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Line impedance characteristics
Using impedance diagrams to characterize faults
Distance relay characteristics
Challenging concepts related to EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 networks
Recommendations for instructors
Example: UART data frames with and without parity
Example: serial ASCII data shown on an oscilloscope
Example: GPS receiver serial data over EIA/TIA-232
Serial data communication and shift registers
Using an oscilloscope on differential networks
Challenging concepts related to overcurrent protective relays
Recommendations for instructors
Instantaneous- versus time-overcurrent protection
Instantaneous relay construction
Induction disk relay construction
Instantaneous relay calibration
Inverse time relay calibration
Example: astable 555 oscillator demonstration circuit
Altering trigger and threshold values
Applying foundational concepts to an astable 555 circuit
555-based triangle and square wave oscillator
Challenging concepts related to differential current protection
Recommendations for instructors
Differential current protection
Differential current protection zones
Differential current bus protection
Challenging concepts related to AC generators
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Delco-Remy 10SI with regulator
Basic operating characteristics
Delco-Remy 10DN alternator disassembly
Solenoid-driven turbine control
Induced voltage in stator winding
Effects of faults in manually-regulated generator
Challenging concepts related to alternating current
Recommendations for instructors
Example: sensitive audio detector circuit
Quantifying AC voltage and current
Simple plotting of sinusoidal waves using C++
Plotting two sinusoidal waves with phase angles using C++
Using C++ to compute RMS value
Using C++ to compute RMS and Average values
Phase shift from oscillographs
Oscillographs comparing sinusoids
VOM versus DMM voltage measurements
Challenging concepts related to AC motors
Recommendations for instructors
Transformation of industry by electric motors
Defining magnetic north and south
Early description of three-phase motor
Rotating magnetic field animated
Animation of rotating magnetic field
Electric water pump nameplate example
9-lead Delta motor connections
Motor power based on PT and CT measurements
Stroboscope measuring motor speed
Effects of faults in a capacitor-start motor
Challenging concepts related to parallel AC circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: measuring parallel current phase shift
Example: solving for an unknown inductance
Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources
Example circuit analysis using complex calculator
Example circuit analysis using ordinary calculator
Equivalent series and parallel XR networks
Conductance, admittance, and susceptance
Modeling parallel RLC circuits using C++
Challenging concepts related to series AC circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: measuring series voltage phase shift
Example: solving for an unknown inductance
Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources
Example circuit analysis using complex calculator
Example circuit analysis using ordinary calculator
Equivalent series and parallel XR networks
Modeling series RLC circuits using C++
VIZ table for series RC circuit
Challenging concepts related to series-parallel AC circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: series-parallel RLC circuit
Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources
Series and parallel network properties
AC series-parallel analysis example
Equivalent series and parallel XR networks
Conductance, admittance, and susceptance
Modeling series-parallel RLC networks using C++
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Challenging concepts related to AC induction motor starters
Recommendations for instructors
References on induction motor starting
Early AC motor overload protection
Normal status of a switch contact
Sketching connections for a three-phase starter
Sketching connections for a three-station motor starter
Thermal overload misconceptions
Inrush current for a reactance starter
Microcontroller program for a simple motor starter
Autotransformer starter calculations
Motor current simulation program
Faulted lift station pump control
Challenging concepts related to complex filter networks
Recommendations for instructors
Example: 3rd-order low-pass filter design
Example: 4th-order high-pass filter design
Output-limited filter networks
Balanced versus unbalanced filter networks
Transfer function poles and zeros
Transfer function for an RC low-pass filter
Transfer function for an LR low-pass filter
Transfer function for an RC high-pass filter
Transfer function for an LR high-pass filter
Transfer function for an RLC series band-pass filter
Transfer function for an RLC shunt band-pass filter
Transfer function for an RLC series band-stop filter
Transfer function for an RLC shunt band-stop filter
Two-pole low-pass filter plots
Two-pole high-pass filter plots
Two-pole band-pass filter plots
Two-pole band-stop (notch) filter plots
Two-pole all-pass filter plots
Butterworth filter pole locations
Chebyshev filter pole locations
Elliptic filter pole/zero locations
Low-pass filter design example
High-pass filter design example
Low-pass filter design example
High-pass filter design example
The meaning of the $s$ variable
Impedance expressed using the $s$ variable
Butterworth passive filter component values
\index{Butterworth characteristicChebyshev passive filter component values
\index{Chebyshev characteristicOperational amplifier imperfections
Butterworth passive filter designer using C++
Filter component value scaling
RC filter component selection program
Effects of faults in a multi-order filter
Challenging concepts related to algebraic manipulation
Recommendations for instructors
Example: manipulated equations
Voltages in a voltage divider circuit
Voltages in a series-parallel circuit
Voltages in an AC resistor-capacitor circuit
Example: balanced equation checking in Python
What do all these letters mean?
The Ohm's Law Circle and public education in America
Challenging concepts related to amplifier performance
Recommendations for instructors
Protecting amplifier inputs from over-voltage
TTL logic gate as an amplifier
CMOS logic gate as an amplifier
Gains and impedances of multi-stage amplifiers
Single-ended versus push-pull amplifier distortion
Improving low-end amplifier performance
Challenging concepts related to analog-digital conversion
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Single-ended, 8-bit, unipolar ADC
DAC circuitry: binary-weighted
ADC circuitry: flash conversion
ADC circuitry: tracking conversion
ADC circuitry: successive approximation conversion
ADC circuitry: delta-sigma conversion
Protecting amplifier inputs from over-voltage
Flash ADC circuit using a non-priority encoder
Scaling and overvoltage protection for ADC
Re-design input network for an ADC circuit
Challenging concepts related to analog instrumentation circuits
Recommendations for instructors
4 to 20 mA analog current signals
Relating 4 to 20 mA signals to instrument variables
Example calculation: controller output to valve
Example calculation: flow transmitter
Example calculation: temperature transmitter
Example calculation: pH transmitter
Example calculation: reverse-acting I/P transducer signal
Example calculation: PLC analog input scaling
Graphical interpretation of signal ranges
Thinking in terms of per unit quantities
Instrument error documentation
Controller output current loops
4-wire (``self-powered'') transmitter current loops
2-wire (``loop-powered'') transmitter current loops
4-wire ``passive'' versus ``active'' output transmitters
Using a standard milliammeter to measure loop current
Using a clamp-on milliammeter to measure loop current
Using ``test'' diodes to measure loop current
Using shunt resistors to measure loop current
Troubleshooting current loops with voltage measurements
3-wire RTD temperature transmitter circuit
Challenging concepts related to antennas
Recommendations for instructors
Example: making a 900 MHz antenna
Example: cable loss decibel calculations
Antenna orientation and directionality
Vertical corner-reflector antenna
Vertical log-periodic dipole antenna
Near-field versus far-field regions
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Transmitter power and field strength
Incorrect decibel calculation program
Challenging concepts related to antenna feed systems
Recommendations for instructors
Example: cable loss decibel calculations
Transceiver impedance matching
LC impedance-transformation networks
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Matching section calculator program
Partially shorted transformer winding
Example: Motorola 68HC11 adding two numbers
Example: Motorola 68HC11 blinking an LED
Example: Motorola 68HC11 blinking two LEDs
Example: Motorola 68HC11 blinking eight LEDs
Example: Motorola 68HC11 counting in binary
Example: Motorola 68HC11 analog input
Example: Microchip PIC 16F84A bitwise OR
Example: Microchip PIC 16F84A conditional example
Example: Microchip PIC 16F84A motor control
Example: Microchip PIC 12F629 energizing a LED
Example: Microchip PIC 16F18346 blinking an LED
Example: Intel Xeon integer addition
Example: Intel Xeon integer subtraction
Example: Intel Xeon integer multiplication
Example: Intel Xeon looping infinitely
Example: Intel Xeon looping fifteen times
Example: Intel Xeon integer power
Big-endians and Little-endians
Example: custom inductor winding and testing
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Challenging concepts related to single-stage BJT amplifiers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: effects of bias on common-collector amplifier
Example: effects of bias on common-emitter amplifier
Example: effects of bias on common-base amplifier
Example: common-emitter input impedance
Example: common-emitter output impedance
Amplifier design example: swamped common-emitter
Derivation of dynamic emitter resistance
Common-emitter quiescent simulation program
Effects of faults in a bypassed common-emitter amplifier
Misconception on impedance-matching
Challenging concepts related to bipolar junction transistors
Recommendations for instructors
Example: BJT collector current with varying base stimulus
Example: BJT collector current with varying collector-emitter voltage
John Bardeen's and Walter Brattain's transistor patent
Animation of an NPN BJT turning on
Animation of BJT curve-sketching
Claude Shannon makes the connection
Challenging concepts related to circuit breakers and disconnects
Recommendations for instructors
Medium-voltage circuit breakers
Single-line diagram power component symbols
Single-line diagram measurement component symbols
Diagnosing a failed circuit breaker system
Challenging concepts related to bridge circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Early references to Wheatstone bridges
Ground-referenced and differential voltage measurements
Using a primitive bridge to measure resistance
Recommendations for instructors
Example: simple power supply calculations
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Practical power supply designs
Hot, neutral, and ground power conductors
Full-wave bridge rectifier with ideal diodes
Full-wave bridge rectifier with real diodes
The concept of differentiation
How derivatives and integrals relate to one another
Symbolic versus numerical calculus
Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++
Differentiation and integration animated
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Explaining the meaning of code
Challenging concepts related to capacitance and capacitors
Recommendations for instructors
Example: capacitor storing and releasing energy
Example: series versus parallel capacitors
Example: RC demonstration circuit
Example: battery voltage stabilization
Example: decoupling capacitors
Example: voltage source energizing a capacitor
Example: current source energizing a capacitor
Example: RC time-delay network values
Example: voltage divider and capacitor
Example: simplifying complex RC networks using Th\'evenin's Theorem
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Electric fields and energy storage
Voltage, current, energy, and capacitance
Inverse exponential growth/decay
Inverse-exponential calculation examples
Capacitor types and limitations
Series and parallel capacitance
Fatality resulting from cable capacitance
Capacitor parameters and dielectric types
Capacitor displacement current
Time delay circuits and Th\'evenin's/Norton's Theorems
Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using C++
Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using Python
Modeling an energizing capacitor using C++
Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Measuring capacitance by time delay
SPICE analysis of an energizing capacitor
SPICE analysis of a de-energizing capacitor
Capacitor voltage simulation program
Incorrect voltage/current curves
Typical electronics job titles
Electronics manufacturing/R\&D
Building automation, alarm, and access
Public roads and railway systems
Municipal transportation systems
Academic and government research
Calibration services and metrology
R\'esum\'e examples for recent graduates
Cover letter examples for recent graduates
Inappropriate and/or illegal questions
Accept any and all training offered to you
Earn certifications and/or licenses
How to get yourself black-listed
Challenging concepts related to semiconductors
Recommendations for instructors
Energy bands and electric fields
Animation of a forward-biased PN diode junction
Hall effect on electrons versus holes
Loaded versus unloaded solar panel
Challenging concepts related to C programming
Recommendations for instructors
What is a programming language?
Creating and running a simple C program
Step 2: compile the source code
Step 3: run the executable code
Formatted output using \texttt{printf
Formatted input using \texttt{scanf
Introduction to assembly language programming
Re-writing a ``Hello world!'' program
Writing a power calculation program
Resonant frequency calculator program
Logical-AND versus bitwise-AND
Driving microcontroller output bits
Using C to analyze a series resistor circuit
Using C to analyze a parallel resistor circuit
Using C to analyze a series-parallel resistor circuit
Using C to analyze a multi-source circuit
Using C to calculate capacitive reactance
Using C to analyze a series AC RLC circuit
Using C to analyze a parallel AC RLC circuit
Using C to analyze a series AC resistor-capacitor circuit
Using complex numbers in C to analyze a series-parallel AC RLC circuit
Geometric sequence counting program
RC time-constant calculator program
Using C to analyze an RC charging-discharging circuit
Writing an LR time-delay analysis program
Writing a cutoff frequency calculator program
Writing a low-pass filter simulation program
Using C arrays to analyze a resistor circuit
Find mistakes in a very simple program
Find mistakes in a millimeter conversion program
Case-sensitivity in variable names
Find mistake in a function-calling program
Challenging concepts related to capacitance and inductance
Recommendations for instructors
Example: capacitor storing and releasing energy
Example: inductor storing and releasing energy
Example: series versus parallel capacitors
Example: series versus parallel inductors
Example: inductor-capacitor resonance
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Energy storage in electric fields
Energy storage in magnetic fields
Capacitance and inductance compared
Applications of capacitance and inductance
Parasitic capacitance and inductance
Capacitor displacement current
Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++
Controlling the rate of de-energization
Capacitors and inductors compared against batteries
Mixed-source circuits with capacitors and inductors
Capacitor and inductor fault pathology
Basic feedback control principles
Common control system terms and definitions
Diagnosing feedback control problems
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Explaining the meaning of code
Challenging concepts related to digital codes
Recommendations for instructors
Morse and Baudot telegraph codes
Binary and Gray position codes
Ancient serial data communication
Using Python to convert between ASCII and hexadecimal
Challenging concepts related to combinational logic
Recommendations for instructors
Example: gate circuits from 4-input truth tables
Example: ladder logic circuits from 4-input truth tables
Example: timing diagrams for combinational gate circuits
Gallery of logic gate applications
Boolean expressions into circuits
Claude Shannon makes the connection
NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer
Normal status of a switch contact
Modeling combinational logic using C++
Using Python to evaluate combinational logic expressions
Using Python to evaluate a combinational function diagram
Truth tables from Boolean expressions
Gate circuits from Boolean expressions
Relay circuits from Boolean expressions
Circuits from two-input truth tables
Circuits from three-input truth tables
Timing diagrams for gate circuits
Effect of gate fault on Boolean expression
Challenging concepts related to comparators
Recommendations for instructors
Example: comparator demonstration circuit
Example: simple bargraph display circuit
Example: simple dot-graph display circuit
Example: multi-comparator voting array
Example: simple opamp experiments
Schematic diagram simplifications
Comparator and operational amplifier imperfections
Protecting comparator inputs from over-voltage
Analyzing the simplified LM339 schematic
Analyzing the full LM339 schematic
Swept-voltage comparator simulation program
Batteries, voltage and current sources
Voltage across conductors versus insulators
Electrically common versus distinct terminals
Sketching a solid state relay circuit
Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations
Power, Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations
Battery-fuse-switch-lamp fault analysis
Relay-controlled electric motor
Challenging concepts related to electrical connections
Recommendations for instructors
Example: equipotential, common, distinct, and isolated points
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Making and breaking connections
Early examples of breadboarding
Table of specific resistance values
Derivation of electron drift velocity
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
Siemens model 3AP1/2 high-voltage circuit breaker
Testing for a broken connection
Challenging concepts related to digital counters
Recommendations for instructors
Example: timing diagrams for latches and flip-flops
Example: clock pulse generator
Example: reduced-modulus counters
Example: arbitrary waveform generator using an analog multiplexer
Counter circuits in the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
Determining up/down counter state
Frequency division using clear versus using preset
Motives for industrial cyberattacks
Employ dedicated security personnel
Utilize effective authentication
Cautiously grant authorization
Close unnecessary access pathways
Maintain operating system software
Routinely archive critical data
Limit mobile and personal device access
A primer on uranium enrichment
Gas centrifuge vulnerabilities
The Natanz uranium enrichment facility
Lexicon of cyber-security terms
Challenging concepts related to data acquisition
Recommendations for instructors
Example: using Python to control a LabJack model U3 DAQ
Practical measurement examples
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Common-mode voltages and currents
Ground-referenced signal sources
General-purpose opamp recommendations
Operational amplifier imperfections
Protecting amplifier inputs from over-voltage
Connecting photocells to a DAQ
Challenging concepts related to DC-AC power conversion
Recommendations for instructors
Example: inverter circuits from the Bright/Royer 1957 patent
Example: inverter using a 555 timer
Example: inverter using NOT gates
VFD transistor switching sequence
Animation of an NPN BJT turning on
Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on
Bright/Royer self-excited inverter circuits
Bright/Royer externally-excited inverter circuits
Early three-phase inverter design
Challenging concepts related to DC-DC power conversion
Recommendations for instructors
Example: simple buck converter
Example: simple boost converter
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Matching source and load voltages
Hybrid switching-linear converters
Capacitor parameters and dielectric types
Inductor parameters and core types
VFD transistor switching sequence
Animation of an NPN BJT turning on
Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on
Source/load functions in \'Cuk converter
Instantaneous analyses of DC-DC converter circuits
Identifying possible root-cause faults
Transformation of industry by electric motors
Defining magnetic north and south
Calculating inrush current and counter-EMF
Example: equipotential, common, distinct, and isolated points
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
Properties of connected versus isolated points
Predicting the effect of breaks in a circuit
Predicting the effect of shorts in a circuit
Three-way switches controlling a lamp
Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#1)
Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#2)
Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#3)
Dual-lamp circuit malfunction (scenario \#4)
Critique of troubleshooting observations and conclusions
Electric railroad ground problems
Challenging concepts related to digital computing circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: bitwise logical operations
Shift-right sequential program
Challenging concepts related to digital diagnostic tools
Recommendations for instructors
Diagnostic visualization tools
Reverse-engineering techniques
Challenging concepts related to digital circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: simple logic functions using switches
Example: NAND gate demonstration circuit
Example: comparator demonstration circuit
Example: simple bargraph display circuit
Example: bitwise logical operations
Digital storage and communication
Claude Shannon makes the connection
Modeling Boolean logic using C++
Analog versus digital quantities
Logic levels in a bipolar logic circuit
Using Python to evaluate basic logic expressions
Boolean expressions for logic functions
Boolean expressions for simple combinational networks
Effects of faults in simple digital circuit
Analog-digital signal conversion
Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm in C++
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Explaining the meaning of code
Example: field probing inside a PC
Example: SDR as a probe analyzer
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Electric versus magnetic fields
Near-field versus far-field regions
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Challenging concepts related to elementary circuit design
Recommendations for instructors
Review of electrical principles
Equal-voltage versus equal-current circuits
Terminal block circuit construction
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Three resistors in series and parallel
Resistors with specified current directions
More resistors with specified current directions
Resistor and terminal blocks with specified voltage polarities
Potentiometer-based voltage dividers
Extending the range of a voltmeter
Nonfunctioning relay-controlled lamp
Challenging concepts related to electric and magnetic fields
Recommendations for instructors
Example: CMOS inverter as electric field detector
Example: cow magnet as magnetic field detector
Example: loudspeaker as electromagnetic demonstrator
Example: demonstrating the curled right-hand rule of electromagnetism
Example: oscilloscope displaying induced voltage
Example: demonstrating Lenz's Law
Electric versus magnetic fields
Field strength and field force
Michael Faraday's experiments on electromagnetic induction
Solenoid-driven turbine control
Defining magnetic north and south
Near-field versus far-field regions
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Challenging concepts related to digital encoders and decoders
Recommendations for instructors
Example: demonstration circuit using the CD4511
Challenging concepts related to Ethernet networks
Recommendations for instructors
Serial data communication and shift registers
Checking data using a hash function
Challenging concepts related to feedback
Recommendations for instructors
Example: multi-stage transistor amplifier with negative feedback
Harold Black's feedback patent
Early telephone system repeaters
George Philbrick's work on gun tracking systems
Perspiration as a feedback mechanism
Miscalibrated thermostat sensor
Mathematical functions in feedback path
Proving gain formula with feedback
Modeling a common-source amplifier using C++
Challenging concepts related to field-effect transistors
Recommendations for instructors
Example: D-type MOSFET biasing
Example: E-type MOSFET biasing
Junction field-effect transistors
Insulated-gate field-effect transistors
Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on
JFET source and drain terminals
Sketching MOSFET switch circuit
Typical JFET pinch-off voltage values
$ on depletion region $ on MOSFETInteresting transistor symbols
Challenging concepts related to fiber optics
Recommendations for instructors
Fiber optic data communication
Fiber optic cable construction
Multi-mode and single-mode optical fibers
Fiber optic connectors and routing
Fiber optic sensing applications
Fabry-Perot interferometry temperature measurement
Transconductance and transimpedance amplifiers
Power concentration program in Python
Challenging concepts related to elementary filter networks
Recommendations for instructors
Example: filter network testing
Example: HVDC harmonic filters
Output-limited filter networks
Vibrating-reed meters as spectrum analyzers
Modeling low-pass filters using C++
Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm in C++
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Practice: complex number calculations
Frequency response of an RC network
Designing simple RC low-pass and high-pass filters
Designing filters using IEC standard component values
Using C to analyze a filter network
Challenging concepts related to programmable logic ICs
Recommendations for instructors
Programmable versus fixed logic
Sum-of-Product logic expressions
Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
Hardware description languages
Floating-gate FET transistor patent
Multiplexer-based logic functions
Two multiplexers creating a logic function
Explaining the meaning of code
Challenging concepts related to frequency-domain representation of signals
Recommendations for instructors
Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources
Example: SDR spectrum displays
Building a square wave from sine waves
Building a triangle wave from cosine waves
Building a sawtooth wave from sine waves
Building a pulse wave from cosine waves
Time vs. frequency in circuits
Applications for frequency-domain analysis
Fourier analysis of a square wave
A digital Fourier transform algorithm
Vibrating-reed meters as spectrum analyzers
Wireless versus cable-based telephony
Reciprocating engine balance shafts
Fourier series for common waveforms
Simple plotting of sinusoidal waves using C++
Plotting two sinusoidal waves with phase angles using C++
Plotting harmonic series using C++
Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm in C++
Fourier analysis of a triangle wave
Testing the purity of a sine wave
Faulty spectrum analyzer design
Challenging concepts related to finite state machines
Recommendations for instructors
State diagrams and state tables
Finite state machines using combinational logic
Modeling a simple finite state machine using C++
Parallel to serial data converter
Challenging concepts related to electrical power grids
Recommendations for instructors
Prototype electrical power transmission system
Early power system faults and protection
Per capita electricity consumption in 1921
Multi-generator DC power grid voltages
Multi-source grid simulation program
Challenging concepts related to electrical safety
Recommendations for instructors
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Electric shock and burn hazards
Hot, neutral, and ground power conductors
The National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)
Fatality resulting from cable capacitance
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Safety as a function of energy
A brave man wearing a metal suit
Dangerous voltages and currents for the human body
NFPA 79 protective bonding standard
NFPA 79 residual voltage standard
Challenging concepts related to high-frequency amplifiers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: broadcast FM transmitter
Example: broadband low-noise amplifier PCB
LC impedance-transformation networks
Solid-state PA component functions
Tank circuit calculator program
Faults in a transmitter (block diagram)
Faults in a low-power CW transmitter
Challenging concepts related to ideal versus real electrical sources
Recommendations for instructors
Example: battery voltage under load
Example: dying dry-cell battery under load
Transistor modeled as a source
Improving a faux current source
Analyzing another non-ideal source
FET modeled as a current source
Challenging concepts related to inductance and inductors
Recommendations for instructors
Example: superconducting energy-storage inductor
Example: inductor storing and releasing energy
Example: series versus parallel inductors
Example: current source energizing an inductor
Example: voltage source energizing an inductor
Example: LR time-delay network values
Example: simplifying complex LR networks using Norton's Theorem
Example: interesting relay behavior
Example: custom inductor winding and testing
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Magnetic fields and energy storage
Voltage, current, energy, and inductance
Inverse exponential growth/decay
Inverse-exponential calculation examples
Inductor types and limitations
Series and parallel inductance
Inductor parameters and core types
Derivation of electron drift velocity
Time delay circuits and Th\'evenin's/Norton's Theorems
Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using C++
Modeling inverse exponential growth and decay using Python
Modeling an energizing inductor using C++
Solving RC and LR circuit differential equations using C++
Impossibility of storing an energized inductor
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Time required to reach specified currents
Measuring inductance by time delay
SPICE analysis of an energizing inductor
SPICE analysis of a de-energizing inductor
Incorrect voltage/current curves
Challenging concepts related to digital signal integrity
Recommendations for instructors
Oscilloscope, cable, and signal generator
Consequences of distorted pulses
Signal integrity in wireless versus cable-based telephony
Animation of an open transmission line
Measuring jitter using an eye diagram
Evaluating set-up and hold times
Challenging concepts related to process control
Recommendations for instructors
Example: thermostatic room control system
Example: boiler water level control system
Example: wastewater disinfection
Example: chemical reactor temperature control
Challenging concepts related to internet-based systems
Recommendations for instructors
Generating a simple web page using C++
Challenging concepts related to Kirchhoff's Current Law
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Three-wire power system
Application to parallel circuits
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in his own words
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Three-wire electrical power distribution
Solving for currents in a multi-source circuit
4-20 mA transmitter circuit fault
Challenging concepts related to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Recommendations for instructors
Example: multiple-battery array
% No "circuit" at all!Example: split DC power supply
Example: aluminum smelting pots
Energy conservation in closed loops
Circuits with unknown currents
A simplified application of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in his own words
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Altimeter readings on a mountain
Polarities in a multi-lamp circuit
Tracing KVL loops in a series circuit
Tracing KVL loops in a multi-source circuit
Voltages in a resistor network
Series resistor network with common-mode source
Printed circuit board measurements
Challenging concepts related to relay ladder logic
Recommendations for instructors
Example: simple logic functions using switches
Example: NAND function in a PLC
Annotating ladder logic circuits
New York City's relay-based subway signal system
Normal status of a switch contact
Ladder Logic Programming of PLCs
Active reading exercise: motor control circuit diagram
Associating logic functions with relay circuit
Truth table for a relay circuit
Mistaken wiring in a steam control circuit
Effects of a ground fault in a relay control circuit
Identifying possible faults in a relay circuit
Challenging concepts related to latching logic
Recommendations for instructors
Example: timing diagrams for combinational gate circuits
Example: timing diagrams for latches and flip-flops
SR enabled latches and flip-flops
Modeling an SR latch using C++
Modeling an SR flip-flop using C++
Modeling a JK flip-flop using C++
Timing diagram for an enabled SR latch
Timing diagram for a D flip-flop
Challenging concepts related to RF link budgets
Recommendations for instructors
Example: cable loss decibel calculations
Example: path loss calculations
Examples: RF link budget calculations
Near-field versus far-field regions
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Using C to calculate receiver power
Challenging concepts related to linear voltage regulators
Recommendations for instructors
Example: breadboard voltage regulator
Example: 7805 power dissipation
Example: fixed-source, variable-load series voltage regulator design
Example: variable-source, variable-load series voltage regulator design
Series versus shunt regulation
Zener versus avalanche breakdown
Standard pass regulator design
Zener current with varying load current
Effects of faults in a series voltage regulator
Effects of faults in an LDO regulator
Challenging concepts related to digital signal integrity
Recommendations for instructors
Example: NAND gate demonstration circuit
Example: comparator demonstration circuit
Example: simple bargraph display circuit
Example: supervised switch reading circuit
Example: decoupling capacitors
Gallery of logic gate applications
Open collector/drain logic gates
NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer
Protecting logic gate inputs from over-voltage
Discrete analysis of a bipolar AND gate
Discrete analysis of a bipolar OR gate
Discrete analysis of a CMOS NAND gate
Discrete analysis of a CMOS AND gate
Pulldown resistor sizing for a TTL gate input
Malfunctioning security alarm system
Force and displacement vectors
Perpendicular force and displacement
Dimensional analysis of energy
Phase diagrams and critical points
Thermodynamic degrees of freedom
Class II Filled-bulb thermometers
Unit conversions and physical constants
Conversion formulae for temperature
Conversion factors for distance
Conversion factors for velocity
Conversion factors for pressure (either all gauge or all absolute)
Conversion factors for pressure (absolute pressure units only)
Conversion factors for energy or work
The International System of Units
Periodic Table of the Elements
Weight densities of common materials
Applying foundational concepts to various systems
% INSTWORK -- WORK6400Analog-digital converter signals
% INSTWORK -- WORK6400Challenging concepts related to the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Recommendations for instructors
Example: variable-voltage source
Load power with varying load resistance
Load power with varying source resistance
Applications of the Maximum Power Transfer theorem
Derivation of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Battery bank short-circuit current
Challenging concepts related to MSP430 microcontrollers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: bitwise logical operations
Assembly example: adding two numbers
Sketch example: adding two numbers
Assembly example: subtracting two numbers
Assembly example: bitwise operations
Assembly example: rotate right instruction
Assembly example: alternating LED blink
C example: alternating LED blink
Sketch example: alternating LED blink
Assembly example: blink all Port 1 lines
Assembly example: pushbutton control of LED
C example: pushbutton control of LED
Assembly example: pushing and popping the stack
Assembly example: driving Port 2 lines with Timer
Assembly example: interrupt triggered by pushbutton
C example: interrupt triggered by pushbutton
Assembly example: LED blink with watchdog
C example: pushbutton-triggered timer
C example: Boolean SOP expression
C example: sine wave signal generator
C example: externally-clocked sine wave signal generator
C example: pulse-width modulation output
C example: analog-controlled LEDs
C example: UART serial text transmission
C example: UART serial text and number transmission
C example: UART transmission of analog data
Example: interposing MCU to a heavy load
Microcontrollers versus microprocessors
MSP430G2553 auxiliary functions
CCS assembly-language programming
Introduction to assembly language programming
Terminal assignments and limits
Selecting sub-main clock source
Challenging concepts related to digital memory
Recommendations for instructors
Example: 16x8 array from 16x4 memory ICs
Example: 16x16 array from 16x4 memory ICs
Example: 32x4 array from 16x4 memory ICs
Example: 64x4 array from 16x4 memory ICs
Example: AWG circuit using nonvolatile memory IC
Early magnetic hard disk drives
Floating-gate FET transistor patent
Animation of 16 $\times$ 8 ROM
Addressing an expanded memory module
Challenging concepts related to electrical metrology
Recommendations for instructors
Example: sensitive audio detector circuit
Example: using Python to control a LabJack model U3 DAQ
Example: SCPI control of digital power supply and multimeter
Python/VISA/SCPI script: user-specified voltages
Python/VISA/SCPI script: DC voltage sweep
Example: SCPI control of digital power supply and oscilloscope
Python/VISA/SCPI script: DC voltage sweep
Example: SCPI control of power supply via GUI
Example: damage caused by an errant test script
Example: GPS receiver data stream
Electrical metrology standards
Precision voltage measurement techniques
Null-balance voltage measurement
Null-balance meter calibration
Precision resistance measurement techniques
Two-wire resistance measurement
Four-wire resistance measurement
Wheatstone bridge resistance measurement
Kelvin-Varley voltage dividers
Vector Network Analyzer calibration
Industrial instrument calibration
Component characterization testing
Early references to Wheatstone bridges
Hamon voltage divider simulation program
Testing a 250 V meter with a 10 V standard
Thermometer calibration results
Example: balanced mixer frequencies
Example: simple diode mixer circuit
Example: AD633 as a balanced mixer
Example: frequency-mixing in gear systems
Frequency adjustment on a mixer input
Mixing of one signal's harmonics?
Mixing two non-sinusoidal signals
Faults in a simple diode mixer
Faults in a Gilbert cell mixer
Challenging concepts related to multimeters
Recommendations for instructors
Example: multi-range analog voltmeter
Voltage, current, and resistance
Series versus parallel connections
Discriminating AC from DC measurements
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
Helpful ``tricks'' using a digital multimeter (DMM)
Source and load identification using multimeters
Applying foundational concepts to multimeter usage
VOM measurement interpretation
Voltage measurements by test points
Challenging concepts related to Modbus
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Modbus ASCII ``Write One Register'' exchange
Example: Modbus ASCII ``Read Register'' exchange
Modbus function codes and addresses
Analyzing a Modbus/TCP message
Big-endians and Little-endians
Modbus function command formats
Function code 01 -- Read Coil(s)
Function code 02 -- Read Contact(s)
Function code 03 -- Read Holding Register(s)
Function code 04 -- Read Analog Input Register(s)
Function code 05 -- Write (Force) Single Coil
Function code 06 -- Write (Preset) Single Holding Register
Function code 15 -- Write (Force) Multiple Coils
Function code 16 -- Write (Preset) Multiple Holding Register
Interpreting an ASCII message frame
Challenging concepts related to signal modulation
Recommendations for instructors
Example: balanced mixer frequencies
Example: simple diode mixer circuit
Example: simple diode demodulator circuit
Example: AD633 as a balanced mixer
Example: downconverting AM receiver
Example: GNU Radio Companion SDR demodulation flowgraphs
Example: frequency-mixing in gear systems
Modeling signal modulation using C++
Reginald Fessenden's invention
Oscillographs comparing sinusoids
Telephony up/down converter circuits
High-side versus low-side injection
Challenging concepts related to microprocessors
Recommendations for instructors
Logic functions and Boolean algebra
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
Putting it all together -- the processor
Machine code and assembly language
Introduction to assembly language programming
Early microprocessor timing diagram
Challenging concepts related to multi-stage amplifier circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: detailed analysis of current mirror
Example: one amplifier stage loading another
Example: multi-stage transistor amplifier with negative feedback
Example: simple push-pull power amplifier stage
Typical audio power amplifier design
Animation of an NPN BJT turning on
Animation of class-B crossover distortion
Discrete analysis of a bipolar AND gate
Discrete analysis of a bipolar OR gate
Challenging concepts related to digital multiplexers and demultiplexers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: arbitrary waveform generator using an analog multiplexer
Multiplexer and demultiplexer construction
Multiplexing and demultiplexing words
The myths of specialization and generalization
The myth of the well-equipped lab
Challenging concepts related to signal coupling and noise
Recommendations for instructors
Example: capacitive coupling within cable
Example: inductive coupling within cable
Example: field probing inside a PC
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Signal coupling and cable separation
Electric field (capacitive) de-coupling
Magnetic field (inductive) de-coupling
Relative electric/magnetic field severity
Near-field versus far-field regions
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Common-mode voltages and currents
Arc welder electric/magnetic field mitigation
Challenging concepts related to numeration systems
Recommendations for instructors
Example: signed integer examples
Example: bitwise logical operations
Shorthand representations of digital words
Decimal to binary by cut-and-try
Decimal to octal or hexadecimal by cut-and-try
Conversion from decimal by repeated division
Big endian and little endian formats
Big-endians and Little-endians
Numeration formats in Python and C++
Counting in binary, octal, and hexadecimal
Binary to decimal and hex conversions
Fixed-point integer conversion table
Signed integer conversion table
Using Python to convert between bases
C++ program converting decimal to other formats
Dissecting floating-point numbers
Strange floating-point addition
Challenging concepts related to Ohm's and Joule's Laws
Recommendations for instructors
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Example: Battery and resistors
Example: Current source and resistors
Example: Terminal block circuit
Example: Ohm's and Joule's Law examples with metric-prefixed quantities
Example: money analogy for voltage, current, power, and resistance
Example: Resistor values and tolerances
Georg Simon Ohm in his own words
Early descriptions of fundamental electrical quantities
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
A brave man wearing a metal suit
Dangerous voltages and currents for the human body
Heat dissipated by a resistance
Loaded voltage and current sources
Assessing shock hazards in a circuit
Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations
Power, Voltage, Current, and Resistance calculations
Voltage, Current, and Resistance in a simple circuit
Shunt resistor used to measure current
Properties of connected points
Voltmeter tests in a simple lamp circuit
Using a voltmeter in a failed-open circuit
Challenging concepts related to operational amplifiers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: multi-stage transistor amplifier with negative feedback
Example: opamp networks responding to various inputs
Example: simulating opamp circuits using SPICE
Example: simple opamp experiments
Example: simple triangle/square/PWM oscillator
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Differential inputs and outputs
Attenuated and offset feedback
Inverting and noninverting amplification
Integrators and differentiators
Harold Black's feedback patent
Philbrick Researches model K2-W
Common-mode voltages and currents
General-purpose opamp recommendations
Derivation of Millman's Theorem
Operational amplifier imperfections
Protecting opamp inputs from over-voltage
Unusual current-regulating circuit
Voltage follower simulation program
Current regulator simulation program
Constant-current electronic load circuit
Summer circuit simulation program
Precision rectifier simulation program
Integrator and differentiator simulation program
Capacitor voltage simulation program
Design flaws in a peak follower-and-hold circuit
Effects of faults in a relaxation oscillator
Challenging concepts related to oscillators
Recommendations for instructors
Example: simple triangle/square/PWM oscillator
Negative resistance oscillators
555-based triangle and square wave oscillator
Opamp/inverter-based triangle and square wave oscillator
Challenging concepts related to oscilloscopes
Recommendations for instructors
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Example: LED-array oscilloscope project
Oscilloscope probes and grounding
Sensitivity and amplitude measurement
Timebase and frequency measurement
Multiple traces and phase measurement
Voltmeters, oscillographs, and oscilloscopes
Measuring rates of change (slope)
Digital sampling rate and aliasing
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Lissajous figure with 0$^o$ phase shift
Lissajous figure with 90$^o$ phase shift
Lissajous figure with 180$^o$ phase shift
Lissajous figure with 2:1 frequency ratio
Outline and reflections on the tutorial
Challenging concepts related to overcurrent protection
Recommendations for instructors
Overcurrent protection coordination
Prototype electrical power transmission system
Applying foundational concepts to a fused circuit
Challenging concepts related to parallel circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Example: Battery, lamps, jumper wires, and meters
Example: equivalent parallel resistances
Example: Three-resistor circuit
Example: Five-resistor circuit
Properties of parallel networks
Derivation of parallel resistance formulae
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Modeling a parallel circuit using C++
Identifying parallel points and elements
Measuring current in a parallel circuit
Parallel lamp circuit with switches
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Three-source, one-lamp circuit
VIRP table for a three-resistor parallel circuit
Solving for a parallel branch resistance
Current divider built using a Radio Shack 30-in-one kit
Using SPICE to analyze a parallel circuit
Interpreting an ammeter measurement
Faults in a three-resistor circuit
Problem with a multiple-pump system
Challenging concepts related to printed circuit boards
Recommendations for instructors
Diagnostic visualization tools
Design rule checking using KiCad
Tony's PCB layout recommendations
Preliminary setup recommendations
Finding components within KiCad's libraries
Installing new schematic symbols and layout footprints
Near-field versus far-field regions
Applying foundational concepts to a series-parallel circuit
Impedance of lines on a printed circuit board
Challenging concepts related to phasor diagrams
Recommendations for instructors
Example: series AC circuit with voltage source
Example: series AC circuit with current source
Example: parallel AC circuit with voltage source
Example: parallel AC circuit with current source
Graphically representing complex numbers
Phasor diagrams and vector addition
Appropriate uses for phasor diagrams
Series network phasor diagrams
Parallel network phasor diagrams
Vector arrows versus current arrows
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Three parallel current sources
Challenging concepts related to phasor mathematics
Recommendations for instructors
Complex numbers and exponential functions
Derivation of Euler's Relation
Simple plotting of sinusoidal waves using C++
Plotting two sinusoidal waves with phase angles using C++
Simple plotting of arbitrary waveforms using C++
Practice: complex number calculations
Phasor addition of two AC voltages
Challenging concepts related to phasor measurements
Recommendations for instructors
Boost/buck transformer circuits
Voltages between specified points
Process control terms and definitions
Basic feedback control principles
Analog electronic PID controllers
Derivative and integral control actions
Position versus velocity algorithms
Responses to a single step-change
Responses to a momentary step-and-return
Responses to two momentary steps-and-returns
Responses to an up-and-down ramp
Responses to a multi-slope ramp
Responses to a multiple ramps and steps
Note to students regarding quantitative graphing
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Explaining the meaning of code
Challenging concepts related to programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
Recommendations for instructors
Example: NAND function in a PLC
Example: simple PLC comparisons
Example: high-pressure PLC-based alarm
Example: PLC process switch statuses from contact status coloring
Example: Arduino versus PLC dual-LED control
Example: Arduino versus PLC logic functions
Example: Arduino versus PLC on-delay timer
Simple relay control of a cooling system
2oo3 relay control of a cooling system
2oo3 PLC control of a cooling system
PLC hardware inputs and outputs (I/O)
IEC 61131-3 programming languages
Intro to Ladder Diagram (LD) programming
Ladder diagram virtual elements and I/O status
Ladder diagram contacts and coils
Ladder diagram comparison instructions
Ladder diagram arithmetic instructions
Ladder diagram sequencer instructions
Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)
Feature comparisons between PLC models
High-speed counter instructions
ASCII text message instructions
Legacy Allen-Bradley memory maps and I/O addressing
Koyo ``drum'' sequencer instructions
Allen-Bradley sequencer instructions
Relay ladder logic analogy for a PLC
Sourcing versus sinking PLC I/O
Sketching wires to PLC discrete I/O
Two different motor control programs
Determining bit statuses from switch conditions
Determining necessary switch conditions for bit statuses
Determining color highlighting from switch conditions
Integer format error between PLC and HMI
Troubleshooting motor control program
Troubleshooting motor control PLC from I/O indicators
Motor starter diagnosis from color highlighting
Possible faults in a PLC/HMI pump control system
Possible faults in a PLC/HMI package-counting system
Diagnostic tests on a failed PLC/HMI pump control system
Challenging concepts related to phase-locked loops
Recommendations for instructors
Example: PLL phase detector type experiment
Example: PLL filter cutoff experiment
Simple musical synthesizer design
CD4046B phase-locked loop applications
Tone-controlled switching system
Challenging concepts related to semiconductor PN junctions
Recommendations for instructors
Electrical conduction in a vacuum
Electrical conduction in semiconductors
Testing PN semiconductor junctions
Animation of a forward-biased PN diode junction
Challenging concepts related to polyphase AC circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: wye-wound generator and wye-connected resistive load
Example: delta-wound generator and delta-connected resistive load
Example: wye-wound generator and delta-connected resistive load
Example: delta-wound generator and wye-connected resistive load
Example: experimental motor-generator set
Example: phase rotation test circuit
Harmonics in three-phase networks
Prototype electrical power transmission system
$ factorRotating magnetic field animated
Modeling Wye and Delta networks using C++
Testing for single-phase or three-phase
Balanced Delta source and Delta load
Three-phase electric motor with CT current measurement
Direct-coupled and transformer-coupled loads
Balanced Wye source with unbalanced Delta load
Balanced Wye source with unbalanced Delta load and line fault
Three-phase simulation program
Winding faults within three-phase motors
Challenging concepts related to polyphase transformer banks
Recommendations for instructors
Identifying windings by inspection
Transformer nameplate inspection
Challenging concepts related to power factor and efficiency
Recommendations for instructors
Example: bicycle-driven grain mill
Example: electric versus gasoline car efficiency
Example: RLC circuit power factor
Examples: power factor correction
How power factor affects efficiency
Power factor measurement using instrument transformers
Correcting a motor's power factor
Misconceived power factor correction
Challenging concepts related to programmable devices
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Arduino 2-input AND logic function
Example: Arduino 2-input OR logic function
Example: Arduino 2-input XOR logic function
Example: Arduino 3-input logic functions
Example: Arduino SOP truth table implementation
Example: Arduino NSOP truth table implementation
Example: Arduino up counter with reset
Example: Arduino off-delay timer
Example: Arduino on-delay timer
Example: Arduino Morse code transmitter
Example: Arduino generating UART serial output
Example: Arduino reporting analog via serial
Example: MSP430 alternating LED blink
Example: MSP430 start-stop control
Example: MSP430 crude analog input
Example: MSP430 analog-controlled LEDs
Example: MSP430 UART serial text transmission
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Challenging concepts related to circuit breakers and disconnects
Recommendations for instructors
Protection zones and coordination
Protection device and function codes
Early power system faults and protection
\label{Reference_ANSI_function \label{Reference_ANSI_deviceMedian-select microcontroller program
Challenging concepts related to power conditioning and protection
Recommendations for instructors
Example: relay-based overcurrent protection
Protection against source faults
Protection against internal faults
Protection against load faults
Electronic fuse circuit calculations
Wire faults in a remote-sensing circuit
Component faults in a limited regulator circuit
Challenging concepts related to instrument transformers
Recommendations for instructors
Instrument transformer test switches
Instrument transformer terminal blocks
Instrument transformer burden and accuracy
Potential transformer burden and accuracy ratings
Current transformer burden and accuracy ratings
Current transformer saturation
Current transformer circuit wire resistance
Example: CT circuit wire sizing, simple
Example: CT circuit wire sizing, with DC considered
Early instrument transformer safety
PT and CT magnetic flux levels
Challenging concepts related to pulse-width modulation
Recommendations for instructors
Example: 555-based PWM signal generator
Example: PWM waveform synthesis
Example: simple triangle/square/PWM oscillator
Inhibiting and overriding PWM signals
PWM signals through an AND gate
PWM signals through an OR gate
PWM signals through an XOR gate
Derivation of PWM average power
Duty cycle based on triangle waveform
Duty cycle based on sine waveform
Identifying possible faults in a motor speed controller
Example: running Python programs
Example: simple uses of the print() function
Example: using input() for numerical user entries
Example: for() and while() loops
Example: complex-number calculations
Example: generating .csv output
Example: creating and using Python objects
Example: using Python to control a LabJack model U3 DAQ
Challenging concepts related to transistor biasing
Recommendations for instructors
Vacuum-tube telephony amplifier biasing
Animation of an NPN BJT turning on
Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on
DC signal sweep simulation program
Challenging concepts related to transistor switching circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: low-side N-channel switch
Example: high-side N-channel switch
Example: interposing MCU to a heavy load
Example: designing a BJT switching circuit
Example: designing a MOSFET switching circuit
High-side and low-side switching
Schottky-augmented BJT switches
Animation of an NPN BJT turning on
Animation of an E-type MOSFET turning on
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Over- and under-driving a BJT switch
Saturated versus unsaturated BJT switching circuits
Calculations in TIP31C transistor circuit
Calculations in IRF9520 transistor circuit
BJT switching circuit simulation program
MOSFET switching circuit configurations
Fixing a mis-designed MOSFET motor control circuit
Challenging concepts related to qualitative circuit analysis
Recommendations for instructors
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Example: qualitative VIRP table usage
Review of electrical quantities
Review of series and parallel networks
Principle-based problem solving
Two-column proofs of circuit effects
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
Qualitative analysis of electrical formulae
Measuring a high-resistance signal source
Switched positive versus switched negative
Reasoning error in a redundant switch circuit
Challenging concepts related to radio
Recommendations for instructors
Example: inductor-capacitor resonance
Example: extremely simple AM radio transmitter
Example: slightly-more-sophisticated AM radio transmitter
Example: simple field strength indicator
Example: SDR spectrum displays
Review of inductance and capacitance
Transmission lines and antennas
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
Frequency-wavelength calculator program
Transmitter power and field strength
RF emissions from a computer PCB
Challenging concepts related to rectifiers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: single-phase, half-wave rectifier
Example: single-phase, full-wave rectifier
Example: three-phase, half-wave rectifier
Example: three-phase, full-wave rectifier
Example: HVDC harmonic filters
Center-tapped transformer rectifiers
Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers
Hot, neutral, and ground power conductors
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Animation of a forward-biased PN diode junction
Full-wave bridge rectifier with ideal diodes
Full-wave bridge rectifier with real diodes
Rectified peak voltage and ripple frequency
Challenging concepts related to relays
Recommendations for instructors
Example: interesting relay behavior
Latching and sequencing relays
A digital computer made of relays
New York City's relay-based subway signal system
Normal status of a switch contact
Sketching connections for a dual lamp circuit
Process switches and relay circuit
Solid-state/electromechanical relay socket
Time-delay relay circuit function
Building a time-delay function
5 Volt relay powered by a 24 Volt source
Challenging concepts related to resonance
Recommendations for instructors
Example: measuring transformer winding inductance
Review of inductance and capacitance
Combining inductance with capacitance
Parasitic inductance and capacitance
Series versus parallel resonance
Resonance explained conceptually
Parallel $LC$ circuit calculations
Effects of faults in a series resonant circuit
Challenging concepts related to RF
Recommendations for instructors
Example: cable loss decibel calculations
Example: near-field probing inside a PC
Example: SDR as a probe analyzer
Signal coupling and transmission lines
Balanced versus unbalanced signals
PCB layout for high frequencies
Near-field versus far-field regions
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
More accurate models of learning
The ultimate goal of education
How to begin teaching inverted
Text-based versus video-based source material
Artificial intelligence in the inverted class
Challenging questions and problems to solve
A personal timeline of inverted instruction
Common difficulties in theoretical coursework
Common difficulties in practical coursework
Deductive diagnostic exercises
Example: predicting consequence of a single fault
Example: identifying possible faults
Example: assessing the value of diagnostic tests
Inductive diagnostic exercises
Example: ``virtual troubleshooting''
Example: ``virtual troubleshooting'' using NGSPICE
Example: realistic faults in solderless breadboards
Common difficulties in diagnostic coursework
Specialized journaling applications
Text editors and markup languages
Image creation and manipulation
Fallacy: the sufficiency of presentation
Fallacy: labs must be well-equipped
Fallacy: teach what they'll most often do
Fallacy: successful completion equals learning
Fallacy: students learn best in teams
Fallacy: tutoring is a panacea
Fallacy: cater to learning styles
Fallacy: we can identify and sort different types of students
Fallacy: reductionistic program design
Fallacy: good instruction is measured by student surveys
Fallacy: good instruction is measured by the strongest graduates
Fallacy: forms and procedures equal quality control
Core learning outcomes for Electronics
Electrical Technician plan of study
Electronics Manufacturing/R\&D plan of study
Industrial Automation/Instrumentation plan of study
General Manufacturing/Mechatronics plan of study
Marine Electronics plan of study
Electrical Utility plan of study
Strategies for effective technical reading
Circuit construction best-practices
Challenging concepts related to resitance, reactance, and impedance
Recommendations for instructors
Example: AC source and resistor
Example: AC source and inductor
Example: AC source and capacitor
Example: custom inductor winding and testing
Example: sine versus non-sine AC sources
Examples: complex-number arithmetic
Converting reactance into impedance
Natural frequency, reactance, and impedance
Complex frequency, reactance, and impedance
Derivation of inductive impedance
Derivation of capacitive impedance
Parasitic reactance between parallel wires
Substation power line reactors
Electromagnetic frequency meter
Series RC circuit with AC voltage source
Parallel RC circuit with AC voltage source
MOSFET switching circuit configurations
Faults in a PNP-controlled MOSFET switching circuit
Challenging concepts related to sensors
Recommendations for instructors
Signals, sensors, and switches
Normal status of a switch contact
Characteristic equation from tabular data
Discharging capacitor simulation program
Challenging concepts related to serial data communication
Recommendations for instructors
Example: UART data frames with and without parity
Example: ASCII data captured on an oscilloscope
Serial communication principles
Ancient serial data communication
Animation of serial-in, parallel-out shift register
Animation of parallel-in, serial-out shift register
Microcontroller UART communication program
Microcontroller UART text and number program
Manchester data frame with a specified bit rate
Challenging concepts related to series circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Battery, lamps, jumper wires, and meters
Example: Three-resistor circuit
Example: Five-resistor circuit
Example: light and temperature sensor circuits
Example: Using potentiometers as voltage dividers
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Modeling a series circuit using C++
Identifying series points and elements
Measuring voltage in a series circuit
Series lamp circuit with switches
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Three-battery, one-lamp circuit
Leeds \& Northrup resistance box design
Solving for a series resistance
Series dropping resistor for an LED
Electric heater and extension cord
Voltage divider built using a Radio Shack 30-in-one kit
Using SPICE to analyze a series circuit
Interpreting a voltmeter measurement
Faults in a three-resistor circuit
Challenging concepts related to series-parallel circuits
Recommendations for instructors
Example: Battery, lamps, jumper wires, and meters
Examples: series-parallel circuits with simple component values
Example: Battery and three resistors
Example: Current source and four resistors
Example: using VIRP tables to analyze series-parallel circuits
Example: SPICE analyzing resistor voltages
Example: SPICE analyzing ground-referenced voltages
Example: SPICE analyzing current-driven circuit
Example: circuits with unknown source values
Example: creating a variable-voltage supply
Example: limiting the range of a potentiometer
Example: Kelvin-Varley voltage divider networks
Example: supervised switch circuit
Example: analyzing a mixed-source circuit
Series-parallel network reduction
Series-parallel network expansion
Another series-parallel example
Series-parallel component banks
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Modeling a series-parallel circuit using C++
Identifying series and parallel sub-networks
Series and parallel sub-networks with a movable source
6-Volt to 12-Volt automotive conversion
Applying foundational concepts to a series-parallel circuit
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Building custom resistance values
Terminal-block resistor circuit
Mixed-source circuits with diodes
Mixed-source circuits with capacitors and inductors
Circuit with unknown source value
Fault in a solderless breadboard circuit
Challenging concepts related to shift registers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: timing diagrams for latches and flip-flops
Animation of serial-in, parallel-out shift register
Animation of parallel-in, serial-out shift register
Challenging concepts related to signal referencing and scaling
Recommendations for instructors
Ground-referenced voltage signals
Mathematical scaling of ADC count values
Mathematical scaling of other ranges
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Common-mode voltages and currents
General-purpose opamp recommendations
Operational amplifier imperfections
Protecting opamp inputs from over-voltage
Dual-trace oscilloscope measurements
ADC measurements in a voltage divider
Temperature measurement simulation program
Challenging concepts related to the $s$ variable
Recommendations for instructors
Example: series-parallel RLC impedances for complex frequencies
Example: poles and zeroes of a series RC network
Example: poles and zeroes of a series-parallel RC network
Examples: gallery of pole-zero analyses for simple R, L, C networks
Examples: gallery of pole-zero analyses for simple opamp networks
Natural frequency, reactance, and impedance
Complex frequency and impedance
AC network transfer function examples
Example: LR low-pass filter circuit
Example: RC high-pass filter circuit
Example: RLC band-pass filter circuit
Derivation of inductive impedance
Derivation of capacitive impedance
Impedance calculator with complex frequency using C++
Complex frequency plotter using C++
Pole plots for a feedback oscillator
Determining $s$ from oscillographs
Transfer functions for simple networks
Network response to different frequencies
Challenging concepts related to Smith charts
Recommendations for instructors
Example: custom inductor winding and testing
Example: frequency-sweeps of RLC network impedances
C in series with parallel RL network
L in series with parallel RC network
Series LC in parallel with R network
Series LC in parallel with series RC network
Series LC in parallel with series RL network
Plotting impedance for a 50 Ohm resistor
Plotting impedance for a short
Plotting impedance for an open
Plotting impedance for a 50 Ohm inductor
Plotting impedance for a 50 Ohm capacitor
Plotting impedance for a series RLC network
Impedance and admittance Smith Charts
Transmission lines on the Smith Chart
Series-parallel analysis using Smith Charts
Series-parallel network on the Z Smith Chart
Series-parallel network on the Z-Y Smith Chart
LC impedance-transformation networks
Matching network design using Smith Charts
Smith Chart test of a dipole antenna
Practice: complex number calculations
Plotting component impedances on a Smith Chart
Frequency-sweep simulation program
Frequency-sweep test modifications
Challenging concepts related to soldering
Recommendations for instructors
Challenging concepts related to electrical sources and loads
Recommendations for instructors
Example: money analogy for voltage
Example: equipotential, common, distinct, and isolated points
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Conservation of energy and charge
Electrically common versus distinct points
Solar panel connected to motor
Ground in electric and electronic circuits
Source and load determinations by multimeter
Applying foundational concepts to a solar-powered motor
Batteries, motors, and generators
Inserting switches into circuits
Electrically common versus distinct terminals
Voltage and current source characteristics
Two-battery, two-lamp, in-line circuit
Wind turbine, battery, and pump
Two-battery, two-lamp bus circuit
Multimeter tests of sources and loads
Properties of connected points
Three-way switches controlling a lamp
Challenging concepts related to SPICE circuit simulation
Recommendations for instructors
Resistor-capacitor DC circuits
One capacitor energizing from a DC voltage source
One capacitor de-energizing through a resistor
One capacitor energizing from a DC current source
Two capacitors energizing in series
Pre-charged capacitor energizing to a greater voltage
Pre-charged capacitor de-energizing to a non-zero voltage
One capacitor energizing from a voltage divider
Introduction to the 555 timer IC
555 timer in classic astable operation
One inductor energizing from a DC voltage source
One inductor de-energizing through a resistor
Another inductor energizing from a DC voltage source
Two inductors energizing in series
Resistor-inductor energized by a square wave
Basic step-down power transformer
Basic step-up power transformer
Three-phase AC direct-coupled circuits
Wye source, Wye load with shunt resistors
Wye source, Delta load with shunt resistors
Delta source, Wye load with shunt resistors
Delta source, Delta load with shunt resistors
Wye source with phase-to-phase fault
Three-phase AC transformer circuits
Delta primary, Delta secondary
Challenging concepts related to SPICE circuit simulation
Recommendations for instructors
One DC current source, three resistors
One DC voltage source, three resistors
One DC voltage source, four resistors
One DC current source, five resistors
One DC voltage source, ten resistors
Three DC voltage sources, four resistors
One DC voltage source, three resistors
One DC current source, three resistors
One DC voltage source, four resistors
One DC current source, five resistors
Three DC current sources, two resistors
Series-parallel resistor circuits
One DC voltage source, six resistors
One DC current source, six resistors
Simple multi-source resistor circuits
Full-wave bridge rectifier circuit
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Family of curves for a generic transistor
Family of curves for a realistic transistor
Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs)
Family of curves for a generic JFET
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)
Family of curves for a generic MOSFET
Depletion-type versus Enhancement-type N-channel MOSFETs
Depletion-type versus Enhancement-type P-channel MOSFETs
Challenging concepts related to SPI serial networks
Recommendations for instructors
Serial data communication and shift registers
Animation of serial-in, parallel-out shift register
Animation of parallel-in, serial-out shift register
TI CC113L Value Line Receiver datasheet
Challenging concepts related to the Superposition Theorem
Recommendations for instructors
Review of ideal and real sources
Example: Series-aiding voltage sources
Example: Series-opposing voltage sources
Example: Two paralleled batteries
Example: Voltage source and current source
Challenging concepts related to switches
Recommendations for instructors
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Switch ratings and limitations
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
Intro to digitally-variable resistance
Simple switched-resistor networks
More switched-resistor networks
Synthesizing resistance using capacitors
Capacitor parameters and dielectric types
Explaining the meaning of calculations
Challenging concepts related to internet protocols
Recommendations for instructors
Example: bitwise logical operations
Example: simple TCP message analysis
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Command-line diagnostic utilities
Challenging concepts related to thermal management
Recommendations for instructors
Example: thermal imaging camera photos
Example: power transistor junction temperatures
Example: 7805 power dissipation
Heat transfer and thermal resistance
Transistor without a heat sink
Challenging concepts related to Th\'evenin's and Norton's Theorems
Recommendations for instructors
Example: improvised 3.3 Volt power supply
Example: Th\'evenizing a multi-source network
Example: Nortonizing a multi-source network
Equivalent electrical networks
Th\'evenin's and Norton's theorems
Uses for Th\'evenin's and Norton's Theorems
Example: Voltage dropped by a varying load resistance
Example: Unbalanced bridge circuit
Derivation of Millman's Theorem
Time delay circuits and Th\'evenin's/Norton's Theorems
Animation of Th\'evenin's Theorem
Challenging concepts related to thyristors
Recommendations for instructors
Example: measuring signal rates of change
Lightning bolts, relaxation oscillators, and thyratron tubes
Voltage rate-of-change from oscillographs
A gallery of multimeter ``tricks''
Linux utilities for command-line navigation
Linux utilities for general file viewing and editing
Linux utilities for networking
Linux utilities for programming
Linux utilities for PostScript document files
Software-defined radio receiver recommendations
Airspy spyserver software tips
GNU Radio Companion software tips
DIGI XBee PRO digital radio transceiver and DIGI XCTU configuration software tips
Siglent SPD1305X power supply programming tips
NanoVNA vector network analyzer tips
Mcumall GQ-4x4 EPROM programmer tips
Challenging concepts related to transmission lines
Recommendations for instructors
Example: testing a cable's length
Example: testing a cable's impedance
Example: SPICE simulation of open-ended line
Example: SPICE simulation of short-ended line
Example: SPICE simulation of properly terminated line
Example: cable loss decibel calculations
Properly terminated transmission lines
Animation of an open transmission line
Animation of a shorted transmission line
Animation of a terminated transmission line
Traveling-wave power line fault detection
Impedance of lines on a printed circuit board
TDR calculator program in Python
Cable testing with no oscilloscope or TDR
Traveling-wave fault location on a power line
Recommendations for instructors
Properties and identities of real numbers
Percentages, per-unit, ppm, and ppb
Quantifying error and tolerance
Identifying order of operations
Plain, metric, and scientific notations
Distance, volume, and rate unit conversions
Manipulating the transformer impedance equation
Challenging concepts related to transformers
Recommendations for instructors
Example: step-up power transformer
Example: step-down power transformer
Example: transformer testing using a loudspeaker
Example: multi-voltage transformer wiring
Example: current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT)
Example: boost/buck transformer wiring
Example: power transformer photos
Example: sensitive audio detector circuit
Power transformer impedance ratings
Prototype electrical power transmission system
Early transformer core construction
Manufacturing shell-type transformers
Manufacturing toroidal transformers
Explaining the meaning of calculations
%% MODIFY THIS TO BE A TRANSFORMER PROBLEM!!!Industrial control power transformer
Boost/buck transformer circuits
Multi-wire secondary connections
Basic transformer calculations
Measuring transformer impedance
Faulted transformer-lamp circuit
Challenging concepts related to trigonometry
Recommendations for instructors
Table of sine, cosine, and tangent values
Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine
Sums and differences of angles
Products and sums of sine and cosine functions
Squares of sine and cosine functions
Plotting sine and cosine functions
Challenging concepts related to variable-frequency motor drives
Recommendations for instructors
Example: demonstrating DC injection braking
Maximum and minimum speed (frequency)
Acceleration and Deceleration time
Rotating magnetic field animated
VFD transistor switching sequence
Three-phase simulation program
Limited-adjustment speed potentiometer
Predicting effects of VFD component faults
Challenging concepts related to voltage, current, and resistance
Recommendations for instructors
Example: money analogy for voltage
Example: Battery, lamp, jumper wires, and meters
Example: A simple (working) circuit
Example: potential in open and shorted circuits
Occam's Razor as a general diagnostic principle
Electric potential and voltage
Electric resistance, current, and circuits
Causes of voltage, current, and resistance
Benjamin Franklin on the nature of electricity
James Clerk Maxwell on charge, potential, and electrical energy
James Clerk Maxwell on the nature of electric potential
John Ambrose Fleming on the nature of electric potential
James Prescott Joule on the conservation of energy
Fluid pressure as an analogue of voltage
Applying foundational concepts to a two-lamp circuit
Voltage with no current (and vice-versa)
Polarities in a multi-lamp circuit
Electrically common versus distinct terminals
Properties of connected points
Effects of breaks in a motor circuit