The History of India

From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie’s Administration

by John Clark Marshman

In three volumes

Volume 3

1867

Table of Contents

Chapter 30 – Lord William Bentinck’s Administration, 1828–1835

1828, Lord William Bentinck Governor-General — Reduction of civil allowances — The half batta order — 1830, Arrangement regarding Malwa opium — 1828, Resumption of rent free tenures — 1832, The Cole insurrection — 1831, Insurrection of Teetoo Meer — 1832, Annexation of Cachar — 1834, Reduction and annexation of Coorg — 1828–34, Non-interference policy of Lord William Bentinck — Remarks on our position in India — 1799–1809, Affairs of Mysore — 1811, The raja assumes the Government — 1832, Lord William Bentinck assumes the entire management of Mysore — Bhopal; the able administration of the ranee — 1834, Joudhpore, misconduct of the raja and his submission — 1835, Jeypore; disorders of the government — Murder of Mr. Blake — 1831–34, Oude; Lord William threatens to assume the government — 1834, Hakim Mehdi; his extraordinary talents — Orders of the Court of Directors to take over the management of the country — 1833, Events at Gwalior on the death of Sindia — 1830, First symptoms of Russophobia — 1809–22, Progress of Runjeet Sing; reform of his army — His successive conquests — 1822, Arrival of French officers at Lahore — Character of the Sikh soldiery — 1823, Battle of Noushera — 1831, Syud Ahmed’s insurrection and progress; his death — Dray horses sent to Runjeet Sing — Lieutenant Burnes’s mission to Sinde and Lahore — His reception by Runjeet Sing — Runjeet Sing’s power — The Khalsa or Sikh commonwealth — Meeting at Roopur between Lord William Bentinck and Runjeet Sing — Treaty with Sinde

Chapter 31 – Lord William Bentinck’s Administrative Reforms – Material Progress, 1828–1835

1828–34, Remodelling of the judicial system — 1833, Revenue settlement, north-west provinces — Labours of Mr. Robert Bird — 1831, Employment of natives in the Government — 1830, The question of Suttees — Lord William Bentinck’s enquiries and his resolution — 1830, Abolition of the rite — 1832, Hindoo law of inheritance modified — 1831, Admission of native Christians to office — 1830, Suppression of Thuggee — labours of Major Sleeman — 1830–34, Steam communication on the rivers, and between England and India — 1842, Peninsular and Oriental Company — 1813–33, Education; orientalism — 1835, Triumph of English — Remarks on this policy — 1833, The General Assembly’s Institution in Calcutta — 1835, The Medical College in Calcutta — 1827, Sir John Malcolm, Governor of Bombay — 1832, Collision between the Supreme Court and the Government at Bombay — Conflict of the Court of Directors and the Board of Control; Palmer and Co. — Case of the Lucknow bankers — 1834, The Nozeed affair — 1835, Financial results of Lord William Bentinck’s administration — 1833, Fall of the great houses in Calcutta — 1835, Remarks on Lord William Bentinck’s administration

Chapter 32 – The Charter of 1833 – Sir Charles Metcalfe’s Administration – Benevolent Exertions of the Company’s Government, 1833–1836

1833, The new charter; extinction of the China monopoly — 1833, Government of India continued to the Company — Modifications in the Government — Europeans allowed to settle in India — Character of the Company’s Government — 1835, Sir Charles Metcalfe Governor-General, ad interim — Lord Heytesbury — Liberation of the press — Result of this measure — Sir Charles Metcalfe Governor of Agra — 1836, Displeasure of the Court at the liberation of the press — Sir Charles Metcalfe resigns the service — Remarks on his administration — Benevolent efforts of the Company’s Government — 1784, Augustus Cleveland — 1829, Civilization of the Bheels by Lieutenant Outram — 1832, Civilization of Mairwarra by Captains Hall and Dixon — 1833, Female infanticide — 1834, Successive efforts to eradicate it — 1835, Human sacrifices among the Khonds — 1836–40, Efforts to eradicate it by Colonel Campbell and Major Macpherson

Chapter 33 – Lord Auckland’s Administration – the Afghan Expedition, 1836–1842

1836, Lord Auckland Governor-General — 1833, Shah Soojah’s expedition; its failure — 1835, Runjeet Sing’s views on Sinde — Dost Mohamed at Peshawar — 1837, Battle of Jumrood — Rapid extension of Russian power — Influence of Russia in Persia — 1834, Persian expedition to Khorasan — 1836, Failure of Mr. McNeill’s negotiations — 1837, Persian expedition to Herat — Lord Auckland’s advisers — Captain Burnes’s mission to Cabal — His negotiations with Dost Mohamed — Arrival of the Russian envoy — 1838, Lord Auckland’s haughty communication to the Dost — Failure of Captain Burnes’s mission — Resolution of Lord Auckland to dethrone the Dost — Mr. Macnaghten’s mission to Runjeet Sing — The tripartite treaty — The grand expedition into Afghanistan — Character of this expedition — Lord Auckland’s manifesto, October 1st — First five months of the siege of Herat — Lieutenant Pottinger — Battle of the 29th June — the siege raised — Persistence in the expedition to Cabul

Chapter 34 – Lord Auckland’s Administration – the Afghan Expedition, 1838–1842

1888, Strength of the British armies — 1889, Treatment of the Ameers of Sinde — Progress of the army — Treaty with Mehrab Khan of Khelat — Arrival at Candahar — Capture of Ghuzni — Arrival at Cabul — Flight and pursuit of Dost Mohamed — Progress of Colonel Wade and Prince Timur to Cabul — Retention of the force in Afghanistan — Capture of Khelat — Honours bestowed on the conquerors — Death and character of Runjeet Sing — Hostility of the Lahore durbar — 1840, Russian complaints against Khiva — British diplomacy in Central Asia — Object of the Russian expedition to Khiva — Failure of the expedition — The Bala Hissar and the cantonments — Intrigues at Herat against the British Government — Condition of the Government in Afghanistan — Movements of Dost Mohamed — Surrender of Dost Mohamed

Chapter 35 – Lord Auckland’s Administration – the Afghan Expedition – Miscellaneous Notices, 1841–1842

1841, Major Todd obliged to quit Herat — General Nott and Major Rawlinson at Candahar — 1841, Insurrection of the Eastern Ghilzyes — Court of Directors anxious to quit Afghanistan — Lord Auckland resolves to remain — Retrenchment of stipends; revolt of the Ghilzyes — Sir Robert Sale attacked in the passes — Security of the Envoy — Insurrection in Cabul; murder of Sir A. Burnes — General Elphinstone’s infirmities — Indecision and procrastination of the authorities — Loss of the Commissariat fort and all the supplies — Sir Robert Sale declines to return to Cabul — General Nott sends a force to Cabul, which returns — The question of assassination — Brigadier Shelton united in the command; his impracticable temper — Action at Behmaroo — Last action, 23rd November — Despondency in the cantonment — Negotiations with the enemy — Arrival of Akbar Khan — Treaty of 11th December — Violation of the treaty by the enemy — Assassination of Sir William Macnaghten — Character of Sir William — Energetic advice of Major Pottinger rejected — 1842, Commencement of the retreat — Disasters of the retreat — Surrender of the ladies and officers — Total destruction of the force — Character and effects of the catastrophe — Despondency and weakness of Lord Auckland — Active exertions of Mr. Robertson and Mr. George Clerk — Colonel Wild’s brigade; its disasters — General Pollock’s brigade — Close of Lord Auckland’s administration — Connection with idol temples dissolved

Chapter 36 – Lord Ellenborough’s Administration – Close of the Afghan War, 1842

1842, Lord Ellenborough Governor-General — Disaffected state of the troops at Peshawar — General Pollock forces the Khyber — Sir Robert Sale at Jellalabad — Councils of war — The succession of earthquakes — Akbar Khan beleaguers Jellalabad — 1842, Defeat of Akbar Khan — 1841–42, Transactions at Candahar — Surrender of Ghuzni — Conduct of Brigadier England at Hykulzye — Lord Ellenborough’s Proclamation, 15th March — He determines to withdraw the armies at once from Afghanistan, 19th April — Effect of the order on General Nott and General Pollock — Lord Ellenborough’s change of plan, 4th July — Death of Shah Soojah — Condition of the English captives and hostages — Advance of General Pollock — Battle of Tezeen; re-occupation of Cabul — Advance from Candahar — The Somnath Gates — Rescue of the prisoners — Capture of Istaliff — Destruction of the great bazaar at Cabal — Return of the army of retribution — Proclamation of Lord Ellenborough — The Gates Proclamation — Ovation to the returning heroes — Remarks on the transactions in Afghanistan — Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly at Bokhara — They are executed in the market-place

Chapter 37 – Lord Ellenborough’s Administration – Sinde and Gwalior Wars, 1842–1844

1842, Conduct of the Ameers of Sinde during the Afghan war — Sir Charles Napier assumes the command; his proceedings, The new treaties — Strange proceedings of Sir Charles — Capture of Emamgur — 1843, Conferences with the Ameers — Conference with Major Outram at Hyderabad — The Ameers sign the treaties — Attack on the Residency — Battle and victory at Meanee, 17th February — Annexation of Sinde — Second battle, 22nd March — Remarks on the conquest of Sinde — 1844, The mutinies — 1843, Progress of Affairs at Gwalior — Condition of the Gwalior army — Dismissal of the Regent — Confusion at Gwalior — 1848, Lord Ellenborough’s Minute, Nov. 1 — Advance of the British force — Battle of Maharajpore — Battle of Punniar — The new settlement at Gwalior — 1844, Recall of Lord Ellenborough — Improvements during his administration

Chapter 38 – Lord Hardinge’s Administration, 1844–1848

1844, Sir Henry Hardinge Governor-General — His education Minute — Restoration of flogging in the native army — 1839–40, Revolutions in the Punjab — 1842, Shere Sing’s negotiations with the British Government — Movement in Tibet — 1843, Murder of Shere Sing — 1844, Murder of Heera Sing and Pundit Julia — Ascendency of the army — 1845, Plunder of Golab Sing and Moolraj — Preparations to meet a Sikh invasion — Character of the Khalsa army — The Sikh army crosses the Sutlege — General Littler besieged in Ferozepore — 1845, Confiscation of the Cis-Sutlege state — Battle of Moodkee — Battle of Ferozeshuhur — Second engagement, December 22 — Remarks on these battles — Pause for reinforcements — 1846, Battle of Aliwall — Battle of Sobraon — The army enters the Punjab — Settlement of the Punjab — Sale of Cashmere to the Raja Golab Sing — Treaty of 9th March, 1846 — Procession of the captured guns — New arrangements in the Punjab, December, 1846 — Reduction of the Company’s army — Restoration of the Mogul canals — Ganges Canal projected by Colonel Cautley — Supported by Lord Hardinge — 1848, Close of Lord Hardinge’s administration

Chapter 39 – Lord Dalhousie’s Administration – Second Sikh War, 1848–1849

1848, Lord Dalhousie Governor-General; his antecedents — Proceedings of Moolraj at Mooltan — Murder of British officers — Indecision at Lahore — Splendid exertions of Lieutenant Edwardes — Battle of Kineyree — Battle of Sudoosain — Despatch of General Midi’s force to Mooltan — Intrigues and banishment of the ranee of Lahore — Revolt of Chutter Sing — Operations of General Whish’s force — Defection of Shere Sing — The siege of Mooltan raised — General revolt in the Punjab — Shere Sing threatens Lahore — Alliance of Dost Mohamed with the Sikhs — Position of Major Lawrence at Peshawar — Defection of his troops — Advance of. Lord Gough’s army — Action at Ramnugur — Death of Havelock and Cureton — Battle of Sadoolapore — Noble efforts of the political officers — Movements of the Sikh and British armies — 1849, Battle of Chillianwalla — Results of the battle — Recal of Lord Gough

Chapter 40 – Lord Dalhousie’s Administration – the Second Sikh War – the Second Burmese War – the Santal Outbreak, 1849–1855

1848, The second siege of Mooltan — 1849, Capture of the fort — Shere Sing outmanoeuvres Lord Gough — Battle of Guzerat — Remarks on the battle — Pursuit and submission of the Sikh chiefs — Incorporation of the Punjab with the Company’s dominions — Abdication of Duleep Sing; the Koh-i-noor — Honours bestowed on the victors — Close of the period of war of ten years — 1849–54, System of government in the Punjab — The border; disarmament; the police — Finance and revenue — Slavery; dacoity; thuggee — Suppression of infanticide — Roads and canals in the Punjab — 1854, Beneficial result of these measures — 1852, The second Burmese war — Commodore Lambert deputed to Rangoon — Insult offered to Captain Fishbourne — Proceedings of the Commodore — Resolution of Lord Dalhousie — His exertions in fitting out the expedition — Organization of the expeditionary force — Capture of Rangoon — Co-operation of the Peguers — Close of the war — Annexation of Pegu — Happy result of the conquest — 1855, The Santal émeute — 1849–50, Mutinies in the Punjab — Dispute between the Governor-General and Sir Charles Napier — Decision of the Duke of Wellington

Chapter 41 – Lord Dalhousie’s Administration – Transaction with Native Princes, 1848–1854

1848, The Satara question — 1818, Origin of the principality; death of the raja — 1848, Question of adoption; Sir George Clerk, Mr. Willoughby — Lord Dalhousie’s researches — His conclusions — General principles laid down by Lord Dalhousie — 1849, Decision of the home authorities — 1853, Berar, death of the raja — 1819–53, British and native administrations — 1837–53, Anxiety of the people for British rule — Lord Dalhousie resolves to annex it — 1853, Minutes of Colonel Low and Mr. Halliday — Sale of jewels — Jhansi — Remarks on the annexations — Extent of Lord Dalhousie’s responsibility — Opposition to annexations — Arguments adduced against them — 1801–53, Nabob of the Carnatic — Arrangements of Lord Wellesley — 1853, Death of the Nabob; Lord Harris refuses to maintain the succession — 1853, Lord Dalhousie concurs with him — The Nizam and Berar; the contingent — Proceedings of Lord Dalhousie — His Minute — New treaty and its results — Nana Sahib — Mysore; admirable administration of General Cubbon — Lord Dalhousie refuses to restore the Government to the raja — Reference to the original treaty — 1867, Subsequent history of transactions regarding the raj

Chapter 42 – Lord Dalhousie’s Administration – Oude – Administrative and Material Improvements – Conclusion, 1848–56

Chronic misrule in Oude — Remonstrances of successive Governors-General — 1851, Report of Colonel Sleeman — 1855, Report of General Outram — Lord Dalhousie’s Minute — Minutes of the Members of Council — Decision of the home authorities — Remarks — 1848–56, Administrative reforms — Military Board; public works department — Education — Revenue, finance, commerce — Steam communication — Low and uniform postage — 1848–56, Lord Dalhousie’s journeys — Roads and Canals — Mr. Thomason’s administration and character — Great system of Indian railways — The electric telegraph in India — Character of Lord Dalhousie’s administration — Censured for not having foreseen the mutiny — His anxiety regarding European troops — Censured for having caused the mutiny by his annexations — Examination of the subject — Assumed causes of the mutiny — The greased cartridges the real cause — 1858, Charter of 1853 — Reduction in the number of the Court of Directors — Establishment of a Lieutenant-Governorship in Bengal — Civil service thrown open to competition — 1858, Close of the rule of the East India Company

This collection transcribed by Chris Gage
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