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Zone overreach and underreach

Line impedance characteristics

Using impedance diagrams to characterize faults

Distance relay characteristics

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 networks

Recommendations for instructors

Example: UART data frames with and without parity

Example: serial ASCII data shown on an oscilloscope

Example: GPS receiver serial data over EIA/TIA-232

Serial data communication and shift registers

EIA/TIA-232

EIA/TIA-422 and EIA/TIA-485

ASCII character codes

The OSI Reference Model

Using an oscilloscope on differential networks

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to overcurrent protective relays

Recommendations for instructors

Instantaneous- versus time-overcurrent protection

Instantaneous relay construction

Induction disk relay construction

Induction disk relay setting

Inverse time curves

Overcurrent relay calibration

Instantaneous relay calibration

Inverse time relay calibration

Early overcurrent relays

Trip time simulation program

Example: astable 555 oscillator demonstration circuit

Relaxation oscillators

Internals of a 555 timer IC

Astable 555 operation

Monostable 555 operation

Altering trigger and threshold values

Applying foundational concepts to an astable 555 circuit

Sequential timer circuit

Driving a heavy load

Capacitor energy

Battery-powered 555

555-based triangle and square wave oscillator

Energy delivered to load

Service-restoring relays

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to differential current protection

Recommendations for instructors

Differential current protection

Differential current relays

Differential current protection zones

Differential current bus protection

Protection zone overlap

Faulted 87 system

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to AC generators

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Delco-Remy 10SI with regulator

Basic alternator construction

Basic operating characteristics

Delco-Remy 10DN alternator disassembly

Lenz's Law in generators

Generators at Niagara Falls

Solenoid-driven turbine control

Induced voltage in stator winding

Effects of faults in manually-regulated generator

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to alternating current

Recommendations for instructors

Example: sensitive audio detector circuit

AC versus DC

Transformers

AC quantities

Quantifying AC voltage and current

Phase shift

Musical pitch

Simple plotting of sinusoidal waves using C++

Plotting two sinusoidal waves with phase angles using C++

Using C++ to compute RMS value

Using C++ to compute RMS and Average values

Phase shift from oscillographs

Oscillographs comparing sinusoids

VOM versus DMM voltage measurements

Detecting AC mains distortion

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to AC motors

Recommendations for instructors

Rotating magnetic fields

Induction motor concepts

Induction motor control

Single-phase induction motors

Electric motor efficiency

Transformation of industry by electric motors

Magnetic field quantities

Defining magnetic north and south

Early description of three-phase motor

6-lead AC induction motors

9-lead AC induction motors

12-lead AC induction motors

Rotating magnetic field animated

Drag magnet

Animation of rotating magnetic field

Electric water pump nameplate example

9-lead Delta motor connections

9-lead Wye motor connections

Motor power based on PT and CT measurements

Stroboscope measuring motor speed

Humming motor

Effects of faults in a capacitor-start motor

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to parallel AC circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: parallel RLC circuit

Example: measuring parallel current phase shift

Example: solving for an unknown inductance

Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources

AC versus DC

Parallel network properties

Example circuit analysis using complex calculator

Example circuit analysis using ordinary calculator

Equivalent series and parallel XR networks

Complex-number arithmetic

Conductance, admittance, and susceptance

Modeling parallel RLC circuits using C++

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to series AC circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: series RC circuit

Example: series RLC circuit

Example: measuring series voltage phase shift

Example: solving for an unknown inductance

Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources

AC versus DC

Series network properties

Example circuit analysis using complex calculator

Example circuit analysis using ordinary calculator

Equivalent series and parallel XR networks

Complex-number arithmetic

Modeling series RLC circuits using C++

VIZ table for series RC circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to series-parallel AC circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: series-parallel RLC circuit

Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources

Phasor analysis review

Series and parallel network properties

AC series-parallel analysis example

Equivalent series and parallel XR networks

Complex-number arithmetic

Conductance, admittance, and susceptance

Modeling series-parallel RLC networks using C++

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Worked example

Induction motor model

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to AC induction motor starters

Recommendations for instructors

Motor contactors

Motor overload protection

Latching motor starters

Digital motor controls

Automatic motor starting

Inrush current

Inrush-limited starting

References on induction motor starting

Early AC motor overload protection

Normal status of a switch contact

Time-delay relays

Electrical safety

6-lead AC induction motors

9-lead AC induction motors

12-lead AC induction motors

Start/Jog control

Sketching connections for a three-phase starter

Sketching connections for a three-station motor starter

Three-motor starter circuit

Thermal overload misconceptions

Digital cooling fan control

Inrush current for a reactance starter

Microcontroller program for a simple motor starter

Motor current calculations

Wye motor fed by Delta source

Autotransformer starter calculations

Motor current simulation program

Routine motor testing

Faulted lift station pump control

Faulted wye/delta starter

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to complex filter networks

Recommendations for instructors

Example: 3rd-order low-pass filter design

Example: 4th-order high-pass filter design

Phasor analysis review

Basic filter networks

Output-limited filter networks

Balanced versus unbalanced filter networks

Filter network topology

Improving roll-off

Filter transfer functions

Transfer function poles and zeros

Transfer function for an RC low-pass filter

Transfer function for an LR low-pass filter

Transfer function for an RC high-pass filter

Transfer function for an LR high-pass filter

Transfer function for an RLC series band-pass filter

Transfer function for an RLC shunt band-pass filter

Transfer function for an RLC series band-stop filter

Transfer function for an RLC shunt band-stop filter

Filter poles and zeroes

Two-pole low-pass filter plots

Two-pole high-pass filter plots

Two-pole band-pass filter plots

Two-pole band-stop (notch) filter plots

Two-pole all-pass filter plots

Butterworth filter pole locations

Bessel filter pole locations

Chebyshev filter pole locations

Elliptic filter pole/zero locations

Passive filter design

Low-pass filter design example

High-pass filter design example

Active filters

Active filter design

Low-pass filter design example

High-pass filter design example

Wave screens

Decibels

IEC standard component values

The meaning of the $s$ variable

Impedance expressed using the $s$ variable

Butterworth passive filter component values

\index{Butterworth characteristic

Chebyshev passive filter component values

\index{Chebyshev characteristic

Operational amplifier imperfections

Butterworth passive filter designer using C++

Single-pole filters

Filter component value scaling

RC filter component selection program

Effects of faults in a multi-order filter

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to algebraic manipulation

Recommendations for instructors

Example: manipulated equations

Parallel resistances

Voltages in a voltage divider circuit

Voltages in a series-parallel circuit

Voltages in an AC resistor-capacitor circuit

Example: calculator variables

Example: balanced equation checking in Python

What do all these letters mean?

The ``equals'' symbol

Addition and subtraction

Multiplication and division

Proper order of operations

Factoring

Reciprocation

Powers and roots

Exponents and logarithms

Substitution

Algebraic identities

Properties of real numbers

Dimensional analysis

The Ohm's Law Circle and public education in America

Identify the mistake, part 4

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Basic AM transmitters

Basic AM receivers

Heterodyne AM receivers

Single-sideband AM

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to amplifier performance

Recommendations for instructors

Signal amplification (gain)

Amplifier energy efficiency

Classes of operation

Rejection

Amplifier impedance

Bandwidth

Distortion

Decibels

Protecting amplifier inputs from over-voltage

TTL logic gate as an amplifier

CMOS logic gate as an amplifier

Impulse testing

Gains and impedances of multi-stage amplifiers

Push-pull voltage follower

Single-ended versus push-pull amplifier distortion

Improving low-end amplifier performance

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to analog-digital conversion

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Single-ended, 8-bit, unipolar ADC

Example: 10-bit unipolar DAC

ADCs and DACs

Resolution

ADC sampling and aliasing

DAC circuitry: binary-weighted

DAC circuitry: $R-2R$

ADC circuitry: flash conversion

ADC circuitry: tracking conversion

ADC circuitry: successive approximation conversion

ADC circuitry: delta-sigma conversion

Stroboscopic voltage sampling

Scanning electron tube ADC

$R-2R$ network analysis

Protecting amplifier inputs from over-voltage

A practical use for aliasing

Flash ADC circuit using a non-priority encoder

Scaling and overvoltage protection for ADC

Re-design input network for an ADC circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to analog instrumentation circuits

Recommendations for instructors

4 to 20 mA analog current signals

Relating 4 to 20 mA signals to instrument variables

Example calculation: controller output to valve

Example calculation: flow transmitter

Example calculation: temperature transmitter

Example calculation: pH transmitter

Example calculation: reverse-acting I/P transducer signal

Example calculation: PLC analog input scaling

Graphical interpretation of signal ranges

Thinking in terms of per unit quantities

Instrument error documentation

Controller output current loops

4-wire (``self-powered'') transmitter current loops

2-wire (``loop-powered'') transmitter current loops

4-wire ``passive'' versus ``active'' output transmitters

Instrument loop diagrams

Troubleshooting current loops

Using a standard milliammeter to measure loop current

Using a clamp-on milliammeter to measure loop current

Using ``test'' diodes to measure loop current

Using shunt resistors to measure loop current

Troubleshooting current loops with voltage measurements

Using loop calibrators

NAMUR signal levels

3-wire RTD temperature transmitter circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to antennas

Recommendations for instructors

Example: making a 900 MHz antenna

Example: cable loss decibel calculations

Basic antenna types

Antenna size

Antenna orientation and directionality

Antenna reciprocity

Antenna characteristics

Vertical monopole antenna

Vertical dipole antenna

Vertical loop antenna

Vertical Yagi antenna

Vertical corner-reflector antenna

Vertical log-periodic dipole antenna

Antenna gain calculations

Decibels

Near-field versus far-field regions

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Parabolic dish feed

Antenna blind spots

Dummy antenna

Microwave detector

Transmitter testing

Close-coupled antennas

Antenna dimensions

Transmitter power and field strength

Monopole radiation strength

Whip antenna orientations

Incorrect decibel calculation program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to antenna feed systems

Recommendations for instructors

Example: cable loss decibel calculations

Antennas as sources and loads

Feedlines

Excessive standing wave ratio

Antenna impedance matching

Transceiver impedance matching

Baluns

Surge suppression

Decibels

LC impedance-transformation networks

Smith charts

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Optimum standing wave ratio

Adjusting twin-lead impedance

Ultimate Transmatch

Proper line termination

Transformer impedance ratios

Matching section

Matching section calculator program

Partially shorted transformer winding

Example: Motorola 68HC11 adding two numbers

Example: Motorola 68HC11 blinking an LED

Example: Motorola 68HC11 blinking two LEDs

Example: Motorola 68HC11 blinking eight LEDs

Example: Motorola 68HC11 counting in binary

Example: Motorola 68HC11 analog input

Example: Microchip PIC 16F84A bitwise OR

Example: Microchip PIC 16F84A conditional example

Example: Microchip PIC 16F84A motor control

Example: Microchip PIC 12F629 energizing a LED

Example: Microchip PIC 16F18346 blinking an LED

Example: Intel Xeon integer addition

Example: Intel Xeon integer subtraction

Example: Intel Xeon integer multiplication

Example: Intel Xeon looping infinitely

Example: Intel Xeon looping fifteen times

Example: Intel Xeon integer power

Big-endians and Little-endians

Example: custom inductor winding and testing

Title

Title

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to single-stage BJT amplifiers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: effects of bias on common-collector amplifier

Example: effects of bias on common-emitter amplifier

Example: effects of bias on common-base amplifier

Example: common-emitter input impedance

Example: common-emitter output impedance

Amplifier fundamentals

BJT amplifier configurations

Common-collector amplifier

Common-emitter amplifier

Common-base amplifier

Amplifier gain comparisons

Input and output impedances

Common-emitter impedances

Common-collector impedances

Common-base impedances

Amplifier design example: swamped common-emitter

Decibels

Derivation of dynamic emitter resistance

Common-emitter quiescent simulation program

Effects of faults in a bypassed common-emitter amplifier

Misconception on impedance-matching

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to bipolar junction transistors

Recommendations for instructors

Example: BJT collector current with varying base stimulus

Example: BJT collector current with varying collector-emitter voltage

Amplifier concepts

Injected charge carriers

BJT characteristics

John Bardeen's and Walter Brattain's transistor patent

Early Bell Labs transistors

Animation of an NPN BJT turning on

Animation of BJT curve-sketching

BJT patent

Common-base behavior

DC bias calculations

BJT circuit calculations

Claude Shannon makes the connection

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to circuit breakers and disconnects

Recommendations for instructors

Low-voltage circuit breakers

Medium-voltage circuit breakers

High-voltage circuit breakers

Bus configurations

Reclosers

Sectionalizers

Early circuit breakers

Single-line diagram power component symbols

Single-line diagram measurement component symbols

Breaker failure

BF logic diagram

Trip time from oscillograph

Breaker ratings

Diagnosing a failed circuit breaker system

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to bridge circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Voltage divider networks

Bridge networks

Balanced bridge examples

Resistance-measuring bridges

Sensor bridges

Power bridges

Early references to Wheatstone bridges

Edison's bridge

Thermistor bridge circuit

Two voltage divider networks

Ground-referenced and differential voltage measurements

Balancing a resistive bridge

Using a primitive bridge to measure resistance

Unknown excitation voltage

Thermistor bridge faults

Failed photocell bridge

Recommendations for students

Recommendations for instructors

Example: simple power supply calculations

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Design overview

Transformers

Diodes and rectifiers

Filters

Ripple

Practical power supply designs

Hot, neutral, and ground power conductors

Split DC power supplies

Full-wave bridge rectifier with ideal diodes

Full-wave bridge rectifier with real diodes

Introduction to calculus

The concept of differentiation

The concept of integration

How derivatives and integrals relate to one another

Symbolic versus numerical calculus

Numerical differentiation

Numerical integration

Introduction to pseudocode

Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++

Differentiation and integration animated

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Explaining the meaning of code

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to capacitance and capacitors

Recommendations for instructors

Example: capacitor storing and releasing energy

Example: series versus parallel capacitors

Example: RC demonstration circuit

Example: battery voltage stabilization

Example: decoupling capacitors

Example: voltage source energizing a capacitor

Example: current source energizing a capacitor

Example: RC time-delay network values

Example: voltage divider and capacitor

Example: simplifying complex RC networks using Th\'evenin's Theorem

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Electric fields and energy storage

Voltage, current, energy, and capacitance

Applications of capacitance

Inverse exponential growth/decay

Inverse-exponential calculation examples

Capacitor types and limitations

Series and parallel capacitance

Early examples of capacitors

Fatality resulting from cable capacitance

IEC standard component values

Capacitor labeling

Capacitor parameters and dielectric types

Capacitor parasitics

Electric field quantities

Capacitor displacement current

Time delay circuits and Th\'evenin's/Norton's Theorems

Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using C++

Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using Python

Modeling an energizing capacitor using C++

Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++

Copper tape

Cable capacitance

Capacitor charging circuit

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Defibrillator capacitor

Half-life

Measuring capacitance by time delay

SPICE analysis of an energizing capacitor

SPICE analysis of a de-energizing capacitor

Capacitor voltage simulation program

Dielectric breakdown

Incorrect voltage/current curves

Typical electronics job titles

OPM definition

BLS definition

Jobs and industry sectors

Electronics manufacturing/R\&D

Semiconductor manufacturing

General manufacturing

CNC manufacturing

Telecommunications

Aerospace and avionics

Automotive R\&D

Electrical power

Pipelines

Heavy industries

Municipal water treatment

Medical

Building automation, alarm, and access

Military support

Law enforcement

Public roads and railway systems

Municipal transportation systems

Marine transportation

Remotely operated vehicles

Audio/visual systems

Academic and government research

Calibration services and metrology

Technical sales

Summary

Industry equipment

Process equipment

Electronic test equipment

Job search engines

Corporate websites

Employment agencies

Recruiting firms

Union halls

Classified advertisements

Trade periodicals

Word-of-mouth

Chambers of Commerce

Tours

Jobshadowing and Internships

Informational interviews

Digital ``smokestacking''

Summary

R\'esum\'e examples for recent graduates

References

Cover letter examples for recent graduates

Job description examples

Sample technical questions

Sample behavioral questions

Inappropriate and/or illegal questions

Disclosure

Confidentiality

Background checks

Drug screening

Building a career path

Continuing education

Find mentors

Accept any and all training offered to you

Attend industry conferences

Professional societies

Earn certifications and/or licenses

Challenge yourself on the job

Read, read, read!

Be a scientist

Share your knowledge

All-day interview

Ask for references!

The importance of showing up

Do your homework

Keeping a job

When to disobey your boss

How to get yourself black-listed

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to semiconductors

Recommendations for instructors

Atomic structure

Energy bands and conductivity

Energy bands and electric fields

Doping

The PN junction

Semiconductor production

Animation of a forward-biased PN diode junction

Solar panel output

Photodiode biasing

Light-emitting diodes

Hall effect on electrons versus holes

Loaded versus unloaded solar panel

Predicting diode current

Tilted band diagrams

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to C programming

Recommendations for instructors

Example: whitespace

Example: variable scope

Example: ncurses demo program

What is a programming language?

Creating and running a simple C program

Step 1: write the source code

Step 2: compile the source code

Step 3: run the executable code

C program fundamentals

Writing neat code

Comments

Formatted output using \texttt{printf

Data types

Basic mathematical functions

Using the C math library

Complex-number operations

Formatted input using \texttt{scanf

Conditionals

Loops

Logical operators

Bitwise operators

Bitwise-AND

Bitwise-OR

Bitwise-XOR

Bitwise complementation

Bit-shifting

Bitwise demonstration program

Testing bit states

Functions

Pointers

Arrays

Structures

Unions

Debugging

Simple graphics using C

Ncurses

Graphical back-end rendering

CSV data plotting

HTML for text

Inline SVG for graphic images

Introduction to assembly language programming

ASCII character codes

GCC quick reference

Writing your first C program

Re-writing a ``Hello world!'' program

Writing a power calculation program

Resonant frequency calculator program

Decibel calculator program

Logical-AND versus bitwise-AND

Driving microcontroller output bits

Bit-rotate program

Using C to analyze a series resistor circuit

Using C to analyze a parallel resistor circuit

Using C to analyze a series-parallel resistor circuit

Using C to analyze a multi-source circuit

Using C to calculate capacitive reactance

Using C to analyze a series AC RLC circuit

Using C to analyze a parallel AC RLC circuit

Using C to analyze a series AC resistor-capacitor circuit

Using complex numbers in C to analyze a series-parallel AC RLC circuit

Using C to plot a sine wave

Geometric sequence counting program

RC time-constant calculator program

Using C to analyze an RC charging-discharging circuit

Writing an LR time-delay analysis program

Writing a cutoff frequency calculator program

Writing a low-pass filter simulation program

Bitwise operation practice

XOR cryptography

Byte-shifting algorithm

Sine calculator program

Using C arrays to analyze a resistor circuit

Sine look-up table

Array-reversal program

Find mistakes in a very simple program

Find mistakes in a millimeter conversion program

Case-sensitivity in variable names

Find mistake in a function-calling program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to capacitance and inductance

Recommendations for instructors

Example: capacitor storing and releasing energy

Example: inductor storing and releasing energy

Example: series versus parallel capacitors

Example: series versus parallel inductors

Example: inductor-capacitor resonance

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Review of sources and loads

Energy storage in electric fields

Energy storage in magnetic fields

Capacitance and inductance compared

Applications of capacitance and inductance

Parasitic capacitance and inductance

Early examples of capacitors

Early examples of inductors

Capacitor displacement current

Inductor labeling

Capacitor labeling

Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++

Capacitor charging circuit

Inductor charging circuit

Controlling the rate of de-energization

Longer time constants

Safe de-energization

Switching an inductive load

RLC circuit

The Meissner Effectt

Capacitor energy calculations

Inductor energy calculations

Defibrillator capacitor

Rail gun capacitor

Capacitors and inductors compared against batteries

Mixed-source circuits with capacitors and inductors

Capacitor and inductor fault pathology

Strange ohmmeter readings

Basic feedback control principles

Common control system terms and definitions

Diagnosing feedback control problems

On/off control

Proportional-only control

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Explaining the meaning of code

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital codes

Recommendations for instructors

Morse and Baudot telegraph codes

EBCDIC and ASCII codes

Hexdumps

Unicode

UTF-8 encoding examples

Binary and Gray position codes

Ancient serial data communication

Frank Gray's code

International Morse Code

ASCII character codes

Morse-coded message

ASCII-coded message

Using Python to convert between ASCII and hexadecimal

Failed ASCII bit

Failed encoder photodetector

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to combinational logic

Recommendations for instructors

Example: gate circuits from 4-input truth tables

Example: ladder logic circuits from 4-input truth tables

Example: timing diagrams for combinational gate circuits

Gallery of logic gate applications

Logic functions

Universal logic functions

Combinational relay logic

Boolean expressions into circuits

Truth tables into circuits

Sum of Products

Negative Sum of Products

Product of Sums

Claude Shannon makes the connection

NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer

Normal status of a switch contact

Logic families

Modeling combinational logic using C++

Use of spare NAND gates

Chemical weapons incinerator

Using Python to evaluate combinational logic expressions

Using Python to evaluate a combinational function diagram

Truth tables from Boolean expressions

Gate circuits from Boolean expressions

Relay circuits from Boolean expressions

Circuits from two-input truth tables

Circuits from three-input truth tables

Timing diagrams for gate circuits

Effect of gate fault on Boolean expression

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to comparators

Recommendations for instructors

Example: comparator demonstration circuit

Example: simple bargraph display circuit

Example: simple dot-graph display circuit

Example: the effects of noise

Example: multi-comparator voting array

Example: simple opamp experiments

Differential amplification

Practical applications

Comparator internal circuitry

Comparator features

Schematic diagram simplifications

Adding hysteresis

Window comparators

Differential pair amplifiers

Split DC power supplies

Comparator and operational amplifier imperfections

Protecting comparator inputs from over-voltage

Analyzing the simplified LM339 schematic

Analyzing the full LM339 schematic

Swept-voltage comparator simulation program

Plugs and sockets

Series connections

Parallel connections

NEMA and IEC symbols

Batteries, voltage and current sources

Resistors

Potentiometers

Switches

Solenoids

Fuses and circuit breakers

Relays

Electromagnetic generators

Inductors

Transformers

Capacitors

Diodes

Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Transistors

Solid-state relays

Diagrams

IEC standard component values

Inductor labeling

Capacitor labeling

Voltage across conductors versus insulators

Capacitor as source and load

Transformers requiring AC

Electrically common versus distinct terminals

LEDs and batteries

Sketching a solid state relay circuit

Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations

Power, Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations

Rate-of-change calculations

Battery-fuse-switch-lamp fault analysis

Relay-controlled electric motor

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to electrical connections

Recommendations for instructors

Example: equipotential, common, distinct, and isolated points

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Making and breaking connections

Connection resistance

Wire size and type

Permanent connections

Mechanical splicing

Wire nuts

Solder

Wire wrap

Compression connectors

Terminal blocks

Temporary connections

Fahnestock clips

Springs

Alligator clips

Solderless breadboards

Plugs and sockets

Banana plugs and jacks

Early examples of breadboarding

Small-gauge wire ampacities

Table of specific resistance values

Derivation of electron drift velocity

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Using a soldering iron

Switch contact size

Why use gold plating?

Diagnostic thermal imaging

Soldering iron usage

Siemens model 3AP1/2 high-voltage circuit breaker

Testing for a broken connection

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital counters

Recommendations for instructors

Example: timing diagrams for latches and flip-flops

Example: clock pulse generator

Example: reduced-modulus counters

Switch contact bounce

Example: arbitrary waveform generator using an analog multiplexer

Binary count sequences

Counter ICs

Extending count range

Limiting count range

Latches and flip-flops

Counter circuit fundamentals

Asynchronous counters

Synchronous counters

Modulus

Frequency division

Counter circuits in the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

Digital pulse criteria

Cascading counter circuits

Determining up/down counter state

Frequency division

Wired-AND modulus reduction

Frequency division using clear versus using preset

Industrial digital security

Motives for industrial cyberattacks

Technical challenge

Profit

Espionage

Sabotage

Terrorism

Design-based fortifications

Strong authentication

Air gaps

Firewalls

Demilitarized Zones

Anti-virus

Encryption

Read-only system access

Control platform diversity

Policy-based fortifications

Foster awareness

Employ dedicated security personnel

Utilize effective authentication

Cautiously grant authorization

Maintain good documentation

Close unnecessary access pathways

Maintain operating system software

Routinely archive critical data

Create response plans

Limit mobile and personal device access

Secure all toolkits

Close abandoned accounts

Spread-spectrum radio patent

Stuxnet

A primer on uranium enrichment

Gas centrifuge vulnerabilities

The Natanz uranium enrichment facility

How Stuxnet worked

The OSI Reference Model

Lexicon of cyber-security terms

Microcontroller security fuse

Vulnerability databases

Exclusive-OR encryption

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to data acquisition

Recommendations for instructors

Example: using Python to control a LabJack model U3 DAQ

Digital data acquisition

Data acquisition units

Practical measurement examples

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Common-mode voltages and currents

Ground-referenced signal sources

Floating signal sources

Elevated signal sources

General-purpose opamp recommendations

Operational amplifier imperfections

Protecting amplifier inputs from over-voltage

Connecting photocells to a DAQ

Measuring speed with a DAQ

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to DC-AC power conversion

Recommendations for instructors

Example: inverter circuits from the Bright/Royer 1957 patent

Example: inverter using a 555 timer

Example: inverter using NOT gates

DC versus AC

BJT and FET review

Oscillator circuits

Thyristor converters

Converter output waveforms

Thyratron inverter patent

VFD transistor switching sequence

Animation of an NPN BJT turning on

Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on

Bright/Royer self-excited inverter circuits

Bright/Royer externally-excited inverter circuits

555-based inverter circuit

Early three-phase inverter design

Converter efficiency

Tracing fault current

Faults in a VFD circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to DC-DC power conversion

Recommendations for instructors

Example: simple buck converter

Example: simple boost converter

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Matching source and load voltages

Capacitor and inductor review

BJT and FET review

Simple step-down converter

Buck converter

Boost converter

Inverting converter

\'Cuk converter

Flyback converter

Forward converter

Charge pumps

Hybrid switching-linear converters

Battery substations

\'Cuk converter patent

Capacitor parameters and dielectric types

Inductor parameters and core types

Capacitor parasitics

Inductor parasitics

VFD transistor switching sequence

Animation of an NPN BJT turning on

Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on

Linear vs. switch-mode

Poor converter efficiency

Source/load functions in \'Cuk converter

Transistor biasing

Dying battery source

Instantaneous analyses of DC-DC converter circuits

Identifying possible root-cause faults

Magnetism and induction

Permanent-magnet motors

Counter-EMF

Series-wound motors

Shunt-wound motors

Compound-wound motors

Brushless DC motors

Transformation of industry by electric motors

Magnetic field quantities

Defining magnetic north and south

Magnetic field quantities

Dynamic braking experiment

Coil spring solenoid

Shunt motor speed control

Calculating inrush current and counter-EMF

Failed-open field winding

Example: equipotential, common, distinct, and isolated points

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Properties of connected versus isolated points

Simple lamp circuit

Predicting the effect of breaks in a circuit

Predicting the effect of shorts in a circuit

Testing a PCB-mounted switch

Three-way switches controlling a lamp

Malfunctioning oven

Bicycle noise

Extension cords

Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#1)

Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#2)

Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#3)

Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#4)

Recording studio microphones

Critique of troubleshooting observations and conclusions

Electric railroad ground problems

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital computing circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: bitwise logical operations

Arithmetic: addition

Arithmetic: increment

Bitwise: AND

Bitwise: XOR

Bitwise: shift/rotate

Arithmetic: subtraction

Simple four-bit ALU

Binary adder circuits

Half versus Full adders

Shift-right sequential program

NOR-based half-adder

Bitwise logical operations

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital diagnostic tools

Recommendations for instructors

Diagnostic visualization tools

Digital logic levels

Multimeters

Logic probes and pulsers

Breakout boxes

Oscilloscopes

Logic analyzers

Assembled board testing

JTAG

TTL logic levels

CMOS logic levels

Digital pulse criteria

Reverse-engineering techniques

Pulldown resistor sizing

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: simple logic functions using switches

Example: NAND gate demonstration circuit

Example: comparator demonstration circuit

Example: simple bargraph display circuit

Example: bitwise logical operations

Analog versus digital

Logic states

Bits and words

Logic functions

IC logic gates

Boolean expressions

Digital numbers and codes

Digital storage and communication

Comparators

The original telegraph code

Punched paper tape

Claude Shannon makes the connection

Modeling Boolean logic using C++

Analog versus digital quantities

Pulse-width modulation

Logic levels in a bipolar logic circuit

Using Python to evaluate basic logic expressions

Logic gate truth tables

Boolean expressions for logic functions

Boolean expressions for simple combinational networks

Effects of faults in simple digital circuit

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Analog-digital signal conversion

Data types

Data buffering

Digitized signal frequency

Fourier transform functions

Complex numbers

Digital signal mixing

Decimation

Interpolation

Digital signal filtering

Window functions

Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm in C++

Spectrum analyzer in C++

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Explaining the meaning of code

Example: field probing inside a PC

Example: SDR as a probe analyzer

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Electric versus magnetic fields

Capacitance

Inductance

Electromagnetic induction

Signal coupling

Electric field probing

Magnetic field probing

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

Near-field versus far-field regions

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to elementary circuit design

Recommendations for instructors

Review of electrical principles

Equal-voltage versus equal-current circuits

Terminal block circuit construction

Grounded circuits

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Three resistors in series and parallel

Resistors with specified current directions

More resistors with specified current directions

Resistor and terminal blocks with specified voltage polarities

Analog voltmeter

Potentiometer-based voltage dividers

Extending the range of a voltmeter

Parallel resistors?

Nonfunctioning relay-controlled lamp

Miswired DAQ

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to electric and magnetic fields

Recommendations for instructors

Example: CMOS inverter as electric field detector

Example: cow magnet as magnetic field detector

Example: loudspeaker as electromagnetic demonstrator

Example: demonstrating the curled right-hand rule of electromagnetism

Example: oscilloscope displaying induced voltage

Example: demonstrating Lenz's Law

Example: high-voltage corona

Electric versus magnetic fields

Electromagnetism

Curled right-hand rule

Straight right-hand rule

Electric motors

Field strength and field force

Electromagnetic induction

Lenz's Law

Electric-field instruments

Michael Faraday's experiments on electromagnetic induction

Mapping magnetic fields

Solenoid-driven turbine control

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

Defining magnetic north and south

Near-field versus far-field regions

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Gauss' Law of Electric Fields

Lorentz force in a rail gun

An energized solenoid

Magnetic field detector coil

Speaker coil voltage

Force between wires

Generator with low output

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital encoders and decoders

Recommendations for instructors

Example: demonstration circuit using the CD4511

Binary and BCD numeration

One-of-$n$ numeration

Encoding and decoding

7-segment display decoders

Physical position encoders

Frank Gray's code

Integer conversion table

5-line to 32-line decoder

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Ethernet networks

Recommendations for instructors

Serial data communication and shift registers

Overview

Repeaters (hubs)

Ethernet cabling

Switching hubs

Error detection

The OSI Reference Model

Hash algorithms

RJ-45 connector circuitry

Checking data using a hash function

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to feedback

Recommendations for instructors

Example: multi-stage transistor amplifier with negative feedback

Mechanical pendula

Thermostatic control

Amplifier feedback

Block diagrams

Functional inversion

Servo systems

Summary

Harold Black's feedback patent

Early telephone system repeaters

George Philbrick's work on gun tracking systems

Decibels

Perspiration as a feedback mechanism

Miscalibrated speedometer

Miscalibrated thermostat sensor

Party stereo

Taming an unruly amplifier

Mathematical functions in feedback path

Proving gain formula with feedback

Loss of servo feedback

Reversal of height feedback

Amplifier fundamentals

Modeling a common-source amplifier using C++

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to field-effect transistors

Recommendations for instructors

Example: JFET biasing

Example: D-type MOSFET biasing

Example: E-type MOSFET biasing

Amplifier concepts

Junction field-effect transistors

Insulated-gate field-effect transistors

FET characteristics

Static sensitivity

Early Field-Effect Transistor

US Patent for a JFET

US Patent for a MOSFET

FETs versus BJTs

Alternative MOSFET symbols

Gauss' Law of Electric Fields

Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on

JFET depletion regions

JFET source and drain terminals

Identifying MOSFET stimuli

Sketching MOSFET switch circuit

Typical JFET pinch-off voltage values

Effect of $V_{DS

$ on depletion region

Effects of $V_{GS

$ on MOSFET

Interesting transistor symbols

Servo motor travel limiting

Drain current calculation

ESD test jig

Testing a JFET by continuity

Dim lamp

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to fiber optics

Recommendations for instructors

Fiber optic data communication

Fiber optic cable construction

Multi-mode and single-mode optical fibers

Fiber optic connectors and routing

Fiber optic safety

Fiber optic cable testing

Optical power loss testing

OTDR testing

Decibels

Fiber optic sensing applications

Turbine flowmeter sensing

Fabry-Perot interferometry temperature measurement

Dissolved oxygen measurement

Arc flash detection

Transconductance and transimpedance amplifiers

Losses in optical fibers

Power concentration program in Python

Light direction testing

Comparing OTDR traces

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to elementary filter networks

Recommendations for instructors

Example: filter network testing

Example: RC filter design

Example: HVDC harmonic filters

Phasor analysis review

Signal separation

Reactive filtering

Bode plots

LC resonant filters

Roll-off

Mechanical-electrical filters

Summary of filter types

Filtering complex signals

Output-limited filter networks

Wave screens

Vibrating-reed meters as spectrum analyzers

Decibels

IEC standard component values

Complex-number arithmetic

Capacitor parasitics

Inductor parasitics

Modeling low-pass filters using C++

Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm in C++

Spectrum analyzer in C++

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Filter truth table

Tweeter enhancement

AM radio tuner

Output jack on analog VOMs

White noise

Practice: complex number calculations

Frequency response of an RC network

Designing simple RC low-pass and high-pass filters

Designing filters using IEC standard component values

Using C to analyze a filter network

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to programmable logic ICs

Recommendations for instructors

Programmable versus fixed logic

Logic function review

Multiplexers as logic

Memory as logic

Sum-of-Product logic expressions

AND-OR programmable logic

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Hardware description languages

IP cores

PAL patent

FPGA patent

Floating-gate FET transistor patent

Multiplexer-based logic functions

Two multiplexers creating a logic function

Simple FPGA programming

Explaining the meaning of code

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to frequency-domain representation of signals

Recommendations for instructors

Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources

Example: SDR spectrum displays

Composition of light

Fourier's Theorem

Fourier series

Building a square wave from sine waves

Building a triangle wave from cosine waves

Building a sawtooth wave from sine waves

Building a pulse wave from cosine waves

Time vs. frequency in circuits

Time-frequency relationships

Applications for frequency-domain analysis

Filter-based Fourier analysis

Mixer-based Fourier analysis

Fourier analysis of a square wave

Phase-shifted Fourier terms

A digital Fourier transform algorithm

Wave screens

Vibrating-reed meters as spectrum analyzers

Wireless versus cable-based telephony

Reciprocating engine balance shafts

Timbre

Fourier series for common waveforms

Square wave

Triangle wave

Sawtooth wave

Pulse wave

Simple plotting of sinusoidal waves using C++

Plotting two sinusoidal waves with phase angles using C++

Plotting harmonic series using C++

Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm in C++

Spectrum analyzer in C++

DC to sunlight

Multi-harmonic analyzer

Fourier analysis of a triangle wave

Testing the purity of a sine wave

Faulty spectrum analyzer design

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to finite state machines

Recommendations for instructors

Digital signal feedback

Digital memory arrays

Digital memory with feedback

State diagrams and state tables

Finite state machines using combinational logic

Modeling a simple finite state machine using C++

Generating repeated values

Sweeping LED pattern

Parallel to serial data converter

Fibonacci sequence counter

Prime sequence counter

Effects of failed data lines

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to electrical power grids

Recommendations for instructors

Power grid components

Paralleling grid generators

Grid power flow

Prototype electrical power transmission system

Early power system faults and protection

Edison DC system power cable

Electrical safety

Per capita electricity consumption in 1921

Multi-generator DC power grid voltages

Multi-source grid simulation program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to electrical safety

Recommendations for instructors

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Electric shock and burn hazards

Hot, neutral, and ground power conductors

Split-phase AC power circuits

The National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Other NFPA standards

Early electrical safety

Fatality resulting from cable capacitance

Small-gauge wire ampacities

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Safety as a function of energy

Faraday cages

A brave man wearing a metal suit

Dangerous voltages and currents for the human body

NFPA 79 protective bonding standard

NFPA 79 residual voltage standard

Power receptacle tester

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to high-frequency amplifiers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: broadcast FM transmitter

Example: broadband low-noise amplifier PCB

Amplifier review

RF power amplifiers

Low-noise amplifiers

IF amplifiers

Decibels

LC impedance-transformation networks

Mathematics of signal mixing

Solid-state PA component functions

Power amplifier efficiency

Tank circuit calculations

Tank circuit calculator program

Faults in a transmitter (block diagram)

Faults in a low-power CW transmitter

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to ideal versus real electrical sources

Recommendations for instructors

Example: battery voltage under load

Example: dying dry-cell battery under load

Example: shorted solar panel

Source resistance

Source strength

Source equivalence

Approximating ideal sources

Transistor modeled as a source

Neon lamp modeled as a source

Diode modeled as a source

Improving a faux current source

Current transformer safety

Ideal current source behavior

Analyzing a non-ideal source

Analyzing another non-ideal source

FET modeled as a current source

Battery testing

Testing a power supply

Linear and non-linear sources

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to inductance and inductors

Recommendations for instructors

Example: superconducting energy-storage inductor

Example: inductor storing and releasing energy

Example: series versus parallel inductors

Example: current source energizing an inductor

Example: voltage source energizing an inductor

Example: LR time-delay network values

Example: simplifying complex LR networks using Norton's Theorem

Example: interesting relay behavior

Example: custom inductor winding and testing

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Magnetic fields and energy storage

Voltage, current, energy, and inductance

Applications of inductance

Inverse exponential growth/decay

Inverse-exponential calculation examples

Inductor types and limitations

Series and parallel inductance

Making custom inductors

Early examples of inductors

IEC standard component values

Inductor labeling

Inductor parameters and core types

Inductor parasitics

Magnetic field quantities

Derivation of electron drift velocity

Time delay circuits and Th\'evenin's/Norton's Theorems

Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using C++

Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using Python

Modeling an energizing inductor using C++

Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++

Wirewound resistor

Impossibility of storing an energized inductor

Inductor charging circuit

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Toroidal inductor wire turns

Time required to reach specified currents

Measuring inductance by time delay

Power line reactors

SPICE analysis of an energizing inductor

SPICE analysis of a de-energizing inductor

Insulation breakdown

Incorrect voltage/current curves

Inductor proximity

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital signal integrity

Recommendations for instructors

Oscilloscope, cable, and signal generator

Demonstration of set-up time

Digital logic levels

Pulse imperfections

Consequences of distorted pulses

Interference

Mitigation techniques

Diagnostics

Signal integrity in wireless versus cable-based telephony

TTL logic levels

CMOS logic levels

Digital pulse criteria

Animation of an open transmission line

Measuring rise and fall times

The Soul of a New Machine

Two crosstalk scenarios

Simultaneous crosstalk

Measuring jitter using an eye diagram

Evaluating set-up and hold times

Pulse waveform oscillographs

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to process control

Recommendations for instructors

What is Instrumentation?

Terms and definitions

Control system examples

Example: thermostatic room control system

Example: boiler water level control system

Example: wastewater disinfection

Example: chemical reactor temperature control

Other types of instruments

Indicators

Recorders

Process switches and alarms

Annunciators

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to internet-based systems

Recommendations for instructors

Connecting to the Internet

Data transfer protocols

File transfer

Remote session

The World-Wide Web

HyperText Markup Language

The OSI Reference Model

Generating a simple web page using C++

Writing a simple HTML file

HTML color codes

Faulty C++ program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Kirchhoff's Current Law

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Three-wire power system

Concept review

Charge conservation at nodes

Application to parallel circuits

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in his own words

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Three-wire electrical power distribution

Unusual ammeter measurements

Generator failure

Series current sources

Paralleled current sources

Current divider

Solving for currents in a multi-source circuit

Interpreting a SPICE analysis

4-20 mA transmitter circuit fault

Multiple-LED circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Recommendations for instructors

Example: multiple-battery array

% No "circuit" at all!

Example: split DC power supply

Example: aluminum smelting pots

Concept review

Energy conservation in closed loops

Choosing other loops

Circuits with unknown currents

Referencing voltage to ground

A simplified application of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in his own words

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Altimeter readings on a mountain

Incomplete KVL analogy

Three-battery circuit

Polarities in a multi-lamp circuit

EKG monitor

Shock hazard assessment

Paralleled voltage sources

Tracing KVL loops in a series circuit

Tracing KVL loops in a multi-source circuit

Series-connected batteries

More connected batteries

Grounded batteries

Voltages in a resistor network

Series resistor network with common-mode source

Printed circuit board measurements

Interpreting a SPICE analysis

Sudden change in voltage

Diagnosing a fault type

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to relay ladder logic

Recommendations for instructors

Example: simple logic functions using switches

Example: NAND function in a PLC

Logic function review

Relay logic

Ladder diagrams

Annotating ladder logic circuits

Ladder diagram example

Ladder logic PLC programming

New York City's relay-based subway signal system

Normal status of a switch contact

Ladder Logic Programming of PLCs

Conveyor warning siren

Active reading exercise: motor control circuit diagram

Associating logic functions with relay circuit

Truth table for a relay circuit

Mistaken wiring in a steam control circuit

Effects of a ground fault in a relay control circuit

Identifying possible faults in a relay circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to latching logic

Recommendations for instructors

Example: timing diagrams for combinational gate circuits

Example: timing diagrams for latches and flip-flops

Switch contact bounce

Logic functions

Latch circuits

Set-Reset latches

SR enabled latches and flip-flops

D-type latches and flip-flops

JK flip-flops

Master-slave flip-flops

Preset and clear inputs

Logic families

Digital pulse criteria

Modeling an SR latch using C++

Modeling an SR flip-flop using C++

Modeling a JK flip-flop using C++

Frequency division

Timing diagram for an enabled SR latch

Timing diagram for a D flip-flop

Sound-controlled lamp

Widlar current source patent

Broken C-B jumper

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to RF link budgets

Recommendations for instructors

Example: cable loss decibel calculations

Example: path loss calculations

Examples: RF link budget calculations

Effective radiated power

Link budget fundamentals

Link budget graph

Fresnel zones

Decibels

Near-field versus far-field regions

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Cable loss and frequency

Using C to calculate receiver power

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to linear voltage regulators

Recommendations for instructors

Example: breadboard voltage regulator

Example: 7805 power dissipation

Example: fixed-source, variable-load series voltage regulator design

Example: variable-source, variable-load series voltage regulator design

Series versus shunt regulation

A failed attempt

Automatic shunt regulation

Automatic series regulation

Zener versus avalanche breakdown

Standard pass regulator design

Zener current with varying load current

Series regulator calculations

Testing a Zener diode

Effects of faults in a series voltage regulator

Effects of faults in an LDO regulator

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital signal integrity

Recommendations for instructors

Example: NAND gate demonstration circuit

Example: comparator demonstration circuit

Example: simple bargraph display circuit

Example: supervised switch reading circuit

Example: decoupling capacitors

Gallery of logic gate applications

Logic function review

Bicycle headlamp alarm

Logic gate limitations

TTL versus CMOS logic

Logic gate currents

Open collector/drain logic gates

Tri-state output logic gates

Logic levels

Voltage level translation

Schmitt trigger gates

Comparators

NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer

TTL logic levels

CMOS logic levels

Logic families

Digital pulse criteria

Protecting logic gate inputs from over-voltage

Discrete analysis of a bipolar AND gate

Discrete analysis of a bipolar OR gate

Discrete analysis of a CMOS NAND gate

Discrete analysis of a CMOS AND gate

Clashing gate outputs

Bipolar versus CMOS

Diode-resistor logic gates

CMOS protection diodes

Sketching an OR gate circuit

Voltages in a TTL gate

Pulldown resistor sizing for a TTL gate input

Proposed faults in a TTL gate

Improper NAND gate function

Malfunctioning security alarm system

Matter and atomic structure

Atoms and particles

Molecules and ions

Chemical formulae

Electronic structure

Work, energy, and power

Force and displacement vectors

Energy and power

Perpendicular force and displacement

More energy transfer

Rotational work

Energy and safety

Kinetic energy

Dimensional analysis of energy

Elementary thermodynamics

Heat versus Temperature

Temperature

Heat

Heat transfer

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Specific heat and enthalpy

Phase changes

Phase diagrams and critical points

Thermodynamic degrees of freedom

Applications of phase changes

Propane storage tanks

Class II Filled-bulb thermometers

Nuclear reactor pressurizers

Steam boilers

Fruit crop freeze protection

Evaporative cooling towers

Unit conversions and physical constants

Unity fractions

Conversion formulae for temperature

Conversion factors for distance

Conversion factors for volume

Conversion factors for velocity

Conversion factors for mass

Conversion factors for force

Conversion factors for area

Conversion factors for pressure (either all gauge or all absolute)

Conversion factors for pressure (absolute pressure units only)

Conversion factors for energy or work

Conversion factors for power

Dimensional analysis

The International System of Units

Newton's Laws of Motion

Rotational motion

Periodic Table of the Elements

Molecular quantities

Saturated steam table

Weight densities of common materials

Common liquid densities

Common solid densities

Residential electric billing

Roller-coaster ride

Potential or kinetic?

BB guns and arrows

Applying foundational concepts to various systems

Moving weights

% INSTWORK -- WORK6400

Stopping distance

Antenna dimensions

Analog-digital converter signals

Frequency conversions

Pulley and rope system

% INSTWORK -- WORK6400

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Recommendations for instructors

Example: variable-voltage source

Ideal versus real sources

Load power with varying load resistance

Load power with varying source resistance

Applications of the Maximum Power Transfer theorem

Derivation of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Audio amplifier loading

Series resistance

Battery bank short-circuit current

Find the mistake(s)

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to MSP430 microcontrollers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: bitwise logical operations

Assembly example: adding two numbers

C example: adding two numbers

Sketch example: adding two numbers

C example: pointers

Assembly example: subtracting two numbers

Assembly example: bitwise operations

C example: bitwise operations

Assembly example: rotate right instruction

Assembly example: alternating LED blink

C example: alternating LED blink

Sketch example: alternating LED blink

Assembly example: blink all Port 1 lines

Assembly example: pushbutton control of LED

C example: pushbutton control of LED

C example: start-stop control

Assembly example: pushing and popping the stack

Assembly example: driving Port 2 lines with Timer

Assembly example: interrupt triggered by pushbutton

C example: interrupt triggered by pushbutton

Assembly example: LED blink with watchdog

C example: pushbutton-triggered timer

C example: Boolean SOP expression

C example: sine wave signal generator

C example: externally-clocked sine wave signal generator

C example: pulse-width modulation output

C example: crude analog input

C example: analog-controlled LEDs

C example: UART serial text transmission

C example: UART serial text and number transmission

C example: UART transmission of analog data

C example: simple datalogger

Example: interposing MCU to a heavy load

Microcontrollers versus microprocessors

MSP430G2553 pin functions

Elementary output and input

Bit-level output instructions

Bit-level input instructions

MSP430G2553 architecture

Registers

Memory map

I/O ports

Interrupts

Watchdog timer

MSP430G2553 auxiliary functions

Clocks

General timers

Watchdog timer

Analog-Digital conversion

Analog comparators

Serial data interfaces

CCS assembly-language programming

CCS C-language programming

Energia programming

Debugging tools

Introduction to assembly language programming

Terminal assignments and limits

Interrupt capabilities

Disabling the watchdog timer

Integer conversion table

Setting up Port 1 I/O

Setting up Timer A

Selecting sub-main clock source

MSP430 header file

Poor interface design

Improving a debug session

Incorrect sum

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital memory

Recommendations for instructors

Example: 16x8 array from 16x4 memory ICs

Example: 16x16 array from 16x4 memory ICs

Example: 32x4 array from 16x4 memory ICs

Example: 64x4 array from 16x4 memory ICs

Example: AWG circuit using nonvolatile memory IC

Punched paper tape

Digital memory principles

Electronic memory

Signal timing

Combining memory elements

Types of memory elements

Magnetic core memory

Early magnetic hard disk drives

Floating-gate FET transistor patent

Tri-state logic gate outputs

Digital pulse criteria

Animation of 16 $\times$ 8 ROM

Memory organization

Addressing an expanded memory module

Quadrupling data width

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to electrical metrology

Recommendations for instructors

Example: sensitive audio detector circuit

Example: using Python to control a LabJack model U3 DAQ

Example: SCPI control of digital power supply and multimeter

Introduction and set-up

Python/VISA/SCPI script: user-specified voltages

Python/VISA/SCPI script: DC voltage sweep

Example: SCPI control of digital power supply and oscilloscope

Introduction and set-up

Python/VISA/SCPI script: DC voltage sweep

Example: SCPI control of power supply via GUI

Example: damage caused by an errant test script

Example: GPS receiver data stream

What is metrology?

Metrological standards

Measurement terminology

Measurement uncertainty

Proportionate expressions

Typical instrument errors

Drift and instability

Intrinsic noise

Electrical metrology standards

DC voltage standards

Resistance standards

DC current standards

Frequency and time standards

Precision voltage measurement techniques

Null-balance voltage measurement

Null-balance meter calibration

Thermal voltage errors

Precision resistance measurement techniques

Two-wire resistance measurement

Four-wire resistance measurement

Wheatstone bridge resistance measurement

Guarded measurements

Electrical metrology tools

Multifunction calibrators

Kelvin-Varley voltage dividers

Hamon voltage dividers

Automated electrical testing

Vector Network Analyzer calibration

Industrial instrument calibration

Manufactured product testing

Component characterization testing

Accelerated stress testing

Programmable test instruments

Standard voltage cells

Standard resistors

A binary resistance box

Early references to Wheatstone bridges

IEC standard component values

Capacitor parasitics

Inductor parasitics

Transformer parasitics

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

The OSI Reference Model

Statistics

Analog multimeter calibration

Clock accuracy

EKG monitor

Testing intrinsic standards

Kelvin-Varley voltage divider

Hamon voltage divider simulation program

Testing a 250 V meter with a 10 V standard

Measuring time in Python

Thermometer calibration results

Voltmeter calibration results

Ammeter calibration results

Example: balanced mixer frequencies

Example: simple diode mixer circuit

Example: AD633 as a balanced mixer

Example: frequency-mixing in gear systems

Mixer applications

Multiplicative mixing

Non-ideal mixing

Passive mixers

Active mixers

Trunked telephony system

Trigonometry Reference

Diode ring mixer limit cases

Frequency adjustment on a mixer input

Mixing of one signal's harmonics?

Output frequency predictions

Choose an LO frequency

Mixing a set of signals

Mixing two non-sinusoidal signals

Mixing a band of signals

Faults in a simple diode mixer

Faults in a diode ring mixer

Faults in a Gilbert cell mixer

The image problem

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to multimeters

Recommendations for instructors

Example: multi-range analog voltmeter

Analog versus digital meters

Voltage, current, and resistance

Series versus parallel connections

Measuring voltage

Measuring current

Measuring resistance

Ranges and scales

Other measurements

Useful features

Discriminating AC from DC measurements

Min/Max mode

Relative mode

Hold mode

High resolution mode

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Helpful ``tricks'' using a digital multimeter (DMM)

Decibels

Source and load identification using multimeters

Applying foundational concepts to multimeter usage

Phantom voltage measurements

VOM measurement interpretation

Voltage measurements by test points

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Modbus

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Modbus ASCII ``Write One Register'' exchange

Example: Modbus ASCII ``Read Register'' exchange

Discrete motor control

Networked motor controls

Modbus history

Serial Modbus data frames

Modbus/TCP data frames

Modbus function codes and addresses

Modbus relative addressing

Analyzing a Modbus/TCP message

Big-endians and Little-endians

Modbus function command formats

Function code 01 -- Read Coil(s)

Function code 02 -- Read Contact(s)

Function code 03 -- Read Holding Register(s)

Function code 04 -- Read Analog Input Register(s)

Function code 05 -- Write (Force) Single Coil

Function code 06 -- Write (Preset) Single Holding Register

Function code 15 -- Write (Force) Multiple Coils

Function code 16 -- Write (Preset) Multiple Holding Register

The OSI Reference Model

Wireless gateway system

Interpreting an ASCII message frame

Modbus ASCII message exchange

SCADA system fault

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to signal modulation

Recommendations for instructors

Example: balanced mixer frequencies

Example: simple diode mixer circuit

Example: simple diode demodulator circuit

Example: AD633 as a balanced mixer

Example: downconverting AM receiver

Example: GNU Radio Companion SDR demodulation flowgraphs

Example: frequency-mixing in gear systems

Introduction to modulation

Amplitude modulation

Frequency modulation

Phase modulation

Pulse modulation

Sampling modulation

Frequency-shifting

I-Q modulators

Software-defined radio (SDR)

Lock-in analyzers

Arc converter transmitters

Heterodyne radio reception

Trunked telephony system

Mathematics of signal mixing

Square-law mixing

Gilbert cell circuit

Trigonometry Reference

Modeling signal modulation using C++

Digital amplitude-modulation

Analog amplitude-modulation

Digital frequency-modulation

Analog frequency-modulation

Digital phase-modulation

Analog phase-modulation

Pulse-width modulation

Pulse-density modulation

Carrier-less radio

Reginald Fessenden's invention

Bat sonar detector

Oscillographs comparing sinusoids

Telephony up/down converter circuits

High-side versus low-side injection

Identifying modulation types

Gear noise diagnosis

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to microprocessors

Recommendations for instructors

Digital building-blocks

Logic functions and Boolean algebra

Binary numeration

Counters

Codes

Decoders

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Latches and shift registers

Arithmetic logic units

Memory

Finite state machines

Putting it all together -- the processor

A simple computer example

Machine code and assembly language

Interrupts

Introduction to assembly language programming

Intel 8080 microprocessor

Zilog Z80 microprocessor

Intel 8080 architecture

Intel 8080 processor cycles

Early microprocessor timing diagram

Minimal Z80 computer

Memory map determination

6502 turning on LEDs

PIC 16F18346 subroutines

Bitwise logical operations

Random input states

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to multi-stage amplifier circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: detailed analysis of current mirror

Example: one amplifier stage loading another

Example: multi-stage transistor amplifier with negative feedback

Example: simple push-pull power amplifier stage

Amplifier gain comparisons

Paired transistors

Cascaded stages

Push-pull amplifiers

Differential pairs

Current mirrors

Active loading

Typical audio power amplifier design

Animation of an NPN BJT turning on

Animation of class-B crossover distortion

Discrete analysis of a bipolar AND gate

Discrete analysis of a bipolar OR gate

Approximating voltage gain

Amplifier simulation program

Proving mutual inductance

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to digital multiplexers and demultiplexers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: arbitrary waveform generator using an analog multiplexer

Steering digital signals

Data concentration

Multiplexer and demultiplexer construction

Multiplexing and demultiplexing words

Common mux and demux symbols

Arbitrary logic functions

Microcontroller I/O expansion

The myth of ignobility

The myth of credentials

The myth of time

The myth of learning styles

The myth of dependence

The myth of reductionism

The myths of specialization and generalization

The myth of the well-equipped lab

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to signal coupling and noise

Recommendations for instructors

Example: capacitive coupling within cable

Example: inductive coupling within cable

Example: field probing inside a PC

Example: high-voltage corona

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Signal coupling and cable separation

Electric field (capacitive) de-coupling

Magnetic field (inductive) de-coupling

Electric field mitigation

Magnetic field mitigation

Relative electric/magnetic field severity

Intrinsic noise

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

Near-field versus far-field regions

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Gauss' Law of Electric Fields

Common-mode voltages and currents

Phantom voltage measurements

Arc welder electric/magnetic field mitigation

Magnetic field detector coil

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to numeration systems

Recommendations for instructors

Example: signed integer examples

Example: bitwise logical operations

Numbers versus numeration

Place-weighted numeration

Unsigned integers

Signed integers

Fixed-point notation

Binary-Coded Decimal

Shorthand representations of digital words

Decimal conversions

Binary to decimal

Octal to decimal

Hexadecimal to decimal

Decimal to binary by cut-and-try

Decimal to octal or hexadecimal by cut-and-try

Conversion from decimal by repeated division

Floating-point

Big endian and little endian formats

Incompatible format errors

A binary resistance box

Big-endians and Little-endians

Numeration formats in Python and C++

Mayan numeration

Number transmission via cable

Counting in binary, octal, and hexadecimal

Binary to decimal and hex conversions

Decimal to binary conversions

Half-life of an anesthetic

Stepper motor sequence

Integer conversion table

Fixed-point integer conversion table

Signed integer conversion table

Using Python to convert between bases

C++ program converting decimal to other formats

Dissecting floating-point numbers

Strange floating-point addition

Testing endianness

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Ohm's and Joule's Laws

Recommendations for instructors

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Example: Battery and resistors

Example: Current source and resistors

Example: Terminal block circuit

Example: Ohm's and Joule's Law examples with metric-prefixed quantities

Example: money analogy for voltage, current, power, and resistance

Example: Resistor values and tolerances

Basic concept review

Ohm's Law

Resistors

Joule's Law

Resistor power ratings

Electrical safety

Georg Simon Ohm in his own words

Early descriptions of fundamental electrical quantities

Early electrical safety

Metric prefixes

Resistor labeling

Resistor parameters and types

IEC standard component values

Small-gauge wire ampacities

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Lightning damage to a church

Birds on power lines

Faraday cages

A brave man wearing a metal suit

Dangerous voltages and currents for the human body

Heat dissipated by a resistance

Resistor sizes in 1921

Loaded voltage and current sources

Assessing shock hazards in a circuit

Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations

Power, Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations

Voltage, Current, and Resistance in a simple circuit

Shunt resistor used to measure current

Path of least resistance

Lamp characteristics

Interpreting a SPICE analysis

Properties of connected points

Voltmeter tests in a simple lamp circuit

Using a voltmeter in a failed-open circuit

Malfunctioning oven

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to operational amplifiers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: multi-stage transistor amplifier with negative feedback

Example: opamp networks responding to various inputs

Example: simulating opamp circuits using SPICE

Example: simple opamp experiments

Example: simple triangle/square/PWM oscillator

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Differential inputs and outputs

Signal comparison

Negative feedback

Regulation

Servos and control systems

Attenuated and offset feedback

Inverting and noninverting amplification

Amplification with offset

Differential amplification

Instrumentation amplifiers

Summation

Precision current circuits

Boosted output

Precision rectification

Integrators and differentiators

Analog computing

Oscillator circuits

Relaxation oscillators

Integrating oscillators

Phase shift oscillators

Resonant oscillators

Harold Black's feedback patent

Philbrick Researches model K2-W

William Hewlett's oscillator

IEC standard component values

Common-mode voltages and currents

General-purpose opamp recommendations

Decibels

Split DC power supplies

Derivation of Millman's Theorem

Operational amplifier imperfections

Protecting opamp inputs from over-voltage

Unusual current-regulating circuit

Opamp power rectifier?

Rogowski coil power meter

Voltage follower simulation program

Opamp signal scaling circuits

Current regulator limits

Current regulator simulation program

Constant-current electronic load circuit

Subtractor calculations

Summer circuit simulation program

Precision rectifier simulation program

Integrator and differentiator simulation program

Capacitor voltage simulation program

Design flaws in a peak follower-and-hold circuit

Effects of faults in a relaxation oscillator

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to oscillators

Recommendations for instructors

Example: simple triangle/square/PWM oscillator

Relaxation oscillators

Phase-shift oscillators

Resonant oscillators

Negative resistance oscillators

William Hewlett's oscillator

LC resonance

Pierce oscillator

555-based triangle and square wave oscillator

Opamp/inverter-based triangle and square wave oscillator

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to oscilloscopes

Recommendations for instructors

Switch contact bounce

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Example: LED-array oscilloscope project

A graphical voltmeter

Oscilloscope probes and grounding

Sensitivity and amplitude measurement

Timebase and frequency measurement

Multiple traces and phase measurement

Voltmeters, oscillographs, and oscilloscopes

Probes

Timebase controls

Sensitivity and coupling

Multiple traces

Triggering

Measuring phase shift

Measuring rates of change (slope)

Ground-referencing

Differential measurements

X-Y mode

Lissajous figures

Curve tracing

CRO setup

Bandwidth

x10 probe compensation

Digital sampling rate and aliasing

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Lissajous figure with 0$^o$ phase shift

Lissajous figure with 90$^o$ phase shift

Lissajous figure with 180$^o$ phase shift

Lissajous figure with 2:1 frequency ratio

Outline and reflections on the tutorial

Measuring waveform parameters

Signal loading

Frequency ratios

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to overcurrent protection

Recommendations for instructors

Basic concept review

Conductor heating

Conductor ampacity

Fuses

Circuit breakers

Overcurrent protection coordination

Early circuit breakers

Prototype electrical power transmission system

Small-gauge wire ampacities

Applying foundational concepts to a fused circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to parallel circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Example: Battery, lamps, jumper wires, and meters

Example: equivalent parallel resistances

Example: Three-resistor circuit

Example: Five-resistor circuit

Concept review

Parallel networks

Properties of parallel networks

Current dividers

Potentiometers

Derivation of parallel resistance formulae

Metric prefixes

Resistor labeling

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Modeling a parallel circuit using C++

Identifying parallel circuits

Identifying parallel points and elements

Parallel misconceptions

Battery bank connections

Measuring current in a parallel circuit

Parallel lamp circuit with switches

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Resistor network

Three-source, one-lamp circuit

VIRP table for a three-resistor parallel circuit

Solving for a parallel branch resistance

Current divider circuit

Current divider built using a Radio Shack 30-in-one kit

Shunt resistor for an ammeter

Designing an electric heater

Interpreting a SPICE analysis

Using SPICE to analyze a parallel circuit

Interpreting an ammeter measurement

Faults in a three-resistor circuit

Problem with a multiple-pump system

Malfunctioning oven

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to printed circuit boards

Recommendations for instructors

Diagnostic visualization tools

Introduction to PCBs

PCB construction

Layout tools

Basic layout elements

Thermal design principles

Preserving signal integrity

High-speed design principles

KiCad design example

Schematic capture using KiCad

PCB editing using KiCad

Design rule checking using KiCad

Plotting files using KiCad

Trace ampacity ratings

Trace voltage ratings

Tony's PCB layout recommendations

Tony's KiCad recommendations

Preliminary setup recommendations

Finding components within KiCad's libraries

Installing new schematic symbols and layout footprints

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

Near-field versus far-field regions

Applying foundational concepts to a series-parallel circuit

Impedance of lines on a printed circuit board

Current measurement on a PCB

Sloppy schematic capture

Faults in a PCB circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to phasor diagrams

Recommendations for instructors

Example: series AC circuit with voltage source

Example: series AC circuit with current source

Example: parallel AC circuit with voltage source

Example: parallel AC circuit with current source

Graphically representing complex numbers

Phasor diagrams and vector addition

Appropriate uses for phasor diagrams

Series network phasor diagrams

Parallel network phasor diagrams

Vector arrows versus current arrows

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Three series voltage sources

Three parallel current sources

Find the mistakes

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to phasor mathematics

Recommendations for instructors

AC versus DC

Additive quantities

Complex numbers and exponential functions

Trigonometric conversions

Summary

Derivation of Euler's Relation

Complex-number arithmetic

Simple plotting of sinusoidal waves using C++

Plotting two sinusoidal waves with phase angles using C++

Simple plotting of arbitrary waveforms using C++

Radians

Practice: complex number calculations

Phasor addition of two AC voltages

Simple phasor diagrams

Series AC voltages

Parallel AC currents

Incorrect voltage calculation

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to phasor measurements

Recommendations for instructors

Additive voltages

Phasor polarity

Additive currents

Concept summary

Phasometers

Boost/buck transformer circuits

Voltages between specified points

Incomplete SPICE simulation

Find the mistake(s)

Process control terms and definitions

Basic feedback control principles

Proportional-only control

Proportional-only offset

Integral (reset) control

Derivative (rate) control

Summary of PID control terms

Proportional control mode (P)

Integral control mode (I)

Derivative control mode (D)

Different PID equations

Parallel PID equation

Ideal PID equation

Series PID equation

Analog electronic PID controllers

Proportional control action

Derivative and integral control actions

Full-PID circuit design

Digital PID algorithms

Position versus velocity algorithms

P, I, and D responses graphed

Responses to a single step-change

Responses to a momentary step-and-return

Responses to two momentary steps-and-returns

Responses to a ramp-and-hold

Responses to an up-and-down ramp

Responses to a multi-slope ramp

Responses to a multiple ramps and steps

Responses to a sine wavelet

Note to students regarding quantitative graphing

Introduction to pseudocode

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Explaining the meaning of code

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to programmable logic controllers (PLCs)

Recommendations for instructors

Example: NAND function in a PLC

Example: simple PLC comparisons

Example: high-pressure PLC-based alarm

Example: PLC process switch statuses from contact status coloring

Example: Arduino versus PLC dual-LED control

Example: Arduino versus PLC logic functions

Example: Arduino versus PLC on-delay timer

The purpose of PLCs

Simple relay control of a cooling system

2oo3 relay control of a cooling system

2oo3 PLC control of a cooling system

PLC flexibility

Human-Machine PLC interfaces

What does a PLC do?

Types and sizes of PLCs

PLC hardware inputs and outputs (I/O)

Discrete I/O

Analog I/O

Network I/O

IEC 61131-3 programming languages

Intro to Ladder Diagram (LD) programming

Ladder diagram virtual elements and I/O status

Ladder diagram contacts and coils

Ladder diagram counters

Ladder diagram timers

Ladder diagram comparison instructions

Ladder diagram arithmetic instructions

Ladder diagram sequencer instructions

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

Feature comparisons between PLC models

Viewing live values

Forcing live values

Special ``system'' values

Free-running clock pulses

Standard counter instructions

High-speed counter instructions

Timer instructions

ASCII text message instructions

Analog signal scaling

Legacy Allen-Bradley memory maps and I/O addressing

Koyo ``drum'' sequencer instructions

Allen-Bradley sequencer instructions

SELogic control equations

Basic logical functions

Set-reset latch instructions

One-shot instructions

Counter instructions

Timer instructions

Relay ladder logic analogy for a PLC

Sourcing versus sinking PLC I/O

Sketching wires to PLC discrete I/O

Two different motor control programs

Redundant coils in a program

Determining bit statuses from switch conditions

Determining necessary switch conditions for bit statuses

Determining color highlighting from switch conditions

Motor start-up limit counter

Frequency divider program

Integer format error between PLC and HMI

Incorrect PLC output wiring

Troubleshooting motor control program

Troubleshooting motor control PLC from I/O indicators

Turbine low-oil trip

Motor starter diagnosis from color highlighting

Parking garage counter faults

Possible faults in a PLC/HMI pump control system

Possible faults in a PLC/HMI package-counting system

Diagnostic tests on a failed PLC/HMI pump control system

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to phase-locked loops

Recommendations for instructors

Example: PLL phase detector type experiment

Example: PLL filter cutoff experiment

Frequency determination

Negative feedback

Phase-locked loop principles

Phase detector types

XOR gate phase detectors

Flip-flop phase detectors

Mixer phase detectors

PLL frequency detection

PLL frequency multiplication

Simple musical synthesizer design

CD4046B phase-locked loop applications

Tone-controlled switching system

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to semiconductor PN junctions

Recommendations for instructors

Electrical conduction in a vacuum

Electrical conduction in semiconductors

PN junction diode behavior

Testing PN semiconductor junctions

PN junction diode ratings

Schottky diodes

Zener diodes

Crystal detectors

Modeling a diode using C++

Animation of a forward-biased PN diode junction

Temperature sensor

LED resistor sizing

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to polyphase AC circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: wye-wound generator and wye-connected resistive load

Example: delta-wound generator and delta-connected resistive load

Example: wye-wound generator and delta-connected resistive load

Example: delta-wound generator and wye-connected resistive load

Example: experimental motor-generator set

Example: phase rotation test circuit

Multi-phase AC generators

Wye and Delta connections

Wye and Delta grounding

Three-phase rectification

Harmonics in three-phase networks

Prototype electrical power transmission system

Derivation of $\sqrt{3

$ factor

Electrical safety

Rotating magnetic field animated

Modeling Wye and Delta networks using C++

Similar voltages and currents

Testing for single-phase or three-phase

Total power dissipation

Balanced Delta source and Delta load

Three-phase electric motor with CT current measurement

Direct-coupled and transformer-coupled loads

Balanced Wye source with unbalanced Delta load

Balanced Wye source with unbalanced Delta load and line fault

Three-phase simulation program

Winding faults within three-phase motors

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to polyphase transformer banks

Recommendations for instructors

Review of polyphase networks

Wye-Wye transformer bank

Delta-Delta transformer bank

Open-Delta transformer bank

Wye-Delta transformer bank

Delta-Wye transformer bank

Wiring from phasor diagrams

Identifying windings by inspection

Transformer nameplate inspection

Pole-mounted transformers

Failed transformer winding

Find the mistake(s)

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to power factor and efficiency

Recommendations for instructors

Example: bicycle-driven grain mill

Example: bicycle-driven loads

Example: electric versus gasoline car efficiency

Example: RLC circuit power factor

Examples: power factor correction

Energy efficiency

Power factor

How power factor affects efficiency

Power factor correction

Misconceptions about AC power

Beer analogy for power factor

Three AC loads

Power factor from wattmeter

AC generator horsepower

Power factor measurement using instrument transformers

Correcting a motor's power factor

Misconceived power factor correction

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to programmable devices

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Arduino 2-input AND logic function

Example: Arduino 2-input OR logic function

Example: Arduino 2-input XOR logic function

Example: Arduino 3-input logic functions

Example: Arduino SOP truth table implementation

Example: Arduino NSOP truth table implementation

Example: Arduino up counter with reset

Example: Arduino off-delay timer

Example: Arduino on-delay timer

Example: Arduino Morse code transmitter

Example: Arduino generating UART serial output

Example: Arduino reporting analog via serial

Example: MSP430 alternating LED blink

Example: MSP430 start-stop control

Example: MSP430 crude analog input

Example: MSP430 analog-controlled LEDs

Example: MSP430 UART serial text transmission

Microcontrollers and PLCs

Logical OR function

Logical AND function

Logical NOT function

Logical NOR function

Logical NAND function

Logical XOR function

Latching function

Counter functions

Off-delay timer function

On-delay timer function

Serial data communication

The original telegraph code

ASCII character codes

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to circuit breakers and disconnects

Recommendations for instructors

Overcurrent protection

Historical relay designs

Modern protective relays

Protection zones and coordination

Protection device and function codes

Early power system faults and protection

Early circuit breakers

ANSI/IEEE Function Codes

\label{Reference_ANSI_function

ANSI/IEEE Device Codes

\label{Reference_ANSI_device

Identifying protection zones

Fuse curve

Overcurrent relay curve

Median-select microcontroller program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to power conditioning and protection

Recommendations for instructors

Example: relay-based overcurrent protection

Regulation

Protection against source faults

Surge protection

Loss of power protection

Protection against internal faults

Protection against load faults

Special conditioning

Electromagnetic emissions

Power rail sequencing

Soft-starting

Battery UPS circuit

EMI/RFI filters

741 opamp current limiting

Electronic fuse circuit calculations

Soft-start time delay

Wire faults in a remote-sensing circuit

Component faults in a limited regulator circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to instrument transformers

Recommendations for instructors

Potential transformers

Current transformers

Instrument transformer safety

Instrument transformer test switches

Instrument transformer terminal blocks

Instrument transformer burden and accuracy

Potential transformer burden and accuracy ratings

Current transformer burden and accuracy ratings

Current transformer saturation

Current transformer testing

Current transformer circuit wire resistance

Example: CT circuit wire sizing, simple

Example: CT circuit wire sizing, with DC considered

Early instrument transformer safety

Electrical safety

Transformer parasitics

PT and CT magnetic flux levels

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to pulse-width modulation

Recommendations for instructors

Example: 555-based PWM signal generator

Example: PWM waveform synthesis

Example: simple triangle/square/PWM oscillator

On-off power control

Resistive power control

Pulsed power control

PWM applications

Generating PWM signals

PWM signal demodulation

Inhibiting and overriding PWM signals

Duty cycle arithmetic

PWM signal through a NOT gate

PWM signals through an AND gate

PWM signals through an OR gate

PWM signals through an XOR gate

Derivation of PWM average power

Comparator output waveform

PWM circuit using a 555 timer

Duty cycle based on triangle waveform

Duty cycle based on sine waveform

Identifying possible faults in a motor speed controller

Example: running Python programs

Example: simple uses of the print() function

Example: using input() for numerical user entries

Example: importing libraries

Example: for() and while() loops

Example: complex-number calculations

Example: generating .csv output

Example: Python functions

Example: using lists

Example: creating and using Python objects

Example:

Example: using Python to control a LabJack model U3 DAQ

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to transistor biasing

Recommendations for instructors

BJT biasing

JFET biasing

Biasing networks

Proper biasing levels

Vacuum-tube telephony amplifier biasing

Animation of an NPN BJT turning on

Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on

Inverting amplifier circuit

DC signal sweep simulation program

Three-channel mixer circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to transistor switching circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: low-side NPN switch

Example: high-side NPN switch

Example: low-side N-channel switch

Example: high-side N-channel switch

Example: interposing MCU to a heavy load

Example: designing a BJT switching circuit

Example: designing a MOSFET switching circuit

BJT and FET review

Transistor saturation

High-side and low-side switching

BJT switching

MOSFET switching

Switching inductive loads

Paralleling transistors

H-bridge networks

Schottky-augmented BJT switches

Alternative MOSFET symbols

Gauss' Law of Electric Fields

Animation of an NPN BJT turning on

Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on

Transistor summary

Identifying BJT states

BJT datasheet research

MOSFET datasheet research

Electron versus hole mobility

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Over- and under-driving a BJT switch

Saturated versus unsaturated BJT switching circuits

Calculations in TIP31C transistor circuit

Calculations in IRF9520 transistor circuit

BJT switching circuit simulation program

MOSFET switching circuit configurations

Fixing a mis-designed MOSFET motor control circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to qualitative circuit analysis

Recommendations for instructors

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Example: qualitative VIRP table usage

Review of electrical quantities

Review of series and parallel networks

Review of Kirchhoff's Laws

Review of opens and shorts

Principle-based problem solving

Two-column proofs of circuit effects

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Ladder-diagram switch circuit

Christmas light arrays

Qualitative analysis of electrical formulae

Paralleled fuses

Light sensor

Measuring a high-resistance signal source

Fire alarm system

Solar electric power system

Switched positive versus switched negative

Reasoning error in a redundant switch circuit

Lamp dimmer circuit

Blown fuse indicator

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to radio

Recommendations for instructors

Example: inductor-capacitor resonance

Example: extremely simple AM radio transmitter

Example: slightly-more-sophisticated AM radio transmitter

Example: simple field strength indicator

Example: SDR spectrum displays

Review of inductance and capacitance

Tank circuits

Transmission lines and antennas

Maxwell and Hertz

Applications for radio

Wavelength

Government regulation

Spread-spectrum radio patent

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

RF shielding

RF measurement chamber

Frequencies and wavelengths

Frequency-wavelength calculator program

Transmitter power and field strength

RF emissions from a computer PCB

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to rectifiers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: single-phase, half-wave rectifier

Example: single-phase, full-wave rectifier

Example: three-phase, half-wave rectifier

Example: three-phase, full-wave rectifier

Example: HVDC harmonic filters

AC-DC power conversion

Diodes

Simple rectifier circuits

Bridge rectifier potentials

Center-tapped transformer rectifiers

Ripple

Polyphase rectifiers

Electromechanical rectifiers

Electrochemical rectifiers

Vacuum tube rectifiers

Mercury arc rectifiers

Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers

Hot, neutral, and ground power conductors

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Animation of a forward-biased PN diode junction

Full-wave bridge rectifier with ideal diodes

Full-wave bridge rectifier with real diodes

Bridge rectifier commutation

Rectified peak voltage and ripple frequency

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to relays

Recommendations for instructors

Example: interesting relay behavior

What is a relay?

Contact arrangements

Coil considerations

Relay ratings

Time-delay relays

Latching and sequencing relays

Solid-state relays

A digital computer made of relays

Early time-delay relays

New York City's relay-based subway signal system

Normal status of a switch contact

Sketching connections for a dual lamp circuit

Process switches and relay circuit

Solid-state/electromechanical relay socket

Commutating diode time delay

Bridge rectifier commutation

Time-delay contact functions

Time-delay relay circuit function

Building a time-delay function

5 Volt relay powered by a 24 Volt source

Capacitive time-delay relay

Simple fire alarm system

Find the mistake

Faulted time-delay circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to resonance

Recommendations for instructors

Example: measuring transformer winding inductance

Review of inductance and capacitance

Combining inductance with capacitance

Parasitic inductance and capacitance

Series versus parallel resonance

Resonance explained conceptually

Parallel $LC$ circuit calculations

Effects of faults in a series resonant circuit

Find the mistake(s)

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to RF

Recommendations for instructors

Example: cable loss decibel calculations

Example: near-field probing inside a PC

Example: SDR as a probe analyzer

Characteristics of RF

Signal coupling and transmission lines

Skin effect

Balanced versus unbalanced signals

RF cabling

RF connectors

BNC connectors

TNC connectors

SMA and ST connectors

UHF connectors

N connectors

Reverse-polarity connectors

PCB layout for high frequencies

Near-field testing

RF safety

Decibels

Electric field quantities

Magnetic field quantities

Near-field versus far-field regions

The Poynting vector

Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism

Example:

Decibels

Smith charts

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:

Proven Strategies

Inverted instruction

The problem with lecture

More accurate models of learning

The ultimate goal of education

How to begin teaching inverted

Learning culture

Source material

Text-based versus video-based source material

Instructions for students

Instructor preparation

Accountability

In-class activities

Artificial intelligence in the inverted class

Challenging questions and problems to solve

Conceptual questions

Quantitative questions

Diagnostic questions

A personal timeline of inverted instruction

Common difficulties in theoretical coursework

Experiments

Projects

Common difficulties in practical coursework

Deductive diagnostic exercises

Example: predicting consequence of a single fault

Example: identifying possible faults

Example: assessing the value of diagnostic tests

Inductive diagnostic exercises

Example: ``virtual troubleshooting''

Example: ``virtual troubleshooting'' using NGSPICE

Example: realistic faults in solderless breadboards

Common difficulties in diagnostic coursework

Models of learning

What is a journal?

Why journal?

What to write in your journal

Electronic journaling tools

Word processors

Specialized journaling applications

Text editors and markup languages

Image creation and manipulation

Speech-to-text conversion

Handwriting capture

Organization

Mastery exams

Mastery demonstrations

Fallacy: the sufficiency of presentation

Fallacy: labs must be well-equipped

Fallacy: teach what they'll most often do

Fallacy: successful completion equals learning

Fallacy: students learn best in teams

Fallacy: tutoring is a panacea

Fallacy: cater to learning styles

Fallacy: we can identify and sort different types of students

Fallacy: reductionistic program design

Fallacy: credentials matter

Fallacy: good instruction is measured by student surveys

Fallacy: good instruction is measured by the strongest graduates

Fallacy: forms and procedures equal quality control

Core learning outcomes for Electronics

Electrical Technician plan of study

Electronics Manufacturing/R\&D plan of study

Industrial Automation/Instrumentation plan of study

General Manufacturing/Mechatronics plan of study

Biomedical plan of study

CNC Maintenance plan of study

Avionics plan of study

Marine Electronics plan of study

Electrical Utility plan of study

Automotive R\&D plan of study

Learning theory

Strategies for effective technical reading

Learning practical skill

Experiment and project ideas

Circuit construction best-practices

General layout

Fastening

Thermal considerations

Power wiring

Other wiring and connections

Soldered connections

Francis Bacon on studies

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to resitance, reactance, and impedance

Recommendations for instructors

Example: AC source and resistor

Example: AC source and inductor

Example: AC source and capacitor

Example: custom inductor winding and testing

Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources

Examples: complex-number arithmetic

Purely resistive circuit

Purely inductive circuit

Purely capacitive circuit

Realistic circuits

Applying phasors

Converting reactance into impedance

Natural frequency, reactance, and impedance

Complex frequency, reactance, and impedance

Concept review

Example circuit \#1

Example circuit \#2

Example circuit \#3

Example circuit \#4

Example circuit \#5

Example circuit \#6

Derivation of inductive impedance

Derivation of capacitive impedance

Capacitor parasitics

Inductor parasitics

Parasitic reactance between parallel wires

Substation power line reactors

Electromagnetic frequency meter

Phantom voltage measurements

Simple AC circuits

Series RC circuit with AC voltage source

Capacitive voltage divider

Protective relay burdens

Parallel RC circuit with AC voltage source

MOSFET switching circuit configurations

Faults in a PNP-controlled MOSFET switching circuit

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to sensors

Recommendations for instructors

Signals, sensors, and switches

Potentiometric sensors

Sound sensors

Temperature sensors

Magnetism sensors

Chemical sensors

Amperometric sensors

Light sensors

Nuclear radiation sensors

Chemical sensors

Resistive sensors

Position sensors

Strain sensors

Light sensors

Temperature sensors

Chemical sensors

Capacitive sensors

Position sensors

Pressure sensors

Inductive sensors

Position sensors

Indirect sensing

Normal status of a switch contact

Design criteria

Thermistor bridge circuit

Balancing a resistive bridge

Characteristic equation from tabular data

Discharging capacitor simulation program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to serial data communication

Recommendations for instructors

Example: UART data frames with and without parity

Example: ASCII data captured on an oscilloscope

Serial communication principles

Physical encoding of bits

Communication speed

Data frames

Parity

Frame check sequences

Flow control

Channel arbitration

Master-slave

Token-passing

TDMA

CSMA

The OSI Reference Model

Ancient serial data communication

The original telegraph code

ASCII character codes

Hash algorithms

Animation of serial-in, parallel-out shift register

Animation of parallel-in, serial-out shift register

Microcontroller UART communication program

Microcontroller UART text and number program

Manchester data frame with a specified bit rate

Testing determinism

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to series circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Battery, lamps, jumper wires, and meters

Example: Three-resistor circuit

Example: Five-resistor circuit

Example: light and temperature sensor circuits

Example: Using potentiometers as voltage dividers

Concept review

Series networks

Properties of series networks

Voltage dividers

Potentiometers

Metric prefixes

Resistor labeling

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Modeling a series circuit using C++

Identifying series circuits

Identifying series points and elements

Photovoltaic panels

Measuring voltage in a series circuit

Series lamp circuit with switches

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Three-battery, one-lamp circuit

Leeds \& Northrup resistance box design

Solving for a series resistance

Series dropping resistor for an LED

Electric heater and extension cord

Voltage divider circuit

Voltage divider built using a Radio Shack 30-in-one kit

Interpreting a SPICE analysis

Using SPICE to analyze a series circuit

Interpreting a voltmeter measurement

Faults in a three-resistor circuit

Faulted voltage divider

Malfunctioning oven

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to series-parallel circuits

Recommendations for instructors

Example: Battery, lamps, jumper wires, and meters

Examples: series-parallel circuits with simple component values

Example: Battery and three resistors

Example: Current source and four resistors

Example: using VIRP tables to analyze series-parallel circuits

Example: SPICE analyzing resistor voltages

Example: SPICE analyzing ground-referenced voltages

Example: SPICE analyzing current-driven circuit

Example: circuits with unknown source values

Example: creating a variable-voltage supply

Example: limiting the range of a potentiometer

Example: Kelvin-Varley voltage divider networks

Example: supervised switch circuit

Example: analyzing a mixed-source circuit

Concept review

Series-parallel network reduction

Series-parallel network expansion

Another series-parallel example

Series-parallel component banks

Loaded divider networks

Meter loading

Metric prefixes

Resistor labeling

IEC standard component values

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Modeling a series-parallel circuit using C++

Electric lamp arrays

Identifying series and parallel sub-networks

Series and parallel sub-networks with a movable source

Extension cord

6-Volt to 12-Volt automotive conversion

Applying foundational concepts to a series-parallel circuit

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Bridge networks

Decade box design

Building custom resistance values

Two different LED circuits

Three-resistor circuits

Four-resistor circuits

Five-resistor circuit

Terminal-block resistor circuit

Mixed-source circuits

More mixed-source circuits

Mixed-source circuits with diodes

Mixed-source circuits with capacitors and inductors

Circuit with unknown source value

Kelvin-Varley voltage divider

Incorrect voltmeter readings

Interpreting a SPICE analysis

Fault in a solderless breadboard circuit

Faults in a printed circuit

Faulty electric lamp array

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to shift registers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: timing diagrams for latches and flip-flops

Latch and flip-flop review

Registers

Shift register variations

Ring counters

Auto-initialization

Digital pulse criteria

Animation of serial-in, parallel-out shift register

Animation of parallel-in, serial-out shift register

Frequency divider design

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to signal referencing and scaling

Recommendations for instructors

A practical application

Instrumentation amplifiers

Ground-referenced voltage signals

Floating voltage signals

Elevated voltage signals

Mathematical scaling of ADC count values

Mathematical scaling of other ranges

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Common-mode voltages and currents

General-purpose opamp recommendations

Operational amplifier imperfections

Protecting opamp inputs from over-voltage

Dual-trace oscilloscope measurements

ADC measurements in a voltage divider

Modeling a bridge circuit

RTD voltage equation

Temperature measurement simulation program

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to the $s$ variable

Recommendations for instructors

Example: series-parallel RLC impedances for complex frequencies

Example: poles and zeroes of a series RC network

Example: poles and zeroes of a series-parallel RC network

Examples: gallery of pole-zero analyses for simple R, L, C networks

Examples: gallery of pole-zero analyses for simple opamp networks

Impedance review

Natural frequency, reactance, and impedance

Complex frequency and impedance

$s$ variable summary

Transfer functions

AC network transfer function examples

Example: LR low-pass filter circuit

Example: RC high-pass filter circuit

Example: LC ``tank'' circuit

Example: RLC band-pass filter circuit

Transfer function summary

Derivation of inductive impedance

Derivation of capacitive impedance

Impedance calculator with complex frequency using C++

Complex frequency plotter using C++

Pole-zero plotter using C++

Explain this joke

Pole plots for pendula

Pole plots for a feedback oscillator

Pole plots for a bell

Exploring Euler's Relation

RC network impedances

LR network impedances

RLC network impedances

HVDC filter harmonic analysis

Determining $s$ from oscillographs

Transfer functions for simple networks

Network response to different frequencies

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Smith charts

Recommendations for instructors

Example: custom inductor winding and testing

Example: frequency-sweeps of RLC network impedances

Series RL network

Series RC network

Series RLC network

Series LC network

Parallel RL network

Parallel RC network

Parallel RLC network

Parallel LC network

C in series with parallel RL network

L in series with parallel RC network

Series LC in parallel with R network

Series LC in parallel with series RC network

Series LC in parallel with series RL network

Impedance review

Phasor diagram review

The basic Smith Chart

Plotting impedance for a 50 Ohm resistor

Plotting impedance for a short

Plotting impedance for an open

Plotting impedance for a 50 Ohm inductor

Plotting impedance for a 50 Ohm capacitor

Plotting impedance for a series RLC network

Frequency sweeps

Fine-resolution Smith Charts

Impedance and admittance Smith Charts

Transmission lines on the Smith Chart

Series-parallel analysis using Smith Charts

Series-parallel network on the Z Smith Chart

Series-parallel network on the Z-Y Smith Chart

LC impedance-transformation networks

Matching network design using Smith Charts

Capacitor parasitics

Inductor parasitics

Network frequency-sweep tests

Smith Chart test of a dipole antenna

Practice: complex number calculations

Plotting component impedances on a Smith Chart

Frequency-sweep simulation program

Frequency-sweep test modifications

Impedance-matching networks

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to soldering

Recommendations for instructors

Basic concepts of soldering

Soldering metallurgy

Soldering flux

Soldering safety

Hand-soldering

Soldering iron care

Automated soldering

Rework

Typical solder defects

Using a soldering iron

Soldering temperature profile

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to electrical sources and loads

Recommendations for instructors

Example: money analogy for voltage

Example: equipotential, common, distinct, and isolated points

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Conservation of energy and charge

Electrically common versus distinct points

Solar panel connected to motor

Sources versus loads

Switches

Meters

Red and black wire colors

Passive sign convention

Ground in electric and electronic circuits

Source and load annotations

Source and load determinations by multimeter

Misconceptions about voltage

Applying foundational concepts to a solar-powered motor

Solar electricity generation

Batteries, motors, and generators

Inserting switches into circuits

Electrically common versus distinct terminals

Voltage and current source characteristics

Weston meter advertisement

Split power supply

Two-battery, two-lamp, in-line circuit

Wind turbine, battery, and pump

Two-battery, two-lamp bus circuit

Multimeter tests of sources and loads

Properties of connected points

Three-way switches controlling a lamp

BJT amplifiers

Common-collector amplifier

Common-emitter amplifier

Common-base amplifier

JFET amplifiers

Common-drain amplifier

Common-gate amplifier

Operational amplifiers

Inverting amplifier

Noninverting amplifier

Subtracting amplifier

Inverting summer

Non-inverting summer

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to SPICE circuit simulation

Recommendations for instructors

Resistor-capacitor DC circuits

One capacitor energizing from a DC voltage source

One capacitor de-energizing through a resistor

One capacitor energizing from a DC current source

Two capacitors energizing in series

Pre-charged capacitor energizing to a greater voltage

Pre-charged capacitor de-energizing to a non-zero voltage

One capacitor energizing from a voltage divider

555 timer circuits

Introduction to the 555 timer IC

Basic astable operation

555 timer in classic astable operation

Resistor-inductor DC circuits

One inductor energizing from a DC voltage source

One inductor de-energizing through a resistor

Another inductor energizing from a DC voltage source

Two inductors energizing in series

Resistor-inductor energized by a square wave

Transformer circuits

Basic step-down power transformer

Basic step-up power transformer

Three-phase AC direct-coupled circuits

Wye source, Wye load

Wye source, Wye load with shunt resistors

Wye source, Delta load

Wye source, Delta load with shunt resistors

Delta source, Wye load

Delta source, Wye load with shunt resistors

Delta source, Delta load

Delta source, Delta load with shunt resistors

Wye source with phase-to-phase fault

Three-phase AC transformer circuits

Wye primary, Wye secondary

Wye primary, Delta secondary

Delta primary, Wye secondary

Delta primary, Delta secondary

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to SPICE circuit simulation

Recommendations for instructors

Series resistor circuits

One DC current source, three resistors

One DC voltage source, three resistors

One DC voltage source, four resistors

One DC current source, five resistors

One DC voltage source, ten resistors

Three DC voltage sources, four resistors

Parallel resistor circuits

One DC voltage source, three resistors

One DC current source, three resistors

One DC voltage source, four resistors

One DC current source, five resistors

Three DC current sources, two resistors

Series-parallel resistor circuits

One DC voltage source, six resistors

One DC current source, six resistors

Simple multi-source resistor circuits

One voltage, one current

Two currents, one voltage

Two voltages, one current

Two currents, two voltages

Resistive bridge circuits

Diodes

Rectifying diode

Zener diode breakdown

Half-wave rectifier circuit

Full-wave bridge rectifier circuit

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

Family of curves for a generic transistor

Family of curves for a realistic transistor

Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs)

Family of curves for a generic JFET

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)

Family of curves for a generic MOSFET

Depletion-type versus Enhancement-type N-channel MOSFETs

Depletion-type versus Enhancement-type P-channel MOSFETs

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to SPI serial networks

Recommendations for instructors

Serial data communication and shift registers

SPI device features

Minimal SPI network

Larger SPI networks

SPI clock modes

ASCII character codes

The OSI Reference Model

Animation of serial-in, parallel-out shift register

Animation of parallel-in, serial-out shift register

TI CC113L Value Line Receiver datasheet

Sketching SPI waveforms

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to the Superposition Theorem

Recommendations for instructors

Review of ideal and real sources

The Superposition Theorem

Example: Series-aiding voltage sources

Example: Series-opposing voltage sources

Example: Two paralleled batteries

Example: Voltage source and current source

Superposition of AC signals

Actually disabling a source

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to switches

Recommendations for instructors

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Basic switch operation

Normal status

Poles and throws

Making and breaking order

Switch operators

Toggle switches

Key switches

Pushbutton switches

Selector switches

Joystick switches

Limit switches

Proximity switches

Optical switches

Speed switches

Process switches

Switch ratings and limitations

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Oven control switches

Paralleled contacts

Intro to digitally-variable resistance

Simple switched-resistor networks

More switched-resistor networks

PWM potentiometry

Synthesizing resistance using capacitors

Digital potentiometers

A binary resistance box

Capacitor parameters and dielectric types

Capacitor parasitics

Explaining the meaning of calculations

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to internet protocols

Recommendations for instructors

Example: bitwise logical operations

Example: simple TCP message analysis

Encapsulation

Internet Protocol (IP)

IP addresses

The ``ping'' utility

IPv4 address ranges

Subnetworks and subnet masks

Routing tables

IP version 6

ARP

DNS

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

The OSI Reference Model

Command-line diagnostic utilities

Tracing message routes

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to thermal management

Recommendations for instructors

Example: thermal imaging camera photos

Example: power transistor junction temperatures

Example: 7805 power dissipation

Heat versus Temperature

Energy, power, and efficiency

Heat transfer and thermal resistance

Thermal calculations

Thermal calculation scenarios

Thermal de-rating

Thin versus thick heat sinks

Satellite electronics

Tubes versus transistors

Thermal resistance model

Transistor without a heat sink

Heat sink specification

Heat sink requirements

Infinite heat sink

Find the mistake(s)

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to Th\'evenin's and Norton's Theorems

Recommendations for instructors

Example: improvised 3.3 Volt power supply

Example: Th\'evenizing a multi-source network

Example: Nortonizing a multi-source network

Ideal versus real sources

Equivalent electrical networks

Th\'evenin's and Norton's theorems

Uses for Th\'evenin's and Norton's Theorems

Power supply design testing

Input/output impedances

Example: Voltage dropped by a varying load resistance

Example: Unbalanced bridge circuit

Derivation of Millman's Theorem

Time delay circuits and Th\'evenin's/Norton's Theorems

Animation of Th\'evenin's Theorem

Th\'evenizing a solar cell

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to thyristors

Recommendations for instructors

Example: measuring signal rates of change

Hysteresis

Shockley diodes and DIACs

Critical rate of voltage rise

SCRs and GTOs

TRIACs

Thyristor gate sensitivity

Thyratron inverter patent

Lightning bolts, relaxation oscillators, and thyratron tubes

Voltage rate-of-change from oscillographs

2N6403 specifications

2N6344 specifications

General multimeter advice

A gallery of multimeter ``tricks''

Linux utilities for command-line navigation

Linux utilities for general file viewing and editing

Linux text editors

Linux text-viewing utilities

Linux command-line plumbing

Linux utilities for networking

Linux utilities for programming

Linux utilities for PostScript document files

Software-defined radio receiver recommendations

Airspy spyserver software tips

GNU Radio Companion software tips

DIGI XBee PRO digital radio transceiver and DIGI XCTU configuration software tips

Siglent SPD1305X power supply programming tips

NanoVNA vector network analyzer tips

Mcumall GQ-4x4 EPROM programmer tips

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to transmission lines

Recommendations for instructors

Example: testing a cable's length

Example: testing a cable's impedance

Example: SPICE simulation of open-ended line

Example: SPICE simulation of short-ended line

Example: SPICE simulation of properly terminated line

Example: cable loss decibel calculations

Surge impedance

Open-ended transmission line

Shorted transmission line

Properly terminated transmission lines

Discontinuities

Velocity factor

Cable losses

Standing waves

Reflection coefficient

Decibels

Smith charts

Animation of an open transmission line

Animation of a shorted transmission line

Animation of a terminated transmission line

Traveling-wave power line fault detection

Impedance of lines on a printed circuit board

Echo time calculations

TDR calculator program in C

TDR calculator program in Python

Cable testing with no oscilloscope or TDR

Traveling-wave fault location on a power line

Recommendations for students

Recommendations for instructors

Types of numbers

Basic operations

Names of operational objects

Properties and identities of real numbers

Fractions

Formulae

Order of operations

Manipulating equations

Dimensional analysis

Unit conversions

Percentages, per-unit, ppm, and ppb

Scientific notation

Metric prefixes

Functions, tables, and graphs

Common geometric shapes

Quantifying error and tolerance

Statistics

Probability

Measurement uncertainty

Significant figures

Resistor labeling

Capacitor labeling

Inductor labeling

IEC standard component values

Identifying order of operations

Fraction simplification

Fractional arithmetic

Plain, metric, and scientific notations

Distance, volume, and rate unit conversions

Manipulating the transformer impedance equation

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to transformers

Recommendations for instructors

Example: step-up power transformer

Example: step-down power transformer

Example: transformer testing using a loudspeaker

Example: multi-voltage transformer wiring

Example: current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT)

Example: boost/buck transformer wiring

Example: power transformer photos

Example: sensitive audio detector circuit

Basic transformer operation

Loading effects

Step ratios

Winding polarity

Transformer power ratings

Power transformer impedance ratings

Impedance transformation

Transformer applications

Transformer construction

The first transformer

Prototype electrical power transmission system

Early transformer core construction

Magnetic field quantities

Calculating winding turns

Transformer parasitics

Manufacturing shell-type transformers

Manufacturing toroidal transformers

Gaulard and Gibbs transformer

Leakage inductance

Explaining the meaning of calculations

%% MODIFY THIS TO BE A TRANSFORMER PROBLEM!!!

Industrial control power transformer

Boost/buck transformer circuits

Multi-wire secondary connections

Basic transformer calculations

Autotransformer currents

Transformer-resistor circuit

Measuring transformer impedance

Faulted transformer-lamp circuit

Testing transformer polarity

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to trigonometry

Recommendations for instructors

Measuring angles

Right triangles

The Pythagorean Theorem

Angular functions

Sinusoidal waves

Non-right triangle properties

Table of sine, cosine, and tangent values

Trigonometric identities

The Unit Circle

Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine

Odd and even functions

Sums and differences of angles

Products and sums of sine and cosine functions

Squares of sine and cosine functions

Doubled angles

Halved angles

Plotting sine and cosine functions

Find the mistake(s)

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to variable-frequency motor drives

Recommendations for instructors

Example: demonstrating DC injection braking

Basic VFD function

AC motor braking

DC injection braking

Dynamic braking

Regenerative braking

Plugging

Important VFD parameters

Maximum and minimum speed (frequency)

Acceleration and Deceleration time

Stopping method

Volts per Hertz profile

PWM frequency

Current limiting

Start/stop source

Speed reference source

Skip frequency

Fault recovery

Line reactors

Electrical safety

Rotating magnetic field animated

VFD transistor switching sequence

Three-phase simulation program

Line reactor resonance

Limited-adjustment speed potentiometer

Predicting effects of VFD component faults

Recommendations for students

Challenging concepts related to voltage, current, and resistance

Recommendations for instructors

Example: money analogy for voltage

Example: Battery, lamp, jumper wires, and meters

Example: A simple (working) circuit

Example: An open circuit

Example: A shorted circuit

Example: potential in open and shorted circuits

Example: A continuity tester

Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle

Potential energy

Conservation laws

Electric potential and voltage

Electric resistance, current, and circuits

Concept review

Energy transfer in circuits

Causes of voltage, current, and resistance

Opens and shorts

Switches

Benjamin Franklin on the nature of electricity

James Clerk Maxwell on charge, potential, and electrical energy

James Clerk Maxwell on the nature of electric potential

John Ambrose Fleming on the nature of electric potential

James Prescott Joule on the conservation of energy

Fluid pressure as an analogue of voltage

Metric prefixes

Irrigation water

Applying foundational concepts to a two-lamp circuit

A three-lamp circuit

Voltage with no current (and vice-versa)

Lightning

A shocking experience

Polarities in a multi-lamp circuit

Electrically common versus distinct terminals

Properties of connected points

Effects of breaks in a motor circuit

Faults in a crude battery/lamp circuit

Faults in a terminal block battery/lamp circuit