussed.
Naomi Breslau, Ph.D., Howard D. Chilcoat, Sc.D., Ronald C. Kessler, Ph.D., and Glenn C. Davis, M.D.
Abstract This study explored the predictors and consequences of sexual assault occurring after the age of 16 years in a nonclinical sample of women. Child sexual abuse occurring before the age of 16 years was the only predictor of later sexual assault among comorbid risk factors. Peer sexual abuse, number of perpetrators, age at time of sexual abuse, and severity of sexual abuse did not increase the risk for later sexual assault. Adult sexual assault victims showed lower levels of mental health functioning than did survivors of child or peer sexual abuse. We discuss a specificity model of revictimization and the differential effects of child, peer, and adult sexual trauma on the developmental trajectory of sexual violence and psychosocial functioning.
Sarkar, N. N.; Sarkar,
Rina, (2005) Sexual assault on woman: Its impact on
her life and living in society. Sexual & Relationship
Therapy,20 (4), 407-419 Abstract:The author's aim is to bring forth the consequences of sexual assault on women with a view to abate this crime against women. Data are extracted from the literature through the computerised MEDLINE system. Women sexually assaulted in childhood are twice as likely to be sexually assaulted in adulthood. Post-traumatic mental problems, acute stress disorders, depression and other psychological problems are found in victims of sexual assault. Women often suffer from sleep disorders, nightmare, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and diminishing of sexual urge and pleasure among other disorders following sexual assault or rape. Recovery is slower in sexual than in non-sexual assault victims. Factors influencing recovery are emotional support from friends, relations, social and community supports. Overall social changes in outlook and perception towards women are needed in the modern society to curb the sexual assault on women.
Rich, Cindy L. (2004). Evaluation of a model of sexual revictimization: A prospective study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 64(9-B), 2004. pp. 4631. This study investigated the impact of child sexual abuse, adolescent sexual assault, coping, attachment styles, sexual trauma, number of sex partners, hypergender beliefs, substance use, and delinquent behavior in predicting a sexual assault during a 3-month follow-up period among a group of college women. Five-hundred-forty college women were assessed for childhood and adolescent sexual victimizations and the predictor variables at the beginning of an academic quarter and sexual assaults at a 3-month follow-up. Incorporated in the design were both retrospective and prospective methodologies in that a woman's sexual abuse history, coping skills, number of sex partners, attachment, sexual trauma, hypergender beliefs, substance use, and delinquency were assessed before a woman's most recent victimization experience. Path analyses indicated that an adolescent sexual victimization experience predicted an adult sexual victimization experience. However, only sexual trauma and a previous history demonstrated a significant relationship with an adult sexual assault. Therefore, the hypothesis that factors mediating unresolved trauma associated with early abuse experiences would predict revictimization was only partially supported. Specifically, child sexual victimization was predictive of insecure attachment and an adolescent sexual victimization. An adolescent sexual victimization predicted the number of sexual partners, substance use and involvement in illegal activities, and an adult sexual assault. Additionally, sexual trauma predicted an adult sexual assault. Thus, from these data, a previous sexual victimization experience and sexual trauma appear to be predictive of a subsequent sexual assault. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)
Classen, Catherine C.; Palesh, Oxana Gronskaya; Aggarwal, Rashi. (2005). SEXUAL REVICTIMIZATION: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, Apr2005, 6 (2). p103-129. This article reviews
the literature on sexual revictimization, covering approximately 90 empirical
studies and includes a discussion of prevalence, risk factors, and correlates
of sexual revictimization. Research suggests that two of three individuals
who are sexually victimized will be revictimized. The occurrence of child-
hood sexual abuse and its severity are the best documented and researched
predictors of sexual revictimization. Multiple traumas, especially childhood
physical abuse, and recency of sexual victimization are also associated
with higher risk. There is preliminary evidence that membership in some
ethnic groups or coming from a dysfunctional family places an individual
at a greater risk. Revictimization is associated with higher distress
and certain psychiatric disorders. People who were revictimized show difficulty
in interpersonal relationships, coping, self-representations, and affect
regulation and exhibit greater self-blame and shame. Existing research
on prevention efforts and treatment is discussed. More longitudinal studies
on sexual revictimization are needed. Search terms: Multiple
victimization ; previous victimization (state dependence); Crime analysis
; Police crime analysis training ; Multiple victimization ; Problem oriented
policing; Criminology; Child sexual abuse ; Female victims ; Sex offense
causes ; Spouse abuse causes ; Rape causes ; Victimization risk ; Adults
molested as children; Crime prevention planning; Crime analysis ; Police
crime analysis training ; Problem oriented policing; Assault and battery
; Burglary ; Victimization surveys ; Burglary causes ; Victimization risk
; abuse; sexual abuse; childhood abuse; substance abuse; drug addiction;
Risk Factors; Social Support; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology;
Violence; Mental Disorders/complications; Mental Disorders/psychology
;Rape/prevention & control ;Rape/psychology ;Adaptation, Psychological
;Adolescent; Adult; Child Abuse, Sexual/complications; Child Abuse, Sexual/prevention
& control; Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology, Attachment Behavior; *Child
Abuse; *Coping Behavior; *Sexual Abuse; *Victimization; Colleges; Emotional
Trauma; Human Females; Juvenile Delinquency; Sexual Partners, child abuse,
victimization, revictimization, child sexual abuse, sexual aggression,
sexual violence, rape
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