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THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY
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Leader of the group: Prof.
Kalinnikov Yuri A. |
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Staff: Prorokova Natalija P. Pronkin Alexandr M.
Vavilova Svetlana Yu. |
The research activity of the group consists of systematic investigations of dyes in solutions and searching for correlations between the characteristics of dissolved dyes (parameters of solvation and association, interactions of dyes with other components of dyeing solutions) and their diffusion and adsorption in textile materials. The results obtained formed the grounds for new approaches to intensifying continuous and exhaust dyeing processes by affecting the solvation and association of dyes in solution. Principles have been laid down for the use of such intensified technologies in industry. These principles are set out in 11 new technologies that have been patented in Russia.
Five candidate theses can be considered to be the "bricks" of this scientific trend, the "roof" of it being the doctor thesis of Prof. Yu. Kalinnikov. The list of theses follows:
Chernomordik Yu.G. The state of reactive dyes in solutions and possible ways to intensify dyeing processes. . | Ivanovo, 1985 |
Vashurina I.Yu. Association of reactive dyes and creation of highly effective combined technology for dyeing and crease-resist finishing of cotton fabrics. | Ivanovo, 1988 |
Nikolskaja S.A. Development of combined technologies for merserizing and vat dyeing of cotton fabrics. | Ivanovo, 1989 |
Prusova S.M. The state of disperse dyes in solutions and methods of intensifying polyester textile material dyeing intensification. | Ivanovo, 1990 |
Pronkin A.M. Correlation between the state of disperse dyes in solutions and in polyester materials and improvement of the efficiency of thermofixing dyeing technology. | Ivanovo, 1995 |
Kalinnikov Yu.A. Purposeful impact upon solvation and association processes in dye solutions as a means to intensify textile materials dyeing technologies. | Ivanovo, 1993 |
The major results can be summarised as follows:
Using liquid ammonia cotton fabric dyeing technologies as examples, theoretical foundations have been laid for the role of ionic dye solvation and association in very high efficiency of transfer of dye mass ransfer from the solution into cellulose materials which is peculiar to ammonia based technologies. The reasons why reactive dye molecules associate more intensively in liquid ammonia (as well as in water-ammonia mixtures with and without the additions of inorganic salts of different nature) than in aqueous solutions (Thesis 1);
The correlation is highlighted between the state of reactive dyes in water and aqueous ammonia (whether or not in the presence of inorganic salts) on the one hand and dye sorption by cellulose on the other. It is shown that by varying ammonia and salt concentrations, it is possible to manipulate dye solvation and association parameters and thus, to control mass-transfer from the solution into fibrous texile substrate (Thesis 2);
Both theoretically and experimentally the new principle is substantiated for mass-transfer processes intensification in continuous technologies of cellulose dyeing with reactive dyes. According to this principle, to intensify dye diffusion and sorption within cellulosic fiber, one must take measures to stimulate dye association in the inner volume of textile material, trying not to stimulate association in the dying solution. The larger is the difference between the degree of association of dyes inside and outside the volume of textile substrate, the higher is the intensifying effect. Several new technologies (they are patented), based on the use of liquid and aqueous ammonia as dyeing media, illustrate the validity of this approach (Theses 1,2);
Theoretical statements checked with regard to reactive dyes, have also proved applicable to the dyeing of cotton fabric with the dyes of different nature - vat dyes. They therefore appear to be universally valid (Thesis 3);
In the course of the investigation of disperse dye solutions in water, non-aqueous and mixed solvents, the relationships between solvation and association characteristics of dyes of differing molecular structures have been elucidated. It is found that the addition of several inorganic salts into disperse dye aqueous solutions cause redistribution of enthalpy and entropy dye solvation contributions and significantly increase dye solubility (Thesis 4);
The dependence of disperse dye state in polyester fiber (presumably, the size of dye particles is implied) upon its state in aqueous solution (solvation and association parameters) has been revealed. For example, the increase in the content of monomolecular dye fraction in aqueous solution results in the growh of the concentration of monomolecular dye form in the fiber (Thesis 5);
It is stated that the augmentation of disperse dye solubility in water or in low-concentrated aqueous ammonia solutions due to the introduction of definite inorganic salts can be used as a device which enables the quantity of dye adsorbed by the fiber to be increased. As a result, three technologies for polyester fiber dyeing were patented (Theses 4,5).
It is important to stress that all the proposed improvements do not cause the complication of dyeing compositions. On the contrary, they lead to the great simplification of these compositions and to the lessening of ecological danger because surfactants, which are difficult to remove from the wastes are no longer required. For example, our new preparation for polyester dyeing with disperse dyes (called "IVLAN", manufactured by Ivanovo Joint Stock Chemical Company "IVKHIMPROM") makes it possible to relinquish several (up to 9) surfactants at once. At the same time, the preparation itself is much more environmentally friendly and cheap.
Main publications
Address:1. Melnikov B.N., Moryganov A.P., Kalinnikov Yu.A. Theory and practice of high-speed fixation of dyes on textile materials (Moscow: Legprombytizdat), 1989, 208 pp.
2. Krestov G.A., etc. Non-aqueous solutions in technique and technology / G.A. Krestov, A.Ya. Friedman, V.V. Myasoedova, S.Yu. Belov, A.G. Zakharov, A.N. Prusov, B.N. Melnikov, A.P. Moryganov, Yu.A. Kalinnikov, F.Yu. Telegin, E.M. Rumjantsev, S.A. Lilin, V.K. Abrosimov, M.I. Trofimenko (Moscow: Nauka), 1991, 232 pp.
3. Kalinnikov Yu.A., Chernomordik Yu.G., Vashurina I.Yu., Melnikov B.N. The pecularities of reactive dye association in water and liquid ammonia. Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii (J. Applied Chemistry), Vol.60, No 11, (1987), P. 2533 -2536 .
4. Prusova S.M., Kalinnikov Yu.A., Melnikov B.N. Spectrophotometric investigation of disperse dye solvation. Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii (J. Applied Chemistry), Vol.62, No 3,(1989), P. 674-677 .
5. Kalinnikov Yu.A., Melnikov B.N. The influence upon the state of disperse dyes in solutions as a basis for the development of new highly effective technologies for dyeing textile materials. In Collective articles of the Institute of Chemistry of Non-aqueous Solutions (Ivanovo): Thermodynamics of solutions of non-electrolytes, (1989), P.95-101 .
6. Pronkin A.M., Kalinnikov Yu.A., Melnikov B.N. The influence of acid-base properties of aqueous media upon the state of the disperse dye in solution. Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii (J. Applied Chemistry), Vol.62, No 5, (1989), P. 1116-1121 .
7. Pronkin A.M., Kalinnikov Yu.A., Melnikov B.N. Spectrophotometric investigation of the correlation between the state of disperse azo-dye in solution and in fiber. Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii (J. Applied Chemistry), Vol.64, No 8, (1989), P. 1727-1730 .
8. Kalinnikov Yu.A. New approach to intensify continuous technologies of dyeing cotton fabrics with ionic dyes. Tekstilnaja khimija (Textile Chemistry), No 2 (2), (1992), P.82-91 .
9. Kalinnikov Yu.A., Vashurina I.Yu. The role of dye association in the processes of dyeing textile materials. In Collective articles of the Institute of Chemistry of Non-aqueous Solutions (Ivanovo): Thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions, (1992), P.90-100.
10. Kalinnikov Yu.A.A new approach to the intensification of continuous processes for cotton fabric dyeing using water-soluble dyes. In: Textile Chemistry Theory, Technology, Equipment / Ed. A.P.Moryganov. - Nova Sci. Publishers, Inc., Commack, New York, (1997), P.165-178.
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